Quelle  graph.cc   Sprache: C

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <climits>
#include <cstdio>
#include <list>
#include <set>

#include "defs.hh"
#include "graph.hh"
#include "partition.hh"
#include "timer.hh"
#include "utils.hh"

/*
  Copyright (c) 2003-2015 Tommi Junttila
  Released under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3.

  This file is part of bliss.

  bliss is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License.

  bliss is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with bliss.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/

#if defined(__clang__)
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
#endif

namespace bliss_digraphs {

#define _INTERNAL_ERROR() \
  fatal_error("%s:%d: internal error", __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define _OUT_OF_MEMORY() fatal_error("%s:%d: out of memory", __FILE__, __LINE__)

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Constructor and destructor routines for the abstract graph class
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  AbstractGraph::AbstractGraph() {
    /* Initialize stuff */
    in_search = false;

    /* Default value for using "long prune" */
    opt_use_long_prune = true;
    /* Default value for using failure recording */
    opt_use_failure_recording = true;
    /* Default value for using component recursion */
    opt_use_comprec = true;

    verbose_level = 0;
    verbstr       = stdout;

    report_hook       = 0;
    report_user_param = 0;
  }

  AbstractGraph::~AbstractGraph() {
    if (p.cr_enabled) {
      p.cr_free();
    }
    report_hook       = 0;
    report_user_param = 0;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Verbose output management routines
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void AbstractGraph::set_verbose_level(const unsigned int level) {
    verbose_level = level;
  }

  void AbstractGraph::set_verbose_file(FILE* const fp) {
    verbstr = fp;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Routines for refinement to equitable partition
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void AbstractGraph::refine_to_equitable() {
    /* Start refinement from all cells -> push 'em all in the splitting queue */
    for (Partition::Cell* cell = p.first_cell; cell; cell = cell->next)
      p.splitting_queue_add(cell);

    do_refine_to_equitable();
  }

  void AbstractGraph::refine_to_equitable(Partition::Cell* const unit_cell) {
    p.splitting_queue_add(unit_cell);

    do_refine_to_equitable();
  }

  void AbstractGraph::refine_to_equitable(Partition::Cell* const unit_cell1,
                                          Partition::Cell* const unit_cell2) {
    p.splitting_queue_add(unit_cell1);
    p.splitting_queue_add(unit_cell2);

    do_refine_to_equitable();
  }

  bool AbstractGraph::do_refine_to_equitable() {
    eqref_hash.reset();

    while (!p.splitting_queue_is_empty()) {
      Partition::Cell* const cell = p.splitting_queue_pop();

      if (cell->is_unit()) {
        if (in_search) {
          const unsigned int index = cell->first;
          if (!first_path_automorphism_vec.empty()) {
            /* Build the (potential) automorphism on-the-fly */
            first_path_automorphism[first_path_labeling_inv[index]]
                = p.elements[index];
          }
          if (!best_path_automorphism_vec.empty()) {
            /* Build the (potential) automorphism on-the-fly */
            best_path_automorphism[best_path_labeling_inv[index]]
                = p.elements[index];
          }
        }
        const bool worse = split_neighbourhood_of_unit_cell(cell);
        if (in_search and worse)
          goto worse_exit;
      } else {
        const bool worse = split_neighbourhood_of_cell(cell);
        if (in_search and worse)
          goto worse_exit;
      }
    }

    return true;

  worse_exit:
    /* Clear splitting_queue */
    p.splitting_queue_clear();
    return false;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Routines for handling the canonical labeling
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /** \internal
   * Assign the labeling induced by the current partition 'this.p' to
   * \a labeling.
   * That is, if the partition is [[2,0],[1]],
   * then \a labeling will map 0 to 1, 1 to 2, and 2 to 0.
   */
  void AbstractGraph::update_labeling(uint_pointer_substitute const labeling) {
    const unsigned int      N  = get_nof_vertices();
    uint_pointer_substitute ep = p.elements;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++, ep++)
      labeling[*ep] = i;
  }

  /** \internal
   * The same as update_labeling() except that the inverse of the labeling
   * is also produced and assigned to \a labeling_inv.
   */
  void AbstractGraph::update_labeling_and_its_inverse(
      uint_pointer_substitute const labeling,
      uint_pointer_substitute const labeling_inv) {
    const unsigned int      N    = get_nof_vertices();
    uint_pointer_substitute ep   = p.elements;
    uint_pointer_substitute clip = labeling_inv;

    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N;) {
      labeling[*ep] = i;
      i++;
      *clip = *ep;
      ep++;
      clip++;
    }
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Routines for handling automorphisms
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /** \internal
   * Reset the permutation \a perm to the identity permutation.
   */
  void AbstractGraph::reset_permutation(uint_pointer_substitute perm) {
    const unsigned int N = get_nof_vertices();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++, perm++)
      *perm = i;
  }

  bool AbstractGraph::is_automorphism(uint_pointer_substitute const) {
    _INTERNAL_ERROR();
    return false;
  }

  bool AbstractGraph::is_automorphism(const std::vector<unsigned int>&) const {
    _INTERNAL_ERROR();
    return false;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Certificate building
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void AbstractGraph::cert_add(const unsigned int v1,
                               const unsigned int v2,
                               const unsigned int v3) {
    if (refine_compare_certificate) {
      if (refine_equal_to_first) {
        /* So far equivalent to the first path... */
        unsigned int index = certificate_current_path.size();
        if (index >= refine_first_path_subcertificate_end) {
          refine_equal_to_first = false;
        } else if (certificate_first_path[index] != v1) {
          refine_equal_to_first = false;
        } else if (certificate_first_path[++index] != v2) {
          refine_equal_to_first = false;
        } else if (certificate_first_path[++index] != v3) {
          refine_equal_to_first = false;
        }
        if (opt_use_failure_recording and !refine_equal_to_first) {
          /* We just became different from the first path,
           * remember the deviation point tree-specific invariant
           * for the use of failure recording */
          UintSeqHash h;
          h.update(v1);
          h.update(v2);
          h.update(v3);
          h.update(index);
          h.update(eqref_hash.get_value());
          failure_recording_fp_deviation = h.get_value();
        }
      }
      if (refine_cmp_to_best == 0) {
        /* So far equivalent to the current best path... */
        unsigned int index = certificate_current_path.size();
        if (index >= refine_best_path_subcertificate_end) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
        } else if (v1 > certificate_best_path[index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
        } else if (v1 < certificate_best_path[index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
        } else if (v2 > certificate_best_path[++index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
        } else if (v2 < certificate_best_path[index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
        } else if (v3 > certificate_best_path[++index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
        } else if (v3 < certificate_best_path[index]) {
          refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
        }
      }
      if ((refine_equal_to_first == false) and (refine_cmp_to_best < 0))
        return;
    }
    /* Update the current path certificate */
    certificate_current_path.push_back(v1);
    certificate_current_path.push_back(v2);
    certificate_current_path.push_back(v3);
  }

