thr_elements.xml thelma package documentation Victor Bovdi Vasyl Laver
Copyright (C) 2018 Victor Bovdi, Vasyl Laver, Department of Mathematical Sciences, UAEU, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates This file is free software, see license information at the end.
This chapter contains the operations with threshold elements
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<Section Label="mvthr_gf">
<Heading>Threshold Elements over <M>GF(p^k)</M></Heading>
Let <M>F=GF(p^k)</M> be a Galois field with primitive element <M>\varepsilon</M> and let <M>F^*</M> be the multiplicative group of <M>F</M>. Let us consider all proper subgroups of <M>F^*</M>:
<Display>
C_{j_1}= \langle \sigma_1 \mid \sigma_1^{j_1}=1 \rangle, \ldots , C_{j_t}= \langle \sigma_t \mid \sigma_n^{j_t}=1 \rangle,
</Display>
where <M>\sigma_i=\epsilon^{\frac{|F^*|}{j_i}}</M> (<M>i=1,\ldots,t</M>)are the generators of the corresponding cyclic groups.
Denote <M>T=\{ j_1, \ldots, j_t\} </M>. Let <M>G_n = C_{k_1}\otimes \ldots \otimes C_{k_n}</M> be a direct product of cyclic groups <M>C_{k_i}</M> (<M>k_i \in T</M>,<M>i=1,\ldots,n</M>). <P/>
A <A>discrete function</A> of <M>n</M> variables over a finite field <M>F</M> is a mapping <M>f:G_n \to C_q </M>, <M>q \in T </M>, <M>C_q = \langle \sigma \mid \sigma^{q}=1 \rangle </M>,
<M>\sigma = \epsilon^{\frac{|F^*|}{q}}</M>. <P/>
We define the function <M>FSign\xi</M> in the following way <Cite Key="Geche2010"/>:
<Display>
\forall \xi \in F^* : FSign \xi = \sigma^j, \;\; \textrm{if} \;\; \frac{j|F^*|}{q}\leq \textrm{deg}\xi < \frac{(j+1)|F^*|}{q},
</Display>
in which <M>\textrm{deg} \xi</M> is obtained from the equality <M>\xi=\epsilon^{\textrm{deg} \xi}</M>, <M>j \in \{ 1, \ldots , q-1 \}</M>. <P/>
Let <M>(w_1, \ldots, w_n; T) \in F^{n+1} </M>. For all <M>\overline{g} = (x_1,\ldots,x_n) \in G_n </M> (i.e. <M>x_j \in C_{k_j}</M>) we define
<Display>
w(\overline{g}) = \sum_{i=1}^n w_i x_i + T \in F.
</Display>
A <A>neural element</A> with structure vector <M>(w_1, \ldots, w_n; T) \in F^{n+1} </M> is a logic device that realizes the function
<M>FSign (w(\overline{g})) </M> for all <M> \overline{g} \in G_n </M>.<P/>
Discrete function <M>f</M> which is relizable by a single neural element over the field <M>F</M> is called <A>neurofunction</A>.
<ManSection>
<Func Name="MVThresholdElement" Arg="Structure, Dimensions, Field"/>
<Description> <!-- The names chosen for the arguments describe their meaning.-->
For the two-element list <C>Structure</C>, in which the first element is a vector over the field <C>Field</C>,
and the second element is an element of the <C>Field</C>, a list of positive integers <C>Dimensions</C> (or an integerm if all the dimensions are equal)
and a Galois field <C>Field</C> the function <C>MVThresholdElement</C> returns a multi-valued threshold element with the
number of inputs equal to the length of the first element of <C>Structure</C> list.
<Example>
<![CDATA[
gap> F:=GF(13);;
gap> st:=[[Z(13)^5,Z(13)^7],Z(13)^4];;
gap> dim:=[2,3,3];;
gap> mvte:=MVThresholdElement(st,dim,F);
< multivalued threshold element over GF(13) with structure [[ 6, 11 ], 3] and
dimension vector [ 2, 3, 3 ] >
gap> Display(mvte);
Structure vector = [[ 6, 11 ], 3]
Dimension vector = [[ 2, 3, 3 ]]
Field: GF(13)
Multi-Valued Threshold Element realizes the function f :
[ 1, 1 ] || 9
[ 1, 3 ] || 3
[ 1, 9 ] || 1
[ 12, 1 ] || 1
[ 12, 3 ] || 1
[ 12, 9 ] || 9
gap> ## If all dimensions in dimension vector are equal, the user can enter
just this number.
