lemma range_mult [simp]: fixes a::"real"shows"range ((*) a) = (if a=0 then {0} else UNIV)" by (simp add: surj_def) (meson dvdE dvd_field_iff)
subsection‹Filter going to infinity norm›
definition at_infinity :: "'a::real_normed_vector filter" where"at_infinity = (INF r. principal {x. r ≤ norm x})"
lemma eventually_at_infinity: "eventually P at_infinity ⟷ (∃b. ∀x. b ≤ norm x ⟶ P x)" unfolding at_infinity_def by (subst eventually_INF_base)
(auto simp: subset_eq eventually_principal intro!: exI[of _ "max a b"for a b])
lemma eventually_at_infinityI: fixes P::"'a::real_normed_vector → bool" assumes"∧x. c ≤ norm x ==> P x" shows"eventually P at_infinity" unfolding eventually_at_infinity using assms by auto
corollary eventually_at_infinity_pos: "eventually p at_infinity ⟷ (∃b. 0 < b ∧ (∀x. norm x ≥ b ⟶ p x))" unfolding eventually_at_infinity by (meson le_less_trans norm_ge_zero not_le zero_less_one)
lemma at_infinity_eq_at_top_bot: "(at_infinity :: real filter) = sup at_top at_bot" proof - have1: "[∀n≥u. A n; ∀n≤v. A n] ==>∃b. ∀x. b ≤∣x∣⟶ A x"for A and u v::real by (rule_tac x="max (- v) u"in exI) (auto simp: abs_real_def) have2: "∀x. u ≤∣x∣⟶ A x ==>∃N. ∀n≥N. A n"for A and u::real by (meson abs_less_iff le_cases less_le_not_le) have3: "∀x. u ≤∣x∣⟶ A x ==>∃N. ∀n≤N. A n"for A and u::real by (metis (full_types) abs_ge_self abs_minus_cancel le_minus_iff order_trans) show ?thesis by (auto simp: filter_eq_iff eventually_sup eventually_at_infinity
eventually_at_top_linorder eventually_at_bot_linorder intro: 123) qed
lemma at_top_le_at_infinity: "at_top ≤ (at_infinity :: real filter)" unfolding at_infinity_eq_at_top_bot by simp
lemma at_bot_le_at_infinity: "at_bot ≤ (at_infinity :: real filter)" unfolding at_infinity_eq_at_top_bot by simp
lemma filterlim_at_top_imp_at_infinity: "filterlim f at_top F ==> filterlim f at_infinity F" for f :: "_ → real" by (rule filterlim_mono[OF _ at_top_le_at_infinity order_refl])
lemma filterlim_real_at_infinity_sequentially: "filterlim real at_infinity sequentially" by (simp add: filterlim_at_top_imp_at_infinity filterlim_real_sequentially)
definition Bfun :: "('a → 'b::metric_space) → 'a filter → bool" where Bfun_metric_def: "Bfun f F = (∃y. ∃K>0. eventually (λx. dist (f x) y ≤ K) F)"
abbreviation Bseq :: "(nat → 'a::metric_space) → bool" where"Bseq X ≡ Bfun X sequentially"
lemma Bseq_conv_Bfun: "Bseq X ⟷ Bfun X sequentially" ..
lemma Bseq_ignore_initial_segment: "Bseq X ==> Bseq (λn. X (n + k))" unfolding Bfun_metric_def by (subst eventually_sequentially_seg)
lemma Bseq_offset: "Bseq (λn. X (n + k)) ==> Bseq X" unfolding Bfun_metric_def by (subst (asm) eventually_sequentially_seg)
lemma Bfun_def: "Bfun f F ⟷ (∃K>0. eventually (λx. norm (f x) ≤ K) F)" unfolding Bfun_metric_def norm_conv_dist proof safe fix y K assume K: "0 < K"and *: "eventually (λx. dist (f x) y ≤ K) F" moreoverhave"eventually (λx. dist (f x) 0 ≤ dist (f x) y + dist 0 y) F" by (intro always_eventually) (metis dist_commute dist_triangle) with * have"eventually (λx. dist (f x) 0 ≤ K + dist 0 y) F" by eventually_elim auto with‹0 < K›show"∃K>0. eventually (λx. dist (f x) 0 ≤ K) F" by (intro exI[of _ "K + dist 0 y"] add_pos_nonneg conjI zero_le_dist) auto qed (force simp del: norm_conv_dist [symmetric])
lemma BfunI: assumes K: "eventually (λx. norm (f x) ≤ K) F" shows"Bfun f F" unfolding Bfun_def proof (intro exI conjI allI) show"0 < max K 1"by simp show"eventually (λx. norm (f x) ≤ max K 1) F" using K by (rule eventually_mono) simp qed
lemma BfunE: assumes"Bfun f F" obtains B where"0 < B"and"eventually (λx. norm (f x) ≤ B) F" using assms unfolding Bfun_def by blast
lemma Cauchy_Bseq: assumes"Cauchy X"shows"Bseq X" proof - have"∃y K. 0 < K ∧ (∃N. ∀n≥N. dist (X n) y ≤ K)" if"∧m n. [m ≥ M; n ≥ M]==> dist (X m) (X n) < 1"for M by (meson order.order_iff_strict that zero_less_one) with assms show ?thesis by (force simp: Cauchy_def Bfun_metric_def eventually_sequentially) qed
lemma Bseq_def: "Bseq X ⟷ (∃K>0. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K)" unfolding Bfun_def eventually_sequentially proof safe fix N K assume"0 < K""∀n≥N. norm (X n) ≤ K" thenshow"∃K>0. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K" by (intro exI[of _ "max (Max (norm ` X ` {..N})) K"] max.strict_coboundedI2)
(auto intro!: imageI not_less[where 'a=nat, THEN iffD1] Max_ge simp: le_max_iff_disj) qed auto
lemma BseqE: "Bseq X ==> (∧K. 0 < K ==>∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K ==> Q) ==> Q" unfolding Bseq_def by auto
lemma BseqD: "Bseq X ==>∃K. 0 < K ∧ (∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K)" by (simp add: Bseq_def)
lemma BseqI: "0 < K ==>∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K ==> Bseq X" by (auto simp: Bseq_def)
lemma Bseq_bdd_above: "Bseq X ==> bdd_above (range X)" for X :: "nat → real" proof (elim BseqE, intro bdd_aboveI2) fix K n assume"0 < K""∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K" thenshow"X n ≤ K" by (auto elim!: allE[of _ n]) qed
lemma Bseq_bdd_above': "Bseq X ==> bdd_above (range (λn. norm (X n)))" for X :: "nat → 'a :: real_normed_vector" proof (elim BseqE, intro bdd_aboveI2) fix K n assume"0 < K""∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K" thenshow"norm (X n) ≤ K" by (auto elim!: allE[of _ n]) qed
lemma Bseq_bdd_below: "Bseq X ==> bdd_below (range X)" for X :: "nat → real" proof (elim BseqE, intro bdd_belowI2) fix K n assume"0 < K""∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K" thenshow"- K ≤ X n" by (auto elim!: allE[of _ n]) qed
lemma Bseq_eventually_mono: assumes"eventually (λn. norm (f n) ≤ norm (g n)) sequentially""Bseq g" shows"Bseq f" proof - from assms(2) obtain K where"0 < K"and"eventually (λn. norm (g n) ≤ K) sequentially" unfolding Bfun_def by fast with assms(1) have"eventually (λn. norm (f n) ≤ K) sequentially" by (fast elim: eventually_elim2 order_trans) with‹0 < K›show"Bseq f" unfolding Bfun_def by fast qed
lemma lemma_NBseq_def: "(∃K > 0. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K) ⟷ (∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ real(Suc N))" proof safe fix K :: real from reals_Archimedean2 obtain n :: nat where"K < real n" .. thenhave"K ≤ real (Suc n)"by auto moreoverassume"∀m. norm (X m) ≤ K" ultimatelyhave"∀m. norm (X m) ≤ real (Suc n)" by (blast intro: order_trans) thenshow"∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ real (Suc N)" .. next show"∧N. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ real (Suc N) ==>∃K>0. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K" using of_nat_0_less_iff by blast qed
text‹Alternative definition for ‹Bseq›.› lemma Bseq_iff: "Bseq X ⟷ (∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ real(Suc N))" by (simp add: Bseq_def) (simp add: lemma_NBseq_def)
lemma lemma_NBseq_def2: "(∃K > 0. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ K) = (∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) < real(Suc N))" proof - have *: "∧N. ∀n. norm (X n) ≤ 1 + real N ==> ∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) < 1 + real N" by (metis add.commute le_less_trans less_add_one of_nat_Suc) thenshow ?thesis unfolding lemma_NBseq_def by (metis less_le_not_le not_less_iff_gr_or_eq of_nat_Suc) qed
text‹Yet another definition for Bseq.› lemma Bseq_iff1a: "Bseq X ⟷ (∃N. ∀n. norm (X n) < real (Suc N))" by (simp add: Bseq_def lemma_NBseq_def2)
subsubsection‹A Few More Equivalence Theorems for Boundedness›
text‹Alternative formulation for boundedness.› lemma Bseq_iff2: "Bseq X ⟷ (∃k > 0. ∃x. ∀n. norm (X n + - x) ≤ k)" by (metis BseqE BseqI' add.commute add_cancel_right_left add_uminus_conv_diff norm_add_leD
norm_minus_cancel norm_minus_commute)
text‹Alternative formulation for boundedness.› lemma Bseq_iff3: "Bseq X ⟷ (∃k>0. ∃N. ∀n. norm (X n + - X N) ≤ k)"
(is"?P ⟷ ?Q") proof assume ?P thenobtain K where *: "0 < K"and **: "∧n. norm (X n) ≤ K" by (auto simp: Bseq_def) from * have"0 < K + norm (X 0)"by (rule order_less_le_trans) simp from ** have"∀n. norm (X n - X 0) ≤ K + norm (X 0)" by (auto intro: order_trans norm_triangle_ineq4) thenhave"∀n. norm (X n + - X 0) ≤ K + norm (X 0)" by simp with‹0 < K + norm (X 0)›show ?Q by blast next assume ?Q thenshow ?P by (auto simp: Bseq_iff2) qed
subsubsection‹Upper Bounds and Lubs of Bounded Sequences›
lemma Bseq_add: fixes f :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_vector" assumes"Bseq f" shows"Bseq (λx. f x + c)" proof - from assms obtain K where K: "∧x. norm (f x) ≤ K" unfolding Bseq_def by blast
{ fix x :: nat have"norm (f x + c) ≤ norm (f x) + norm c"by (rule norm_triangle_ineq) alsohave"norm (f x) ≤ K"by (rule K) finallyhave"norm (f x + c) ≤ K + norm c"by simp
} thenshow ?thesis by (rule BseqI') qed
lemma Bseq_add_iff: "Bseq (λx. f x + c) ⟷ Bseq f" for f :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_vector" using Bseq_add[of f c] Bseq_add[of "λx. f x + c""-c"] by auto
lemma Bseq_mult: fixes f g :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_field" assumes"Bseq f"and"Bseq g" shows"Bseq (λx. f x * g x)" proof - from assms obtain K1 K2 where K: "norm (f x) ≤ K1""K1 > 0""norm (g x) ≤ K2""K2 > 0" for x unfolding Bseq_def by blast thenhave"norm (f x * g x) ≤ K1 * K2"for x by (auto simp: norm_mult intro!: mult_mono) thenshow ?thesis by (rule BseqI') qed
lemma Bfun_const [simp]: "Bfun (λ_. c) F" unfolding Bfun_metric_def by (auto intro!: exI[of _ c] exI[of _ "1::real"])
lemma Bseq_cmult_iff: fixes c :: "'a::real_normed_field" assumes"c ≠ 0" shows"Bseq (λx. c * f x) ⟷ Bseq f" proof assume"Bseq (λx. c * f x)" with Bfun_const have"Bseq (λx. inverse c * (c * f x))" by (rule Bseq_mult) with‹c ≠ 0›show"Bseq f" by (simp add: field_split_simps) qed (intro Bseq_mult Bfun_const)
lemma Bseq_subseq: "Bseq f ==> Bseq (λx. f (g x))" for f :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_vector" unfolding Bseq_def by auto
lemma Bseq_Suc_iff: "Bseq (λn. f (Suc n)) ⟷ Bseq f" for f :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_vector" using Bseq_offset[of f 1] by (auto intro: Bseq_subseq)
lemma increasing_Bseq_subseq_iff: assumes"∧x y. x ≤ y ==> norm (f x :: 'a::real_normed_vector) ≤ norm (f y)""strict_mono g" shows"Bseq (λx. f (g x)) ⟷ Bseq f" proof assume"Bseq (λx. f (g x))" thenobtain K where K: "∧x. norm (f (g x)) ≤ K" unfolding Bseq_def by auto
{ fix x :: nat from filterlim_subseq[OF assms(2)] obtain y where"g y ≥ x" by (auto simp: filterlim_at_top eventually_at_top_linorder) thenhave"norm (f x) ≤ norm (f (g y))" using assms(1) by blast alsohave"norm (f (g y)) ≤ K"by (rule K) finallyhave"norm (f x) ≤ K" .