  void AbstractGraph::cert_add_redundant(const unsigned int v1,
                                         const unsigned int v2,
                                         const unsigned int v3) {
    return cert_add(v1, v2, v3);
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Long prune code
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void AbstractGraph::long_prune_init() {
    const unsigned int N = get_nof_vertices();
    long_prune_temp.clear();
    long_prune_temp.resize(N);
    /* Of how many automorphisms we can store information in
       the predefined, fixed amount of memory? */
    const unsigned int nof_fitting_in_max_mem
        = (long_prune_options_max_mem * 1024 * 1024) / (((N * 2) / 8) + 1);
    long_prune_max_stored_autss = long_prune_options_max_stored_auts;
    /* Had some problems with g++ in using (a<b)?a:b when constants involved,
       so had to make this in a stupid way... */
    if (nof_fitting_in_max_mem < long_prune_options_max_stored_auts)
      long_prune_max_stored_autss = nof_fitting_in_max_mem;

    long_prune_deallocate();
    long_prune_fixed.resize(N);
    long_prune_mcrs.resize(N);
    long_prune_begin = 0;
    long_prune_end   = 0;
  }

  void AbstractGraph::long_prune_deallocate() {
    for (std::vector<std::vector<bool> >::iterator it
         = long_prune_fixed.begin();
         it < long_prune_fixed.end();
         ++it) {
      it->clear();
    }
    for (std::vector<std::vector<bool> >::iterator it = long_prune_mcrs.begin();
         it < long_prune_mcrs.end();
         ++it) {
      it->clear();
    }
  }

  void AbstractGraph::long_prune_swap(const unsigned int i,
                                      const unsigned int j) {
    const unsigned int real_i = i % long_prune_max_stored_autss;
    const unsigned int real_j = j % long_prune_max_stored_autss;
    std::swap(long_prune_fixed[real_i], long_prune_fixed[real_j]);
    std::swap(long_prune_mcrs[real_i], long_prune_mcrs[real_j]);
  }

  std::vector<bool>&
  AbstractGraph::long_prune_allocget_fixed(const unsigned int index) {
    const unsigned int i = index % long_prune_max_stored_autss;
    if (long_prune_fixed[i].size() < get_nof_vertices())
      long_prune_fixed[i].resize(get_nof_vertices());
    return long_prune_fixed[i];
  }

  std::vector<bool>&
  AbstractGraph::long_prune_get_fixed(const unsigned int index) {
    return long_prune_fixed[index % long_prune_max_stored_autss];
  }

  std::vector<bool>&
  AbstractGraph::long_prune_allocget_mcrs(const unsigned int index) {
    const unsigned int i = index % long_prune_max_stored_autss;
    if (long_prune_mcrs[i].size() < get_nof_vertices())
      long_prune_mcrs[i].resize(get_nof_vertices());
    return long_prune_mcrs[i];
  }

  std::vector<bool>&
  AbstractGraph::long_prune_get_mcrs(const unsigned int index) {
    return long_prune_mcrs[index % long_prune_max_stored_autss];
  }

  void AbstractGraph::long_prune_add_automorphism(
      uint_pointer_to_const_substitute aut) {
    if (long_prune_max_stored_autss == 0)
      return;

    const unsigned int N = get_nof_vertices();

    /* If the buffer of stored auts is full, remove the oldest aut */
    if (long_prune_end - long_prune_begin == long_prune_max_stored_autss) {
      long_prune_begin++;
    }
    long_prune_end++;
    std::vector<bool>& fixed = long_prune_allocget_fixed(long_prune_end - 1);
    std::vector<bool>& mcrs  = long_prune_allocget_mcrs(long_prune_end - 1);
    /* Mark nodes that are (i) fixed or (ii) minimal orbit representatives
     * under the automorphism 'aut' */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
      fixed[i] = (aut[i] == i);
      if (long_prune_temp[i] == false) {
        mcrs[i]        = true;
        unsigned int j = aut[i];
        while (j != i) {
          long_prune_temp[j] = true;
          j                  = aut[j];
        }
      } else {
        mcrs[i] = false;
      }
      /* Clear the temp array on-the-fly... */
      long_prune_temp[i] = false;
    }
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Routines for handling orbit information
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void AbstractGraph::update_orbit_information(Orbit&                  o,
                                               uint_pointer_substitute perm) {
    const unsigned int N = get_nof_vertices();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++)
      if (perm[i] != i)
        o.merge_orbits(i, perm[i]);
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * The actual backtracking search
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  class TreeNode {
    // friend class AbstractGraph;
   public:
    unsigned int split_cell_first;

    int              split_element;
    static const int SPLIT_START = -1;
    static const int SPLIT_END   = -2;

    Partition::BacktrackPoint partition_bt_point;

    unsigned int certificate_index;

    static const char NO    = -1;
    static const char MAYBE = 0;
    static const char YES   = 1;

    /* First path stuff */
    bool fp_on;
    bool fp_cert_equal;
    char fp_extendable;

    /* Best path stuff */
    bool in_best_path;
    int  cmp_to_best_path;

    unsigned int failure_recording_ival;

    /* Component recursion related data */
    unsigned int cr_cep_stack_size;
    unsigned int cr_cep_index;
    unsigned int cr_level;

    bool                                             needs_long_prune;
    unsigned int                                     long_prune_begin;
    std::set<unsigned int, std::less<unsigned int> > long_prune_redundant;

    UintSeqHash  eqref_hash;
    unsigned int subcertificate_length;
  };

  typedef struct {
    unsigned int splitting_element;
    unsigned int certificate_index;
    unsigned int subcertificate_length;
    UintSeqHash  eqref_hash;
  } PathInfo;

  void AbstractGraph::search(const bool canonical, Stats& stats) {
    const unsigned int N = get_nof_vertices();

    unsigned int all_same_level = UINT_MAX;

    p.graph = this;

    /*
     * Must be done!
     */
    remove_duplicate_edges();

    /*
     * Reset search statistics
     */
    stats.reset();
    stats.nof_nodes      = 1;
    stats.nof_leaf_nodes = 1;

    /* Free old first path data structures */
    first_path_labeling_vec.clear();
    first_path_labeling_inv_vec.clear();
    first_path_automorphism_vec.clear();

    /* Free old best path data structures */
    best_path_labeling_vec.clear();
    best_path_labeling_inv_vec.clear();
    best_path_automorphism_vec.clear();

    if (N == 0) {
      /* Nothing to do, return... */
      return;
    }

    /* Initialize the partition ... */
    p.init(N);
    /* ... and the component recursion data structures in the partition */
    if (opt_use_comprec)
      p.cr_init();

    neighbour_heap.init(N);

    in_search = false;
    /* Do not compute certificate when building the initial partition */
    refine_compare_certificate = false;
    /* The 'eqref_hash' hash value is not computed when building
     * the initial partition as it is not used for anything at the moment.
     * This saves some cycles. */
    compute_eqref_hash = false;

    Timer timer1;

    make_initial_equitable_partition();

    if (verbstr and verbose_level >= 2) {
      fprintf(verbstr,
              "Initial partition computed in %.2f seconds\n",
              timer1.get_duration());
      fflush(verbstr);
    }

