/** * SkBlockAllocator provides low-level support for a block allocated arena with a dynamic tail that * tracks space reservations within each block. Its APIs provide the ability to reserve space, * resize reservations, and release reservations. It will automatically create new blocks if needed * and destroy all remaining blocks when it is destructed. It assumes that anything allocated within * its blocks has its destructors called externally. It is recommended that SkBlockAllocator is * wrapped by a higher-level allocator that uses the low-level APIs to implement a simpler, * purpose-focused API w/o having to worry as much about byte-level concerns. * * SkBlockAllocator has no limit to its total size, but each allocation is limited to 512MB (which * should be sufficient for Skia's use cases). This upper allocation limit allows all internal * operations to be performed using 'int' and avoid many overflow checks. Static asserts are used * to ensure that those operations would not overflow when using the largest possible values. * * Possible use modes: * 1. No upfront allocation, either on the stack or as a field * SkBlockAllocator allocator(policy, heapAllocSize); * * 2. In-place new'd * void* mem = operator new(totalSize); * SkBlockAllocator* allocator = new (mem) SkBlockAllocator(policy, heapAllocSize, * totalSize- sizeof(SkBlockAllocator)); * delete allocator; * * 3. Use SkSBlockAllocator to increase the preallocation size * SkSBlockAllocator<1024> allocator(policy, heapAllocSize); * sizeof(allocator) == 1024;
*/ // TODO(michaelludwig) - While API is different, this shares similarities to SkArenaAlloc and // SkFibBlockSizes, so we should work to integrate them. class SkBlockAllocator final : SkNoncopyable { public: // Largest size that can be requested from allocate(), chosen because it's the largest pow-2 // that is less than int32_t::max()/2. inlinestatic constexpr int kMaxAllocationSize = 1 << 29;
enumclass GrowthPolicy : int {
kFixed, // Next block size = N
kLinear, // = #blocks * N
kFibonacci, // = fibonacci(#blocks) * N
kExponential, // = 2^#blocks * N
kLast = kExponential
}; inlinestatic constexpr int kGrowthPolicyCount = static_cast<int>(GrowthPolicy::kLast) + 1;
class Block final { public:
~Block(); voidoperatordelete(void* p) { ::operatordelete(p); }
// Return the maximum allocation size with the given alignment that can fit in this block. template <size_t Align = 1, size_t Padding = 0> int avail() const { return std::max(0, fSize - this->cursor<Align, Padding>()); }
// Return the aligned offset of the first allocation, assuming it was made with the // specified Align, and Padding. The returned offset does not mean a valid allocation // starts at that offset, this is a utility function for classes built on top to manage // indexing into a block effectively. template <size_t Align = 1, size_t Padding = 0> int firstAlignedOffset() const { return this->alignedOffset<Align, Padding>(kDataStart); }
// Convert an offset into this block's storage into a usable pointer. void* ptr(int offset) {
SkASSERT(offset >= kDataStart && offset < fSize); returnreinterpret_cast<char*>(this) + offset;
} constvoid* ptr(int offset) const { returnconst_cast<Block*>(this)->ptr(offset); }
// Every block has an extra 'int' for clients to use however they want. It will start // at 0 when a new block is made, or when the head block is reset. int metadata() const { return fMetadata; } void setMetadata(int value) { fMetadata = value; }
/** * Release the byte range between offset 'start' (inclusive) and 'end' (exclusive). This * will return true if those bytes were successfully reclaimed, i.e. a subsequent allocation * request could occupy the space. Regardless of return value, the provided byte range that * [start, end) represents should not be used until it's re-allocated with allocate<...>().
*/ inlinebool release(int start, int end);
/** * Resize a previously reserved byte range of offset 'start' (inclusive) to 'end' * (exclusive). 'deltaBytes' is the SIGNED change to length of the reservation. * * When negative this means the reservation is shrunk and the new length is (end - start - * |deltaBytes|). If this new length would be 0, the byte range can no longer be used (as if * it were released instead). Asserts that it would not shrink the reservation below 0. * * If 'deltaBytes' is positive, the allocator attempts to increase the length of the * reservation. If 'deltaBytes' is less than or equal to avail() and it was the last * allocation in the block, it can be resized. If there is not enough available bytes to * accommodate the increase in size, or another allocation is blocking the increase in size, * then false will be returned and the reserved byte range is unmodified.