} thenshow"Bseq f"by (rule BseqI') qed (use Bseq_subseq[of f g] in simp_all)
lemma nonneg_incseq_Bseq_subseq_iff: fixes f :: "nat → real" and g :: "nat → nat" assumes"∧x. f x ≥ 0""incseq f""strict_mono g" shows"Bseq (λx. f (g x)) ⟷ Bseq f" using assms by (intro increasing_Bseq_subseq_iff) (auto simp: incseq_def)
lemma Bseq_eq_bounded: "range f ⊆ {a..b} ==> Bseq f" for a b :: real proof (rule BseqI'[where K="max (norm a) (norm b)"]) fix n assume"range f ⊆ {a..b}" thenhave"f n ∈ {a..b}" by blast thenshow"norm (f n) ≤ max (norm a) (norm b)" by auto qed
lemma incseq_bounded: "incseq X ==>∀i. X i ≤ B ==> Bseq X" for B :: real by (intro Bseq_eq_bounded[of X "X 0" B]) (auto simp: incseq_def)
lemma decseq_bounded: "decseq X ==>∀i. B ≤ X i ==> Bseq X" for B :: real by (intro Bseq_eq_bounded[of X B "X 0"]) (auto simp: decseq_def)
subsubsection✐‹tag unimportant›‹Polynomal function extremal theorem, from HOL Light›
lemma polyfun_extremal_lemma: fixes c :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"0 < e" shows"∃M. ∀z. M ≤ norm(z) ⟶ norm (∑i≤n. c(i) * z^i) ≤ e * norm(z) ^ (Suc n)" proof (induct n) case0with assms show ?case apply (rule_tac x="norm (c 0) / e"in exI) apply (auto simp: field_simps) done next case (Suc n) obtain M where M: "∧z. M ≤ norm z ==> norm (∑i≤n. c i * z^i) ≤ e * norm z ^ Suc n" using Suc assms by blast show ?case proof (rule exI [where x= "max M (1 + norm(c(Suc n)) / e)"], clarsimp simp del: power_Suc) fix z::'a assume z1: "M ≤ norm z"and"1 + norm (c (Suc n)) / e ≤ norm z" thenhave z2: "e + norm (c (Suc n)) ≤ e * norm z" using assms by (simp add: field_simps) have"norm (∑i≤n. c i * z^i) ≤ e * norm z ^ Suc n" using M [OF z1] by simp thenhave"norm (∑i≤n. c i * z^i) + norm (c (Suc n) * z ^ Suc n) ≤ e * norm z ^ Suc n + norm (c (Suc n) * z ^ Suc n)" by simp thenhave"norm ((∑i≤n. c i * z^i) + c (Suc n) * z ^ Suc n) ≤ e * norm z ^ Suc n + norm (c (Suc n) * z ^ Suc n)" by (blast intro: norm_triangle_le elim: ) alsohave"... ≤ (e + norm (c (Suc n))) * norm z ^ Suc n" by (simp add: norm_power norm_mult algebra_simps) alsohave"... ≤ (e * norm z) * norm z ^ Suc n" by (metis z2 mult.commute mult_left_mono norm_ge_zero norm_power) finallyshow"norm ((∑i≤n. c i * z^i) + c (Suc n) * z ^ Suc n) ≤ e * norm z ^ Suc (Suc n)" by simp qed qed
lemma polyfun_extremal: (*COMPLEX_POLYFUN_EXTREMAL in HOL Light*) fixes c :: "nat → 'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes k: "c k ≠ 0""1≤k"and kn: "k≤n" shows"eventually (λz. norm (∑i≤n. c(i) * z^i) ≥ B) at_infinity" using kn proof (induction n) case0 thenshow ?case using k by simp next case (Suc m) show ?case proof (cases "c (Suc m) = 0") case True thenshow ?thesis using Suc k by auto (metis antisym_conv less_eq_Suc_le not_le) next case False thenobtain M where M: "∧z. M ≤ norm z ==> norm (∑i≤m. c i * z^i) ≤ norm (c (Suc m)) / 2 * norm z ^ Suc m" using polyfun_extremal_lemma [of "norm(c (Suc m)) / 2" c m] Suc by auto have"∃b. ∀z. b ≤ norm z ⟶ B ≤ norm (∑i≤Suc m. c i * z^i)" proof (rule exI [where x="max M (max 1 (∣B∣ / (norm(c (Suc m)) / 2)))"], clarsimp simp del: power_Suc) fix z::'a assume z1: "M ≤ norm z""1 ≤ norm z" and"∣B∣ * 2 / norm (c (Suc m)) ≤ norm z" thenhave z2: "∣B∣≤ norm (c (Suc m)) * norm z / 2" using False by (simp add: field_simps) have nz: "norm z ≤ norm z ^ Suc m" by (metis ‹1 ≤ norm z› One_nat_def less_eq_Suc_le power_increasing power_one_right zero_less_Suc) have *: "∧y x. norm (c (Suc m)) * norm z / 2 ≤ norm y - norm x ==> B ≤ norm (x + y)" by (metis abs_le_iff add.commute norm_diff_ineq order_trans z2) have"norm z * norm (c (Suc m)) + 2 * norm (∑i≤m. c i * z^i) ≤ norm (c (Suc m)) * norm z + norm (c (Suc m)) * norm z ^ Suc m" using M [of z] Suc z1 by auto alsohave"... ≤ 2 * (norm (c (Suc m)) * norm z ^ Suc m)" using nz by (simp add: mult_mono del: power_Suc) finallyshow"B ≤ norm ((∑i≤m. c i * z^i) + c (Suc m) * z ^ Suc m)" using Suc.IH apply (auto simp: eventually_at_infinity) apply (rule *) apply (simp add: field_simps norm_mult norm_power) done qed thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: eventually_at_infinity) qed qed
subsection‹Convergence to Zero›
definition Zfun :: "('a → 'b::real_normed_vector) → 'a filter → bool" where"Zfun f F = (∀r>0. eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r) F)"
lemma ZfunI: "(∧r. 0 < r ==> eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r) F) ==> Zfun f F" by (simp add: Zfun_def)
lemma ZfunD: "Zfun f F ==> 0 < r ==> eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r) F" by (simp add: Zfun_def)
lemma Zfun_ssubst: "eventually (λx. f x = g x) F ==> Zfun g F ==> Zfun f F" unfolding Zfun_def by (auto elim!: eventually_rev_mp)
lemma Zfun_zero: "Zfun (λx. 0) F" unfolding Zfun_def by simp
lemma Zfun_norm_iff: "Zfun (λx. norm (f x)) F = Zfun (λx. f x) F" unfolding Zfun_def by simp
lemma Zfun_imp_Zfun: assumes f: "Zfun f F" and g: "eventually (λx. norm (g x) ≤ norm (f x) * K) F" shows"Zfun (λx. g x) F" proof (cases "0 < K") case K: True show ?thesis proof (rule ZfunI) fix r :: real assume"0 < r" thenhave"0 < r / K"using K by simp thenhave"eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r / K) F" using ZfunD [OF f] by blast with g show"eventually (λx. norm (g x) < r) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) thenhave"norm (f x) * K < r" by (simp add: pos_less_divide_eq K) thenshow ?case by (simp add: order_le_less_trans [OF elim(1)]) qed qed next case False thenhave K: "K ≤ 0"by (simp only: not_less) show ?thesis proof (rule ZfunI) fix r :: real assume"0 < r" from g show"eventually (λx. norm (g x) < r) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) alsohave"norm (f x) * K ≤ norm (f x) * 0" using K norm_ge_zero by (rule mult_left_mono) finallyshow ?case using‹0 < r›by simp qed qed qed
lemma Zfun_le: "Zfun g F ==>∀x. norm (f x) ≤ norm (g x) ==> Zfun f F" by (erule Zfun_imp_Zfun [where K = 1]) simp
lemma Zfun_add: assumes f: "Zfun f F" and g: "Zfun g F" shows"Zfun (λx. f x + g x) F" proof (rule ZfunI) fix r :: real assume"0 < r" thenhave r: "0 < r / 2"by simp have"eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r/2) F" using f r by (rule ZfunD) moreover have"eventually (λx. norm (g x) < r/2) F" using g r by (rule ZfunD) ultimately show"eventually (λx. norm (f x + g x) < r) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) have"norm (f x + g x) ≤ norm (f x) + norm (g x)" by (rule norm_triangle_ineq) alsohave"… < r/2 + r/2" using elim by (rule add_strict_mono) finallyshow ?case by simp qed qed
lemma Zfun_minus: "Zfun f F ==> Zfun (λx. - f x) F" unfolding Zfun_def by simp
lemma Zfun_diff: "Zfun f F ==> Zfun g F ==> Zfun (λx. f x - g x) F" using Zfun_add [of f F "λx. - g x"] by (simp add: Zfun_minus)
lemma (in bounded_linear) Zfun: assumes g: "Zfun g F" shows"Zfun (λx. f (g x)) F" proof - obtain K where"norm (f x) ≤ norm x * K"for x using bounded by blast thenhave"eventually (λx. norm (f (g x)) ≤ norm (g x) * K) F" by simp with g show ?thesis by (rule Zfun_imp_Zfun) qed
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) Zfun: assumes f: "Zfun f F" and g: "Zfun g F" shows"Zfun (λx. f x ** g x) F" proof (rule ZfunI) fix r :: real assume r: "0 < r" obtain K where K: "0 < K" and norm_le: "norm (x ** y) ≤ norm x * norm y * K"for x y using pos_bounded by blast from K have K': "0 < inverse K" by (rule positive_imp_inverse_positive) have"eventually (λx. norm (f x) < r) F" using f r by (rule ZfunD) moreover have"eventually (λx. norm (g x) < inverse K) F" using g K' by (rule ZfunD) ultimately show"eventually (λx. norm (f x ** g x) < r) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) have"norm (f x ** g x) ≤ norm (f x) * norm (g x) * K" by (rule norm_le) alsohave"norm (f x) * norm (g x) * K < r * inverse K * K" by (intro mult_strict_right_mono mult_strict_mono' norm_ge_zero elim K) alsofrom K have"r * inverse K * K = r" by simp finallyshow ?case . qed qed
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) Zfun_left: "Zfun f F ==> Zfun (λx. f x ** a) F" by (rule bounded_linear_left [THEN bounded_linear.Zfun])
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) Zfun_right: "Zfun f F ==> Zfun (λx. a ** f x) F" by (rule bounded_linear_right [THEN bounded_linear.Zfun])
lemma tendsto_Zfun_iff: "(f ---> a) F = Zfun (λx. f x - a) F" by (simp only: tendsto_iff Zfun_def dist_norm)
lemma tendsto_0_le: "(f ---> 0) F ==> eventually (λx. norm (g x) ≤ norm (f x) * K) F ==> (g ---> 0) F" by (simp add: Zfun_imp_Zfun tendsto_Zfun_iff)
subsubsection‹Distance and norms›
lemma tendsto_dist [tendsto_intros]: fixes l m :: "'a::metric_space" assumes f: "(f ---> l) F" and g: "(g ---> m) F" shows"((λx. dist (f x) (g x)) ---> dist l m) F" proof (rule tendstoI) fix e :: real assume"0 < e" thenhave e2: "0 < e/2"by simp from tendstoD [OF f e2] tendstoD [OF g e2] show"eventually (λx. dist (dist (f x) (g x)) (dist l m) < e) F" proof (eventually_elim) case (elim x) thenshow"dist (dist (f x) (g x)) (dist l m) < e" unfolding dist_real_def using dist_triangle2 [of "f x""g x""l"] and dist_triangle2 [of "g x""l""m"] and dist_triangle3 [of "l""m""f x"] and dist_triangle [of "f x""m""g x"] by arith qed qed
lemma continuous_dist[continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'a :: metric_space" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. dist (f x) (g x))" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_dist)
lemma continuous_on_dist[continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'a :: metric_space" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s g ==> continuous_on s (λx. dist (f x) (g x))" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_dist)
lemma continuous_at_dist: "isCont (dist a) b" using continuous_on_dist [OF continuous_on_const continuous_on_id] continuous_on_eq_continuous_within by blast
lemma tendsto_norm [tendsto_intros]: "(f ---> a) F ==> ((λx. norm (f x)) ---> norm a) F" unfolding norm_conv_dist by (intro tendsto_intros)
lemma continuous_norm [continuous_intros]: "continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. norm (f x))" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_norm)
lemma continuous_on_norm [continuous_intros]: "continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. norm (f x))" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_norm)
lemma continuous_on_norm_id [continuous_intros]: "continuous_on S norm" by (intro continuous_on_id continuous_on_norm)
lemma tendsto_norm_zero: "(f ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. norm (f x)) ---> 0) F" by (drule tendsto_norm) simp
lemma tendsto_norm_zero_cancel: "((λx. norm (f x)) ---> 0) F ==> (f ---> 0) F" unfolding tendsto_iff dist_norm by simp
lemma tendsto_norm_zero_iff: "((λx. norm (f x)) ---> 0) F ⟷ (f ---> 0) F" unfolding tendsto_iff dist_norm by simp
lemma tendsto_rabs [tendsto_intros]: "(f ---> l) F ==> ((λx. ∣f x∣) --->∣l∣) F" for l :: real by (fold real_norm_def) (rule tendsto_norm)
lemma continuous_rabs [continuous_intros]: "continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. ∣f x :: real∣)" unfolding real_norm_def[symmetric] by (rule continuous_norm)
lemma continuous_on_rabs [continuous_intros]: "continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. ∣f x :: real∣)" unfolding real_norm_def[symmetric] by (rule continuous_on_norm)
lemma tendsto_rabs_zero: "(f ---> (0::real)) F ==> ((λx. ∣f x∣) ---> 0) F" by (fold real_norm_def) (rule tendsto_norm_zero)
lemma tendsto_rabs_zero_cancel: "((λx. ∣f x∣) ---> (0::real)) F ==> (f ---> 0) F" by (fold real_norm_def) (rule tendsto_norm_zero_cancel)
lemma tendsto_rabs_zero_iff: "((λx. ∣f x∣) ---> (0::real)) F ⟷ (f ---> 0) F" by (fold real_norm_def) (rule tendsto_norm_zero_iff)
subsection‹Topological Monoid›
class topological_monoid_add = topological_space + monoid_add + assumes tendsto_add_Pair: "LIM x (nhds a ×F nhds b). fst x + snd x :> nhds (a + b)"
class topological_comm_monoid_add = topological_monoid_add + comm_monoid_add
lemma tendsto_add [tendsto_intros]: fixes a b :: "'a::topological_monoid_add" shows"(f ---> a) F ==> (g ---> b) F ==> ((λx. f x + g x) ---> a + b) F" using filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_add_Pair, of "λx. (f x, g x)" a b F] by (simp add: nhds_prod[symmetric] tendsto_Pair)
lemma continuous_add [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_add" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f x + g x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_add)
lemma continuous_on_add [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_add" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s g ==> continuous_on s (λx. f x + g x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_add)
lemma tendsto_add_zero: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_add" shows"(f ---> 0) F ==> (g ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. f x + g x) ---> 0) F" by (drule (1) tendsto_add) simp
lemma tendsto_sum [tendsto_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_add" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> (f i ---> a i) F) ==> ((λx. ∑i∈I. f i x) ---> (∑i∈I. a i)) F" by (induct I rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: tendsto_add)
lemma tendsto_null_sum: fixes f :: "'a → 'b → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_add" assumes"∧i. i ∈ I ==> ((λx. f x i) ---> 0) F" shows"((λi. sum (f i) I) ---> 0) F" using tendsto_sum [of I "λx y. f y x""λx. 0"] assms by simp
lemma continuous_sum [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b::t2_space → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_add" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> continuous F (f i)) ==> continuous F (λx. ∑i∈I. f i x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_sum)
lemma continuous_on_sum [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b::topological_space → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_add" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> continuous_on S (f i)) ==> continuous_on S (λx. ∑i∈I. f i x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_sum)
instance nat :: topological_comm_monoid_add by standard
(simp add: nhds_discrete principal_prod_principal filterlim_principal eventually_principal)
instance int :: topological_comm_monoid_add by standard
(simp add: nhds_discrete principal_prod_principal filterlim_principal eventually_principal)
subsubsection‹Topological group›
class topological_group_add = topological_monoid_add + group_add + assumes tendsto_uminus_nhds: "(uminus ---> - a) (nhds a)" begin
lemma tendsto_minus [tendsto_intros]: "(f ---> a) F ==> ((λx. - f x) ---> - a) F" by (rule filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_uminus_nhds])
end
class topological_ab_group_add = topological_group_add + ab_group_add
lemma continuous_minus [continuous_intros]: "continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. - f x)" for f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::topological_group_add" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_minus)
lemma continuous_on_minus [continuous_intros]: "continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. - f x)" for f :: "_ → 'b::topological_group_add" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_minus)
lemma tendsto_minus_cancel: "((λx. - f x) ---> - a) F ==> (f ---> a) F" for a :: "'a::topological_group_add" by (drule tendsto_minus) simp
lemma tendsto_minus_cancel_left: "(f ---> - (y::_::topological_group_add)) F ⟷ ((λx. - f x) ---> y) F" using tendsto_minus_cancel[of f "- y" F] tendsto_minus[of f "- y" F] by auto
lemma tendsto_diff [tendsto_intros]: fixes a b :: "'a::topological_group_add" shows"(f ---> a) F ==> (g ---> b) F ==> ((λx. f x - g x) ---> a - b) F" using tendsto_add [of f a F "λx. - g x""- b"] by (simp add: tendsto_minus)
lemma continuous_diff [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::topological_group_add" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f x - g x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_diff)
lemma continuous_on_diff [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_group_add" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s g ==> continuous_on s (λx. f x - g x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_diff)
instance real_normed_vector < topological_ab_group_add proof fix a b :: 'a show"((λx. fst x + snd x) ---> a + b) (nhds a ×F nhds b)" unfolding tendsto_Zfun_iff add_diff_add using tendsto_fst[OF filterlim_ident, of "(a,b)"] tendsto_snd[OF filterlim_ident, of "(a,b)"] by (intro Zfun_add)
(auto simp: tendsto_Zfun_iff[symmetric] nhds_prod[symmetric] intro!: tendsto_fst) show"(uminus ---> - a) (nhds a)" unfolding tendsto_Zfun_iff minus_diff_minus using filterlim_ident[of "nhds a"] by (intro Zfun_minus) (simp add: tendsto_Zfun_iff) qed
subsubsection‹Linear operators and multiplication›
lemma linear_times [simp]: "linear (λx. c * x)" for c :: "'a::real_algebra" by (auto simp: linearI distrib_left)
lemma (in bounded_linear) tendsto: "(g ---> a) F ==> ((λx. f (g x)) ---> f a) F" by (simp only: tendsto_Zfun_iff diff [symmetric] Zfun)
lemma (in bounded_linear) continuous: "continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f (g x))" using tendsto[of g _ F] by (auto simp: continuous_def)
lemma (in bounded_linear) continuous_on: "continuous_on s g ==> continuous_on s (λx. f (g x))" using tendsto[of g] by (auto simp: continuous_on_def)
lemma (in bounded_linear) tendsto_zero: "(g ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. f (g x)) ---> 0) F" by (drule tendsto) (simp only: zero)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) tendsto: "(f ---> a) F ==> (g ---> b) F ==> ((λx. f x ** g x) ---> a ** b) F" by (simp only: tendsto_Zfun_iff prod_diff_prod Zfun_add Zfun Zfun_left Zfun_right)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) continuous: "continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f x ** g x)" using tendsto[of f _ F g] by (auto simp: continuous_def)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) continuous_on: "continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s g ==> continuous_on s (λx. f x ** g x)" using tendsto[of f _ _ g] by (auto simp: continuous_on_def)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) tendsto_zero: assumes f: "(f ---> 0) F" and g: "(g ---> 0) F" shows"((λx. f x ** g x) ---> 0) F" using tendsto [OF f g] by (simp add: zero_left)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) tendsto_left_zero: "(f ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. f x ** c) ---> 0) F" by (rule bounded_linear.tendsto_zero [OF bounded_linear_left])