    /*
     * Allocate space for the "first path" and "best path" labelings
     */
    first_path_labeling_vec.clear();
    first_path_labeling_vec.resize(N, 0);
    first_path_labeling = first_path_labeling_vec.begin();

    best_path_labeling_vec.clear();
    best_path_labeling_vec.resize(N, 0);
    best_path_labeling = best_path_labeling_vec.begin();

    /*
     * Is the initial partition discrete?
     */
    if (p.is_discrete()) {
      /* Make the best path labeling i.e. the canonical labeling */
      update_labeling(best_path_labeling);
      /* Update statistics */
      stats.nof_leaf_nodes = 1;
      return;
    }

    /*
     * Allocate the inverses of the "first path" and "best path" labelings
     */
    first_path_labeling_inv_vec.clear();
    first_path_labeling_inv_vec.resize(N, 0);
    first_path_labeling_inv = first_path_labeling_inv_vec.begin();

    best_path_labeling_inv_vec.clear();
    best_path_labeling_inv_vec.resize(N, 0);
    best_path_labeling_inv = best_path_labeling_inv_vec.begin();

    /*
     * Allocate space for the automorphisms
     */
    first_path_automorphism_vec.clear();
    first_path_automorphism_vec.resize(N);
    first_path_automorphism = first_path_automorphism_vec.begin();

    best_path_automorphism_vec.clear();
    best_path_automorphism_vec.resize(N);
    best_path_automorphism = best_path_automorphism_vec.begin();

    /*
     * Initialize orbit information so that all vertices are in their own orbits
     */
    first_path_orbits.init(N);
    best_path_orbits.init(N);

    /*
     * Initialize certificate memory
     */
    initialize_certificate();

    std::vector<TreeNode> search_stack;
    std::vector<PathInfo> first_path_info;
    std::vector<PathInfo> best_path_info;

    search_stack.clear();

    /* Initialize "long prune" data structures */
    if (opt_use_long_prune)
      long_prune_init();

    /*
     * Initialize failure recording data structures
     */
    typedef std::set<unsigned int, std::less<unsigned int> >
                                     FailureRecordingSet;
    std::vector<FailureRecordingSet> failure_recording_hashes;

    /*
     * Initialize component recursion data structures
     */
    cr_cep_stack.clear();
    unsigned int cr_cep_index = 0;
    {
      /* Inset a sentinel "component end point" */
      CR_CEP sentinel;
      sentinel.creation_level      = 0;
      sentinel.discrete_cell_limit = get_nof_vertices();
      sentinel.next_cr_level       = 0;
      sentinel.next_cep_index      = 0;
      sentinel.first_checked       = false;
      sentinel.best_checked        = false;
      cr_cep_index                 = 0;
      cr_cep_stack.push_back(sentinel);
    }
    cr_level = 0;
    if (opt_use_comprec and nucr_find_first_component(cr_level) == true
        and p.nof_discrete_cells() + cr_component_elements
                < cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index].discrete_cell_limit) {
      cr_level = p.cr_split_level(0, cr_component);
      CR_CEP cep;
      cep.creation_level      = 0;
      cep.discrete_cell_limit = p.nof_discrete_cells() + cr_component_elements;
      cep.next_cr_level       = 0;
      cep.next_cep_index      = cr_cep_index;
      cep.first_checked       = false;
      cep.best_checked        = false;
      cr_cep_index            = cr_cep_stack.size();
      cr_cep_stack.push_back(cep);
    }

    /*
     * Build the root node of the search tree
     */
    {
      TreeNode         root;
      Partition::Cell* split_cell = find_next_cell_to_be_splitted(p.first_cell);
      root.split_cell_first       = split_cell->first;
      root.split_element          = TreeNode::SPLIT_START;
      root.partition_bt_point     = p.set_backtrack_point();
      root.certificate_index      = 0;
      root.fp_on                  = true;
      root.fp_cert_equal          = true;
      root.fp_extendable          = TreeNode::MAYBE;
      root.in_best_path           = false;
      root.cmp_to_best_path       = 0;
      root.long_prune_begin       = 0;

      root.failure_recording_ival = 0;

      /* Save component recursion info for backtracking */
      root.cr_level          = cr_level;
      root.cr_cep_stack_size = cr_cep_stack.size();
      root.cr_cep_index      = cr_cep_index;
      search_stack.push_back(root);
    }

    /*
     * Set status and global flags for search related procedures
     */
    in_search = true;
    /* Do not compare certificates during refinement until the first path has
     * been traversed to the leaf */
    refine_compare_certificate = false;

    /*
     * The actual backtracking search
     */
    while (!search_stack.empty()) {
      TreeNode&          current_node  = search_stack.back();
      const unsigned int current_level = (unsigned int) search_stack.size() - 1;

      if (opt_use_comprec) {
        CR_CEP& cep = cr_cep_stack[current_node.cr_cep_index];
        if (cep.first_checked == true
            and current_node.fp_extendable == TreeNode::MAYBE
            and !search_stack[cep.creation_level].fp_on) {
          current_node.fp_extendable = TreeNode::NO;
        }
      }

      if (current_node.fp_on) {
        if (current_node.split_element == TreeNode::SPLIT_END) {
          search_stack.pop_back();
          continue;
        }
      } else {
        if (current_node.fp_extendable == TreeNode::YES) {
          search_stack.pop_back();
          continue;
        }
        if (current_node.split_element == TreeNode::SPLIT_END) {
          if (opt_use_failure_recording) {
            TreeNode& parent_node = search_stack[current_level - 1];
            if (parent_node.fp_on)
              failure_recording_hashes[current_level - 1].insert(
                  current_node.failure_recording_ival);
          }
          search_stack.pop_back();
          continue;
        }
        if (current_node.fp_extendable == TreeNode::NO
            and (!canonical or current_node.cmp_to_best_path < 0)) {
          if (opt_use_failure_recording) {
            TreeNode& parent_node = search_stack[current_level - 1];
            if (parent_node.fp_on)
              failure_recording_hashes[current_level - 1].insert(
                  current_node.failure_recording_ival);
          }
          search_stack.pop_back();
          continue;
        }
      }

      /* Restore partition ... */
      p.goto_backtrack_point(current_node.partition_bt_point);
      /* ... and re-remember backtracking point */
      current_node.partition_bt_point = p.set_backtrack_point();

      /* Restore current path certificate */
      certificate_index                     = current_node.certificate_index;
      refine_current_path_certificate_index = current_node.certificate_index;
      certificate_current_path.resize(certificate_index);

      /* Fetch split cell information */
      Partition::Cell* const cell
          = p.get_cell(p.elements[current_node.split_cell_first]);

      /* Restore component recursion information */
      cr_level = current_node.cr_level;
      cr_cep_stack.resize(current_node.cr_cep_stack_size);
      cr_cep_index = current_node.cr_cep_index;