*/ inlinebool resize(int start, int end, int deltaBytes);
private: friendclass SkBlockAllocator;
Block(Block* prev, int allocationSize);
// We poison the unallocated space in a Block to allow ASAN to catch invalid writes. void poisonRange(int start, int end) {
sk_asan_poison_memory_region(reinterpret_cast<char*>(this) + start, end - start);
} void unpoisonRange(int start, int end) {
sk_asan_unpoison_memory_region(reinterpret_cast<char*>(this) + start, end - start);
}
// Get fCursor, but aligned such that ptr(rval) satisfies Align. template <size_t Align, size_t Padding> int cursor() const { return this->alignedOffset<Align, Padding>(fCursor); }
template <size_t Align, size_t Padding> int alignedOffset(int offset) const;
SkDEBUGCODE(uint32_t fSentinel;) // known value to check for bad back pointers to blocks
Block* fNext; // doubly-linked list of blocks
Block* fPrev;
// Each block tracks its own cursor because as later blocks are released, an older block // may become the active tail again. int fSize; // includes the size of the BlockHeader and requested metadata int fCursor; // (this + fCursor) points to next available allocation int fMetadata;
// On release builds, a Block's other 2 pointers and 3 int fields leaves 4 bytes of padding // for 8 and 16 aligned systems. Currently this is only manipulated in the head block for // an allocator-level metadata and is explicitly not reset when the head block is "released" // Down the road we could instead choose to offer multiple metadata slots per block. int fAllocatorMetadata;
};
// Tuple representing a range of bytes, marking the unaligned start, the first aligned point // after any padding, and the upper limit depending on requested size. struct ByteRange {
Block* fBlock; // Owning block int fStart; // Inclusive byte lower limit of byte range int fAlignedOffset; // >= start, matching alignment requirement (i.e. first real byte) int fEnd; // Exclusive upper limit of byte range
};
// The size of the head block is determined by 'additionalPreallocBytes'. Subsequent heap blocks // are determined by 'policy' and 'blockIncrementBytes', although 'blockIncrementBytes' will be // aligned to std::max_align_t. // // When 'additionalPreallocBytes' > 0, the allocator assumes that many extra bytes immediately // after the allocator can be used by its inline head block. This is useful when the allocator // is in-place new'ed into a larger block of memory, but it should remain set to 0 if stack // allocated or if the class layout does not guarantee that space is present.
SkBlockAllocator(GrowthPolicy policy, size_t blockIncrementBytes,
size_t additionalPreallocBytes = 0);
/** * Helper to calculate the minimum number of bytes needed for heap block size, under the * assumption that Align will be the requested alignment of the first call to allocate(). * Ex. To store N instances of T in a heap block, the 'blockIncrementBytes' should be set to * BlockOverhead<alignof(T)>() + N * sizeof(T) when making the SkBlockAllocator.
*/ template<size_t Align = 1, size_t Padding = 0> static constexpr size_t BlockOverhead();
/** * Helper to calculate the minimum number of bytes needed for a preallocation, under the * assumption that Align will be the requested alignment of the first call to allocate(). * Ex. To preallocate a SkSBlockAllocator to hold N instances of T, its arge should be * Overhead<alignof(T)>() + N * sizeof(T)
*/ template<size_t Align = 1, size_t Padding = 0> static constexpr size_t Overhead();
/** * Return the total number of bytes of the allocator, including its instance overhead, per-block * overhead and space used for allocations.
*/
size_t totalSize() const; /** * Return the total number of bytes usable for allocations. This includes bytes that have * been reserved already by a call to allocate() and bytes that are still available. It is * totalSize() minus all allocator and block-level overhead.
*/
size_t totalUsableSpace() const; /** * Return the total number of usable bytes that have been reserved by allocations. This will * be less than or equal to totalUsableSpace().