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) tendsto_right_zero: "(f ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. c ** f x) ---> 0) F" by (rule bounded_linear.tendsto_zero [OF bounded_linear_right])
text‹Analogous type class for multiplication› class topological_semigroup_mult = topological_space + semigroup_mult + assumes tendsto_mult_Pair: "LIM x (nhds a ×F nhds b). fst x * snd x :> nhds (a * b)"
instance real_normed_algebra < topological_semigroup_mult proof fix a b :: 'a show"((λx. fst x * snd x) ---> a * b) (nhds a ×F nhds b)" unfolding nhds_prod[symmetric] using tendsto_fst[OF filterlim_ident, of "(a,b)"] tendsto_snd[OF filterlim_ident, of "(a,b)"] by (simp add: bounded_bilinear.tendsto [OF bounded_bilinear_mult]) qed
lemma tendsto_mult [tendsto_intros]: fixes a b :: "'a::topological_semigroup_mult" shows"(f ---> a) F ==> (g ---> b) F ==> ((λx. f x * g x) ---> a * b) F" using filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_mult_Pair, of "λx. (f x, g x)" a b F] by (simp add: nhds_prod[symmetric] tendsto_Pair)
lemma tendsto_mult_left: "(f ---> l) F ==> ((λx. c * (f x)) ---> c * l) F" for c :: "'a::topological_semigroup_mult" by (rule tendsto_mult [OF tendsto_const])
lemma tendsto_mult_right: "(f ---> l) F ==> ((λx. (f x) * c) ---> l * c) F" for c :: "'a::topological_semigroup_mult" by (rule tendsto_mult [OF _ tendsto_const])
lemma tendsto_mult_left_iff [simp]: "c ≠ 0 ==> tendsto(λx. c * f x) (c * l) F ⟷ tendsto f l F"for c :: "'a::{topological_semigroup_mult,field}" by (auto simp: tendsto_mult_left dest: tendsto_mult_left [where c = "1/c"])
lemma tendsto_mult_right_iff [simp]: "c ≠ 0 ==> tendsto(λx. f x * c) (l * c) F ⟷ tendsto f l F"for c :: "'a::{topological_semigroup_mult,field}" by (auto simp: tendsto_mult_right dest: tendsto_mult_left [where c = "1/c"])
lemma tendsto_zero_mult_left_iff [simp]: fixes c::"'a::{topological_semigroup_mult,field}"assumes"c ≠ 0"shows"(λn. c * a n)<---- 0 ⟷ a <---- 0" using assms tendsto_mult_left tendsto_mult_left_iff by fastforce
lemma tendsto_zero_mult_right_iff [simp]: fixes c::"'a::{topological_semigroup_mult,field}"assumes"c ≠ 0"shows"(λn. a n * c)<---- 0 ⟷ a <---- 0" using assms tendsto_mult_right tendsto_mult_right_iff by fastforce
lemma tendsto_zero_divide_iff [simp]: fixes c::"'a::{topological_semigroup_mult,field}"assumes"c ≠ 0"shows"(λn. a n / c)<---- 0 ⟷ a <---- 0" using tendsto_zero_mult_right_iff [of "1/c" a] assms by (simp add: field_simps)
lemma lim_const_over_n [tendsto_intros]: fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_field" shows"(λn. a / of_nat n) <---- 0" using tendsto_mult [OF tendsto_const [of a] lim_1_over_n] by simp
lemma continuous_mult_left: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_algebra" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. c * f x)" by (rule continuous_mult [OF continuous_const])
lemma continuous_mult_right: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_algebra" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. f x * c)" by (rule continuous_mult [OF _ continuous_const])
lemma continuous_on_mult_left: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_algebra" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. c * f x)" by (rule continuous_on_mult [OF continuous_on_const])
lemma continuous_on_mult_right: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_algebra" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. f x * c)" by (rule continuous_on_mult [OF _ continuous_on_const])
lemma continuous_on_mult_const [simp]: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_algebra" shows"continuous_on s ((*) c)" by (intro continuous_on_mult_left continuous_on_id)
lemma tendsto_divide_zero: fixes c :: "'a::real_normed_field" shows"(f ---> 0) F ==> ((λx. f x / c) ---> 0) F" by (cases "c=0") (simp_all add: divide_inverse tendsto_mult_left_zero)
lemma tendsto_power [tendsto_intros]: "(f ---> a) F ==> ((λx. f x ^ n) ---> a ^ n) F" for f :: "'a → 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}" by (induct n) (simp_all add: tendsto_mult)
lemma tendsto_null_power: "[(f ---> 0) F; 0 < n]==> ((λx. f x ^ n) ---> 0) F" for f :: "'a → 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra_1}" using tendsto_power [of f 0 F n] by (simp add: power_0_left)
lemma continuous_power [continuous_intros]: "continuous F f ==> continuous F (λx. (f x)^n)" for f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_power)
lemma continuous_on_power [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "_ → 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}" shows"continuous_on s f ==> continuous_on s (λx. (f x)^n)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_power)
lemma tendsto_prod [tendsto_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b → 'c::{real_normed_algebra,comm_ring_1}" shows"(∧i. i ∈ S ==> (f i ---> L i) F) ==> ((λx. ∏i∈S. f i x) ---> (∏i∈S. L i)) F" by (induct S rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: tendsto_mult)
lemma continuous_prod [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b::t2_space → 'c::{real_normed_algebra,comm_ring_1}" shows"(∧i. i ∈ S ==> continuous F (f i)) ==> continuous F (λx. ∏i∈S. f i x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_prod)
lemma continuous_on_prod [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → _ → 'c::{real_normed_algebra,comm_ring_1}" shows"(∧i. i ∈ S ==> continuous_on s (f i)) ==> continuous_on s (λx. ∏i∈S. f i x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_prod)
lemma tendsto_of_real_iff: "((λx. of_real (f x) :: 'a::real_normed_div_algebra) ---> of_real c) F ⟷ (f --->c) F" unfolding tendsto_iff by simp
lemma tendsto_add_const_iff: "((λx. c + f x :: 'a::topological_group_add) ---> c + d) F ⟷ (f ---> d) F" using tendsto_add[OF tendsto_const[of c], of f d] and tendsto_add[OF tendsto_const[of "-c"], of "λx. c + f x""c + d"] by auto
class topological_monoid_mult = topological_semigroup_mult + monoid_mult class topological_comm_monoid_mult = topological_monoid_mult + comm_monoid_mult
lemma tendsto_power_strong [tendsto_intros]: fixes f :: "_ → 'b :: topological_monoid_mult" assumes"(f ---> a) F""(g ---> b) F" shows"((λx. f x ^ g x) ---> a ^ b) F" proof - have"((λx. f x ^ b) ---> a ^ b) F" by (induction b) (auto intro: tendsto_intros assms) alsofrom assms(2) have"eventually (λx. g x = b) F" by (simp add: nhds_discrete filterlim_principal) hence"eventually (λx. f x ^ b = f x ^ g x) F" by eventually_elim simp hence"((λx. f x ^ b) ---> a ^ b) F ⟷ ((λx. f x ^ g x) ---> a ^ b) F" by (intro filterlim_cong refl) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma continuous_mult' [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_semigroup_mult" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f x * g x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_mult)
lemma continuous_power' [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_mult" shows"continuous F f ==> continuous F g ==> continuous F (λx. f x ^ g x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_power_strong) auto
lemma continuous_on_mult' [continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_semigroup_mult" shows"continuous_on A f ==> continuous_on A g ==> continuous_on A (λx. f x * g x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_mult)
lemma continuous_on_power' [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_mult" shows"continuous_on A f ==> continuous_on A g ==> continuous_on A (λx. f x ^ g x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_power_strong)
lemma tendsto_mult_one: fixes f g :: "_ → 'b::topological_monoid_mult" shows"(f ---> 1) F ==> (g ---> 1) F ==> ((λx. f x * g x) ---> 1) F" by (drule (1) tendsto_mult) simp
lemma tendsto_prod' [tendsto_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_mult" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> (f i ---> a i) F) ==> ((λx. ∏i∈I. f i x) ---> (∏i∈I. a i)) F" by (induct I rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: tendsto_mult)
lemma tendsto_one_prod': fixes f :: "'a → 'b → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_mult" assumes"∧i. i ∈ I ==> ((λx. f x i) ---> 1) F" shows"((λi. prod (f i) I) ---> 1) F" using tendsto_prod' [of I "λx y. f y x""λx. 1"] assms by simp
lemma LIMSEQ_prod_0: fixes f :: "nat → 'a::{semidom,topological_space}" assumes"f i = 0" shows"(λn. prod f {..n}) <---- 0" proof (subst tendsto_cong) show"∀F n in sequentially. prod f {..n} = 0" using assms eventually_at_top_linorder by auto qed auto
lemma LIMSEQ_prod_nonneg: fixes f :: "nat → 'a::{linordered_semidom,linorder_topology}" assumes0: "∧n. 0 ≤ f n"and a: "(λn. prod f {..n}) <---- a" shows"a ≥ 0" by (simp add: "0" prod_nonneg LIMSEQ_le_const [OF a])
lemma continuous_prod' [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b::t2_space → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_mult" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> continuous F (f i)) ==> continuous F (λx. ∏i∈I. f i x)" unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_prod')
lemma continuous_on_prod' [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a → 'b::topological_space → 'c::topological_comm_monoid_mult" shows"(∧i. i ∈ I ==> continuous_on S (f i)) ==> continuous_on S (λx. ∏i∈I. f i x)" unfolding continuous_on_def by (auto intro: tendsto_prod')
instance nat :: topological_comm_monoid_mult by standard
(simp add: nhds_discrete principal_prod_principal filterlim_principal eventually_principal)
instance int :: topological_comm_monoid_mult by standard
(simp add: nhds_discrete principal_prod_principal filterlim_principal eventually_principal)
class comm_real_normed_algebra_1 = real_normed_algebra_1 + comm_monoid_mult
context real_normed_field begin
subclass comm_real_normed_algebra_1 proof from norm_mult[of "1 :: 'a"1] show"norm 1 = 1"by simp qed (simp_all add: norm_mult)
end
subsubsection‹Inverse and division›
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) Zfun_prod_Bfun: assumes f: "Zfun f F" and g: "Bfun g F" shows"Zfun (λx. f x ** g x) F" proof - obtain K where K: "0 ≤ K" and norm_le: "∧x y. norm (x ** y) ≤ norm x * norm y * K" using nonneg_bounded by blast obtain B where B: "0 < B" and norm_g: "eventually (λx. norm (g x) ≤ B) F" using g by (rule BfunE) have"eventually (λx. norm (f x ** g x) ≤ norm (f x) * (B * K)) F" using norm_g proof eventually_elim case (elim x) have"norm (f x ** g x) ≤ norm (f x) * norm (g x) * K" by (rule norm_le) alsohave"…≤ norm (f x) * B * K" by (intro mult_mono' order_refl norm_g norm_ge_zero mult_nonneg_nonneg K elim) alsohave"… = norm (f x) * (B * K)" by (rule mult.assoc) finallyshow"norm (f x ** g x) ≤ norm (f x) * (B * K)" . qed with f show ?thesis by (rule Zfun_imp_Zfun) qed
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) Bfun_prod_Zfun: assumes f: "Bfun f F" and g: "Zfun g F" shows"Zfun (λx. f x ** g x) F" using flip g f by (rule bounded_bilinear.Zfun_prod_Bfun)
lemma Bfun_inverse: fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes f: "(f ---> a) F" assumes a: "a ≠ 0" shows"Bfun (λx. inverse (f x)) F" proof - from a have"0 < norm a"by simp thenhave"∃r>0. r < norm a"by (rule dense) thenobtain r where r1: "0 < r"and r2: "r < norm a" by blast have"eventually (λx. dist (f x) a < r) F" using tendstoD [OF f r1] by blast thenhave"eventually (λx. norm (inverse (f x)) ≤ inverse (norm a - r)) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) thenhave1: "norm (f x - a) < r" by (simp add: dist_norm) thenhave2: "f x ≠ 0"using r2 by auto thenhave"norm (inverse (f x)) = inverse (norm (f x))" by (rule nonzero_norm_inverse) alsohave"…≤ inverse (norm a - r)" proof (rule le_imp_inverse_le) show"0 < norm a - r" using r2 by simp have"norm a - norm (f x) ≤ norm (a - f x)" by (rule norm_triangle_ineq2) alsohave"… = norm (f x - a)" by (rule norm_minus_commute) alsohave"… < r"using1 . finallyshow"norm a - r ≤ norm (f x)" by simp qed finallyshow"norm (inverse (f x)) ≤ inverse (norm a - r)" . qed thenshow ?thesis by (rule BfunI) qed
lemma tendsto_inverse [tendsto_intros]: fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes f: "(f ---> a) F" and a: "a ≠ 0" shows"((λx. inverse (f x)) ---> inverse a) F" proof - from a have"0 < norm a"by simp with f have"eventually (λx. dist (f x) a < norm a) F" by (rule tendstoD) thenhave"eventually (λx. f x ≠ 0) F" unfolding dist_norm by (auto elim!: eventually_mono) with a have"eventually (λx. inverse (f x) - inverse a = - (inverse (f x) * (f x - a) * inverse a)) F" by (auto elim!: eventually_mono simp: inverse_diff_inverse) moreoverhave"Zfun (λx. - (inverse (f x) * (f x - a) * inverse a)) F" by (intro Zfun_minus Zfun_mult_left
bounded_bilinear.Bfun_prod_Zfun [OF bounded_bilinear_mult]
Bfun_inverse [OF f a] f [unfolded tendsto_Zfun_iff]) ultimatelyshow ?thesis unfolding tendsto_Zfun_iff by (rule Zfun_ssubst) qed
lemma continuous_inverse: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous F f" and"f (Lim F (λx. x)) ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. inverse (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_inverse)
lemma continuous_at_within_inverse[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous (at a within s) f" and"f a ≠ 0" shows"continuous (at a within s) (λx. inverse (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_within by (rule tendsto_inverse)
lemma continuous_on_inverse[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::topological_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous_on s f" and"∀x∈s. f x ≠ 0" shows"continuous_on s (λx. inverse (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_on_def by (blast intro: tendsto_inverse)
lemma tendsto_divide [tendsto_intros]: fixes a b :: "'a::real_normed_field" shows"(f ---> a) F ==> (g ---> b) F ==> b ≠ 0 ==> ((λx. f x / g x) ---> a / b) F" by (simp add: tendsto_mult tendsto_inverse divide_inverse)
lemma continuous_divide: fixes f g :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_field" assumes"continuous F f" and"continuous F g" and"g (Lim F (λx. x)) ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. (f x) / (g x))" using assms unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_divide)
lemma continuous_at_within_divide[continuous_intros]: fixes f g :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_field" assumes"continuous (at a within s) f""continuous (at a within s) g" and"g a ≠ 0" shows"continuous (at a within s) (λx. (f x) / (g x))" using assms unfolding continuous_within by (rule tendsto_divide)
lemma isCont_divide[continuous_intros, simp]: fixes f g :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_field" assumes"isCont f a""isCont g a""g a ≠ 0" shows"isCont (λx. (f x) / g x) a" using assms unfolding continuous_at by (rule tendsto_divide)
lemma continuous_on_divide[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::topological_space → 'b::real_normed_field" assumes"continuous_on s f""continuous_on s g" and"∀x∈s. g x ≠ 0" shows"continuous_on s (λx. (f x) / (g x))" using assms unfolding continuous_on_def by (blast intro: tendsto_divide)
lemma continuous_cmult_left_iff: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_field" assumes"c ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. c * f x) ⟷ continuous F f" by (simp add: assms continuous_def)
lemma continuous_cmult_right_iff: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_field" assumes"c ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. f x * c) ⟷ continuous F f" by (simp add: assms continuous_def)
lemma continuous_cdivide_iff: fixes c::"'a::real_normed_field" assumes"c ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. f x / c) ⟷ continuous F f" using assms by (auto simp: continuous_def divide_inverse)
lemma continuous_cong: assumes"eventually (λx. f x = g x) F""f (Lim F (λx. x)) = g (Lim F (λx. x))" shows"continuous F f ⟷ continuous F g" unfolding continuous_def using assms filterlim_cong by force
lemma continuous_at_within_cong: assumes"f x = g x""eventually (λx. f x = g x) (at x within S)" shows"continuous (at x within S) f ⟷ continuous (at x within S) g" using assms by (simp add: continuous_within filterlim_cong)
lemma tendsto_power_int [tendsto_intros]: fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes f: "(f ---> a) F" and a: "a ≠ 0" shows"((λx. power_int (f x) n) ---> power_int a n) F" using assms by (cases n rule: int_cases4) (auto intro!: tendsto_intros simp: power_int_minus)
lemma continuous_power_int: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous F f" and"f (Lim F (λx. x)) ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. power_int (f x) n)" using assms unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_power_int)
lemma continuous_at_within_power_int[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous (at a within s) f" and"f a ≠ 0" shows"continuous (at a within s) (λx. power_int (f x) n)" using assms unfolding continuous_within by (rule tendsto_power_int)
lemma continuous_on_power_int [continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::topological_space → 'b::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes"continuous_on s f"and"n ≥ 0 ∨ (∀x∈s. f x ≠ 0)" shows"continuous_on s (λx. power_int (f x) n)" using assms by (cases "n ≥ 0") (auto simp: power_int_def intro!: continuous_intros)
lemma tendsto_power_int' [tendsto_intros]: fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_div_algebra" assumes f: "(f ---> a) F" and a: "a ≠ 0 ∨ n ≥ 0" shows"((λx. power_int (f x) n) ---> power_int a n) F" using assms by (cases n rule: int_cases4) (auto intro!: tendsto_intros simp: power_int_minus)
lemma tendsto_sgn [tendsto_intros]: "(f ---> l) F ==> l ≠ 0 ==> ((λx. sgn (f x)) ---> sgn l) F" for l :: "'a::real_normed_vector" unfolding sgn_div_norm by (simp add: tendsto_intros)
lemma continuous_sgn: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_vector" assumes"continuous F f" and"f (Lim F (λx. x)) ≠ 0" shows"continuous F (λx. sgn (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_def by (rule tendsto_sgn)
lemma continuous_at_within_sgn[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_vector" assumes"continuous (at a within s) f" and"f a ≠ 0" shows"continuous (at a within s) (λx. sgn (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_within by (rule tendsto_sgn)
lemma isCont_sgn[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::t2_space → 'b::real_normed_vector" assumes"isCont f a" and"f a ≠ 0" shows"isCont (λx. sgn (f x)) a" using assms unfolding continuous_at by (rule tendsto_sgn)