      /*
       * Update long prune redundancy sets
       */
      if (opt_use_long_prune and current_level >= 1 and !current_node.fp_on) {
        unsigned int begin = (current_node.long_prune_begin > long_prune_begin)
                                 ? current_node.long_prune_begin
                                 : long_prune_begin;
        for (unsigned int i = begin; i < long_prune_end; i++) {
          const std::vector<bool>& fixed = long_prune_get_fixed(i);
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
          for (unsigned int l = 0; l < search_stack.size() - 2; l++)
            assert(fixed[search_stack[l].split_element]);
#endif
          if (fixed[search_stack[search_stack.size() - 1 - 1].split_element]
              == false) {
            long_prune_swap(begin, i);
            begin++;
            current_node.long_prune_begin = begin;
            continue;
          }
        }

        if (current_node.split_element == TreeNode::SPLIT_START) {
          current_node.needs_long_prune = true;
        } else if (current_node.needs_long_prune) {
          current_node.needs_long_prune = false;
          begin = (current_node.long_prune_begin > long_prune_begin)
                      ? current_node.long_prune_begin
                      : long_prune_begin;
          for (unsigned int i = begin; i < long_prune_end; i++) {
            const std::vector<bool>& fixed = long_prune_get_fixed(i);
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
            for (unsigned int l = 0; l < search_stack.size() - 2; l++)
              assert(fixed[search_stack[l].split_element]);
#endif
            assert(fixed[search_stack[current_level - 1].split_element]
                   == true);
            if (fixed[search_stack[current_level - 1].split_element] == false) {
              long_prune_swap(begin, i);
              begin++;
              current_node.long_prune_begin = begin;
              continue;
            }
            const std::vector<bool>& mcrs = long_prune_get_mcrs(i);
            uint_pointer_substitute  ep   = p.elements + cell->first;
            for (unsigned int j = cell->length; j > 0; j--, ep++) {
              if (mcrs[*ep] == false)
                current_node.long_prune_redundant.insert(*ep);
            }
          }
        }
      }

      /*
       * Find the next smallest, non-isomorphic element in the cell and
       * store it in current_node.split_element
       */
      {
        unsigned int            next_split_element = UINT_MAX;
        uint_pointer_substitute next_split_element_pos;
        uint_pointer_substitute ep = p.elements + cell->first;
        if (current_node.fp_on) {
          /* Find the next larger splitting element that is
           * a minimal orbit representative w.r.t. first_path_orbits */
          for (unsigned int i = cell->length; i > 0; i--, ep++) {
            if ((int) (*ep) > current_node.split_element
                and *ep < next_split_element
                and first_path_orbits.is_minimal_representative(*ep)) {
              next_split_element     = *ep;
              next_split_element_pos = ep;
            }
          }
        } else if (current_node.in_best_path) {
          /* Find the next larger splitting element that is
           * a minimal orbit representative w.r.t. best_path_orbits */
          for (unsigned int i = cell->length; i > 0; i--, ep++) {
            if ((int) (*ep) > current_node.split_element
                and *ep < next_split_element
                and best_path_orbits.is_minimal_representative(*ep)
                and (!opt_use_long_prune
                     or current_node.long_prune_redundant.find(*ep)
                            == current_node.long_prune_redundant.end())) {
              next_split_element     = *ep;
              next_split_element_pos = ep;
            }
          }
        } else {
          /* Find the next larger splitting element */
          for (unsigned int i = cell->length; i > 0; i--, ep++) {
            if ((int) (*ep) > current_node.split_element
                and *ep < next_split_element
                and (!opt_use_long_prune
                     or current_node.long_prune_redundant.find(*ep)
                            == current_node.long_prune_redundant.end())) {
              next_split_element     = *ep;
              next_split_element_pos = ep;
            }
          }
        }
        if (next_split_element == UINT_MAX) {
          /* No more (unexplored children) in the cell */
          current_node.split_element = TreeNode::SPLIT_END;
          if (current_node.fp_on) {
            /* Update group size */
            const unsigned int index = first_path_orbits.orbit_size(
                first_path_info[search_stack.size() - 1].splitting_element);
            stats.group_size.multiply(index);
            stats.group_size_approx *= (long double) index;
            /*
             * Update all_same_level
             */
            if (index == cell->length and all_same_level == current_level + 1)
              all_same_level = current_level;
            if (verbstr and verbose_level >= 2) {
              fprintf(verbstr,
                      "Level %u: orbits=%u, index=%u/%u, all_same_level=%u\n",
                      current_level,
                      first_path_orbits.nof_orbits(),
                      index,
                      cell->length,
                      all_same_level);
              fflush(verbstr);
            }
          }
          continue;
        }

        /* Split on smallest */
        current_node.split_element = next_split_element;
      }

      const unsigned int child_level = current_level + 1;
      /* Update some statistics */
      stats.nof_nodes++;
      if (search_stack.size() > stats.max_level)
        stats.max_level = search_stack.size();

      /* Set flags and indices for the refiner certificate builder */
      refine_equal_to_first = current_node.fp_cert_equal;
      refine_cmp_to_best    = current_node.cmp_to_best_path;
      if (!first_path_info.empty()) {
        if (refine_equal_to_first)
          refine_first_path_subcertificate_end
              = first_path_info[search_stack.size() - 1].certificate_index
                + first_path_info[search_stack.size() - 1]
                      .subcertificate_length;
        if (canonical) {
          if (refine_cmp_to_best == 0)
            refine_best_path_subcertificate_end
                = best_path_info[search_stack.size() - 1].certificate_index
                  + best_path_info[search_stack.size() - 1]
                        .subcertificate_length;
        } else
          refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
      }

      const bool was_fp_cert_equal = current_node.fp_cert_equal;

      /* Individualize, i.e. split the cell in two, the latter new cell
       * will be a unit one containing info.split_element */
      Partition::Cell* const new_cell
          = p.individualize(cell, current_node.split_element);

      /*
       * Refine the new partition to equitable
       */
      if (cell->is_unit())
        refine_to_equitable(cell, new_cell);
      else
        refine_to_equitable(new_cell);

      /* Update statistics */
      if (p.is_discrete())
        stats.nof_leaf_nodes++;

      if (!first_path_info.empty()) {
        /* We are no longer on the first path */
        const unsigned int subcertificate_length
            = certificate_current_path.size() - certificate_index;
        if (refine_equal_to_first) {
          /* Was equal to the first path so far */
          PathInfo& first_pinfo = first_path_info[current_level];
          assert(first_pinfo.certificate_index == certificate_index);
          if (subcertificate_length != first_pinfo.subcertificate_length) {
            refine_equal_to_first = false;
            if (opt_use_failure_recording)
              failure_recording_fp_deviation = subcertificate_length;
          } else if (first_pinfo.eqref_hash.cmp(eqref_hash) != 0) {
            refine_equal_to_first = false;
            if (opt_use_failure_recording)
              failure_recording_fp_deviation = eqref_hash.get_value();
          }
        }
        if (canonical and (refine_cmp_to_best == 0)) {
          /* Was equal to the best path so far */
          PathInfo& bestp_info = best_path_info[current_level];
          assert(bestp_info.certificate_index == certificate_index);
          if (subcertificate_length < bestp_info.subcertificate_length) {
            refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
          } else if (subcertificate_length > bestp_info.subcertificate_length) {
            refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
          } else if (bestp_info.eqref_hash.cmp(eqref_hash) > 0) {
            refine_cmp_to_best = -1;
          } else if (bestp_info.eqref_hash.cmp(eqref_hash) < 0) {
            refine_cmp_to_best = 1;
          }
        }

