// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project. // Copyright 2013 The Rust Project Developers. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
//! The normal and derived distributions.
usecrate::utils::ziggurat; use num_traits::Float; usecrate::{ziggurat_tables, Distribution, Open01}; use rand::Rng; use core::fmt;
/// Samples floating-point numbers according to the normal distribution /// `N(0, 1)` (a.k.a. a standard normal, or Gaussian). This is equivalent to /// `Normal::new(0.0, 1.0)` but faster. /// /// See `Normal` for the general normal distribution. /// /// Implemented via the ZIGNOR variant[^1] of the Ziggurat method. /// /// [^1]: Jurgen A. Doornik (2005). [*An Improved Ziggurat Method to /// Generate Normal Random Samples*]( /// https://www.doornik.com/research/ziggurat.pdf). /// Nuffield College, Oxford /// /// # Example /// ``` /// use rand::prelude::*; /// use rand_distr::StandardNormal; /// /// let val: f64 = thread_rng().sample(StandardNormal); /// println!("{}", val); /// ``` #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)] #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde1", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))] pubstruct StandardNormal;
impl Distribution<f32> for StandardNormal { #[inline] fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> f32 { // TODO: use optimal 32-bit implementation let x: f64 = self.sample(rng);
x as f32
}
}
impl Distribution<f64> for StandardNormal { fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> f64 { #[inline] fn pdf(x: f64) -> f64 {
(-x * x / 2.0).exp()
} #[inline] fn zero_case<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R, u: f64) -> f64 { // compute a random number in the tail by hand
// strange initial conditions, because the loop is not // do-while, so the condition should be true on the first // run, they get overwritten anyway (0 < 1, so these are // good). letmut x = 1.0f64; letmut y = 0.0f64;
while -2.0 * y < x * x { let x_: f64 = rng.sample(Open01); let y_: f64 = rng.sample(Open01);
x = x_.ln() / ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R;
y = y_.ln();
}
if u < 0.0 {
x - ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R
} else {
ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R - x
}
}
ziggurat(
rng, true, // this is symmetric
&ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_X,
&ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_F,
pdf,
zero_case,
)
}
}
/// The normal distribution `N(mean, std_dev**2)`. /// /// This uses the ZIGNOR variant of the Ziggurat method, see [`StandardNormal`] /// for more details. /// /// Note that [`StandardNormal`] is an optimised implementation for mean 0, and /// standard deviation 1. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use rand_distr::{Normal, Distribution}; /// /// // mean 2, standard deviation 3 /// let normal = Normal::new(2.0, 3.0).unwrap(); /// let v = normal.sample(&mut rand::thread_rng()); /// println!("{} is from a N(2, 9) distribution", v) /// ``` /// /// [`StandardNormal`]: crate::StandardNormal #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)] #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde1", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))] pubstruct Normal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{
mean: F,
std_dev: F,
}
/// Error type returned from `Normal::new` and `LogNormal::new`. #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)] pubenum Error { /// The mean value is too small (log-normal samples must be positive)
MeanTooSmall, /// The standard deviation or other dispersion parameter is not finite.
BadVariance,
}
impl fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.write_str(matchself {
Error::MeanTooSmall => "mean < 0 or NaN in log-normal distribution",
Error::BadVariance => "variation parameter is non-finite in (log)normal distribution",
})
}
}
impl<F> Normal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{ /// Construct, from mean and standard deviation /// /// Parameters: /// /// - mean (`μ`, unrestricted) /// - standard deviation (`σ`, must be finite) #[inline] pubfn new(mean: F, std_dev: F) -> Result<Normal<F>, Error> { if !std_dev.is_finite() { return Err(Error::BadVariance);
}
Ok(Normal { mean, std_dev })
}
/// Construct, from mean and coefficient of variation /// /// Parameters: /// /// - mean (`μ`, unrestricted) /// - coefficient of variation (`cv = abs(σ / μ)`) #[inline] pubfn from_mean_cv(mean: F, cv: F) -> Result<Normal<F>, Error> { if !cv.is_finite() || cv < F::zero() { return Err(Error::BadVariance);
} let std_dev = cv * mean;
Ok(Normal { mean, std_dev })
}