lemma continuous_on_sgn[continuous_intros]: fixes f :: "'a::topological_space → 'b::real_normed_vector" assumes"continuous_on s f" and"∀x∈s. f x ≠ 0" shows"continuous_on s (λx. sgn (f x))" using assms unfolding continuous_on_def by (blast intro: tendsto_sgn)
lemma filterlim_at_infinity: fixes f :: "_ → 'a::real_normed_vector" assumes"0 ≤ c" shows"(LIM x F. f x :> at_infinity) ⟷ (∀r>c. eventually (λx. r ≤ norm (f x)) F)" unfolding filterlim_iff eventually_at_infinity proof safe fix P :: "'a → bool" fix b assume *: "∀r>c. eventually (λx. r ≤ norm (f x)) F" assume P: "∀x. b ≤ norm x ⟶ P x" have"max b (c + 1) > c"by auto with * have"eventually (λx. max b (c + 1) ≤ norm (f x)) F" by auto thenshow"eventually (λx. P (f x)) F" proof eventually_elim case (elim x) with P show"P (f x)"by auto qed qed force
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_imp_norm_at_top: fixes F assumes"filterlim f at_infinity F" shows"filterlim (λx. norm (f x)) at_top F" proof -
{ fix r :: real have"∀F x in F. r ≤ norm (f x)"using filterlim_at_infinity[of 0 f F] assms by (cases "r > 0")
(auto simp: not_less intro: always_eventually order.trans[OF _ norm_ge_zero])
} thus ?thesis by (auto simp: filterlim_at_top) qed
lemma filterlim_norm_at_top_imp_at_infinity: fixes F assumes"filterlim (λx. norm (f x)) at_top F" shows"filterlim f at_infinity F" using filterlim_at_infinity[of 0 f F] assms by (auto simp: filterlim_at_top)
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_conv_norm_at_top: "filterlim f at_infinity G ⟷ filterlim (λx. norm (f x)) at_top G" by (auto simp: filterlim_at_infinity[OF order.refl] filterlim_at_top_gt[of _ _ 0])
lemma eventually_not_equal_at_infinity: "eventually (λx. x ≠ (a :: 'a :: {real_normed_vector})) at_infinity" proof - from filterlim_norm_at_top[where 'a = 'a] have"∀F x in at_infinity. norm a < norm (x::'a)"by (auto simp: filterlim_at_top_dense) thus ?thesis by eventually_elim auto qed
lemma filterlim_int_of_nat_at_topD: fixes F assumes"filterlim (λx. f (int x)) F at_top" shows"filterlim f F at_top" proof - have"filterlim (λx. f (int (nat x))) F at_top" by (rule filterlim_compose[OF assms filterlim_nat_sequentially]) alsohave"?this ⟷ filterlim f F at_top" by (intro filterlim_cong refl eventually_mono [OF eventually_ge_at_top[of "0::int"]]) auto finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma filterlim_int_sequentially [tendsto_intros]: "filterlim int at_top sequentially" unfolding filterlim_at_top proof fix C :: int show"eventually (λn. int n ≥ C) at_top" using eventually_ge_at_top[of "nat ⌈C⌉"] by eventually_elim linarith qed
lemma filterlim_real_of_int_at_top [tendsto_intros]: "filterlim real_of_int at_top at_top" unfolding filterlim_at_top proof fix C :: real show"eventually (λn. real_of_int n ≥ C) at_top" using eventually_ge_at_top[of "⌈C⌉"] by eventually_elim linarith qed
lemma filterlim_abs_real: "filterlim (abs::real → real) at_top at_top" proof (subst filterlim_cong[OF refl refl]) from eventually_ge_at_top[of "0::real"] show"eventually (λx::real. ∣x∣ = x) at_top" by eventually_elim simp qed (simp_all add: filterlim_ident)
lemma filterlim_of_real_at_infinity [tendsto_intros]: "filterlim (of_real :: real → 'a :: real_normed_algebra_1) at_infinity at_top" by (intro filterlim_norm_at_top_imp_at_infinity) (auto simp: filterlim_abs_real)
lemma not_tendsto_and_filterlim_at_infinity: fixes c :: "'a::real_normed_vector" assumes"F ≠ bot" and"(f ---> c) F" and"filterlim f at_infinity F" shows False proof - from tendstoD[OF assms(2), of "1/2"] have"eventually (λx. dist (f x) c < 1/2) F" by simp moreover from filterlim_at_infinity[of "norm c" f F] assms(3) have"eventually (λx. norm (f x) ≥ norm c + 1) F"by simp ultimatelyhave"eventually (λx. False) F" proof eventually_elim fix x assume A: "dist (f x) c < 1/2" assume"norm (f x) ≥ norm c + 1" alsohave"norm (f x) = dist (f x) 0"by simp alsohave"…≤ dist (f x) c + dist c 0"by (rule dist_triangle) finallyshow False using A by simp qed with assms show False by simp qed
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_imp_not_convergent: assumes"filterlim f at_infinity sequentially" shows"¬ convergent f" by (rule notI, rule not_tendsto_and_filterlim_at_infinity[OF _ _ assms])
(simp_all add: convergent_LIMSEQ_iff)
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_imp_eventually_ne: assumes"filterlim f at_infinity F" shows"eventually (λz. f z ≠ c) F" proof - have"norm c + 1 > 0" by (intro add_nonneg_pos) simp_all with filterlim_at_infinity[OF order.refl, of f F] assms have"eventually (λz. norm (f z) ≥ norm c + 1) F" by blast thenshow ?thesis by eventually_elim auto qed
lemma tendsto_of_nat [tendsto_intros]: "filterlim (of_nat :: nat → 'a::real_normed_algebra_1) at_infinity sequentially" proof (subst filterlim_at_infinity[OF order.refl], intro allI impI) fix r :: real assume r: "r > 0" define n where"n = nat ⌈r⌉" from r have n: "∀m≥n. of_nat m ≥ r" unfolding n_def by linarith from eventually_ge_at_top[of n] show"eventually (λm. norm (of_nat m :: 'a) ≥ r) sequentially" by eventually_elim (use n in simp_all) qed
subsection‹Relate const‹at›, const‹at_left› and const‹at_right››
text‹
This lemmas are useful for conversion between term‹at x› to term‹at_left x› and term‹at_right x› and also term‹at_right 0›. ›
lemma filtermap_nhds_shift: "filtermap (λx. x - d) (nhds a) = nhds (a - d)" for a d :: "'a::real_normed_vector" by (rule filtermap_fun_inverse[where g="λx. x + d"])
(auto intro!: tendsto_eq_intros filterlim_ident)
lemma filtermap_nhds_minus: "filtermap (λx. - x) (nhds a) = nhds (- a)" for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" by (rule filtermap_fun_inverse[where g=uminus])
(auto intro!: tendsto_eq_intros filterlim_ident)
lemma filtermap_at_shift: "filtermap (λx. x - d) (at a) = at (a - d)" for a d :: "'a::real_normed_vector" by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_filter filtermap_nhds_shift[symmetric])
lemma filtermap_at_right_shift: "filtermap (λx. x - d) (at_right a) = at_right (a - d)" for a d :: "real" by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_filter filtermap_nhds_shift[symmetric])
lemma filterlim_shift: fixes d :: "'a::real_normed_vector" assumes"filterlim f F (at a)" shows"filterlim (f ∘ (+) d) F (at (a - d))" unfolding filterlim_iff proof (intro strip) fix P assume"eventually P F" thenhave"∀F x in filtermap (λy. y - d) (at a). P (f (d + x))" using assms by (force simp add: filterlim_iff eventually_filtermap) thenshow"(∀F x in at (a - d). P ((f ∘ (+) d) x))" by (force simp add: filtermap_at_shift) qed
lemma filterlim_shift_iff: fixes d :: "'a::real_normed_vector" shows"filterlim (f ∘ (+) d) F (at (a - d)) = filterlim f F (at a)" (is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof assume L: ?lhs show ?rhs using filterlim_shift [OF L, of "-d"] by (simp add: filterlim_iff) qed (metis filterlim_shift)
lemma at_right_to_0: "at_right a = filtermap (λx. x + a) (at_right 0)" for a :: real using filtermap_at_right_shift[of "-a"0] by simp
lemma filterlim_at_right_to_0: "filterlim f F (at_right a) ⟷ filterlim (λx. f (x + a)) F (at_right 0)" for a :: real unfolding filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap at_right_to_0[of a] ..
lemma eventually_at_right_to_0: "eventually P (at_right a) ⟷ eventually (λx. P (x + a)) (at_right 0)" for a :: real unfolding at_right_to_0[of a] by (simp add: eventually_filtermap)
lemma at_to_0: "at a = filtermap (λx. x + a) (at 0)" for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" using filtermap_at_shift[of "-a"0] by simp
lemma filterlim_at_to_0: "filterlim f F (at a) ⟷ filterlim (λx. f (x + a)) F (at 0)" for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" unfolding filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap at_to_0[of a] ..
lemma eventually_at_to_0: "eventually P (at a) ⟷ eventually (λx. P (x + a)) (at 0)" for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" unfolding at_to_0[of a] by (simp add: eventually_filtermap)
lemma filtermap_at_minus: "filtermap (λx. - x) (at a) = at (- a)" for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_filter filtermap_nhds_minus[symmetric])
lemma at_left_minus: "at_left a = filtermap (λx. - x) (at_right (- a))" for a :: real by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_filter filtermap_nhds_minus[symmetric])
lemma at_right_minus: "at_right a = filtermap (λx. - x) (at_left (- a))" for a :: real by (simp add: filter_eq_iff eventually_filtermap eventually_at_filter filtermap_nhds_minus[symmetric])
lemma filtermap_linear_at_within: assumes"bij f"and cont: "isCont f a"and open_map: "∧S. open S ==> open (f`S)" shows"filtermap f (at a within S) = at (f a) within f`S" unfolding filter_eq_iff proof safe fix P assume"eventually P (filtermap f (at a within S))" thenobtain T where"open T""a ∈ T"and impP:"∀x∈T. x≠a ⟶ x∈S⟶ P (f x)" by (auto simp: eventually_filtermap eventually_at_topological) thenshow"eventually P (at (f a) within f ` S)" unfolding eventually_at_topological apply (intro exI[of _ "f`T"]) using‹bij f› open_map by (metis bij_pointE image_iff) next fix P assume"eventually P (at (f a) within f ` S)" thenobtain T1 where"open T1""f a ∈ T1"and impP:"∀x∈T1. x≠f a ⟶ x∈f`S⟶ P (x)" unfolding eventually_at_topological by auto thenobtain T2 where"open T2""a ∈ T2""(∀x'∈T2. f x' ∈ T1)" using cont[unfolded continuous_at_open,rule_format,of T1] by blast thenhave"∀x∈T2. x≠a ⟶ x∈S⟶ P (f x)" using impP by (metis assms(1) bij_pointE imageI) thenshow"eventually P (filtermap f (at a within S))" unfolding eventually_filtermap eventually_at_topological apply (intro exI[of _ T2]) using‹open T2›‹a ∈ T2›by auto qed
lemma filterlim_at_left_to_right: "filterlim f F (at_left a) ⟷ filterlim (λx. f (- x)) F (at_right (-a))" for a :: real unfolding filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap at_left_minus[of a] ..
lemma eventually_at_left_to_right: "eventually P (at_left a) ⟷ eventually (λx. P (- x)) (at_right (-a))" for a :: real unfolding at_left_minus[of a] by (simp add: eventually_filtermap)
lemma filterlim_uminus_at_top_at_bot: "LIM x at_bot. - x :: real :> at_top" unfolding filterlim_at_top eventually_at_bot_dense by (metis leI minus_less_iff order_less_asym)
lemma filterlim_uminus_at_bot_at_top: "LIM x at_top. - x :: real :> at_bot" unfolding filterlim_at_bot eventually_at_top_dense by (metis leI less_minus_iff order_less_asym)
lemma at_bot_mirror : shows"(at_bot::('a::{ordered_ab_group_add,linorder} filter)) = filtermap uminus at_top" proof (rule filtermap_fun_inverse[symmetric]) show"filterlim uminus at_top (at_bot::'a filter)" using eventually_at_bot_linorder filterlim_at_top le_minus_iff by force show"filterlim uminus (at_bot::'a filter) at_top" by (simp add: filterlim_at_bot minus_le_iff) qed auto
lemma filterlim_at_top_mirror: "(LIM x at_top. f x :> F) ⟷ (LIM x at_bot. f (-x::real) :> F)" unfolding filterlim_def at_top_mirror filtermap_filtermap ..
lemma filterlim_at_bot_mirror: "(LIM x at_bot. f x :> F) ⟷ (LIM x at_top. f (-x::real) :> F)" unfolding filterlim_def at_bot_mirror filtermap_filtermap ..
lemma filterlim_uminus_at_top: "(LIM x F. f x :> at_top) ⟷ (LIM x F. - (f x) :: real :> at_bot)" using filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_uminus_at_bot_at_top, of f F] and filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_uminus_at_top_at_bot, of "λx. - f x" F] by auto
lemma tendsto_at_botI_sequentially:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'b::first_countable_topology"
assumes *: "\<And>X. filterlim X at_bot sequentially \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. f (X n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> y"
shows "(f \<longlongrightarrow> y) at_bot"
unfolding filterlim_at_bot_mirror
proof (rule tendsto_at_topI_sequentially)
fix X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real" assume "filterlim X at_top sequentially"
thus "(\<lambda>n. f (-X n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> y" by (intro *) (auto simp: filterlim_uminus_at_top)
qed
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_imp_filterlim_at_top:
assumes "filterlim (f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real) at_infinity F"
assumes "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x > 0) F"
shows "filterlim f at_top F"
proof -
from assms(2) have *: "eventually (\<lambda>x. norm (f x) = f x) F" by eventually_elim simp
from assms(1) show ?thesis unfolding filterlim_at_infinity_conv_norm_at_top
by (subst (asm) filterlim_cong[OF refl refl *])
qed
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_imp_filterlim_at_bot:
assumes "filterlim (f :: 'a \<Rightarrow> real) at_infinity F"
assumes "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x < 0) F"
shows "filterlim f at_bot F"
proof -
from assms(2) have *: "eventually (\<lambda>x. norm (f x) = -f x) F" by eventually_elim simp
from assms(1) have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. - f x) at_top F"
unfolding filterlim_at_infinity_conv_norm_at_top
by (subst (asm) filterlim_cong[OF refl refl *])
thus ?thesis by (simp add: filterlim_uminus_at_top)
qed
lemma filterlim_uminus_at_bot: "(LIM x F. f x :> at_bot) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. - (f x) :: real :> at_top)"
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_top by simp
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_top_right: "LIM x at_right (0::real). inverse x :> at_top"
unfolding filterlim_at_top_gt[where c=0] eventually_at_filter
proof safe
fix Z :: real
assume [arith]: "0 < Z"
then have "eventually (\<lambda>x. x < inverse Z) (nhds 0)"
by (auto simp: eventually_nhds_metric dist_real_def intro!: exI[of _ "\<bar>inverse Z\<bar>"])
then show "eventually (\<lambda>x. x \<noteq> 0 \<longrightarrow> x \<in> {0<..} \<longrightarrow> Z \<le> inverse x) (nhds 0)"
by (auto elim!: eventually_mono simp: inverse_eq_divide field_simps)
qed
lemma tendsto_inverse_0:
fixes x :: "_ \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_normed_div_algebra"
shows "(inverse \<longlongrightarrow> (0::'a)) at_infinity"
unfolding tendsto_Zfun_iff diff_0_right Zfun_def eventually_at_infinity
proof safe
fix r :: real
assume "0 < r"
show "\<exists>b. \<forall>x. b \<le> norm x \<longrightarrow> norm (inverse x :: 'a) < r"
proof (intro exI[of _ "inverse (r / 2)"] allI impI)
fix x :: 'a
from \<open>0 < r\<close> have "0 < inverse (r / 2)" by simp
also assume *: "inverse (r / 2) \<le> norm x"
finally show "norm (inverse x) < r"
using * \<open>0 < r\<close>
by (subst nonzero_norm_inverse) (simp_all add: inverse_eq_divide field_simps)
qed
qed
lemma tendsto_add_filterlim_at_infinity:
fixes c :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
and F :: "'a filter"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
and "filterlim g at_infinity F"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) at_infinity F"
proof (subst filterlim_at_infinity[OF order_refl], safe)
fix r :: real
assume r: "r > 0"
from assms(1) have "((\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) \<longlongrightarrow> norm c) F"
by (rule tendsto_norm)
then have "eventually (\<lambda>x. norm (f x) < norm c + 1) F"
by (rule order_tendstoD) simp_all
moreover from r have "r + norm c + 1 > 0"
by (intro add_pos_nonneg) simp_all
with assms(2) have "eventually (\<lambda>x. norm (g x) \<ge> r + norm c + 1) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_infinity[OF order_refl]
by (elim allE[of _ "r + norm c + 1"]) simp_all
ultimately show "eventually (\<lambda>x. norm (f x + g x) \<ge> r) F"
proof eventually_elim
fix x :: 'a
assume A: "norm (f x) < norm c + 1" and B: "r + norm c + 1 \<le> norm (g x)"
from A B have "r \<le> norm (g x) - norm (f x)"
by simp
also have "norm (g x) - norm (f x) \<le> norm (g x + f x)"
by (rule norm_diff_ineq)
finally show "r \<le> norm (f x + g x)"
by (simp add: add_ac)
qed
qed
lemma tendsto_add_filterlim_at_infinity':
fixes c :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
and F :: "'a filter"
assumes "filterlim f at_infinity F"
and "(g \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) at_infinity F"
by (subst add.commute) (rule tendsto_add_filterlim_at_infinity assms)+
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_right_top: "LIM x at_top. inverse x :> at_right (0::real)"
unfolding filterlim_at
by (auto simp: eventually_at_top_dense)
(metis tendsto_inverse_0 filterlim_mono at_top_le_at_infinity order_refl)
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_top:
"(f \<longlongrightarrow> (0 :: real)) F \<Longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 < f x) F \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. inverse (f x) :> at_top"
by (intro filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_inverse_at_top_right])
(simp add: filterlim_def eventually_filtermap eventually_mono at_within_def le_principal)
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_bot_neg:
"LIM x (at_left (0::real)). inverse x :> at_bot"
by (simp add: filterlim_inverse_at_top_right filterlim_uminus_at_bot filterlim_at_left_to_right)
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_bot:
"(f \<longlongrightarrow> (0 :: real)) F \<Longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. f x < 0) F \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. inverse (f x) :> at_bot"
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_bot inverse_minus_eq[symmetric]
by (rule filterlim_inverse_at_top) (simp_all add: tendsto_minus_cancel_left[symmetric])
lemma at_right_to_top: "(at_right (0::real)) = filtermap inverse at_top"
by (intro filtermap_fun_inverse[symmetric, where g=inverse])
(auto intro: filterlim_inverse_at_top_right filterlim_inverse_at_right_top)
lemma eventually_at_right_to_top:
"eventually P (at_right (0::real)) \<longleftrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. P (inverse x)) at_top"
unfolding at_right_to_top eventually_filtermap ..
lemma filterlim_at_right_to_top:
"filterlim f F (at_right (0::real)) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x at_top. f (inverse x) :> F)"
unfolding filterlim_def at_right_to_top filtermap_filtermap ..
lemma eventually_at_top_to_right:
"eventually P at_top \<longleftrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. P (inverse x)) (at_right (0::real))"
unfolding at_top_to_right eventually_filtermap ..
lemma filterlim_at_top_to_right:
"filterlim f F at_top \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x (at_right (0::real)). f (inverse x) :> F)"
unfolding filterlim_def at_top_to_right filtermap_filtermap ..