*/
size_t totalSpaceInUse() const;
/** * Return the total number of bytes that were pre-allocated for the SkBlockAllocator. This will * include 'additionalPreallocBytes' passed to the constructor, and represents what the total * size would become after a call to reset().
*/
size_t preallocSize() const { // Don't double count fHead's Block overhead in both sizeof(SkBlockAllocator) and fSize. returnsizeof(SkBlockAllocator) + fHead.fSize - BaseHeadBlockSize();
} /** * Return the usable size of the inline head block; this will be equal to * 'additionalPreallocBytes' plus any alignment padding that the system had to add to Block. * The returned value represents what could be allocated before a heap block is be created.
*/
size_t preallocUsableSpace() const { return fHead.fSize - kDataStart;
}
/** * Get the current value of the allocator-level metadata (a user-oriented slot). This is * separate from any block-level metadata, but can serve a similar purpose to compactly support * data collections on top of SkBlockAllocator.
*/ int metadata() const { return fHead.fAllocatorMetadata; }
/** * Set the current value of the allocator-level metadata.
*/ void setMetadata(int value) { fHead.fAllocatorMetadata = value; }
/** * Reserve space that will hold 'size' bytes. This will automatically allocate a new block if * there is not enough available space in the current block to provide 'size' bytes. The * returned ByteRange tuple specifies the Block owning the reserved memory, the full byte range, * and the aligned offset within that range to use for the user-facing pointer. The following * invariants hold: * * 1. block->ptr(alignedOffset) is aligned to Align * 2. end - alignedOffset == size * 3. Padding <= alignedOffset - start <= Padding + Align - 1 * * Invariant #3, when Padding > 0, allows intermediate allocators to embed metadata along with * the allocations. If the Padding bytes are used for some 'struct Meta', then * ptr(alignedOffset - sizeof(Meta)) can be safely used as a Meta* if Meta's alignment * requirements are less than or equal to the alignment specified in allocate<>. This can be * easily guaranteed by using the pattern: * * allocate<max(UserAlign, alignof(Meta)), sizeof(Meta)>(userSize); * * This ensures that ptr(alignedOffset) will always satisfy UserAlign and * ptr(alignedOffset - sizeof(Meta)) will always satisfy alignof(Meta). Alternatively, memcpy * can be used to read and write values between start and alignedOffset without worrying about * alignment requirements of the metadata. * * For over-aligned allocations, the alignedOffset (as an int) may not be a multiple of Align, * but the result of ptr(alignedOffset) will be a multiple of Align.
*/ template <size_t Align, size_t Padding = 0>
ByteRange allocate(size_t size);
enum ReserveFlags : unsigned { // If provided to reserve(), the input 'size' will be rounded up to the next size determined // by the growth policy of the SkBlockAllocator. If not, 'size' will be aligned to max_align
kIgnoreGrowthPolicy_Flag = 0b01, // If provided to reserve(), the number of available bytes of the current block will not // be used to satisfy the reservation (assuming the contiguous range was long enough to // begin with).
kIgnoreExistingBytes_Flag = 0b10,
kNo_ReserveFlags = 0b00
};
/** * Ensure the block allocator has 'size' contiguous available bytes. After calling this * function, currentBlock()->avail<Align, Padding>() may still report less than 'size' if the * reserved space was added as a scratch block. This is done so that anything remaining in * the current block can still be used if a smaller-than-size allocation is requested. If 'size' * is requested by a subsequent allocation, the scratch block will automatically be activated * and the request will not itself trigger any malloc. * * The optional 'flags' controls how the input size is allocated; by default it will attempt * to use available contiguous bytes in the current block and will respect the growth policy * of the allocator.
*/ template <size_t Align = 1, size_t Padding = 0> void reserve(size_t size, ReserveFlags flags = kNo_ReserveFlags);
/** * Return a pointer to the start of the current block. This will never be null.