/// Sample from a z-score /// /// This may be useful for generating correlated samples `x1` and `x2` /// from two different distributions, as follows. /// ``` /// # use rand::prelude::*; /// # use rand_distr::{Normal, StandardNormal}; /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); /// let z = StandardNormal.sample(&mut rng); /// let x1 = Normal::new(0.0, 1.0).unwrap().from_zscore(z); /// let x2 = Normal::new(2.0, -3.0).unwrap().from_zscore(z); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn from_zscore(&self, zscore: F) -> F { self.mean + self.std_dev * zscore
}
/// Returns the mean (`μ`) of the distribution. pubfn mean(&self) -> F { self.mean
}
/// Returns the standard deviation (`σ`) of the distribution. pubfn std_dev(&self) -> F { self.std_dev
}
}
impl<F> Distribution<F> for Normal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{ fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> F { self.from_zscore(rng.sample(StandardNormal))
}
}
/// The log-normal distribution `ln N(mean, std_dev**2)`. /// /// If `X` is log-normal distributed, then `ln(X)` is `N(mean, std_dev**2)` /// distributed. /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use rand_distr::{LogNormal, Distribution}; /// /// // mean 2, standard deviation 3 /// let log_normal = LogNormal::new(2.0, 3.0).unwrap(); /// let v = log_normal.sample(&mut rand::thread_rng()); /// println!("{} is from an ln N(2, 9) distribution", v) /// ``` #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)] #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde1", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))] pubstruct LogNormal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{
norm: Normal<F>,
}
impl<F> LogNormal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{ /// Construct, from (log-space) mean and standard deviation /// /// Parameters are the "standard" log-space measures (these are the mean /// and standard deviation of the logarithm of samples): /// /// - `mu` (`μ`, unrestricted) is the mean of the underlying distribution /// - `sigma` (`σ`, must be finite) is the standard deviation of the /// underlying Normal distribution #[inline] pubfn new(mu: F, sigma: F) -> Result<LogNormal<F>, Error> { let norm = Normal::new(mu, sigma)?;
Ok(LogNormal { norm })
}
/// Construct, from (linear-space) mean and coefficient of variation /// /// Parameters are linear-space measures: /// /// - mean (`μ > 0`) is the (real) mean of the distribution /// - coefficient of variation (`cv = σ / μ`, requiring `cv ≥ 0`) is a /// standardized measure of dispersion /// /// As a special exception, `μ = 0, cv = 0` is allowed (samples are `-inf`). #[inline] pubfn from_mean_cv(mean: F, cv: F) -> Result<LogNormal<F>, Error> { if cv == F::zero() { let mu = mean.ln(); let norm = Normal::new(mu, F::zero()).unwrap(); return Ok(LogNormal { norm });
} if !(mean > F::zero()) { return Err(Error::MeanTooSmall);
} if !(cv >= F::zero()) { return Err(Error::BadVariance);
}
// Using X ~ lognormal(μ, σ), CV² = Var(X) / E(X)² // E(X) = exp(μ + σ² / 2) = exp(μ) × exp(σ² / 2) // Var(X) = exp(2μ + σ²)(exp(σ²) - 1) = E(X)² × (exp(σ²) - 1) // but Var(X) = (CV × E(X))² so CV² = exp(σ²) - 1 // thus σ² = log(CV² + 1) // and exp(μ) = E(X) / exp(σ² / 2) = E(X) / sqrt(CV² + 1) let a = F::one() + cv * cv; // e let mu = F::from(0.5).unwrap() * (mean * mean / a).ln(); let sigma = a.ln().sqrt(); let norm = Normal::new(mu, sigma)?;
Ok(LogNormal { norm })
}
/// Sample from a z-score /// /// This may be useful for generating correlated samples `x1` and `x2` /// from two different distributions, as follows. /// ``` /// # use rand::prelude::*; /// # use rand_distr::{LogNormal, StandardNormal}; /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); /// let z = StandardNormal.sample(&mut rng); /// let x1 = LogNormal::from_mean_cv(3.0, 1.0).unwrap().from_zscore(z); /// let x2 = LogNormal::from_mean_cv(2.0, 4.0).unwrap().from_zscore(z); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn from_zscore(&self, zscore: F) -> F { self.norm.from_zscore(zscore).exp()
}
}
impl<F> Distribution<F> for LogNormal<F> where F: Float, StandardNormal: Distribution<F>
{ #[inline] fn sample<R: Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> F { self.norm.sample(rng).exp()
}
}
let lnorm = LogNormal::from_mean_cv(1.0, 0.0).unwrap();
assert_eq!((lnorm.norm.mean, lnorm.norm.std_dev), (0.0, 0.0));
let e = core::f64::consts::E; let lnorm = LogNormal::from_mean_cv(e.sqrt(), (e - 1.0).sqrt()).unwrap();
assert_almost_eq!(lnorm.norm.mean, 0.0, 2e-16);
assert_almost_eq!(lnorm.norm.std_dev, 1.0, 2e-16);
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