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_infinity:
fixes x :: "_ \<Rightarrow> 'a::{real_normed_div_algebra, division_ring}"
shows "filterlim inverse at_infinity (at (0::'a))"
unfolding filterlim_at_infinity[OF order_refl]
proof safe
fix r :: real
assume "0 < r"
then show "eventually (\<lambda>x::'a. r \<le> norm (inverse x)) (at 0)"
unfolding eventually_at norm_inverse
by (intro exI[of _ "inverse r"])
(auto simp: norm_conv_dist[symmetric] field_simps inverse_eq_divide)
qed
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_iff:
fixes g :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{real_normed_div_algebra, division_ring}"
shows "(LIM x F. inverse (g x) :> at 0) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at_infinity)"
unfolding filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap[symmetric]
proof
assume "filtermap g F \<le> at_infinity"
then have "filtermap inverse (filtermap g F) \<le> filtermap inverse at_infinity"
by (rule filtermap_mono)
also have "\<dots> \<le> at 0"
using tendsto_inverse_0[where 'a='b]
by (auto intro!: exI[of _ 1]
simp: le_principal eventually_filtermap filterlim_def at_within_def eventually_at_infinity)
finally show "filtermap inverse (filtermap g F) \<le> at 0" .
next
assume "filtermap inverse (filtermap g F) \<le> at 0"
then have "filtermap inverse (filtermap inverse (filtermap g F)) \<le> filtermap inverse (at 0)"
by (rule filtermap_mono)
with filterlim_inverse_at_infinity show "filtermap g F \<le> at_infinity"
by (auto intro: order_trans simp: filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap)
qed
lemma tendsto_mult_filterlim_at_infinity:
fixes c :: "'a::real_normed_field"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "c \<noteq> 0"
assumes "filterlim g at_infinity F"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x * g x) at_infinity F"
proof -
have "((\<lambda>x. inverse (f x) * inverse (g x)) \<longlongrightarrow> inverse c * 0) F"
by (intro tendsto_mult tendsto_inverse assms filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_inverse_0])
then have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x) * inverse (g x)) (at (inverse c * 0)) F"
unfolding filterlim_at
using assms
by (auto intro: filterlim_at_infinity_imp_eventually_ne tendsto_imp_eventually_ne eventually_conj)
then show ?thesis
by (subst filterlim_inverse_at_iff[symmetric]) simp_all
qed
lemma filterlim_power_int_neg_at_infinity:
fixes f :: "_ \<Rightarrow> 'a::{real_normed_div_algebra, division_ring}"
assumes "n < 0" and lim: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F" and ev: "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x \<noteq> 0) F"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x powi n) at_infinity F"
proof -
have lim': "((\<lambda>x. f x ^ nat (- n)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
by (rule tendsto_eq_intros lim)+ (use \<open>n < 0\<close> in auto)
have ev': "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x ^ nat (-n) \<noteq> 0) F"
using ev by eventually_elim (use \<open>n < 0\<close> in auto)
have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x ^ nat (-n))) at_infinity F"
by (intro filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_inverse_at_infinity])
(use lim' ev' in \<open>auto simp: filterlim_at\<close>)
thus ?thesis
using \<open>n < 0\<close> by (simp add: power_int_def power_inverse)
qed
lemma tendsto_inverse_0_at_top: "LIM x F. f x :> at_top \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. inverse (f x) :: real) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
by (metis filterlim_at filterlim_mono[OF _ at_top_le_at_infinity order_refl] filterlim_inverse_at_iff)
lemma filterlim_inverse_at_top_iff:
"eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 < f x) F \<Longrightarrow> (LIM x F. inverse (f x) :> at_top) \<longleftrightarrow> (f \<longlongrightarrow> (0 :: real)) F"
by (auto dest: tendsto_inverse_0_at_top filterlim_inverse_at_top)
lemma filterlim_at_top_iff_inverse_0:
"eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 < f x) F \<Longrightarrow> (LIM x F. f x :> at_top) \<longleftrightarrow> ((inverse \<circ> f) \<longlongrightarrow> (0 :: real)) F"
using filterlim_inverse_at_top_iff [of "inverse \<circ> f"] by auto
lemma real_tendsto_divide_at_top:
fixes c::"real"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
assumes "filterlim g at_top F"
shows "((\<lambda>x. f x / g x) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
by (auto simp: divide_inverse_commute
intro!: tendsto_mult[THEN tendsto_eq_rhs] tendsto_inverse_0_at_top assms)
lemma mult_nat_left_at_top: "c > 0 \<Longrightarrow> filterlim (\<lambda>x. c * x) at_top sequentially"
for c :: nat
by (rule filterlim_subseq) (auto simp: strict_mono_def)
lemma mult_nat_right_at_top: "c > 0 \<Longrightarrow> filterlim (\<lambda>x. x * c) at_top sequentially"
for c :: nat
by (rule filterlim_subseq) (auto simp: strict_mono_def)
lemma filterlim_times_pos:
"LIM x F1. c * f x :> at_right l"
if "filterlim f (at_right p) F1" "0 < c" "l = c * p"
for c::"'a::{linordered_field, linorder_topology}"
unfolding filterlim_iff
proof safe
fix P
assume "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in at_right l. P x"
then obtain d where "c * p < d" "\<And>y. y > c * p \<Longrightarrow> y < d \<Longrightarrow> P y"
unfolding \<open>l = _ \<close> eventually_at_right_field
by auto
then have "\<forall>\<^sub>F a in at_right p. P (c * a)"
by (auto simp: eventually_at_right_field \<open>0 < c\<close> field_simps intro!: exI[where x="d/c"])
from that(1)[unfolded filterlim_iff, rule_format, OF this]
show "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F1. P (c * f x)" .
qed
lemma filtermap_nhds_times: "c \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> filtermap (times c) (nhds a) = nhds (c * a)"
for a c :: "'a::real_normed_field"
by (rule filtermap_fun_inverse[where g="\<lambda>x. inverse c * x"])
(auto intro!: tendsto_eq_intros filterlim_ident)
lemma filtermap_times_pos_at_right:
fixes c::"'a::{linordered_field, linorder_topology}"
assumes "c > 0"
shows "filtermap (times c) (at_right p) = at_right (c * p)"
using assms
by (intro filtermap_fun_inverse[where g="\<lambda>x. inverse c * x"])
(auto intro!: filterlim_ident filterlim_times_pos)
lemma at_to_infinity: "(at (0::'a::{real_normed_field,field})) = filtermap inverse at_infinity"
proof (rule antisym)
have "(inverse \<longlongrightarrow> (0::'a)) at_infinity"
by (fact tendsto_inverse_0)
then show "filtermap inverse at_infinity \<le> at (0::'a)"
using filterlim_def filterlim_ident filterlim_inverse_at_iff by fastforce
next
have "filtermap inverse (filtermap inverse (at (0::'a))) \<le> filtermap inverse at_infinity"
using filterlim_inverse_at_infinity unfolding filterlim_def
by (rule filtermap_mono)
then show "at (0::'a) \<le> filtermap inverse at_infinity"
by (simp add: filtermap_ident filtermap_filtermap)
qed
text \<open>
We only show rules for multiplication and addition when the functions are either against a real
value or against infinity. Further rules are easy to derive by using @{thm
filterlim_uminus_at_top}.
\<close>
lemma filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top:
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
and c: "0 < c"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (f x * g x :: real) :> at_top"
unfolding filterlim_at_top_gt[where c=0]
proof safe
fix Z :: real
assume "0 < Z"
from f \<open>0 < c\<close> have "eventually (\<lambda>x. c / 2 < f x) F"
by (auto dest!: tendstoD[where e="c / 2"] elim!: eventually_mono
simp: dist_real_def abs_real_def split: if_split_asm)
moreover from g have "eventually (\<lambda>x. (Z / c * 2) \<le> g x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
ultimately show "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> f x * g x) F"
proof eventually_elim
case (elim x)
with \<open>0 < Z\<close> \<open>0 < c\<close> have "c / 2 * (Z / c * 2) \<le> f x * g x"
by (intro mult_mono) (auto simp: zero_le_divide_iff)
with \<open>0 < c\<close> show "Z \<le> f x * g x"
by simp
qed
qed
lemma filterlim_at_top_mult_at_top:
assumes f: "LIM x F. f x :> at_top"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (f x * g x :: real) :> at_top"
unfolding filterlim_at_top_gt[where c=0]
proof safe
fix Z :: real
assume "0 < Z"
from f have "eventually (\<lambda>x. 1 \<le> f x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
moreover from g have "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> g x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
ultimately show "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> f x * g x) F"
proof eventually_elim
case (elim x)
with \<open>0 < Z\<close> have "1 * Z \<le> f x * g x"
by (intro mult_mono) (auto simp: zero_le_divide_iff)
then show "Z \<le> f x * g x"
by simp
qed
qed
lemma filterlim_at_top_mult_tendsto_pos:
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
and c: "0 < c"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (g x * f x:: real) :> at_top"
by (auto simp: mult.commute intro!: filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top f c g)
lemma filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_bot:
fixes c :: real
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "0 < c" "filterlim g at_bot F"
shows "LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_bot"
using filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF assms(1,2), of "\<lambda>x. - g x"] assms(3)
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_bot by simp
lemma filterlim_tendsto_neg_mult_at_bot:
fixes c :: real
assumes c: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "c < 0" and g: "filterlim g at_top F"
shows "LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_bot"
using c filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[of "\<lambda>x. - f x" "- c" F, OF _ _ g]
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_bot tendsto_minus_cancel_left by simp
lemma filterlim_cmult_at_bot_at_top:
assumes "filterlim (h :: _ \<Rightarrow> real) at_top F" "c \<noteq> 0" "G = (if c > 0 then at_top else at_bot)"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. c * h x) G F"
using assms filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF tendsto_const[of c], of h F]
filterlim_tendsto_neg_mult_at_bot[OF tendsto_const[of c], of h F] by simp
lemma filterlim_pow_at_top:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "0 < n"
and f: "LIM x F. f x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (f x)^n :: real :> at_top"
using \<open>0 < n\<close>
proof (induct n)
case 0
then show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n) with f show ?case
by (cases "n = 0") (auto intro!: filterlim_at_top_mult_at_top)
qed
lemma filterlim_pow_at_bot_even:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
shows "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. f x :> at_bot \<Longrightarrow> even n \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. (f x)^n :> at_top"
using filterlim_pow_at_top[of n "\<lambda>x. - f x" F] by (simp add: filterlim_uminus_at_top)
lemma filterlim_pow_at_bot_odd:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
shows "0 < n \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. f x :> at_bot \<Longrightarrow> odd n \<Longrightarrow> LIM x F. (f x)^n :> at_bot"
using filterlim_pow_at_top[of n "\<lambda>x. - f x" F] by (simp add: filterlim_uminus_at_bot)
lemma filterlim_power_at_infinity [tendsto_intros]:
fixes F and f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b :: real_normed_div_algebra"
assumes "filterlim f at_infinity F" "n > 0"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) at_infinity F"
by (rule filterlim_norm_at_top_imp_at_infinity)
(auto simp: norm_power intro!: filterlim_pow_at_top assms
intro: filterlim_at_infinity_imp_norm_at_top)
lemma filterlim_tendsto_add_at_top:
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (f x + g x :: real) :> at_top"
unfolding filterlim_at_top_gt[where c=0]
proof safe
fix Z :: real
assume "0 < Z"
from f have "eventually (\<lambda>x. c - 1 < f x) F"
by (auto dest!: tendstoD[where e=1] elim!: eventually_mono simp: dist_real_def)
moreover from g have "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z - (c - 1) \<le> g x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
ultimately show "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> f x + g x) F"
by eventually_elim simp
qed
lemma filterlim_tendsto_add_at_top_iff:
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
shows "(LIM x F. (f x + g x :: real) :> at_top) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at_top)"
proof
assume "LIM x F. f x + g x :> at_top"
moreover have "((\<lambda>x. - f x) \<longlongrightarrow> - c) F"
by (simp add: f tendsto_minus)
ultimately show "filterlim g at_top F"
using filterlim_tendsto_add_at_top by fastforce
qed (auto simp: filterlim_tendsto_add_at_top[OF f])
lemma filterlim_tendsto_add_at_bot_iff:
fixes c::real
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
shows "(LIM x F. f x + g x :> at_bot) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at_bot)"
proof -
have "(LIM x F. f x + g x :> at_bot)
\<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. - f x + (- g x) :> at_top)"
by (simp add: filterlim_uminus_at_bot)
also have "... = (LIM x F. - g x :> at_top)"
by (metis f filterlim_tendsto_add_at_top_iff tendsto_minus)
also have "... = (LIM x F. g x :> at_bot)"
by (simp add: filterlim_uminus_at_bot)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma LIM_at_top_divide:
fixes f g :: "'a \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> a) F" "0 < a"
and g: "(g \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F" "eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 < g x) F"
shows "LIM x F. f x / g x :> at_top"
unfolding divide_inverse
by (rule filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF f]) (rule filterlim_inverse_at_top[OF g])
lemma filterlim_at_top_add_at_top:
assumes f: "LIM x F. f x :> at_top"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
shows "LIM x F. (f x + g x :: real) :> at_top"
unfolding filterlim_at_top_gt[where c=0]
proof safe
fix Z :: real
assume "0 < Z"
from f have "eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 \<le> f x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
moreover from g have "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> g x) F"
unfolding filterlim_at_top by auto
ultimately show "eventually (\<lambda>x. Z \<le> f x + g x) F"
by eventually_elim simp
qed
lemma tendsto_divide_0:
fixes f :: "_ \<Rightarrow> 'a::{real_normed_div_algebra, division_ring}"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F"
and g: "LIM x F. g x :> at_infinity"
shows "((\<lambda>x. f x / g x) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
using tendsto_mult[OF f filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_inverse_0 g]]
by (simp add: divide_inverse)
lemma linear_plus_1_le_power:
fixes x :: real
assumes x: "0 \<le> x"
shows "real n * x + 1 \<le> (x + 1) ^ n"
proof (induct n)
case 0
then show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc n)
from x have "real (Suc n) * x + 1 \<le> (x + 1) * (real n * x + 1)"
by (simp add: field_simps)
also have "\<dots> \<le> (x + 1)^Suc n"
using Suc x by (simp add: mult_left_mono)
finally show ?case .