*/ const Block* currentBlock() const { return fTail; }
Block* currentBlock() { return fTail; }
/** * Return the block that owns the allocated 'ptr'. Assuming that earlier, an allocation was * returned as {b, start, alignedOffset, end}, and 'p = b->ptr(alignedOffset)', then a call * to 'owningBlock<Align, Padding>(p, start) == b'. * * If calling code has already made a pointer to their metadata, i.e. 'm = p - Padding', then * 'owningBlock<Align, 0>(m, start)' will also return b, allowing you to recover the block from * the metadata pointer. * * If calling code has access to the original alignedOffset, this function should not be used * since the owning block is just 'p - alignedOffset', regardless of original Align or Padding.
*/ template <size_t Align, size_t Padding = 0>
Block* owningBlock(constvoid* ptr, int start);
/** * Find the owning block of the allocated pointer, 'p'. Without any additional information this * is O(N) on the number of allocated blocks.
*/
Block* findOwningBlock(constvoid* ptr); const Block* findOwningBlock(constvoid* ptr) const { returnconst_cast<SkBlockAllocator*>(this)->findOwningBlock(ptr);
}
/** * Explicitly free an entire block, invalidating any remaining allocations from the block. * SkBlockAllocator will release all alive blocks automatically when it is destroyed, but this * function can be used to reclaim memory over the lifetime of the allocator. The provided * 'block' pointer must have previously come from a call to currentBlock() or allocate(). * * If 'block' represents the inline-allocated head block, its cursor and metadata are instead * reset to their defaults. * * If the block is not the head block, it may be kept as a scratch block to be reused for * subsequent allocation requests, instead of making an entirely new block. A scratch block is * not visible when iterating over blocks but is reported in the total size of the allocator.
*/ void releaseBlock(Block* block);
/** * Detach every heap-allocated block owned by 'other' and concatenate them to this allocator's * list of blocks. This memory is now managed by this allocator. Since this only transfers * ownership of a Block, and a Block itself does not move, any previous allocations remain * valid and associated with their original Block instances. SkBlockAllocator-level functions * that accept allocated pointers (e.g. findOwningBlock), must now use this allocator and not * 'other' for these allocations. * * The head block of 'other' cannot be stolen, so higher-level allocators and memory structures * must handle that data differently.
*/ void stealHeapBlocks(SkBlockAllocator* other);
/** * Explicitly free all blocks (invalidating all allocations), and resets the head block to its * default state. The allocator-level metadata is reset to 0 as well.
*/ void reset();
/** * Remove any reserved scratch space, either from calling reserve() or releaseBlock().
*/ void resetScratchSpace();
template <bool Forward, boolConst> class BlockIter;
/** * Clients can iterate over all active Blocks in the SkBlockAllocator using for loops: * * Forward iteration from head to tail block (or non-const variant): * for (const Block* b : this->blocks()) { } * Reverse iteration from tail to head block: * for (const Block* b : this->rblocks()) { } * * It is safe to call releaseBlock() on the active block while looping.
*/ inline BlockIter<true, false> blocks(); inline BlockIter<true, true> blocks() const; inline BlockIter<false, false> rblocks(); inline BlockIter<false, true> rblocks() const;
inlinestatic constexpr int kDataStart = sizeof(Block); #ifdef SK_FORCE_8_BYTE_ALIGNMENT // This is an issue for WASM builds using emscripten, which had std::max_align_t = 16, but // was returning pointers only aligned to 8 bytes. // https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/10072 // // Setting this to 8 will let SkBlockAllocator properly correct for the pointer address if // a 16-byte aligned allocation is requested in wasm (unlikely since we don't use long // doubles). static constexpr size_t kAddressAlign = 8; #else // The alignment Block addresses will be at when created using operator new // (spec-compliant is pointers are aligned to max_align_t). static constexpr size_t kAddressAlign = alignof(std::max_align_t); #endif
// Calculates the size of a new Block required to store a kMaxAllocationSize request for the // given alignment and padding bytes. Also represents maximum valid fCursor value in a Block. template<size_t Align, size_t Padding> static constexpr size_t MaxBlockSize();
static constexpr int BaseHeadBlockSize() { returnsizeof(SkBlockAllocator) - offsetof(SkBlockAllocator, fHead);
}
// Append a new block to the end of the block linked list, updating fTail. 'minSize' must // have enough room for sizeof(Block). 'maxSize' is the upper limit of fSize for the new block // that will preserve the static guarantees SkBlockAllocator makes. void addBlock(int minSize, int maxSize);
Block* fTail; // All non-head blocks are heap allocated; tail will never be null.
