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\begin{document}

\title{Algebra 5.45}
\author{Michael Vaughan-Lee}
\date{June 2013}
\maketitle

Algebra 5.45 has $p$ immediate descendants of order $p^{6}$. These $p$
descendants are given by a two parameter family of Lie rings, named 6.427.

The two parameters are $x,y$, and the pair $(x,y)$ gives the same algebra as 
$(z,t)$ if and only if $y^{2}-\omega x^{2}=t^{2}-\omega z^{2}\func{mod}p$.
(Here, as elsewhere, $\omega $ is a primitive element modulo $p$.) We get
the $\frac{p+1}{2}$ distinct squares modulo $p$ with parameters $(x,0)$ with 
$0\leq x\leq \frac{p-1}{2}$. To obtain the non-squares, find $a$ such that $%
a^{2}-\omega $ is not a square modulo $p$, and take parameters $(ay,y)$ for $%
0<y\leq \frac{p-1}{2}$. In the case $p=1\func{mod}4$, $a=0$ will do. I don't
think the search for $a$ is linear in $p$ for $p=3\func{mod}4$, but since $%
a^{2}-\omega $ is not a square modulo $p$ for half of the possible values of 
$a$, you would have to be unlucky not to find a suitable $a$ quickly.

\end{document}