gap> F:=GF(5);;
gap> st:=[[Z(5)^0,Z(5)^0],Z(5)^2];;
gap> dim:=2;;
gap> mvte:=MVThresholdElement(st,dim,F);
< multivalued threshold element over GF(5) with structure [[ 1, 1 ], 4] and
dimension vector [ 2, 2, 2 ] >
gap> Display(mvte);
Structure vector = [[ 1, 1 ], 4]
Dimension vector = [[ 2, 2, 2 ]]
Field: GF(5)
Multi-Valued Threshold Element realizes the function f :
[ 1, 1 ] || 1
[ 1, 4 ] || 4
[ 4, 1 ] || 4
[ 4, 4 ] || 1
]]>
</Example>
The function <C>Display</C> outputs the stucture of the given threshold element <C>mvte</C> and the truth table in given alphabet.
In the previous example <C>mvte</C> realizes a three-valued function in <M>\{ 1, 3, 9 \}</M> alphabet over GF(13).
</Description> </ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Func Name="IsMVThresholdElement" Arg="Obj"/>
<Description> <!-- The names chosen for the arguments describe their meaning.-->
For the object <C>Obj</C> the function <C>IsMVThresholdElement</C> returns <C>true</C> if
<C>Obj</C> is a multi-valued threshold element (see <Ref Func="MVThresholdElement" />), and <C>false</C> otherwise.
<ManSection>
<Func Name="OutputOfMVThresholdElement" Arg="MVThrEl"/>
<Description> <!-- The names chosen for the arguments describe their meaning.-->
For the multi-valued threshold element <C>MVThrEl</C> the function <C>OutputOfMVThresholdElement</C> returns the truth vector of the
multi-valued Boolean function, realized by <C>MVThrEl</C>.
<ManSection>
<Func Name="StructureOfMVThresholdElement" Arg="MVThrEl"/>
<Description> <!-- The names chosen for the arguments describe their meaning.-->
For the multi-valued threshold element <C>MVThrEl</C> the function <C>StructureOfMVThresholdElement</C> returns the
structure vector of <C>MVThrEl</C> (see <Ref Func="MVThresholdElement" />).
<ManSection>
<Func Name="MVBooleanFunctionBySTE" Arg="Func,Dim,F"/>
<Description> <!-- The names chosen for the arguments describe their meaning.-->
For the given multi-valued function <C>Func</C> and the prime field <C>F</C> the function <C>MVBooleanFunctionBySTE</C>
returns the multi-valued threshold element over <C>F</C> if <C>Func</C> is realizable and an empty list otherwise. The algorithm realizing this function
was proposed in <Cite Key="Geche2010"/>.
<Example>
<![CDATA[
gap> f:=LogicFunction(2,2,[0,1,1,0]);
< Boolean function of 2 variables >
gap> mvte:=MVBooleanFunctionBySTE(f,GF(3));
[ ]
gap> mvte:=MVBooleanFunctionBySTE(f,GF(5));
< multivalued threshold element over GF(5) with structure [[ 1, 1 ], 4] and
dimension vector [ 2, 2, 2 ] >
gap> Display(last);
Structure vector = [[ 1, 1 ], 4]
Dimension vector = [[ 2, 2, 2 ]]
Field: GF(5)
Multi-Valued Threshold Element realizes the function f :
[ 1, 1 ] || 1
[ 1, 4 ] || 4
[ 4, 1 ] || 4
[ 4, 4 ] || 1
gap> ## Consider an example if dimensions are presented as a list.
gap> f:=LogicFunction(2,[2,3,3],[0,0,1,1,2,2]);
< logic function of 2 variables and dimension vector [ 2, 3, 3 ]>
gap> mvte:=MVBooleanFunctionBySTE(f,GF(13));
< multivalued threshold element over GF(13) with structure [[ 12, 10 ], 5]
and dimension vector [ 2, 3, 3 ] >
gap> Display(last);
Structure vector = [[ 12, 10 ], 5]
Dimension vector = [[ 2, 3, 3 ]]
Field: GF(13)
Multi-Valued Threshold Element realizes the function f :
[ 1, 1 ] || 1
[ 1, 3 ] || 1
[ 1, 9 ] || 3
[ 12, 1 ] || 3
[ 12, 3 ] || 9
[ 12, 9 ] || 9
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