qed
lemma filterlim_realpow_sequentially_gt1:
fixes x :: "'a :: real_normed_div_algebra"
assumes x[arith]: "1 < norm x"
shows "LIM n sequentially. x ^ n :> at_infinity"
proof (intro filterlim_at_infinity[THEN iffD2] allI impI)
fix y :: real
assume "0 < y"
obtain N :: nat where "y < real N * (norm x - 1)"
by (meson diff_gt_0_iff_gt reals_Archimedean3 x)
also have "\<dots> \<le> real N * (norm x - 1) + 1"
by simp
also have "\<dots> \<le> (norm x - 1 + 1) ^ N"
by (rule linear_plus_1_le_power) simp
also have "\<dots> = norm x ^ N"
by simp
finally have "\<forall>n\<ge>N. y \<le> norm x ^ n"
by (metis order_less_le_trans power_increasing order_less_imp_le x)
then show "eventually (\<lambda>n. y \<le> norm (x ^ n)) sequentially"
unfolding eventually_sequentially
by (auto simp: norm_power)
qed simp
lemma filterlim_divide_at_infinity:
fixes f g :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'a :: real_normed_field"
assumes "filterlim f (nhds c) F" "filterlim g (at 0) F" "c \<noteq> 0"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x / g x) at_infinity F"
proof -
have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x * inverse (g x)) at_infinity F"
by (intro tendsto_mult_filterlim_at_infinity[OF assms(1,3)]
filterlim_compose [OF filterlim_inverse_at_infinity assms(2)])
thus ?thesis by (simp add: field_simps)
qed
subsection \<open>Floor and Ceiling\<close>
lemma eventually_floor_less:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{order_topology,floor_ceiling}"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
and l: "l \<notin> \<int>"
shows "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. of_int (floor l) < f x"
by (intro order_tendstoD[OF f]) (metis Ints_of_int antisym_conv2 floor_correct l)
lemma eventually_less_ceiling:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{order_topology,floor_ceiling}"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
and l: "l \<notin> \<int>"
shows "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. f x < of_int (ceiling l)"
by (intro order_tendstoD[OF f]) (metis Ints_of_int l le_of_int_ceiling less_le)
lemma eventually_floor_eq:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{order_topology,floor_ceiling}"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
and l: "l \<notin> \<int>"
shows "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. floor (f x) = floor l"
using eventually_floor_less[OF assms] eventually_less_ceiling[OF assms]
by eventually_elim (meson floor_less_iff less_ceiling_iff not_less_iff_gr_or_eq)
lemma eventually_ceiling_eq:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{order_topology,floor_ceiling}"
assumes f: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
and l: "l \<notin> \<int>"
shows "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. ceiling (f x) = ceiling l"
using eventually_floor_less[OF assms] eventually_less_ceiling[OF assms]
by eventually_elim (meson floor_less_iff less_ceiling_iff not_less_iff_gr_or_eq)
lemma LIMSEQ_I: "(\<And>r. 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. norm (X n - L) < r) \<Longrightarrow> X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L"
for L :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: LIMSEQ_iff)
lemma LIMSEQ_D: "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L \<Longrightarrow> 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>no. \<forall>n\<ge>no. norm (X n - L) < r"
for L :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: LIMSEQ_iff)
lemma LIMSEQ_linear: "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> x \<Longrightarrow> l > 0 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda> n. X (n * l)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> x"
unfolding tendsto_def eventually_sequentially
by (metis div_le_dividend div_mult_self1_is_m le_trans mult.commute)
text \<open>Transformation of limit.\<close>
lemma Lim_transform: "(g \<longlongrightarrow> a) F \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. f x - g x) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F \<Longrightarrow> (f \<longlongrightarrow> a) F"
for a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
using tendsto_add [of g a F "\<lambda>x. f x - g x" 0] by simp
lemma Lim_transform2: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> a) F \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. f x - g x) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F \<Longrightarrow> (g \<longlongrightarrow> a) F"
for a b :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (erule Lim_transform) (simp add: tendsto_minus_cancel)
proposition Lim_transform_eq: "((\<lambda>x. f x - g x) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F \<Longrightarrow> (f \<longlongrightarrow> a) F \<longleftrightarrow> (g \<longlongrightarrow> a) F"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
using Lim_transform Lim_transform2 by blast
lemma Lim_transform_eventually:
"\<lbrakk>(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F; eventually (\<lambda>x. f x = g x) F\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (g \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
using eventually_elim2 by (fastforce simp add: tendsto_def)
lemma Lim_transform_within:
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within S)"
and "0 < d"
and "\<And>x'. x'\<in>S \<Longrightarrow> 0 < dist x' x \<Longrightarrow> dist x' x < d \<Longrightarrow> f x' = g x'"
shows "(g \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within S)"
proof (rule Lim_transform_eventually)
show "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x = g x) (at x within S)"
using assms by (auto simp: eventually_at)
show "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within S)"
by fact
qed
lemma filterlim_transform_within:
assumes "filterlim g G (at x within S)"
assumes "G \<le> F" "0<d" "(\<And>x'. x' \<in> S \<Longrightarrow> 0 < dist x' x \<Longrightarrow> dist x' x < d \<Longrightarrow> f x' = g x') "
shows "filterlim f F (at x within S)"
using assms
apply (elim filterlim_mono_eventually)
unfolding eventually_at by auto
text \<open>Common case assuming being away from some crucial point like 0.\<close>
lemma Lim_transform_away_within:
fixes a b :: "'a::t1_space"
assumes "a \<noteq> b"
and "\<forall>x\<in>S. x \<noteq> a \<and> x \<noteq> b \<longrightarrow> f x = g x"
and "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within S)"
shows "(g \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within S)"
proof (rule Lim_transform_eventually)
show "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within S)"
by fact
show "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x = g x) (at a within S)"
unfolding eventually_at_topological
by (rule exI [where x="- {b}"]) (simp add: open_Compl assms)
qed
lemma Lim_transform_away_at:
fixes a b :: "'a::t1_space"
assumes ab: "a \<noteq> b"
and fg: "\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> x \<noteq> b \<longrightarrow> f x = g x"
and fl: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a)"
shows "(g \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a)"
using Lim_transform_away_within[OF ab, of UNIV f g l] fg fl by simp
text \<open>Alternatively, within an open set.\<close>
lemma Lim_transform_within_open:
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within T)"
and "open s" and "a \<in> s"
and "\<And>x. x\<in>s \<Longrightarrow> x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
shows "(g \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within T)"
proof (rule Lim_transform_eventually)
show "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x = g x) (at a within T)"
unfolding eventually_at_topological
using assms by auto
show "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at a within T)" by fact
qed
text \<open>A congruence rule allowing us to transform limits assuming not at point.\<close>
lemma Lim_cong_within:
assumes "a = b"
and "x = y"
and "S = T"
and "\<And>x. x \<noteq> b \<Longrightarrow> x \<in> T \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
shows "(f \<longlongrightarrow> x) (at a within S) \<longleftrightarrow> (g \<longlongrightarrow> y) (at b within T)"
unfolding tendsto_def eventually_at_topological
using assms by simp
text \<open>An unbounded sequence's inverse tends to 0.\<close>
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_zero:
assumes "\<And>r::real. \<exists>N. \<forall>n\<ge>N. r < X n"
shows "(\<lambda>n. inverse (X n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
apply (rule filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_inverse_0])
by (metis assms eventually_at_top_linorderI filterlim_at_top_dense filterlim_at_top_imp_at_infinity)
text \<open>The sequence \<^term>\<open>1/n\<close> tends to 0 as \<^term>\<open>n\<close> tends to infinity.\<close>
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat: "(\<lambda>n. inverse (real (Suc n))) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (metis filterlim_compose tendsto_inverse_0 filterlim_mono order_refl filterlim_Suc
filterlim_compose[OF filterlim_real_sequentially] at_top_le_at_infinity)
text \<open>
The sequence \<^term>\<open>r + 1/n\<close> tends to \<^term>\<open>r\<close> as \<^term>\<open>n\<close> tends to
infinity is now easily proved.
\<close>
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat_add: "(\<lambda>n. r + inverse (real (Suc n))) \<longlonglongrightarrow> r"
using tendsto_add [OF tendsto_const LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat] by auto
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat_add_minus: "(\<lambda>n. r + -inverse (real (Suc n))) \<longlonglongrightarrow> r"
using tendsto_add [OF tendsto_const tendsto_minus [OF LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat]]
by auto
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat_add_minus_mult: "(\<lambda>n. r * (1 + - inverse (real (Suc n)))) \<longlonglongrightarrow> r"
using tendsto_mult [OF tendsto_const LIMSEQ_inverse_real_of_nat_add_minus [of 1]]
by auto
lemma lim_inverse_n: "((\<lambda>n. inverse(of_nat n)) \<longlongrightarrow> (0::'a::real_normed_field)) sequentially"
using lim_1_over_n by (simp add: inverse_eq_divide)
lemma lim_inverse_n': "((\<lambda>n. 1 / n) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) sequentially"
using lim_inverse_n
by (simp add: inverse_eq_divide)
lemma LIMSEQ_Suc_n_over_n: "(\<lambda>n. of_nat (Suc n) / of_nat n :: 'a :: real_normed_field) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 1"
proof (rule Lim_transform_eventually)
show "eventually (\<lambda>n. 1 + inverse (of_nat n :: 'a) = of_nat (Suc n) / of_nat n) sequentially"
using eventually_gt_at_top[of "0::nat"]
by eventually_elim (simp add: field_simps)
have "(\<lambda>n. 1 + inverse (of_nat n) :: 'a) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 1 + 0"
by (intro tendsto_add tendsto_const lim_inverse_n)
then show "(\<lambda>n. 1 + inverse (of_nat n) :: 'a) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 1"
by simp
qed
lemma LIMSEQ_n_over_Suc_n: "(\<lambda>n. of_nat n / of_nat (Suc n) :: 'a :: real_normed_field) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 1"
proof (rule Lim_transform_eventually)
show "eventually (\<lambda>n. inverse (of_nat (Suc n) / of_nat n :: 'a) =
of_nat n / of_nat (Suc n)) sequentially"
using eventually_gt_at_top[of "0::nat"]
by eventually_elim (simp add: field_simps del: of_nat_Suc)
have "(\<lambda>n. inverse (of_nat (Suc n) / of_nat n :: 'a)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> inverse 1"
by (intro tendsto_inverse LIMSEQ_Suc_n_over_n) simp_all
then show "(\<lambda>n. inverse (of_nat (Suc n) / of_nat n :: 'a)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 1"
by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Convergence on sequences\<close>
lemma convergent_cong:
assumes "eventually (\<lambda>x. f x = g x) sequentially"
shows "convergent f \<longleftrightarrow> convergent g"
unfolding convergent_def
by (subst filterlim_cong[OF refl refl assms]) (rule refl)
lemma convergent_Suc_iff: "convergent (\<lambda>n. f (Suc n)) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
by (auto simp: convergent_def filterlim_sequentially_Suc)
lemma convergent_ignore_initial_segment: "convergent (\<lambda>n. f (n + m)) = convergent f"
proof (induct m arbitrary: f)
case 0
then show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc m)
have "convergent (\<lambda>n. f (n + Suc m)) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. f (Suc n + m))"
by simp
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. f (n + m))"
by (rule convergent_Suc_iff)
also have "\<dots> \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
by (rule Suc)
finally show ?case .
qed
lemma convergent_add:
fixes X Y :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::topological_monoid_add"
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n)"
and "convergent (\<lambda>n. Y n)"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n + Y n)"
using assms unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro: tendsto_add)
lemma convergent_sum:
fixes X :: "'a \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_comm_monoid_add"
shows "(\<And>i. i \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. X i n)) \<Longrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. \<Sum>i\<in>A. X i n)"
by (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) (simp_all add: convergent_const convergent_add)
lemma (in bounded_linear) convergent:
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n)"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
using assms unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro: tendsto)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) convergent:
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n)"
and "convergent (\<lambda>n. Y n)"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n ** Y n)"
using assms unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro: tendsto)
lemma convergent_minus_iff:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::topological_group_add"
shows "convergent X \<longleftrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. - X n)"
unfolding convergent_def by (force dest: tendsto_minus)
lemma convergent_diff:
fixes X Y :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::topological_group_add"
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n)"
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. Y n)"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n - Y n)"
using assms unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro: tendsto_diff)
lemma convergent_norm:
assumes "convergent f"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. norm (f n))"
proof -
from assms have "f \<longlonglongrightarrow> lim f"
by (simp add: convergent_LIMSEQ_iff)
then have "(\<lambda>n. norm (f n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> norm (lim f)"
by (rule tendsto_norm)
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: convergent_def)
qed
lemma convergent_of_real:
"convergent f \<Longrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. of_real (f n) :: 'a::real_normed_algebra_1)"
unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro!: tendsto_of_real)
lemma convergent_add_const_iff:
"convergent (\<lambda>n. c + f n :: 'a::topological_ab_group_add) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
proof
assume "convergent (\<lambda>n. c + f n)"
from convergent_diff[OF this convergent_const[of c]] show "convergent f"
by simp
next
assume "convergent f"
from convergent_add[OF convergent_const[of c] this] show "convergent (\<lambda>n. c + f n)"
by simp
qed
lemma convergent_add_const_right_iff:
"convergent (\<lambda>n. f n + c :: 'a::topological_ab_group_add) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
using convergent_add_const_iff[of c f] by (simp add: add_ac)
lemma convergent_diff_const_right_iff:
"convergent (\<lambda>n. f n - c :: 'a::topological_ab_group_add) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
using convergent_add_const_right_iff[of f "-c"] by (simp add: add_ac)
lemma convergent_mult:
fixes X Y :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::topological_semigroup_mult"
assumes "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n)"
and "convergent (\<lambda>n. Y n)"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. X n * Y n)"
using assms unfolding convergent_def by (blast intro: tendsto_mult)
lemma convergent_mult_const_iff:
assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. c * f n :: 'a::{field,topological_semigroup_mult}) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
proof
assume "convergent (\<lambda>n. c * f n)"
from assms convergent_mult[OF this convergent_const[of "inverse c"]]
show "convergent f" by (simp add: field_simps)
next
assume "convergent f"
from convergent_mult[OF convergent_const[of c] this] show "convergent (\<lambda>n. c * f n)"
by simp
qed
lemma convergent_mult_const_right_iff:
fixes c :: "'a::{field,topological_semigroup_mult}"
assumes "c \<noteq> 0"
shows "convergent (\<lambda>n. f n * c) \<longleftrightarrow> convergent f"
using convergent_mult_const_iff[OF assms, of f] by (simp add: mult_ac)
lemma convergent_imp_Bseq: "convergent f \<Longrightarrow> Bseq f"
by (simp add: Cauchy_Bseq convergent_Cauchy)
text \<open>A monotone sequence converges to its least upper bound.\<close>
lemma LIMSEQ_incseq_SUP:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::{conditionally_complete_linorder,linorder_topology}"
assumes u: "bdd_above (range X)"
and X: "incseq X"
shows "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> (SUP i. X i)"
by (rule order_tendstoI)
(auto simp: eventually_sequentially u less_cSUP_iff
intro: X[THEN incseqD] less_le_trans cSUP_lessD[OF u])
lemma LIMSEQ_decseq_INF:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::{conditionally_complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
assumes u: "bdd_below (range X)"
and X: "decseq X"
shows "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> (INF i. X i)"
by (rule order_tendstoI)
(auto simp: eventually_sequentially u cINF_less_iff
intro: X[THEN decseqD] le_less_trans less_cINF_D[OF u])
text \<open>Main monotonicity theorem.\<close>
lemma Bseq_monoseq_convergent: "Bseq X \<Longrightarrow> monoseq X \<Longrightarrow> convergent X"
for X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
by (auto simp: monoseq_iff convergent_def intro: LIMSEQ_decseq_INF LIMSEQ_incseq_SUP
dest: Bseq_bdd_above Bseq_bdd_below)
lemma Bseq_mono_convergent: "Bseq X \<Longrightarrow> (\<forall>m n. m \<le> n \<longrightarrow> X m \<le> X n) \<Longrightarrow> convergent X"
for X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
by (auto intro!: Bseq_monoseq_convergent incseq_imp_monoseq simp: incseq_def)
lemma monoseq_imp_convergent_iff_Bseq: "monoseq f \<Longrightarrow> convergent f \<longleftrightarrow> Bseq f"
for f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
using Bseq_monoseq_convergent[of f] convergent_imp_Bseq[of f] by blast
lemma Bseq_monoseq_convergent'_inc:
fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
shows "Bseq (\<lambda>n. f (n + M)) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>m n. M \<le> m \<Longrightarrow> m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> f m \<le> f n) \<Longrightarrow> convergent f"
by (subst convergent_ignore_initial_segment [symmetric, of _ M])
(auto intro!: Bseq_monoseq_convergent simp: monoseq_def)
lemma Bseq_monoseq_convergent'_dec:
fixes f :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
shows "Bseq (\<lambda>n. f (n + M)) \<Longrightarrow> (\<And>m n. M \<le> m \<Longrightarrow> m \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> f m \<ge> f n) \<Longrightarrow> convergent f"
by (subst convergent_ignore_initial_segment [symmetric, of _ M])
(auto intro!: Bseq_monoseq_convergent simp: monoseq_def)
lemma Cauchy_iff: "Cauchy X \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>e>0. \<exists>M. \<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. norm (X m - X n) < e)"
for X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_normed_vector"
unfolding Cauchy_def dist_norm ..