        if (opt_use_failure_recording and was_fp_cert_equal
            and !refine_equal_to_first) {
          UintSeqHash k;
          k.update(failure_recording_fp_deviation);
          k.update(eqref_hash.get_value());
          failure_recording_fp_deviation = k.get_value();

          if (current_node.fp_on)
            failure_recording_hashes[current_level].insert(
                failure_recording_fp_deviation);
          else {
            for (unsigned int i = current_level; i > 0; i--) {
              if (search_stack[i].fp_on)
                break;
              const FailureRecordingSet& s = failure_recording_hashes[i];
              if (i == current_level
                  and s.find(failure_recording_fp_deviation) != s.end())
                break;
              if (s.find(0) != s.end())
                break;
              search_stack[i].fp_extendable = TreeNode::NO;
            }
          }
        }

        /* Check if no longer equal to the first path and,
         * if canonical labeling is desired, also worse than the
         * current best path */
        if (refine_equal_to_first == false
            and (!canonical or (refine_cmp_to_best < 0))) {
          /* Yes, backtrack */
          stats.nof_bad_nodes++;
          if (current_node.fp_cert_equal == true
              and current_level + 1 > all_same_level) {
            assert(all_same_level >= 1);
            for (unsigned int i = all_same_level; i < search_stack.size();
                 i++) {
              search_stack[i].fp_extendable = TreeNode::NO;
            }
          }

          continue;
        }
      }

#if defined(BLISS_VERIFY_EQUITABLEDNESS)
      /* The new partition should be equitable */
      if (!is_equitable())
        fatal_error("consistency check failed - partition after refinement is "
                    "not equitable");
#endif

      /*
       * Next level search tree node info
       */
      TreeNode child_node;

      /* No more in the first path */
      child_node.fp_on = false;
      /* No more in the best path */
      child_node.in_best_path = false;

      child_node.fp_cert_equal = refine_equal_to_first;
      if (current_node.fp_extendable == TreeNode::NO
          or (current_node.fp_extendable == TreeNode::MAYBE
              and child_node.fp_cert_equal == false))
        child_node.fp_extendable = TreeNode::NO;
      else
        child_node.fp_extendable = TreeNode::MAYBE;
      child_node.cmp_to_best_path = refine_cmp_to_best;

      child_node.failure_recording_ival = 0;
      child_node.cr_cep_stack_size      = current_node.cr_cep_stack_size;
      child_node.cr_cep_index           = current_node.cr_cep_index;
      child_node.cr_level               = current_node.cr_level;

      certificate_index = certificate_current_path.size();

      current_node.eqref_hash = eqref_hash;
      current_node.subcertificate_length
          = certificate_index - current_node.certificate_index;

      /*
       * The first encountered leaf node at the end of the "first path"?
       */
      if (p.is_discrete() and first_path_info.empty()) {
        // fprintf(stdout, "Level %u: FIRST\n", child_level); fflush(stdout);
        stats.nof_canupdates++;
        /*
         * Update labelings and their inverses
         */
        update_labeling_and_its_inverse(first_path_labeling,
                                        first_path_labeling_inv);
        update_labeling_and_its_inverse(best_path_labeling,
                                        best_path_labeling_inv);
        /*
         * Reset automorphism array
         */
        reset_permutation(first_path_automorphism);
        reset_permutation(best_path_automorphism);
        /*
         * Reset orbit information
         */
        first_path_orbits.reset();
        best_path_orbits.reset();
        /*
         * Reset group size
         */
        stats.group_size.assign(1);
        stats.group_size_approx = 1.0;
        /*
         * Reset all_same_level
         */
        all_same_level = child_level;
        /*
         * Mark the current path to be the first and best one and save it
         */
        const unsigned int base_size = search_stack.size();
        best_path_info.clear();
        // fprintf(stdout, " New base is: ");
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < base_size; i++) {
          search_stack[i].fp_on            = true;
          search_stack[i].fp_cert_equal    = true;
          search_stack[i].fp_extendable    = TreeNode::YES;
          search_stack[i].in_best_path     = true;
          search_stack[i].cmp_to_best_path = 0;
          PathInfo path_info;
          path_info.splitting_element = search_stack[i].split_element;
          path_info.certificate_index = search_stack[i].certificate_index;
          path_info.eqref_hash        = search_stack[i].eqref_hash;
          path_info.subcertificate_length
              = search_stack[i].subcertificate_length;
          first_path_info.push_back(path_info);
          best_path_info.push_back(path_info);
          // fprintf(stdout, "%u ", search_stack[i].split_element);
        }
        // fprintf(stdout, "\n"); fflush(stdout);
        /* Copy certificates */
        certificate_first_path = certificate_current_path;
        certificate_best_path  = certificate_current_path;

        /* From now on, compare certificates when refining */
        refine_compare_certificate = true;

        if (opt_use_failure_recording)
          failure_recording_hashes.resize(base_size);

        /*
        for(unsigned int j = 0; j < search_stack.size(); j++)
          fprintf(stderr, "%u ", search_stack[j].split_element);
        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
        p.print(stderr); fprintf(stderr, "\n");
        */

        /*
         * Backtrack to the previous level
         */
        continue;
      }

      if (p.is_discrete() and child_node.fp_cert_equal) {
        /*
         * A leaf node that is equal to the first one.
         * An automorphism found: aut[i] = elements[first_path_labeling[i]]
         */
        goto handle_first_path_automorphism;
      }

      if (!p.is_discrete()) {
        Partition::Cell* next_split_cell = 0;
        /*
         * An internal, non-leaf node
         */
        if (opt_use_comprec) {
          assert(p.nof_discrete_cells()
                 <= cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index].discrete_cell_limit);
          assert(cr_level == child_node.cr_level);

          if (p.nof_discrete_cells()
              == cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index].discrete_cell_limit) {
            /* We have reached the end of a component */
            assert(cr_cep_index != 0);
            CR_CEP& cep = cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index];

