// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* * Timer events oriented CPU idle governor * * Copyright (C) 2018 - 2021 Intel Corporation * Author: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
*/
/** * DOC: teo-description * * The idea of this governor is based on the observation that on many systems * timer interrupts are two or more orders of magnitude more frequent than any * other interrupt types, so they are likely to dominate CPU wakeup patterns. * Moreover, in principle, the time when the next timer event is going to occur * can be determined at the idle state selection time, although doing that may * be costly, so it can be regarded as the most reliable source of information * for idle state selection. * * Of course, non-timer wakeup sources are more important in some use cases, * but even then it is generally unnecessary to consider idle duration values * greater than the time till the next timer event, referred as the sleep * length in what follows, because the closest timer will ultimately wake up the * CPU anyway unless it is woken up earlier. * * However, since obtaining the sleep length may be costly, the governor first * checks if it can select a shallow idle state using wakeup pattern information * from recent times, in which case it can do without knowing the sleep length * at all. For this purpose, it counts CPU wakeup events and looks for an idle * state whose target residency has not exceeded the idle duration (measured * after wakeup) in the majority of relevant recent cases. If the target * residency of that state is small enough, it may be used right away and the * sleep length need not be determined. * * The computations carried out by this governor are based on using bins whose * boundaries are aligned with the target residency parameter values of the CPU * idle states provided by the %CPUIdle driver in the ascending order. That is, * the first bin spans from 0 up to, but not including, the target residency of * the second idle state (idle state 1), the second bin spans from the target * residency of idle state 1 up to, but not including, the target residency of * idle state 2, the third bin spans from the target residency of idle state 2 * up to, but not including, the target residency of idle state 3 and so on. * The last bin spans from the target residency of the deepest idle state * supplied by the driver to infinity. * * Two metrics called "hits" and "intercepts" are associated with each bin. * They are updated every time before selecting an idle state for the given CPU * in accordance with what happened last time. * * The "hits" metric reflects the relative frequency of situations in which the * sleep length and the idle duration measured after CPU wakeup fall into the * same bin (that is, the CPU appears to wake up "on time" relative to the sleep * length). In turn, the "intercepts" metric reflects the relative frequency of * non-timer wakeup events for which the measured idle duration falls into a bin * that corresponds to an idle state shallower than the one whose bin is fallen * into by the sleep length (these events are also referred to as "intercepts" * below). * * The governor also counts "intercepts" with the measured idle duration below * the tick period length and uses this information when deciding whether or not * to stop the scheduler tick. * * In order to select an idle state for a CPU, the governor takes the following * steps (modulo the possible latency constraint that must be taken into account * too): * * 1. Find the deepest enabled CPU idle state (the candidate idle state) and * compute 2 sums as follows: * * - The sum of the "hits" metric for all of the idle states shallower than * the candidate one (it represents the cases in which the CPU was likely * woken up by a timer). * * - The sum of the "intercepts" metric for all of the idle states shallower * than the candidate one (it represents the cases in which the CPU was * likely woken up by a non-timer wakeup source). * * 2. If the second sum computed in step 1 is greater than a half of the sum of * both metrics for the candidate state bin and all subsequent bins(if any), * a shallower idle state is likely to be more suitable, so look for it. * * - Traverse the enabled idle states shallower than the candidate one in the * descending order. * * - For each of them compute the sum of the "intercepts" metrics over all * of the idle states between it and the candidate one (including the * former and excluding the latter). * * - If this sum is greater than a half of the second sum computed in step 1, * use the given idle state as the new candidate one. * * 3. If the current candidate state is state 0 or its target residency is short * enough, return it and prevent the scheduler tick from being stopped. * * 4. Obtain the sleep length value and check if it is below the target * residency of the current candidate state, in which case a new shallower * candidate state needs to be found, so look for it.
*/
/* * Idle state exit latency threshold used for deciding whether or not to check * the time till the closest expected timer event.
*/ #define LATENCY_THRESHOLD_NS (RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS / 2)
/* * The PULSE value is added to metrics when they grow and the DECAY_SHIFT value * is used for decreasing metrics on a regular basis.
*/ #define PULSE 1024 #define DECAY_SHIFT 3
/** * struct teo_bin - Metrics used by the TEO cpuidle governor. * @intercepts: The "intercepts" metric. * @hits: The "hits" metric.
