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<h1 >ResClasses</h1 >
<h2>Set-Theoretic Computations with Residue Classes</h2>
<p>
4.7.4</p>
<p>
24 September 2025
</p>
</div >
<p><b>
Stefan Kohl
</b>
<br />Email: <span class="URL" ><a href="mailto:sk239@st-andrews.ac.uk" >sk239@st-andrews.ac.uk</a></span >
<br />Homepage: <span class="URL" ><a href="https://stefan-kohl.github.io/ " >https://stefan-kohl.github.io/</a></span >
</p>
<p><a id="X7AA6C5737B711C89" name="X7AA6C5737B711C89" ></a></p>
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<p><strong class="pkg" >ResClasses</strong > is a package for <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > 4 which provides a fully-featured and easy-to-use implementation of set-theoretic unions of residue classes of the integers and of a few other rings.</p>
<p>The class of sets which <strong class="pkg" >ResClasses</strong > can deal with includes the open and the closed sets in the topology on the respective ring which is induced by taking the set of all residue classes as a basis, as far as the usual restrictions imposed by the finiteness of computing resources permit this.</p>
<p>The package further provides slightly more specialized functionality for unions of residue classes with distinguished representatives and signed moduli.</p>
<p>The <strong class="pkg" >ResClasses</strong > package is used in a group theoretical context by the <strong class="pkg" >RCWA</strong > package <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBRCWA" >[Koh16]</a>.</p>
<p><a id="X81488B807F2A1CF1" name="X81488B807F2A1CF1" ></a></p>
<h3>Copyright</h3>
<p>© 2003 - 2017 by Stefan Kohl.</p>
<p><strong class="pkg" >ResClasses</strong > is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your option ) any later version.</p>
<p><strong class="pkg" >ResClasses</strong > is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details .</p>
<p>For a copy of the GNU General Public License, see the file <code class="file" >GPL</code > in the <code class="file" >etc</code > directory of the <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > distribution or see <span class="URL" ><a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html " >https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html </a></span >.</p>
<p><a id="X8537FEB07AF2BEC8" name="X8537FEB07AF2BEC8" ></a></p>
<div class="contents" >
<h3>Contents<a id="contents" name="contents" ></a></h3>
<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X815A3DDE7C0BC44A" >1 <span class="Heading" >Set-Theoretic Unions of Residue Classes</span ></a>
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7E16A64485A7AB79" >1.1 <span class="Heading" >Entering residue classes and set-theoretic unions thereof</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X8753CC098447BE0D" >1.1-1 ResidueClass</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X85327C777F32DA8F" >1.1-2 ResidueClassUnion</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X8326D6F285081E0F" >1.1-3 AllResidueClassesModulo</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7A3FA13187CEADED" >1.2 <span class="Heading" >Methods for residue class unions</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X854315A2877B69A7" >1.2-1 SplittedClass</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X87C166FE7FA17325" >1.2-2 AsUnionOfFewClasses</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X8079E174813646DA" >1.2-3 PartitionsIntoResidueClasses</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X8653860F7ADA4D38" >1.2-4 RandomPartitionIntoResidueClasses</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7BAF36BF7A276D46" >1.2-5 CoverByResidueClasses</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X791C16E77BE97FE3" >1.2-6 Density</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7921D4368632E15C" >1.3 <span class="Heading" >On residue class unions of <span class="SimpleMath" >\(ℤ^2\)</span ></span ></a>
</span >
</div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7B26BB1C7C8495A5" >1.4 <span class="Heading" >The categories and families of residue class unions</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7EA29BBD82552352" >1.4-1 IsResidueClassUnion</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7F9BCB1A797F8F48" >1.4-2 ResidueClassUnionsFamily</a></span >
</div ></div >
</div >
<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X87871B5A86254179" >2 <span class="Heading" >Unions of Residue Classes with Fixed Representatives</span ></a>
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X78BE0FA38691B1B6" >2.1 <span class="Heading" >
Entering unions of residue classes with fixed representatives
</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X831C976D876FDAD3" >2.1-1 ResidueClassWithFixedRepresentative</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X871ED1D17AE52A95" >2.1-2 UnionOfResidueClassesWithFixedReps</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X8198386A809A6B17" >2.1-3 AllResidueClassesWithFixedRepsModulo</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7C26C7E682C2FD2E" >2.2 <span class="Heading" >
Methods for unions of residue classes with fixed representatives
</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X808442EC7F3F5748" >2.2-1 Multiplicity</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X8296A97779FE8B72" >2.2-2 Union</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7FC166A57F1F5601" >2.2-3 Intersection</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X82A4EE727E67AB98" >2.2-4 Difference</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7A1CBA1B7E6B93D0" >2.3 <span class="Heading" >
The invariant Delta
</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X78DCAB2C7C4E37E8" >2.3-1 Delta</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7E109A6E81A0465C" >2.3-2 RepresentativeStabilizingRefinement</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7BA9DE337DF742E9" >2.4 <span class="Heading" >
The categories of unions of residue classes with fixed rep's
</span ></a>
</span >
</div >
</div >
<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X80CB0518869B1818" >3 <span class="Heading" >Semilocalizations of the Integers</span ></a>
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7B3B22AC7E6247A4" >3.1 <span class="Heading" >Entering semilocalizations of the integers</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7861432E7F221610" >3.1-1 Z_pi</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7E75C4217DCA45D0" >3.2 <span class="Heading" >Methods for semilocalizations of the integers</span ></a>
</span >
</div >
</div >
<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X859F6BF88754E5CC" >4 <span class="Heading" >Installation and Auxiliary Functions</span ></a>
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X85A08CF187A6D986" >4.1 <span class="Heading" >Requirements</span ></a>
</span >
</div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8360C04082558A12" >4.2 <span class="Heading" >Installation</span ></a>
</span >
</div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X865D6A49826B92EC" >4.3 <span class="Heading" >The testing routines</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8733F00082901C2C" >4.3-1 ResClassesTest</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X802034807F5D6C47" >4.3-2 ResClassesTestExamples</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B0129E185088420" >4.4 <span class="Heading" >Creating timestamped logfiles</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B023FD184CC118D" >4.4-1 LogToDatedFile</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X81DD0163859E9EF5" >4.5 <span class="Heading" >DownloadFile, SendEmail and EmailLogFile</span ></a>
</span >
<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7C1543408472A82B" >4.5-1 DownloadFile</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7F27919085001EA8" >4.5-2 SendEmail</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8000E5CF7DF4339C" >4.5-3 EmailLogFile</a></span >
</div ></div >
<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X855F2CE284BFB06B" >4.6 <span class="Heading" >Creating bitmap pictures</span ></a>
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<div class="ContSSBlock" >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X81DE1E838615C214" >4.6-1 SaveAsBitmapPicture</a></span >
<span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X83D7129581B8CF21" >4.6-2 DrawLineNC</a></span >
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<div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X808A30E37A293D19" >4.7 <span class="Heading" >Some general utility functions</span ></a>
</span >
</div >
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<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chapBib_mj.html" ><span class="Heading" >References</span ></a></div >
<div class="ContChap" ><a href="chapInd_mj.html" ><span class="Heading" >Index</span ></a></div >
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