            /* First, compare with respect to the first path */
            if (first_path_info.empty() or child_node.fp_cert_equal) {
              if (cep.first_checked == false) {
                /* First time, go to the next component */
                cep.first_checked = true;
              } else {
                assert(!first_path_info.empty());
                assert(cep.creation_level < search_stack.size());
                TreeNode& old_info = search_stack[cep.creation_level];
                /* If the component was found when on the first path,
                 * handle the found automorphism as the other
                 * first path automorphisms */
                if (old_info.fp_on)
                  goto handle_first_path_automorphism;
                /* Should never get here because of CR:FP */
                //_INTERNAL_ERROR();
              }
            }

            if (canonical and !first_path_info.empty()
                and child_node.cmp_to_best_path >= 0) {
              if (cep.best_checked == false) {
                /* First time, go to the next component */
                cep.best_checked = true;
              } else {
                assert(cep.creation_level < search_stack.size());
                TreeNode& old_info = search_stack[cep.creation_level];
                if (child_node.cmp_to_best_path == 0) {
                  /* If the component was found when on the best path,
                   * handle the found automorphism as the other
                   * best path automorphisms */
                  if (old_info.in_best_path)
                    goto handle_best_path_automorphism;
                  /* Otherwise, we do not remember the automorhism as
                   * we didn't memorize the path that was invariant
                   * equal to the best one and passed through the
                   * component.
                   * Thus we can only backtrack to the previous level */
                  child_node.cmp_to_best_path = -1;
                  if (!child_node.fp_cert_equal) {
                    continue;
                  }
                } else {
                  assert(child_node.cmp_to_best_path > 0);
                  if (old_info.in_best_path) {
                    stats.nof_canupdates++;
                    /*
                     * Update canonical labeling and its inverse
                     */
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
                      if (p.get_cell(p.elements[i])->is_unit()) {
                        best_path_labeling[p.elements[i]] = i;
                        best_path_labeling_inv[i]         = p.elements[i];
                      }
                    }
                    // update_labeling_and_its_inverse(best_path_labeling,
                    // best_path_labeling_inv);
                    /* Reset best path automorphism */
                    reset_permutation(best_path_automorphism);
                    /* Reset best path orbit structure */
                    best_path_orbits.reset();
                    /* Mark to be the best one and save prefix */
                    unsigned int postfix_start = cep.creation_level;
                    assert(postfix_start < best_path_info.size());
                    while (p.get_cell(
                                best_path_info[postfix_start].splitting_element)
                               ->is_unit()) {
                      postfix_start++;
                      assert(postfix_start < best_path_info.size());
                    }
                    unsigned int postfix_start_cert
                        = best_path_info[postfix_start].certificate_index;
                    std::vector<PathInfo> best_path_temp = best_path_info;
                    best_path_info.clear();
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < search_stack.size(); i++) {
                      TreeNode& ss_info = search_stack[i];
                      PathInfo  bp_info;
                      ss_info.cmp_to_best_path  = 0;
                      ss_info.in_best_path      = true;
                      bp_info.splitting_element = ss_info.split_element;
                      bp_info.certificate_index = ss_info.certificate_index;
                      bp_info.subcertificate_length
                          = ss_info.subcertificate_length;
                      bp_info.eqref_hash = ss_info.eqref_hash;
                      best_path_info.push_back(bp_info);
                    }
                    /* Copy the postfix of the previous best path */
                    for (unsigned int i = postfix_start;
                         i < best_path_temp.size();
                         i++) {
                      best_path_info.push_back(best_path_temp[i]);
                      best_path_info[best_path_info.size() - 1]
                          .certificate_index
                          = best_path_info[best_path_info.size() - 2]
                                .certificate_index
                            + best_path_info[best_path_info.size() - 2]
                                  .subcertificate_length;
                    }
                    std::vector<unsigned int> certificate_best_path_old
                        = certificate_best_path;
                    certificate_best_path = certificate_current_path;
                    for (unsigned int i = postfix_start_cert;
                         i < certificate_best_path_old.size();
                         i++)
                      certificate_best_path.push_back(
                          certificate_best_path_old[i]);
                    assert(
                        certificate_best_path.size()
                        == best_path_info.back().certificate_index
                               + best_path_info.back().subcertificate_length);
                    /* Backtrack to the previous level */
                    continue;
                  }
                }
              }
            }

            /* No backtracking performed, go to next componenet */
            cr_level     = cep.next_cr_level;
            cr_cep_index = cep.next_cep_index;
          }

          /* Check if the current component has been split into
           * new non-uniformity subcomponents */
          // if(nucr_find_first_component(cr_level) == true and
          //  p.nof_discrete_cells() + cr_component_elements <
          //  cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index].discrete_cell_limit)
          if (nucr_find_first_component(cr_level,
                                        cr_component,
                                        cr_component_elements,
                                        next_split_cell)
                  == true
              and p.nof_discrete_cells() + cr_component_elements
                      < cr_cep_stack[cr_cep_index].discrete_cell_limit) {
            const unsigned int next_cr_level
                = p.cr_split_level(cr_level, cr_component);
            CR_CEP cep;
            cep.creation_level = search_stack.size();
            cep.discrete_cell_limit
                = p.nof_discrete_cells() + cr_component_elements;
            cep.next_cr_level  = cr_level;
            cep.next_cep_index = cr_cep_index;
            cep.first_checked  = false;
            cep.best_checked   = false;
            cr_cep_index       = cr_cep_stack.size();
            cr_cep_stack.push_back(cep);
            cr_level = next_cr_level;
          }
        }

        /*
         * Build the next node info
         */
        /* Find the next cell to be splitted */
        if (!next_split_cell)
          next_split_cell = find_next_cell_to_be_splitted(
              p.get_cell(p.elements[current_node.split_cell_first]));
        // Partition::Cell * const next_split_cell =
        // find_next_cell_to_be_splitted(p.get_cell(p.elements[current_node.split_cell_first]));
        child_node.split_cell_first   = next_split_cell->first;
        child_node.split_element      = TreeNode::SPLIT_START;
        child_node.certificate_index  = certificate_index;
        child_node.partition_bt_point = p.set_backtrack_point();
        child_node.long_prune_redundant.clear();
        child_node.long_prune_begin = current_node.long_prune_begin;

        /* Save component recursion info for backtracking */
        child_node.cr_level          = cr_level;
        child_node.cr_cep_stack_size = cr_cep_stack.size();
        child_node.cr_cep_index      = cr_cep_index;

        search_stack.push_back(child_node);
        continue;
      }

      /*
       * A leaf node not in the first path or equivalent to the first path
       */

      if (child_node.cmp_to_best_path > 0) {
        /*
         * A new, better representative found
         */
        // fprintf(stdout, "Level %u: NEW BEST\n", child_level); fflush(stdout);
        stats.nof_canupdates++;
        /*
         * Update canonical labeling and its inverse
         */
        update_labeling_and_its_inverse(best_path_labeling,
                                        best_path_labeling_inv);
        /* Reset best path automorphism */
        reset_permutation(best_path_automorphism);
        /* Reset best path orbit structure */
        best_path_orbits.reset();
        /*
         * Mark the current path to be the best one and save it
         */
        const unsigned int base_size = search_stack.size();
        assert(current_level + 1 == base_size);
        best_path_info.clear();
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < base_size; i++) {
          search_stack[i].cmp_to_best_path = 0;
          search_stack[i].in_best_path     = true;
          PathInfo path_info;
          path_info.splitting_element = search_stack[i].split_element;
          path_info.certificate_index = search_stack[i].certificate_index;
          path_info.subcertificate_length
              = search_stack[i].subcertificate_length;
          path_info.eqref_hash = search_stack[i].eqref_hash;
          best_path_info.push_back(path_info);
        }
        certificate_best_path = certificate_current_path;
        /*
         * Backtrack to the previous level
         */
        continue;
      }

    handle_best_path_automorphism:
      /*
       *
       * Best path automorphism handling
       *
       */
      {
        /*
         * Equal to the previous best path
         */
        if (p.is_discrete()) {
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
          /* Verify that the automorphism is correctly built */
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++)
            assert(best_path_automorphism[i]
                   == p.elements[best_path_labeling[i]]);
#endif
        } else {
          /* An automorphism that was found before the partition was discrete.
           * Set the image of all elements in non-disrete cells accordingly */
          for (Partition::Cell* c = p.first_nonsingleton_cell; c;
               c                  = c->next_nonsingleton) {
            for (unsigned int i = c->first; i < c->first + c->length; i++)
              if (p.get_cell(p.elements[best_path_labeling[p.elements[i]]])
                      ->is_unit())
                best_path_automorphism
                    [p.elements[best_path_labeling[p.elements[i]]]]
                    = p.elements[i];
              else
                best_path_automorphism[p.elements[i]] = p.elements[i];
          }
        }