// All remaining state is packed into 64 bits to keep SkBlockAllocator at 16 bytes + head block // (on a 64-bit system).
// Growth of the block size is controlled by four factors: BlockIncrement, N0 and N1, and a // policy defining how N0 is updated. When a new block is needed, we calculate N1' = N0 + N1. // Depending on the policy, N0' = N0 (no growth or linear growth), or N0' = N1 (Fibonacci), or // N0' = N1' (exponential). The size of the new block is N1' * BlockIncrement * MaxAlign, // after which fN0 and fN1 store N0' and N1' clamped into 23 bits. With current bit allocations, // N1' is limited to 2^24, and assuming MaxAlign=16, then BlockIncrement must be '2' in order to // eventually reach the hard 2^29 size limit of SkBlockAllocator.
// Inline head block, must be at the end so that it can utilize any additional reserved space // from the initial allocation. // The head block's prev pointer may be non-null, which signifies a scratch block that may be // reused instead of allocating an entirely new block (this helps when allocate+release calls // bounce back and forth across the capacity of a block).
alignas(kAddressAlign) Block fHead;
static_assert(kGrowthPolicyCount <= 4);
};
// A wrapper around SkBlockAllocator that includes preallocated storage for the head block. // N will be the preallocSize() reported by the allocator. template<size_t N> class SkSBlockAllocator : SkNoncopyable { public: using GrowthPolicy = SkBlockAllocator::GrowthPolicy;
SkSBlockAllocator() { new (fStorage) SkBlockAllocator(GrowthPolicy::kFixed, N, N - sizeof(SkBlockAllocator));
} explicit SkSBlockAllocator(GrowthPolicy policy) { new (fStorage) SkBlockAllocator(policy, N, N - sizeof(SkBlockAllocator));
}
SkSBlockAllocator(GrowthPolicy policy, size_t blockIncrementBytes) { new (fStorage) SkBlockAllocator(policy, blockIncrementBytes, N - sizeof(SkBlockAllocator));
}
template<size_t Align, size_t Padding>
constexpr size_t SkBlockAllocator::Overhead() { // NOTE: On most platforms, SkBlockAllocator is packed; this is not the case on debug builds // due to extra fields, or on WASM due to 4byte pointers but 16byte max align. return std::max(sizeof(SkBlockAllocator),
offsetof(SkBlockAllocator, fHead) + BlockOverhead<Align, Padding>());
}
template<size_t Align, size_t Padding>
constexpr size_t SkBlockAllocator::MaxBlockSize() { // Without loss of generality, assumes 'align' will be the largest encountered alignment for the // allocator (if it's not, the largest align will be encountered by the compiler and pass/fail // the same set of static asserts). return BlockOverhead<Align, Padding>() + kMaxAllocationSize;
}
template<size_t Align, size_t Padding> void SkBlockAllocator::reserve(size_t size, ReserveFlags flags) { if (size > kMaxAllocationSize) {
SK_ABORT("Allocation too large (%zu bytes requested)", size);
} int iSize = (int) size; if ((flags & kIgnoreExistingBytes_Flag) ||
this->currentBlock()->avail<Align, Padding>() < iSize) {
SkDEBUGCODE(auto oldTail = fTail;)
this->addBlock(blockSize, maxSize);
SkASSERT(fTail != oldTail); // Releasing the just added block will move it into scratch space, allowing the original // tail's bytes to be used first before the scratch block is activated.