*/ struct teo_bin { unsignedint intercepts; unsignedint hits;
};
/** * struct teo_cpu - CPU data used by the TEO cpuidle governor. * @sleep_length_ns: Time till the closest timer event (at the selection time). * @state_bins: Idle state data bins for this CPU. * @total: Grand total of the "intercepts" and "hits" metrics for all bins. * @tick_intercepts: "Intercepts" before TICK_NSEC. * @short_idles: Wakeups after short idle periods. * @artificial_wakeup: Set if the wakeup has been triggered by a safety net.
*/ struct teo_cpu {
s64 sleep_length_ns; struct teo_bin state_bins[CPUIDLE_STATE_MAX]; unsignedint total; unsignedint tick_intercepts; unsignedint short_idles; bool artificial_wakeup;
};
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct teo_cpu, teo_cpus);
/** * teo_update - Update CPU metrics after wakeup. * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data. * @dev: Target CPU.
*/ staticvoid teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{ struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu); int i, idx_timer = 0, idx_duration = 0;
s64 target_residency_ns;
u64 measured_ns;
if (cpu_data->artificial_wakeup) { /* * If one of the safety nets has triggered, assume that this * might have been a long sleep.
*/
measured_ns = U64_MAX;
} else {
u64 lat_ns = drv->states[dev->last_state_idx].exit_latency_ns;
measured_ns = dev->last_residency_ns; /* * The delay between the wakeup and the first instruction * executed by the CPU is not likely to be worst-case every * time, so take 1/2 of the exit latency as a very rough * approximation of the average of it.
*/ if (measured_ns >= lat_ns) {
measured_ns -= lat_ns / 2; if (measured_ns < RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS)
cpu_data->short_idles += PULSE;
} else {
measured_ns /= 2;
cpu_data->short_idles += PULSE;
}
}
/* * Decay the "hits" and "intercepts" metrics for all of the bins and * find the bins that the sleep length and the measured idle duration * fall into.
*/ for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i];
if (target_residency_ns <= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) {
idx_timer = i; if (target_residency_ns <= measured_ns)
idx_duration = i;
}
}
cpu_data->tick_intercepts -= cpu_data->tick_intercepts >> DECAY_SHIFT; /* * If the measured idle duration falls into the same bin as the sleep * length, this is a "hit", so update the "hits" metric for that bin. * Otherwise, update the "intercepts" metric for the bin fallen into by * the measured idle duration.
*/ if (idx_timer == idx_duration) {
cpu_data->state_bins[idx_timer].hits += PULSE;
} else {
cpu_data->state_bins[idx_duration].intercepts += PULSE; if (TICK_NSEC <= measured_ns)
cpu_data->tick_intercepts += PULSE;
}
/* * Set the sleep length to infinity in case the invocation of * tick_nohz_get_sleep_length() below is skipped, in which case it won't * be known whether or not the subsequent wakeup is caused by a timer. * It is generally fine to count the wakeup as an intercept then, except * for the cases when the CPU is mostly woken up by timers and there may * be opportunities to ask for a deeper idle state when no imminent * timers are scheduled which may be missed.
*/
cpu_data->sleep_length_ns = KTIME_MAX;
/* Check if there is any choice in the first place. */ if (drv->state_count < 2) {
idx = 0; goto out_tick;
}
if (!dev->states_usage[0].disable)
idx = 0;
/* Compute the sums of metrics for early wakeup pattern detection. */ for (i = 1; i < drv->state_count; i++) { struct teo_bin *prev_bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i-1]; struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i];
/* * Update the sums of idle state metrics for all of the states * shallower than the current one.
*/
intercept_sum += prev_bin->intercepts;
hit_sum += prev_bin->hits;
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue;
if (idx < 0)
idx0 = i; /* first enabled state */
idx = i;
if (s->exit_latency_ns <= latency_req)
constraint_idx = i;
/* Save the sums for the current state. */
idx_intercept_sum = intercept_sum;
idx_hit_sum = hit_sum;
}
/* Avoid unnecessary overhead. */ if (idx < 0) {
idx = 0; /* No states enabled, must use 0. */ goto out_tick;
}
if (idx == idx0) { /* * Only one idle state is enabled, so use it, but do not * allow the tick to be stopped it is shallow enough.
*/
duration_ns = drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns; goto end;
}
/* * If the sum of the intercepts metric for all of the idle states * shallower than the current candidate one (idx) is greater than the * sum of the intercepts and hits metrics for the candidate state and * all of the deeper states, a shallower idle state is likely to be a * better choice.