#if defined(BLISS_VERIFY_AUTOMORPHISMS)
        /* Verify that it really is an automorphism */
        if (!is_automorphism(best_path_automorphism))
          fatal_error("Best path automorhism validation check failed");
#endif

        unsigned int gca_level_with_first = 0;
        for (unsigned int i = search_stack.size(); i > 0; i--) {
          if ((int) first_path_info[gca_level_with_first].splitting_element
              != search_stack[gca_level_with_first].split_element)
            break;
          gca_level_with_first++;
        }

        unsigned int gca_level_with_best = 0;
        for (unsigned int i = search_stack.size(); i > 0; i--) {
          if ((int) best_path_info[gca_level_with_best].splitting_element
              != search_stack[gca_level_with_best].split_element)
            break;
          gca_level_with_best++;
        }

        if (opt_use_long_prune) {
          /* Record automorphism */
          long_prune_add_automorphism(best_path_automorphism);
        }

        /*
         * Update orbit information
         */
        update_orbit_information(best_path_orbits, best_path_automorphism);

        /*
         * Update orbit information
         */
        const unsigned int nof_old_orbits = first_path_orbits.nof_orbits();
        update_orbit_information(first_path_orbits, best_path_automorphism);
        if (nof_old_orbits != first_path_orbits.nof_orbits()) {
          /* Some orbits were merged */
          /* Report automorphism */
          if (report_hook)
            (*report_hook)(report_user_param,
                           get_nof_vertices(),
                           &(*best_path_automorphism));
          /* Update statistics */
          stats.nof_generators++;
        }

        /*
         * Compute backjumping level
         */
        unsigned int backjumping_level = current_level + 1 - 1;
        if (!first_path_orbits.is_minimal_representative(
                search_stack[gca_level_with_first].split_element)) {
          backjumping_level = gca_level_with_first;
        } else {
          assert(!best_path_orbits.is_minimal_representative(
              search_stack[gca_level_with_best].split_element));
          backjumping_level = gca_level_with_best;
        }
        /* Backtrack */
        search_stack.resize(backjumping_level + 1);
        continue;
      }

      _INTERNAL_ERROR();

    handle_first_path_automorphism:
      /*
       *
       * A first-path automorphism: aut[i] = elements[first_path_labeling[i]]
       *
       */

      if (p.is_discrete()) {
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
        /* Verify that the complete automorphism is correctly built */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < N; i++)
          assert(first_path_automorphism[i]
                 == p.elements[first_path_labeling[i]]);
#endif
      } else {
        /* An automorphism that was found before the partition was discrete.
         * Set the image of all elements in non-disrete cells accordingly */
        for (Partition::Cell* c = p.first_nonsingleton_cell; c;
             c                  = c->next_nonsingleton) {
          for (unsigned int i = c->first; i < c->first + c->length; i++)
            if (p.get_cell(p.elements[first_path_labeling[p.elements[i]]])
                    ->is_unit())
              first_path_automorphism
                  [p.elements[first_path_labeling[p.elements[i]]]]
                  = p.elements[i];
            else
              first_path_automorphism[p.elements[i]] = p.elements[i];
        }
      }

#if defined(BLISS_VERIFY_AUTOMORPHISMS)
      /* Verify that it really is an automorphism */
      if (!is_automorphism(first_path_automorphism))
        fatal_error("First path automorphism validation check failed");
#endif

      if (opt_use_long_prune) {
        long_prune_add_automorphism(first_path_automorphism);
      }

      /*
       * Update orbit information
       */
      update_orbit_information(first_path_orbits, first_path_automorphism);

      /*
       * Compute backjumping level
       */
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < search_stack.size(); i++) {
        TreeNode& n = search_stack[i];
        if (n.fp_on) {
          ;
        } else {
          n.fp_extendable = TreeNode::YES;
        }
      }

      /* Report automorphism by calling the user defined hook function */
      if (report_hook)
        (*report_hook)(
            report_user_param, get_nof_vertices(), &(*first_path_automorphism));

      /* Update statistics */
      stats.nof_generators++;
      continue;

    } /* while(!search_stack.empty()) */

    /* Free "long prune" technique memory */
    if (opt_use_long_prune)
      long_prune_deallocate();

    /* Release component recursion data in partition */
    if (opt_use_comprec)
      p.cr_free();
  }

  void AbstractGraph::find_automorphisms(Stats& stats,
                                         void (*hook)(void*        user_param,
                                                      unsigned int n,
                                                      const unsigned int* aut),
                                         void* user_param) {
    report_hook       = hook;
    report_user_param = user_param;

    search(false, stats);

    first_path_labeling_vec.clear();
    best_path_labeling_vec.clear();
  }

  uint_pointer_to_const_substitute AbstractGraph::canonical_form(
      Stats& stats,
      void (*hook)(void* user_param, unsigned int n, const unsigned int* aut),
      void* user_param) {
    report_hook       = hook;
    report_user_param = user_param;

    search(true, stats);

    return best_path_labeling;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Routines for directed graphs
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  Digraph::Vertex::Vertex() {
    color = 0;
  }

  Digraph::Vertex::~Vertex() {
    ;
  }

  void Digraph::Vertex::add_edge_to(const unsigned int other_vertex) {
    edges_out.push_back(other_vertex);
  }

  void Digraph::Vertex::add_edge_from(const unsigned int other_vertex) {
    edges_in.push_back(other_vertex);
  }

  void Digraph::Vertex::remove_duplicate_edges(std::vector<bool>& tmp) {
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
    /* Pre-conditions  */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tmp.size(); i++)
      assert(tmp[i] == false);
#endif
    for (std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator iter = edges_out.begin();
         iter != edges_out.end();) {
      const unsigned int dest_vertex = *iter;
      if (tmp[dest_vertex] == true) {
        /* A duplicate edge found! */
        iter = edges_out.erase(iter);
      } else {
        /* Not seen earlier, mark as seen */
        tmp[dest_vertex] = true;
        iter++;
      }
    }