this->releaseBlock(fTail);
}
}
template <size_t Align, size_t Padding>
SkBlockAllocator::ByteRange SkBlockAllocator::allocate(size_t size) { // Amount of extra space for a new block to make sure the allocation can succeed. static constexpr int kBlockOverhead = (int) BlockOverhead<Align, Padding>();
// Ensures 'offset' and 'end' calculations will be valid
static_assert((kMaxAllocationSize + SkAlignTo(MaxBlockSize<Align, Padding>(), Align))
<= (size_t) std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()); // Ensures size + blockOverhead + addBlock's alignment operations will be valid
static_assert(kMaxAllocationSize + kBlockOverhead + ((1 << 12) - 1) // 4K align for large blocks
<= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
if (size > kMaxAllocationSize) {
SK_ABORT("Allocation too large (%zu bytes requested)", size);
}
int iSize = (int) size; int offset = fTail->cursor<Align, Padding>(); int end = offset + iSize; if (end > fTail->fSize) {
this->addBlock(iSize + kBlockOverhead, MaxBlockSize<Align, Padding>());
offset = fTail->cursor<Align, Padding>();
end = offset + iSize;
}
template <size_t Align, size_t Padding>
SkBlockAllocator::Block* SkBlockAllocator::owningBlock(constvoid* p, int start) { // 'p' was originally formed by aligning 'block + start + Padding', producing the inequality: // block + start + Padding <= p <= block + start + Padding + Align-1 // Rearranging this yields: // block <= p - start - Padding <= block + Align-1 // Masking these terms by ~(Align-1) reconstructs 'block' if the alignment of the block is // greater than or equal to Align (since block & ~(Align-1) == (block + Align-1) & ~(Align-1) // in that case). Overalignment does not reduce to inequality unfortunately. if/* constexpr */ (Align <= kAddressAlign) {
Block* block = reinterpret_cast<Block*>(
(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) - start - Padding) & ~(Align - 1));
SkASSERT(block->fSentinel == kAssignedMarker); return block;
} else { // There's not a constant-time expression available to reconstruct the block from 'p', // but this is unlikely to happen frequently. return this->findOwningBlock(p);
}
}
template <size_t Align, size_t Padding> int SkBlockAllocator::Block::alignedOffset(int offset) const {
static_assert(SkIsPow2(Align)); // Aligning adds (Padding + Align - 1) as an intermediate step, so ensure that can't overflow
static_assert(MaxBlockSize<Align, Padding>() + Padding + Align - 1
<= (size_t) std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
if/* constexpr */ (Align <= kAddressAlign) { // Same as SkAlignTo, but operates on ints instead of size_t return (offset + Padding + Align - 1) & ~(Align - 1);
} else { // Must take into account that 'this' may be starting at a pointer that doesn't satisfy the // larger alignment request, so must align the entire pointer, not just offset
uintptr_t blockPtr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(this);
uintptr_t alignedPtr = (blockPtr + offset + Padding + Align - 1) & ~(Align - 1);
SkASSERT(alignedPtr - blockPtr <= (uintptr_t) std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()); return (int) (alignedPtr - blockPtr);
}
}
bool SkBlockAllocator::Block::resize(int start, int end, int deltaBytes) {
SkASSERT(fSentinel == kAssignedMarker);
SkASSERT(start >= kDataStart && end <= fSize && start < end);
if (deltaBytes > kMaxAllocationSize || deltaBytes < -kMaxAllocationSize) { // Cannot possibly satisfy the resize and could overflow subsequent math returnfalse;
} if (fCursor == end) { int nextCursor = end + deltaBytes;
SkASSERT(nextCursor >= start); // We still check nextCursor >= start for release builds that wouldn't assert. if (nextCursor <= fSize && nextCursor >= start) { if (nextCursor < fCursor) { // The allocation got smaller; poison the space that can no longer be used.
this->poisonRange(nextCursor + 1, end);
} else { // The allocation got larger; unpoison the space that can now be used.
this->unpoisonRange(end, nextCursor);
}
// NOTE: release is equivalent to resize(start, end, start - end), and the compiler can optimize // most of the operations away, but it wasn't able to remove the unnecessary branch comparing the // new cursor to the block size or old start, so release() gets a specialization. bool SkBlockAllocator::Block::release(int start, int end) {
SkASSERT(fSentinel == kAssignedMarker);
SkASSERT(start >= kDataStart && end <= fSize && start < end);
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