lemma CauchyI: "(\<And>e. 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>M. \<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. norm (X m - X n) < e) \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy X"
for X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: Cauchy_iff)
lemma CauchyD: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> 0 < e \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>M. \<forall>m\<ge>M. \<forall>n\<ge>M. norm (X m - X n) < e"
for X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: Cauchy_iff)
lemma incseq_convergent:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "incseq X"
and "\<forall>i. X i \<le> B"
obtains L where "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L" "\<forall>i. X i \<le> L"
proof atomize_elim
from incseq_bounded[OF assms] \<open>incseq X\<close> Bseq_monoseq_convergent[of X]
obtain L where "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L"
by (auto simp: convergent_def monoseq_def incseq_def)
with \<open>incseq X\<close> show "\<exists>L. X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L \<and> (\<forall>i. X i \<le> L)"
by (auto intro!: exI[of _ L] incseq_le)
qed
lemma decseq_convergent:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "decseq X"
and "\<forall>i. B \<le> X i"
obtains L where "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L" "\<forall>i. L \<le> X i"
proof atomize_elim
from decseq_bounded[OF assms] \<open>decseq X\<close> Bseq_monoseq_convergent[of X]
obtain L where "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L"
by (auto simp: convergent_def monoseq_def decseq_def)
with \<open>decseq X\<close> show "\<exists>L. X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L \<and> (\<forall>i. L \<le> X i)"
by (auto intro!: exI[of _ L] decseq_ge)
qed
lemma monoseq_convergent:
fixes X :: "nat \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes X: "monoseq X" and B: "\<And>i. \<bar>X i\<bar> \<le> B"
obtains L where "X \<longlonglongrightarrow> L"
using X unfolding monoseq_iff
proof
assume "incseq X"
show thesis
using abs_le_D1 [OF B] incseq_convergent [OF \<open>incseq X\<close>] that by meson
next
assume "decseq X"
show thesis
using decseq_convergent [OF \<open>decseq X\<close>] that
by (metis B abs_le_iff add.inverse_inverse neg_le_iff_le)
qed
subsection \<open>More about @{term filterlim} (thanks to Wenda Li)\<close>
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_times:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_field"
assumes "filterlim f at_infinity F" "filterlim g at_infinity F"
shows "filterlim (\<lambda>x. f x * g x) at_infinity F"
proof -
have "((\<lambda>x. inverse (f x) * inverse (g x)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0 * 0) F"
by (intro tendsto_mult tendsto_inverse assms filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_inverse_0])
then have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. inverse (f x) * inverse (g x)) (at 0) F"
unfolding filterlim_at using assms
by (auto intro: filterlim_at_infinity_imp_eventually_ne tendsto_imp_eventually_ne eventually_conj)
then show ?thesis
by (subst filterlim_inverse_at_iff[symmetric]) simp_all
qed
lemma filterlim_at_top_at_bot[elim]:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::unbounded_dense_linorder" and F::"'a filter"
assumes top:"filterlim f at_top F" and bot: "filterlim f at_bot F" and "F\<noteq>bot"
shows False
proof -
obtain c::'b where True by auto
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c < f x"
using top unfolding filterlim_at_top_dense by auto
moreover have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. f x < c"
using bot unfolding filterlim_at_bot_dense by auto
ultimately have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c < f x \<and> f x < c"
using eventually_conj by auto
then have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. False" by (auto elim:eventually_mono)
then show False using \<open>F\<noteq>bot\<close> by auto
qed
lemma filterlim_at_top_nhds[elim]:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{unbounded_dense_linorder,order_topology}" and F::"'a filter"
assumes top:"filterlim f at_top F" and tendsto: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" and "F\<noteq>bot"
shows False
proof -
obtain c'::'b where "c'>c" using gt_ex by blast
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c' < f x"
using top unfolding filterlim_at_top_dense by auto
moreover have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. f x < c'"
using order_tendstoD[OF tendsto,of c'] \<open>c'>c\<close> by auto
ultimately have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c' < f x \<and> f x < c'"
using eventually_conj by auto
then have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. False" by (auto elim:eventually_mono)
then show False using \<open>F\<noteq>bot\<close> by auto
qed
lemma filterlim_at_bot_nhds[elim]:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{unbounded_dense_linorder,order_topology}" and F::"'a filter"
assumes top:"filterlim f at_bot F" and tendsto: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" and "F\<noteq>bot"
shows False
proof -
obtain c'::'b where "c'<c" using lt_ex by blast
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c' > f x"
using top unfolding filterlim_at_bot_dense by auto
moreover have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. f x > c'"
using order_tendstoD[OF tendsto,of c'] \<open>c'<c\<close> by auto
ultimately have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. c' < f x \<and> f x < c'"
using eventually_conj by auto
then have "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. False" by (auto elim:eventually_mono)
then show False using \<open>F\<noteq>bot\<close> by auto
qed
lemma eventually_times_inverse_1:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::{field,t2_space}"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "c\<noteq>0"
shows "\<forall>\<^sub>F x in F. inverse (f x) * f x = 1"
by (smt (verit) assms eventually_mono mult.commute right_inverse tendsto_imp_eventually_ne)
lemma filterlim_at_infinity_divide_iff:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_field"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "c\<noteq>0"
shows "(LIM x F. f x / g x :> at_infinity) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at 0)"
proof
assume "LIM x F. f x / g x :> at_infinity"
then have "LIM x F. inverse (f x) * (f x / g x) :> at_infinity"
using assms tendsto_inverse tendsto_mult_filterlim_at_infinity by fastforce
then have "LIM x F. inverse (g x) :> at_infinity"
apply (elim filterlim_mono_eventually)
using eventually_times_inverse_1[OF assms]
by (auto elim:eventually_mono simp add:field_simps)
then show "filterlim g (at 0) F" using filterlim_inverse_at_iff[symmetric] by force
next
assume "filterlim g (at 0) F"
then have "filterlim (\<lambda>x. inverse (g x)) at_infinity F"
using filterlim_compose filterlim_inverse_at_infinity by blast
then have "LIM x F. f x * inverse (g x) :> at_infinity"
using tendsto_mult_filterlim_at_infinity[OF assms, of "\<lambda>x. inverse(g x)"]
by simp
then show "LIM x F. f x / g x :> at_infinity" by (simp add: divide_inverse)
qed
lemma filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top_iff:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" and "0 < c"
shows "(LIM x F. (f x * g x) :> at_top) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at_top)"
proof
assume "filterlim g at_top F"
then show "LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_top"
using filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF assms] by auto
next
assume asm:"LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_top"
have "((\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)) \<longlongrightarrow> inverse c) F"
using tendsto_inverse[OF assms(1)] \<open>0<c\<close> by auto
moreover have "inverse c >0" using assms(2) by auto
ultimately have "LIM x F. inverse (f x) * (f x * g x) :> at_top"
using filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF _ _ asm,of "\<lambda>x. inverse (f x)" "inverse c"] by auto
then show "LIM x F. g x :> at_top"
apply (elim filterlim_mono_eventually)
apply simp_all[2]
using eventually_times_inverse_1[OF assms(1)] \<open>c>0\<close> eventually_mono by fastforce
qed
lemma filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_bot_iff:
fixes c :: real
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "0 < c"
shows "(LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_bot) \<longleftrightarrow> filterlim g at_bot F"
using filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top_iff[OF assms(1,2), of "\<lambda>x. - g x"]
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_bot by simp
lemma filterlim_tendsto_neg_mult_at_top_iff:
fixes f::"'a \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" and "c < 0"
shows "(LIM x F. (f x * g x) :> at_top) \<longleftrightarrow> (LIM x F. g x :> at_bot)"
proof -
have "(LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_top) = (LIM x F. - g x :> at_top)"
apply (rule filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top_iff[of "\<lambda>x. - f x" "-c" F "\<lambda>x. - g x", simplified])
using assms by (auto intro: tendsto_intros )
also have "... = (LIM x F. g x :> at_bot)"
using filterlim_uminus_at_bot[symmetric] by auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma filterlim_tendsto_neg_mult_at_bot_iff:
fixes c :: real
assumes "(f \<longlongrightarrow> c) F" "0 > c"
shows "(LIM x F. f x * g x :> at_bot) \<longleftrightarrow> filterlim g at_top F"
using filterlim_tendsto_neg_mult_at_top_iff[OF assms(1,2), of "\<lambda>x. - g x"]
unfolding filterlim_uminus_at_top by simp
subsection \<open>Power Sequences\<close>
lemma Bseq_realpow: "0 \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> Bseq (\<lambda>n. x ^ n)"
for x :: real
by (metis decseq_bounded decseq_def power_decreasing zero_le_power)
lemma monoseq_realpow: "0 \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> monoseq (\<lambda>n. x ^ n)"
for x :: real
using monoseq_def power_decreasing by blast
lemma convergent_realpow: "0 \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> 1 \<Longrightarrow> convergent (\<lambda>n. x ^ n)"
for x :: real
by (blast intro!: Bseq_monoseq_convergent Bseq_realpow monoseq_realpow)
lemma LIMSEQ_inverse_realpow_zero: "1 < x \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. inverse (x ^ n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
for x :: real
by (rule filterlim_compose[OF tendsto_inverse_0 filterlim_realpow_sequentially_gt1]) simp
lemma LIMSEQ_realpow_zero:
fixes x :: real
assumes "0 \<le> x" "x < 1"
shows "(\<lambda>n. x ^ n) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
proof (cases "x = 0")
case False
with \<open>0 \<le> x\<close> have "1 < inverse x"
using \<open>x < 1\<close> by (simp add: one_less_inverse)
then have "(\<lambda>n. inverse (inverse x ^ n)) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (rule LIMSEQ_inverse_realpow_zero)
then show ?thesis by (simp add: power_inverse)
next
case True
show ?thesis
by (rule LIMSEQ_imp_Suc) (simp add: True)
qed
lemma LIMSEQ_power_zero [tendsto_intros]: "norm x < 1 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. x ^ n) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
for x :: "'a::real_normed_algebra_1"
apply (drule LIMSEQ_realpow_zero [OF norm_ge_zero])
by (simp add: Zfun_le norm_power_ineq tendsto_Zfun_iff)
lemma LIMSEQ_divide_realpow_zero: "1 < x \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. a / (x ^ n) :: real) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (rule tendsto_divide_0 [OF tendsto_const filterlim_realpow_sequentially_gt1]) simp
lemma
tendsto_power_zero:
fixes x::"'a::real_normed_algebra_1"
assumes "filterlim f at_top F"
assumes "norm x < 1"
shows "((\<lambda>y. x ^ (f y)) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
proof (rule tendstoI)
fix e::real assume "0 < e"
from tendstoD[OF LIMSEQ_power_zero[OF \<open>norm x < 1\<close>] \<open>0 < e\<close>]
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F xa in sequentially. norm (x ^ xa) < e"
by simp
then obtain N where N: "norm (x ^ n) < e" if "n \<ge> N" for n
by (auto simp: eventually_sequentially)
have "\<forall>\<^sub>F i in F. f i \<ge> N"
using \<open>filterlim f sequentially F\<close>
by (simp add: filterlim_at_top)
then show "\<forall>\<^sub>F i in F. dist (x ^ f i) 0 < e"
by eventually_elim (auto simp: N)
qed
text \<open>Limit of \<^term>\<open>c^n\<close> for \<^term>\<open>\<bar>c\<bar> < 1\<close>.\<close>
lemma LIMSEQ_abs_realpow_zero: "\<bar>c\<bar> < 1 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. \<bar>c\<bar> ^ n :: real) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (rule LIMSEQ_realpow_zero [OF abs_ge_zero])
lemma LIMSEQ_abs_realpow_zero2: "\<bar>c\<bar> < 1 \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>n. c ^ n :: real) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (rule LIMSEQ_power_zero) simp
subsection \<open>Limits of Functions\<close>
lemma LIM_eq: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L = (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - L) < r)"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" and L :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: LIM_def dist_norm)
lemma LIM_I:
"(\<And>r. 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - L) < r) \<Longrightarrow> f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" and L :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: LIM_eq)
lemma LIM_D: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L \<Longrightarrow> 0 < r \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>s>0.\<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - L) < r"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector" and L :: "'b::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: LIM_eq)
lemma LIM_offset: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>x. f (x + k)) \<midarrow>(a - k)\<rightarrow> L"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (simp add: filtermap_at_shift[symmetric, of a k] filterlim_def filtermap_filtermap)
lemma LIM_offset_zero: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L \<Longrightarrow> (\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) \<midarrow>0\<rightarrow> L"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (drule LIM_offset [where k = a]) (simp add: add.commute)
lemma LIM_offset_zero_cancel: "(\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) \<midarrow>0\<rightarrow> L \<Longrightarrow> f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L"
for a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
by (drule LIM_offset [where k = "- a"]) simp
lemma LIM_offset_zero_iff: "NO_MATCH 0 a \<Longrightarrow> f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> L \<longleftrightarrow> (\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) \<midarrow>0\<rightarrow> L"
for f :: "'a :: real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> _"
using LIM_offset_zero_cancel[of f a L] LIM_offset_zero[of f L a] by auto
lemma tendsto_offset_zero_iff:
fixes f :: "'a :: real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> _"
assumes " NO_MATCH 0 a" "a \<in> S" "open S"
shows "(f \<longlongrightarrow> L) (at a within S) \<longleftrightarrow> ((\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) \<longlongrightarrow> L) (at 0)"
using assms by (simp add: tendsto_within_open_NO_MATCH LIM_offset_zero_iff)
lemma LIM_zero: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F \<Longrightarrow> ((\<lambda>x. f x - l) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F"
for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
unfolding tendsto_iff dist_norm by simp
lemma LIM_zero_cancel:
fixes f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
shows "((\<lambda>x. f x - l) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F \<Longrightarrow> (f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
unfolding tendsto_iff dist_norm by simp
lemma LIM_zero_iff: "((\<lambda>x. f x - l) \<longlongrightarrow> 0) F = (f \<longlongrightarrow> l) F"
for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
unfolding tendsto_iff dist_norm by simp
lemma LIM_imp_LIM:
fixes f :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
fixes g :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> 'c::real_normed_vector"
assumes f: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> l"
and le: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> norm (g x - m) \<le> norm (f x - l)"
shows "g \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> m"
by (rule metric_LIM_imp_LIM [OF f]) (simp add: dist_norm le)
lemma LIM_equal2:
fixes f g :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
assumes "0 < R"
and "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> norm (x - a) < R \<Longrightarrow> f x = g x"
shows "g \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> l \<Longrightarrow> f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> l"
by (rule metric_LIM_equal2 [OF _ assms]) (simp_all add: dist_norm)
lemma LIM_compose2:
fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
assumes f: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> b"
and g: "g \<midarrow>b\<rightarrow> c"
and inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> b"
shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> c"
by (rule metric_LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj [folded dist_norm]])
lemma real_LIM_sandwich_zero:
fixes f g :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes f: "f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> 0"
and 1: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> 0 \<le> g x"
and 2: "\<And>x. x \<noteq> a \<Longrightarrow> g x \<le> f x"
shows "g \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> 0"
proof (rule LIM_imp_LIM [OF f]) (* FIXME: use tendsto_sandwich *)
fix x
assume x: "x \<noteq> a"
with 1 have "norm (g x - 0) = g x" by simp
also have "g x \<le> f x" by (rule 2 [OF x])
also have "f x \<le> \<bar>f x\<bar>" by (rule abs_ge_self)
also have "\<bar>f x\<bar> = norm (f x - 0)" by simp
finally show "norm (g x - 0) \<le> norm (f x - 0)" .
qed
subsection \<open>Continuity\<close>
lemma LIM_isCont_iff: "(f \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> f a) = ((\<lambda>h. f (a + h)) \<midarrow>0\<rightarrow> f a)"
for f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
by (rule iffI [OF LIM_offset_zero LIM_offset_zero_cancel])
lemma isCont_iff: "isCont f x = (\<lambda>h. f (x + h)) \<midarrow>0\<rightarrow> f x"
for f :: "'a::real_normed_vector \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_space"
by (simp add: isCont_def LIM_isCont_iff)
lemma isCont_LIM_compose2:
fixes a :: "'a::real_normed_vector"
assumes f [unfolded isCont_def]: "isCont f a"
and g: "g \<midarrow>f a\<rightarrow> l"
and inj: "\<exists>d>0. \<forall>x. x \<noteq> a \<and> norm (x - a) < d \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> f a"
shows "(\<lambda>x. g (f x)) \<midarrow>a\<rightarrow> l"
by (rule LIM_compose2 [OF f g inj])
lemma isCont_norm [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. norm (f x)) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
by (fact continuous_norm)
lemma isCont_rabs [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. \<bar>f x\<bar>) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> real"
by (fact continuous_rabs)
lemma isCont_add [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont g a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x + g x) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::topological_monoid_add"
by (fact continuous_add)
lemma isCont_minus [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. - f x) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
by (fact continuous_minus)
lemma isCont_diff [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont g a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x - g x) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_vector"
by (fact continuous_diff)
lemma isCont_mult [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont g a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x * g x) a"
for f g :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::real_normed_algebra"
by (fact continuous_mult)
lemma (in bounded_linear) isCont: "isCont g a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f (g x)) a"
by (fact continuous)
lemma (in bounded_bilinear) isCont: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont g a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ** g x) a"
by (fact continuous)
lemma isCont_power [simp]: "isCont f a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. f x ^ n) a"
for f :: "'a::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::{power,real_normed_algebra}"
by (fact continuous_power)
lemma isCont_sum [simp]: "\<forall>i\<in>A. isCont (f i) a \<Longrightarrow> isCont (\<lambda>x. \<Sum>i\<in>A. f i x) a"
for f :: "'a \<Rightarrow> 'b::t2_space \<Rightarrow> 'c::topological_comm_monoid_add"
by (auto intro: continuous_sum)
subsection \<open>Uniform Continuity\<close>
lemma uniformly_continuous_on_def:
fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
shows "uniformly_continuous_on s f \<longleftrightarrow>
(\<forall>e>0. \<exists>d>0. \<forall>x\<in>s. \<forall>x'\<in>s. dist x' x < d \<longrightarrow> dist (f x') (f x) < e)"
unfolding uniformly_continuous_on_uniformity
uniformity_dist filterlim_INF filterlim_principal eventually_inf_principal
by (force simp: Ball_def uniformity_dist[symmetric] eventually_uniformity_metric)
abbreviation isUCont :: "['a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space] \<Rightarrow> bool"
where "isUCont f \<equiv> uniformly_continuous_on UNIV f"
lemma isUCont_def: "isUCont f \<longleftrightarrow> (\<forall>r>0. \<exists>s>0. \<forall>x y. dist x y < s \<longrightarrow> dist (f x) (f y) < r)"
by (auto simp: uniformly_continuous_on_def dist_commute)
lemma isUCont_isCont: "isUCont f \<Longrightarrow> isCont f x"
by (drule uniformly_continuous_imp_continuous) (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_at)
lemma uniformly_continuous_on_Cauchy:
fixes f :: "'a::metric_space \<Rightarrow> 'b::metric_space"
assumes "uniformly_continuous_on S f" "Cauchy X" "\<And>n. X n \<in> S"
shows "Cauchy (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
using assms
unfolding uniformly_continuous_on_def by (meson Cauchy_def)
lemma isUCont_Cauchy: "isUCont f \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
by (rule uniformly_continuous_on_Cauchy[where S=UNIV and f=f]) simp_all
lemma (in bounded_linear) isUCont: "isUCont f"
unfolding isUCont_def dist_norm
proof (intro allI impI)
fix r :: real
assume r: "0 < r"
obtain K where K: "0 < K" and norm_le: "norm (f x) \<le> norm x * K" for x
using pos_bounded by blast
show "\<exists>s>0. \<forall>x y. norm (x - y) < s \<longrightarrow> norm (f x - f y) < r"
proof (rule exI, safe)
from r K show "0 < r / K" by simp
next
fix x y :: 'a
assume xy: "norm (x - y) < r / K"
have "norm (f x - f y) = norm (f (x - y))" by (simp only: diff)
also have "\<dots> \<le> norm (x - y) * K" by (rule norm_le)
also from K xy have "\<dots> < r" by (simp only: pos_less_divide_eq)
finally show "norm (f x - f y) < r" .
