\title{Descendants of algebra 5.1 of order $p^{7}$} \author{Michael Vaughan-Lee} \date{July 2013} \maketitle
The following occurs in computing the immediate descendants of order $p^{7}$
of algebra 5.1. There are 6 commutator structures possible with $L^{2}$
having order $p^{2}$, and this problem arises in Case 6, with $pL=L^{2}$.
Here $pa=pd=0$, and we write% \[ \left( \begin{array}{l}
pb \\
pc \\
pe% \end{array}% \right) =A\left( \begin{array}{l}
ba \\
ca% \end{array}% \right) \]%
for a $3\times 2$ matrix $A$. We consider the orbits of matrices \[
A=\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) \]%
where $(tz-xy)^{2}-(ux-vt)(uz-vy)$ is not a square under the action of
non-singular matrices $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & c \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $ given by \[ \left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) \rightarrow (ad-bc)^{-2}\left( \begin{array}{lll}
(ad+bc) & 2bd & -2ac \\
cd & d^{2} & -c^{2} \\
-ab & -b^{2} & a^{2}% \end{array}% \right) \left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) \left( \begin{array}{ll}
d & -b \\
-c & a% \end{array}% \right) . \]
Each such orbit contains a matrix with $u=0$ and $v=1$, and we pick one
matrix of this form out of each orbit, giving $k$ algebras \[ \langle
a,b,c,d,e\,|% \,da,ea,cb,db-ca,eb,dc,ec,ed-ba,pa,pb-ca,pc-tba-xca,pd,pe-yba-zca,\,\text{%
class }2\rangle , \]%
where $k=4$ when $p=3$, $k=(p^{2}-1)/2$ when $p=1\func{mod}3$, and $%
k=(p^{2}+1)/2$ when $p=2\func{mod}3$.
First we consider the action of four particular matrices $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & c \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $: $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
1 & 0 \\
b & 1% \end{array}% \right) $, $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
1 & c \\
0 & 1% \end{array}% \right) $, $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 0 \\
0 & d% \end{array}% \right) $, $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & c \\
b & 0% \end{array}% \right) $. These four matrices transform $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ into
\bigskip From (1) we see that we can take $u=0$ provided $t\neq 0$, and from
(2) and (4) we see that we can take $v=0$ provided $z\neq 0$, and then swap $%
u$ and $v$ to get $u=0$. In the case when $t=z=0$ and both $u$ and $v$ are
non-zero we can use (4) to take $x=y=1$. (None of the rows of $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ can equal zero.)
Now consider the action of $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & c \\
-a & c% \end{array}% \right) $ on $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
0 & 1 \\
1 & 0% \end{array}% \right) $. We obtain% \[ \allowbreak\frac{1}{4a^{2}c^{2}}\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & -4a^{2}c \\
-c\left( c^{2}-uc^{2}\right) -c\left( c^{2}+vc^{2}\right) & a\left(
c^{2}+vc^{2}\right) -a\left( c^{2}-uc^{2}\right) \\
c\left( a^{2}+ua^{2}\right) +c\left( a^{2}-va^{2}\right) & a\left(
a^{2}+ua^{2}\right) -a\left( a^{2}-va^{2}\right) \end{array}% \right) . \]
This proves that every orbit contains a matrix with first row $(0,1)$.
Now in a matrix $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & 1 \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $, the condition \textquotedblleft $(tz-xy)^{2}-(ux-vt)(uz-vy)$ is
not a square\textquotedblright\ reduces to \textquotedblleft $(tz-xy)^{2}-ty$
is not a square\textquotedblright , so neither $t$ nor $y$ can be zero. The
action of $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 0 \\
0 & 1% \end{array}% \right) $ on $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & 1 \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ gives $\allowbreak\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\ \frac{t}{a^{2}} & \frac{x}{a} \\
y & za% \end{array}% \right) $, and so every orbit contains a matrix $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & 1 \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ where $t$ is either one or the least non-square modulo $p$, where $%
0\leq x\leq\frac{p-1}{2}$, and where when $x=0$, $0\leq z\leq\frac{p-1}{2}$%
. It seems experimentally that every orbit contains a matrix with $u=0$, $%
v=t=1$, but I have no proof of this.$\allowbreak $
Next we show that if we have $(u,v,t,x,y,z)$ satisfying these conditions,
and if we act on $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u & v \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ with a non-identity matrix $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 0 \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $, then we obtain $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
u^{\prime } & v^{\prime } \\
t^{\prime } & x^{\prime } \\
y^{\prime } & z^{\prime }% \end{array}% \right) $ where $(u^{\prime },v^{\prime },t^{\prime },x^{\prime },y^{\prime
},z^{\prime })$ which is lexicographically higher than $(u,v,t,x,y,z)$. The
action of $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 0 \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $ on $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & 1 \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ gives
\[ \allowbreak\left( \begin{array}{cc}
2\frac{t}{a^{2}}b & a\left( \frac{1}{ad}+2\frac{x}{a^{2}}\frac{b}{d}\right)
-2\frac{t}{a^{2}}\frac{b^{2}}{d} \\ \frac{t}{a^{2}}d & \frac{x}{a}-\frac{t}{a^{2}}b \\
d\left( \frac{y}{d^{2}}-\frac{t}{a^{2}}\frac{b^{2}}{d^{2}}\right) &
-a\left( \frac{1}{a}\frac{b}{d^{2}}-\frac{z}{d^{2}}+\frac{x}{a^{2}}\frac{%
b^{2}}{d^{2}}\right) -b\left( \frac{y}{d^{2}}-\frac{t}{a^{2}}\frac{b^{2}}{%
d^{2}}\right) \end{array}% \right) , \]%
which is lexicographically higher unless $b=0$ and $d=1$. But when $b=0$ and
$d=1$, then the action gives $\allowbreak\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\ \frac{t}{a^{2}} & \frac{x}{a} \\
y & za% \end{array}% \right) $, which is lexicographically higher unless $a=1$.
So we only need to consider the action of matrices $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & c \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $ where $c\neq 0$, and we write such a matrix as $k\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 1 \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $. The action of $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
a & 1 \\
b & d% \end{array}% \right) $ on $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
0 & 1 \\
t & x \\
y & z% \end{array}% \right) $ gives
So we need $a(2z-2dy-d)+b(2td^{2}-1-2xd)=0$ and we want to take% \[
k=\allowbreak\frac{1}{\left( b-ad\right) ^{2}}\left( b\left(
2ya-2tbd\right) +a\left( b-2za+ad+2xbd\right) \right) . \]
The \textsc{magma} program note2dec5.1.m finds a set of representatives for
the orbits. The integer parameters $t,x,y,z$ correspond to $t1,x1,y1,z1$ in
GF$(p)$.
\end{document}
Messung V0.5
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