    /* Clear tmp */
    for (std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator iter = edges_out.begin();
         iter != edges_out.end();
         iter++) {
      tmp[*iter] = false;
    }

    for (std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator iter = edges_in.begin();
         iter != edges_in.end();) {
      const unsigned int dest_vertex = *iter;
      if (tmp[dest_vertex] == true) {
        /* A duplicate edge found! */
        iter = edges_in.erase(iter);
      } else {
        /* Not seen earlier, mark as seen */
        tmp[dest_vertex] = true;
        iter++;
      }
    }

    /* Clear tmp */
    for (std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator iter = edges_in.begin();
         iter != edges_in.end();
         iter++) {
      tmp[*iter] = false;
    }
#if defined(BLISS_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
    /* Post-conditions  */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tmp.size(); i++)
      assert(tmp[i] == false);
#endif
  }

  /**
   * Sort the edges entering and leaving the vertex according to
   * the vertex number of the other edge end.
   * Time complexity: O(e log(e)), where e is the number of edges
   * entering/leaving the vertex.
   */
  void Digraph::Vertex::sort_edges() {
    std::sort(edges_in.begin(), edges_in.end());
    std::sort(edges_out.begin(), edges_out.end());
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Constructor and destructor for directed graphs
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  Digraph::Digraph(const unsigned int nof_vertices) {
    vertices.resize(nof_vertices);
    sh = shs_flm;
  }

  Digraph::~Digraph() {
    ;
  }

  unsigned int Digraph::add_vertex(const unsigned int color) {
    const unsigned int new_vertex_num = vertices.size();
    vertices.resize(new_vertex_num + 1);
    vertices.back().color = color;
    return new_vertex_num;
  }

  void Digraph::add_edge(const unsigned int vertex1,
                         const unsigned int vertex2) {
    assert(vertex1 < get_nof_vertices());
    assert(vertex2 < get_nof_vertices());
    vertices[vertex1].add_edge_to(vertex2);
    vertices[vertex2].add_edge_from(vertex1);
  }

  void Digraph::change_color(const unsigned int vertex,
                             const unsigned int new_color) {
    assert(vertex < get_nof_vertices());
    vertices[vertex].color = new_color;
  }

  void Digraph::sort_edges() {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++)
      vertices[i].sort_edges();
  }

  int Digraph::cmp(Digraph& other) {
    /* Compare the numbers of vertices */
    if (get_nof_vertices() < other.get_nof_vertices())
      return -1;
    if (get_nof_vertices() > other.get_nof_vertices())
      return 1;
    /* Compare vertex colors */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      if (vertices[i].color < other.vertices[i].color)
        return -1;
      if (vertices[i].color > other.vertices[i].color)
        return 1;
    }
    /* Compare vertex degrees */
    remove_duplicate_edges();
    other.remove_duplicate_edges();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      if (vertices[i].nof_edges_in() < other.vertices[i].nof_edges_in())
        return -1;
      if (vertices[i].nof_edges_in() > other.vertices[i].nof_edges_in())
        return 1;
      if (vertices[i].nof_edges_out() < other.vertices[i].nof_edges_out())
        return -1;
      if (vertices[i].nof_edges_out() > other.vertices[i].nof_edges_out())
        return 1;
    }
    /* Compare edges */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      Vertex& v1 = vertices[i];
      Vertex& v2 = other.vertices[i];
      v1.sort_edges();
      v2.sort_edges();
      std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei1 = v1.edges_in.begin();
      std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei2 = v2.edges_in.begin();
      while (ei1 != v1.edges_in.end()) {
        if (*ei1 < *ei2)
          return -1;
        if (*ei1 > *ei2)
          return 1;
        ei1++;
        ei2++;
      }
      ei1 = v1.edges_out.begin();
      ei2 = v2.edges_out.begin();
      while (ei1 != v1.edges_out.end()) {
        if (*ei1 < *ei2)
          return -1;
        if (*ei1 > *ei2)
          return 1;
        ei1++;
        ei2++;
      }
    }
    return 0;
  }

  Digraph* Digraph::permute(const std::vector<unsigned int>& perm) const {
    Digraph* const g = new Digraph(get_nof_vertices());
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      const Vertex& v = vertices[i];
      g->change_color(perm[i], v.color);
      for (std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei = v.edges_out.begin();
           ei != v.edges_out.end();
           ei++) {
        g->add_edge(perm[i], perm[*ei]);
      }
    }
    g->sort_edges();
    return g;
  }

  Digraph* Digraph::permute(const unsigned int* const perm) const {
    Digraph* const g = new Digraph(get_nof_vertices());
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      const Vertex& v = vertices[i];
      g->change_color(perm[i], v.color);
      for (std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei = v.edges_out.begin();
           ei != v.edges_out.end();
           ei++) {
        g->add_edge(perm[i], perm[*ei]);
      }
    }
    g->sort_edges();
    return g;
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Print graph in graphviz format
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  void Digraph::write_dot(const char* const filename) {
    FILE* const fp = fopen(filename, "w");
    if (fp) {
      write_dot(fp);
      fclose(fp);
    }
  }

  void Digraph::write_dot(FILE* const fp) {
    remove_duplicate_edges();

    fprintf(fp, "digraph g {\n");

    unsigned int vnum = 0;
    for (std::vector<Vertex>::const_iterator vi = vertices.begin();
         vi != vertices.end();
         vi++, vnum++) {
      const Vertex& v = *vi;
      fprintf(fp, "v%u [label=\"%u:%u\"];\n", vnum, vnum, v.color);
      for (std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei = v.edges_out.begin();
           ei != v.edges_out.end();
           ei++) {
        fprintf(fp, "v%u -> v%u\n", vnum, *ei);
      }
    }

    fprintf(fp, "}\n");
  }

  void Digraph::remove_duplicate_edges() {
    std::vector<bool> tmp(get_nof_vertices(), false);

    for (std::vector<Vertex>::iterator vi = vertices.begin();
         vi != vertices.end();
         vi++) {
#if defined(BLISS_EXPENSIVE_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tmp.size(); i++)
        assert(tmp[i] == false);
#endif
      (*vi).remove_duplicate_edges(tmp);
    }
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Get a hash value for the graph.
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  unsigned int Digraph::get_hash() {
    remove_duplicate_edges();
    sort_edges();

    UintSeqHash h;

    h.update(get_nof_vertices());

    /* Hash the color of each vertex */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      h.update(vertices[i].color);
    }

    /* Hash the edges */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_nof_vertices(); i++) {
      Vertex& v = vertices[i];
      for (std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator ei = v.edges_out.begin();
           ei != v.edges_out.end();
           ei++) {
        h.update(i);
        h.update(*ei);
      }
    }

    return h.get_value();
  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
   *
   * Read directed graph in the DIMACS format.
   * Returns 0 if an error occurred.
   *
   *-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  Digraph* Digraph::read_dimacs(FILE* const fp, FILE* const errstr) {
    Digraph*     g = 0;
    unsigned int nof_vertices;
    unsigned int nof_edges;
    unsigned int line_num = 1;

    const bool  verbose = false;
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