qed
qed
lemma (in bounded_linear) Cauchy: "Cauchy X \<Longrightarrow> Cauchy (\<lambda>n. f (X n))"
by (rule isUCont [THEN isUCont_Cauchy])
lemma LIM_less_bound:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes ev: "b < x" "\<forall> x' \<in> { b <..< x}. 0 \<le> f x'" and "isCont f x"
shows "0 \<le> f x"
proof (rule tendsto_lowerbound)
show "(f \<longlongrightarrow> f x) (at_left x)"
using \<open>isCont f x\<close> by (simp add: filterlim_at_split isCont_def)
show "eventually (\<lambda>x. 0 \<le> f x) (at_left x)"
using ev by (auto simp: eventually_at dist_real_def intro!: exI[of _ "x - b"])
qed simp
subsection \<open>Nested Intervals and Bisection -- Needed for Compactness\<close>
lemma nested_sequence_unique:
assumes "\<forall>n. f n \<le> f (Suc n)" "\<forall>n. g (Suc n) \<le> g n" "\<forall>n. f n \<le> g n" "(\<lambda>n. f n - g n) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
shows "\<exists>l::real. ((\<forall>n. f n \<le> l) \<and> f \<longlonglongrightarrow> l) \<and> ((\<forall>n. l \<le> g n) \<and> g \<longlonglongrightarrow> l)"
proof -
have "incseq f" unfolding incseq_Suc_iff by fact
have "decseq g" unfolding decseq_Suc_iff by fact
have "f n \<le> g 0" for n
proof -
from \<open>decseq g\<close> have "g n \<le> g 0"
by (rule decseqD) simp
with \<open>\<forall>n. f n \<le> g n\<close>[THEN spec, of n] show ?thesis
by auto
qed
then obtain u where "f \<longlonglongrightarrow> u" "\<forall>i. f i \<le> u"
using incseq_convergent[OF \<open>incseq f\<close>] by auto
moreover have "f 0 \<le> g n" for n
proof -
from \<open>incseq f\<close> have "f 0 \<le> f n" by (rule incseqD) simp
with \<open>\<forall>n. f n \<le> g n\<close>[THEN spec, of n] show ?thesis
by simp
qed
then obtain l where "g \<longlonglongrightarrow> l" "\<forall>i. l \<le> g i"
using decseq_convergent[OF \<open>decseq g\<close>] by auto
moreover note LIMSEQ_unique[OF assms(4) tendsto_diff[OF \<open>f \<longlonglongrightarrow> u\<close> \<open>g \<longlonglongrightarrow> l\<close>]]
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma Bolzano[consumes 1, case_names trans local]:
fixes P :: "real \<Rightarrow> real \<Rightarrow> bool"
assumes [arith]: "a \<le> b"
and trans: "\<And>a b c. P a b \<Longrightarrow> P b c \<Longrightarrow> a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> b \<le> c \<Longrightarrow> P a c"
and local: "\<And>x. a \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>d>0. \<forall>a b. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<and> b - a < d \<longrightarrow> P a b"
shows "P a b"
proof -
define bisect where "bisect \<equiv> \<lambda>(x,y). if P x ((x+y) / 2) then ((x+y)/2, y) else (x, (x+y)/2)"
define l u where "l n \<equiv> fst ((bisect^^n)(a,b))" and "u n \<equiv> snd ((bisect^^n)(a,b))" for n
have l[simp]: "l 0 = a" "\<And>n. l (Suc n) = (if P (l n) ((l n + u n) / 2) then (l n + u n) / 2 else l n)"
and u[simp]: "u 0 = b" "\<And>n. u (Suc n) = (if P (l n) ((l n + u n) / 2) then u n else (l n + u n) / 2)"
by (simp_all add: l_def u_def bisect_def split: prod.split)
have [simp]: "l n \<le> u n" for n by (induct n) auto
have "\<exists>x. ((\<forall>n. l n \<le> x) \<and> l \<longlonglongrightarrow> x) \<and> ((\<forall>n. x \<le> u n) \<and> u \<longlonglongrightarrow> x)"
proof (safe intro!: nested_sequence_unique)
show "l n \<le> l (Suc n)" "u (Suc n) \<le> u n" for n
by (induct n) auto
next
have "l n - u n = (a - b) / 2^n" for n
by (induct n) (auto simp: field_simps)
then show "(\<lambda>n. l n - u n) \<longlonglongrightarrow> 0"
by (simp add: LIMSEQ_divide_realpow_zero)
qed fact
then obtain x where x: "\<And>n. l n \<le> x" "\<And>n. x \<le> u n" and "l \<longlonglongrightarrow> x" "u \<longlonglongrightarrow> x"
by auto
obtain d where "0 < d" and d: "a \<le> x \<Longrightarrow> x \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> b - a < d \<Longrightarrow> P a b" for a b
using \<open>l 0 \<le> x\<close> \<open>x \<le> u 0\<close> local[of x] by auto
show "P a b"
proof (rule ccontr)
assume "\<not> P a b"
have "\<not> P (l n) (u n)" for n
proof (induct n)
case 0
then show ?case
by (simp add: \<open>\<not> P a b\<close>)
next
case (Suc n)
with trans[of "l n" "(l n + u n) / 2" "u n"] show ?case
by auto
qed
moreover
{
have "eventually (\<lambda>n. x - d / 2 < l n) sequentially"
using \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>l \<longlonglongrightarrow> x\<close> by (intro order_tendstoD[of _ x]) auto
moreover have "eventually (\<lambda>n. u n < x + d / 2) sequentially"
using \<open>0 < d\<close> \<open>u \<longlonglongrightarrow> x\<close> by (intro order_tendstoD[of _ x]) auto
ultimately have "eventually (\<lambda>n. P (l n) (u n)) sequentially"
proof eventually_elim
case (elim n)
from add_strict_mono[OF this] have "u n - l n < d" by simp
with x show "P (l n) (u n)" by (rule d)
qed
}
ultimately show False by simp
qed
qed
lemma compact_Icc[simp, intro]: "compact {a .. b::real}"
proof (cases "a \<le> b", rule compactI)
fix C
assume C: "a \<le> b" "\<forall>t\<in>C. open t" "{a..b} \<subseteq> \<Union>C"
define T where "T = {a .. b}"
from C(1,3) show "\<exists>C'\<subseteq>C. finite C' \<and> {a..b} \<subseteq> \<Union>C'"
proof (induct rule: Bolzano)
case (trans a b c)
then have *: "{a..c} = {a..b} \<union> {b..c}"
by auto
with trans obtain C1 C2
where "C1\<subseteq>C" "finite C1" "{a..b} \<subseteq> \<Union>C1" "C2\<subseteq>C" "finite C2" "{b..c} \<subseteq> \<Union>C2"
by auto
with trans show ?case
unfolding * by (intro exI[of _ "C1 \<union> C2"]) auto
next
case (local x)
with C have "x \<in> \<Union>C" by auto
with C(2) obtain c where "x \<in> c" "open c" "c \<in> C"
by auto
then obtain e where "0 < e" "{x - e <..< x + e} \<subseteq> c"
by (auto simp: open_dist dist_real_def subset_eq Ball_def abs_less_iff)
with \<open>c \<in> C\<close> show ?case
by (safe intro!: exI[of _ "e/2"] exI[of _ "{c}"]) auto
qed
qed simp
lemma continuous_image_closed_interval:
fixes a b and f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
defines "S \<equiv> {a..b}"
assumes "a \<le> b" and f: "continuous_on S f"
shows "\<exists>c d. f`S = {c..d} \<and> c \<le> d"
proof -
have S: "compact S" "S \<noteq> {}"
using \<open>a \<le> b\<close> by (auto simp: S_def)
obtain c where "c \<in> S" "\<forall>d\<in>S. f d \<le> f c"
using continuous_attains_sup[OF S f] by auto
moreover obtain d where "d \<in> S" "\<forall>c\<in>S. f d \<le> f c"
using continuous_attains_inf[OF S f] by auto
moreover have "connected (f`S)"
using connected_continuous_image[OF f] connected_Icc by (auto simp: S_def)
ultimately have "f ` S = {f d .. f c} \<and> f d \<le> f c"
by (auto simp: connected_iff_interval)
then show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma open_Collect_positive:
fixes f :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes f: "continuous_on s f"
shows "\<exists>A. open A \<and> A \<inter> s = {x\<in>s. 0 < f x}"
using continuous_on_open_invariant[THEN iffD1, OF f, rule_format, of "{0 <..}"]
by (auto simp: Int_def field_simps)
lemma open_Collect_less_Int:
fixes f g :: "'a::topological_space \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes f: "continuous_on s f"
and g: "continuous_on s g"
shows "\<exists>A. open A \<and> A \<inter> s = {x\<in>s. f x < g x}"
using open_Collect_positive[OF continuous_on_diff[OF g f]] by (simp add: field_simps)
subsection \<open>Boundedness of continuous functions\<close>
text\<open>By bisection, function continuous on closed interval is bounded above\<close>
lemma isCont_eq_Ub:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::linorder_topology"
shows "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x::real. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> isCont f x \<Longrightarrow>
\<exists>M. (\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f x \<le> M) \<and> (\<exists>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<and> f x = M)"
using continuous_attains_sup[of "{a..b}" f]
by (auto simp: continuous_at_imp_continuous_on Ball_def Bex_def)
lemma isCont_eq_Lb:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::linorder_topology"
shows "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> isCont f x \<Longrightarrow>
\<exists>M. (\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> M \<le> f x) \<and> (\<exists>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<and> f x = M)"
using continuous_attains_inf[of "{a..b}" f]
by (auto simp: continuous_at_imp_continuous_on Ball_def Bex_def)
lemma isCont_bounded:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::linorder_topology"
shows "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> isCont f x \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>M. \<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f x \<le> M"
using isCont_eq_Ub[of a b f] by auto
lemma isCont_has_Ub:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> 'a::linorder_topology"
shows "a \<le> b \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> isCont f x \<Longrightarrow>
\<exists>M. (\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f x \<le> M) \<and> (\<forall>N. N < M \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<and> N < f x))"
using isCont_eq_Ub[of a b f] by auto
lemma isCont_Lb_Ub:
fixes f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes "a \<le> b""\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> isCont f x"
shows "\<exists>L M. (\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> L \<le> f x \<and> f x \<le> M) \<and>
(\<forall>y. L \<le> y \<and> y \<le> M \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<and> (f x = y)))"
proof -
obtain M where M: "a \<le> M""M \<le> b""\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f x \<le> f M"
using isCont_eq_Ub[OF assms] by auto
obtain L where L: "a \<le> L""L \<le> b""\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f L \<le> f x"
using isCont_eq_Lb[OF assms] by auto
have "(\<forall>x. a \<le> x \<and> x \<le> b \<longrightarrow> f L \<le> f x \<and> f x \<le> f M)"
using M L by simp
moreover
have "(\<forall>y. f L \<le> y \<and> y \<le> f M \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>x\<ge>a. x \<le> b \<and> f x = y))"
proof (cases "L \<le> M") case True then show ?thesis
using IVT[of f L _ M] M L assms by (metis order.trans)
next case False then show ?thesis
using IVT2[of f L _ M]
by (metis L(2) M(1) assms(2) le_cases order.trans)
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
by blast
qed
text \<open>Continuity of inverse function.\<close>
lemma isCont_inverse_function:
fixes f g :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
assumes d: "0 < d" and inj: "\<And>z. \<bar>z-x\<bar> \<le> d \<Longrightarrow> g (f z) = z" and cont: "\<And>z. \<bar>z-x\<bar> \<le> d \<Longrightarrow> isCont f z"
shows "isCont g (f x)"
proof - let ?A = "f (x - d)" let ?B = "f (x + d)" let ?D = "{x - d..x + d}"
have f: "continuous_on ?D f"
using cont by (intro continuous_at_imp_continuous_on ballI) auto
then have g: "continuous_on (f`?D) g"
using inj by (intro continuous_on_inv) auto
from d f have "{min ?A ?B <..< max ?A ?B} \<subseteq> f ` ?D"
by (intro connected_contains_Ioo connected_continuous_image) (auto split: split_min split_max)
with g have "continuous_on {min ?A ?B <..< max ?A ?B} g"
by (rule continuous_on_subset)
moreover
have "(?A < f x \<and> f x < ?B) \<or> (?B < f x \<and> f x < ?A)"
using d inj by (intro continuous_inj_imp_mono[OF _ _ f] inj_on_imageI2[of g, OF inj_onI]) auto
then have "f x \<in> {min ?A ?B <..< max ?A ?B}"
by auto
ultimately show ?thesis
by (simp add: continuous_on_eq_continuous_at)
qed
lemma isCont_inverse_function2:
fixes f g :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
shows "\<lbrakk>a < x; x < b;
\<And>z. \<lbrakk>a \<le> z; z \<le> b\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> g (f z) = z;
\<And>z. \<lbrakk>a \<le> z; z \<le> b\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont f z\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> isCont g (f x)" apply (rule isCont_inverse_function [where f=f and d="min (x - a) (b - x)"]) apply (simp_all add: abs_le_iff)
done
text \<open>Bartle/Sherbert: Introduction to Real Analysis, Theorem 4.2.9, p. 110.\<close>
lemma LIM_fun_gt_zero: "f \<midarrow>c\<rightarrow> l \<Longrightarrow> 0 < l \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>r. 0 < r \<and> (\<forall>x. x \<noteq> c \<and> \<bar>c - x\<bar> < r \<longrightarrow> 0 < f x)"
for f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
by (force simp: dest: LIM_D)
lemma LIM_fun_less_zero: "f \<midarrow>c\<rightarrow> l \<Longrightarrow> l < 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>r. 0 < r \<and> (\<forall>x. x \<noteq> c \<and> \<bar>c - x\<bar> < r \<longrightarrow> f x < 0)"
for f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
by (drule LIM_D [where r="-l"]) force+
lemma LIM_fun_not_zero: "f \<midarrow>c\<rightarrow> l \<Longrightarrow> l \<noteq> 0 \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>r. 0 < r \<and> (\<forall>x. x \<noteq> c \<and> \<bar>c - x\<bar> < r \<longrightarrow> f x \<noteq> 0)"
for f :: "real \<Rightarrow> real"
using LIM_fun_gt_zero[of f l c] LIM_fun_less_zero[of f l c] by (auto simp: neq_iff)
lemma Lim_topological: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) net \<longleftrightarrow>
trivial_limit net \<or> (\<forall>S. open S \<longrightarrow> l \<in> S \<longrightarrow> eventually (\<lambda>x. f x \<in> S) net)"
unfolding tendsto_def trivial_limit_eq by auto
lemma eventually_within_Un: "eventually P (at x within (s \<union> t)) \<longleftrightarrow>
eventually P (at x within s) \<and> eventually P (at x within t)"
unfolding eventually_at_filter
by (auto elim!: eventually_rev_mp)
lemma Lim_within_Un: "(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within (s \<union> t)) \<longleftrightarrow>
(f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within s) \<and> (f \<longlongrightarrow> l) (at x within t)"
unfolding tendsto_def
by (auto simp: eventually_within_Un)
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