*/ if (2 * idx_intercept_sum > cpu_data->total - idx_hit_sum) { int first_suitable_idx = idx;
/* * Look for the deepest idle state whose target residency had * not exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant * cases in the past. * * Take the possible duration limitation present if the tick * has been stopped already into account.
*/
intercept_sum = 0;
for (i = idx - 1; i >= 0; i--) { struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i];
intercept_sum += bin->intercepts;
if (2 * intercept_sum > idx_intercept_sum) { /* * Use the current state unless it is too * shallow or disabled, in which case take the * first enabled state that is deep enough.
*/ if (teo_state_ok(i, drv) &&
!dev->states_usage[i].disable) {
idx = i; break;
}
idx = first_suitable_idx; break;
}
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue;
if (teo_state_ok(i, drv)) { /* * The current state is deep enough, but still * there may be a better one.
*/
first_suitable_idx = i; continue;
}
/* * The current state is too shallow, so if no suitable * states other than the initial candidate have been * found, give up (the remaining states to check are * shallower still), but otherwise the first suitable * state other than the initial candidate may turn out * to be preferable.
*/ if (first_suitable_idx == idx) break;
}
}
/* * If there is a latency constraint, it may be necessary to select an * idle state shallower than the current candidate one.
*/ if (idx > constraint_idx)
idx = constraint_idx;
/* * If either the candidate state is state 0 or its target residency is * low enough, there is basically nothing more to do, but if the sleep * length is not updated, the subsequent wakeup will be counted as an * "intercept" which may be problematic in the cases when timer wakeups * are dominant. Namely, it may effectively prevent deeper idle states * from being selected at one point even if no imminent timers are * scheduled. * * However, frequent timers in the RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS range on one * CPU are unlikely (user space has a default 50 us slack value for * hrtimers and there are relatively few timers with a lower deadline * value in the kernel), and even if they did happen, the potential * benefit from using a deep idle state in that case would be * questionable anyway for latency reasons. Thus if the measured idle * duration falls into that range in the majority of cases, assume * non-timer wakeups to be dominant and skip updating the sleep length * to reduce latency. * * Also, if the latency constraint is sufficiently low, it will force * shallow idle states regardless of the wakeup type, so the sleep * length need not be known in that case.
*/ if ((!idx || drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns < RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS) &&
(2 * cpu_data->short_idles >= cpu_data->total ||
latency_req < LATENCY_THRESHOLD_NS)) goto out_tick;
/* * If the closest expected timer is before the target residency of the * candidate state, a shallower one needs to be found.
*/ if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > duration_ns) {
i = teo_find_shallower_state(drv, dev, idx, duration_ns, false); if (teo_state_ok(i, drv))
idx = i;
}
/* * If the selected state's target residency is below the tick length * and intercepts occurring before the tick length are the majority of * total wakeup events, do not stop the tick.
*/ if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns < TICK_NSEC &&
cpu_data->tick_intercepts > cpu_data->total / 2 + cpu_data->total / 8)
duration_ns = TICK_NSEC / 2;
end: /* * Allow the tick to be stopped unless the selected state is a polling * one or the expected idle duration is shorter than the tick period * length.
*/ if ((!(drv->states[idx].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING) &&
duration_ns >= TICK_NSEC) || tick_nohz_tick_stopped()) return idx;
/* * The tick is not going to be stopped, so if the target residency of * the state to be returned is not within the time till the closest * timer including the tick, try to correct that.
*/ if (idx > idx0 &&
drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > delta_tick)
idx = teo_find_shallower_state(drv, dev, idx, delta_tick, false);
out_tick:
*stop_tick = false; return idx;
}
/** * teo_reflect - Note that governor data for the CPU need to be updated. * @dev: Target CPU. * @state: Entered state.
*/ staticvoid teo_reflect(struct cpuidle_device *dev, int state)
{ struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
dev->last_state_idx = state; if (dev->poll_time_limit ||
(tick_nohz_idle_got_tick() && cpu_data->sleep_length_ns > TICK_NSEC)) { /* * The wakeup was not "genuine", but triggered by one of the * safety nets.
*/
dev->poll_time_limit = false;
cpu_data->artificial_wakeup = true;
} else {
cpu_data->artificial_wakeup = false;
}
}
/** * teo_enable_device - Initialize the governor's data for the target CPU. * @drv: cpuidle driver (not used). * @dev: Target CPU.
*/ staticint teo_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{ struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
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