// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only /* * This file is part of UBIFS. * * Copyright (C) 2006-2008 Nokia Corporation. * * Authors: Adrian Hunter * Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
*/
/* * This file implements garbage collection. The procedure for garbage collection * is different depending on whether a LEB as an index LEB (contains index * nodes) or not. For non-index LEBs, garbage collection finds a LEB which * contains a lot of dirty space (obsolete nodes), and copies the non-obsolete * nodes to the journal, at which point the garbage-collected LEB is free to be * reused. For index LEBs, garbage collection marks the non-obsolete index nodes * dirty in the TNC, and after the next commit, the garbage-collected LEB is * to be reused. Garbage collection will cause the number of dirty index nodes * to grow, however sufficient space is reserved for the index to ensure the * commit will never run out of space. * * Notes about dead watermark. At current UBIFS implementation we assume that * LEBs which have less than @c->dead_wm bytes of free + dirty space are full * and not worth garbage-collecting. The dead watermark is one min. I/O unit * size, or min. UBIFS node size, depending on what is greater. Indeed, UBIFS * Garbage Collector has to synchronize the GC head's write buffer before * returning, so this is about wasting one min. I/O unit. However, UBIFS GC can * actually reclaim even very small pieces of dirty space by garbage collecting * enough dirty LEBs, but we do not bother doing this at this implementation. * * Notes about dark watermark. The results of GC work depends on how big are * the UBIFS nodes GC deals with. Large nodes make GC waste more space. Indeed, * if GC move data from LEB A to LEB B and nodes in LEB A are large, GC would * have to waste large pieces of free space at the end of LEB B, because nodes * from LEB A would not fit. And the worst situation is when all nodes are of * maximum size. So dark watermark is the amount of free + dirty space in LEB * which are guaranteed to be reclaimable. If LEB has less space, the GC might * be unable to reclaim it. So, LEBs with free + dirty greater than dark * watermark are "good" LEBs from GC's point of view. The other LEBs are not so * good, and GC takes extra care when moving them.
*/
/* * GC may need to move more than one LEB to make progress. The below constants * define "soft" and "hard" limits on the number of LEBs the garbage collector * may move.
*/ #define SOFT_LEBS_LIMIT 4 #define HARD_LEBS_LIMIT 32
/** * switch_gc_head - switch the garbage collection journal head. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * This function switch the GC head to the next LEB which is reserved in * @c->gc_lnum. Returns %0 in case of success, %-EAGAIN if commit is required, * and other negative error code in case of failures.
*/ staticint switch_gc_head(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ int err, gc_lnum = c->gc_lnum; struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf = &c->jheads[GCHD].wbuf;
ubifs_assert(c, gc_lnum != -1);
dbg_gc("switch GC head from LEB %d:%d to LEB %d (waste %d bytes)",
wbuf->lnum, wbuf->offs + wbuf->used, gc_lnum,
c->leb_size - wbuf->offs - wbuf->used);
err = ubifs_wbuf_sync_nolock(wbuf); if (err) return err;
/* * The GC write-buffer was synchronized, we may safely unmap * 'c->gc_lnum'.
*/
err = ubifs_leb_unmap(c, gc_lnum); if (err) return err;
err = ubifs_add_bud_to_log(c, GCHD, gc_lnum, 0); if (err) return err;
/* * nondata_nodes_cmp - compare 2 non-data nodes. * @priv: UBIFS file-system description object * @a: first node * @a: second node * * This function compares nodes @a and @b. It makes sure that inode nodes go * first and sorted by length in descending order. Directory entry nodes go * after inode nodes and are sorted in ascending hash valuer order.
*/ staticint nondata_nodes_cmp(void *priv, conststruct list_head *a, conststruct list_head *b)
{
ino_t inuma, inumb; struct ubifs_info *c = priv; struct ubifs_scan_node *sa, *sb;
/** * sort_nodes - sort nodes for GC. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * @sleb: describes nodes to sort and contains the result on exit * @nondata: contains non-data nodes on exit * @min: minimum node size is returned here * * This function sorts the list of inodes to garbage collect. First of all, it * kills obsolete nodes and separates data and non-data nodes to the * @sleb->nodes and @nondata lists correspondingly. * * Data nodes are then sorted in block number order - this is important for * bulk-read; data nodes with lower inode number go before data nodes with * higher inode number, and data nodes with lower block number go before data * nodes with higher block number; * * Non-data nodes are sorted as follows. * o First go inode nodes - they are sorted in descending length order. * o Then go directory entry nodes - they are sorted in hash order, which * should supposedly optimize 'readdir()'. Direntry nodes with lower parent * inode number go before direntry nodes with higher parent inode number, * and direntry nodes with lower name hash values go before direntry nodes * with higher name hash values. * * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in * case of failure.
*/ staticint sort_nodes(struct ubifs_info *c, struct ubifs_scan_leb *sleb, struct list_head *nondata, int *min)
{ int err; struct ubifs_scan_node *snod, *tmp;
if (!err) { /* The node is obsolete, remove it from the list */
list_del(&snod->list);
kfree(snod); continue;
}
if (snod->len < *min)
*min = snod->len;
if (key_type(c, &snod->key) != UBIFS_DATA_KEY)
list_move_tail(&snod->list, nondata);
}
/* Sort data and non-data nodes */
list_sort(c, &sleb->nodes, &data_nodes_cmp);
list_sort(c, nondata, &nondata_nodes_cmp);
err = dbg_check_data_nodes_order(c, &sleb->nodes); if (err) return err;
err = dbg_check_nondata_nodes_order(c, nondata); if (err) return err; return 0;
}
/** * move_node - move a node. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * @sleb: describes the LEB to move nodes from * @snod: the mode to move * @wbuf: write-buffer to move node to * * This function moves node @snod to @wbuf, changes TNC correspondingly, and * destroys @snod. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in * case of failure.
*/ staticint move_node(struct ubifs_info *c, struct ubifs_scan_leb *sleb, struct ubifs_scan_node *snod, struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf)
{ int err, new_lnum = wbuf->lnum, new_offs = wbuf->offs + wbuf->used;
cond_resched();
err = ubifs_wbuf_write_nolock(wbuf, snod->node, snod->len); if (err) return err;
/** * move_nodes - move nodes. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * @sleb: describes the LEB to move nodes from * * This function moves valid nodes from data LEB described by @sleb to the GC * journal head. This function returns zero in case of success, %-EAGAIN if * commit is required, and other negative error codes in case of other * failures.
*/ staticint move_nodes(struct ubifs_info *c, struct ubifs_scan_leb *sleb)
{ int err, min;
LIST_HEAD(nondata); struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf = &c->jheads[GCHD].wbuf;
if (wbuf->lnum == -1) { /* * The GC journal head is not set, because it is the first GC * invocation since mount.
*/
err = switch_gc_head(c); if (err) return err;
}
err = sort_nodes(c, sleb, &nondata, &min); if (err) goto out;
/* Write nodes to their new location. Use the first-fit strategy */ while (1) { int avail, moved = 0; struct ubifs_scan_node *snod, *tmp;
/* Move data nodes */
list_for_each_entry_safe(snod, tmp, &sleb->nodes, list) {
avail = c->leb_size - wbuf->offs - wbuf->used -
ubifs_auth_node_sz(c); if (snod->len > avail) /* * Do not skip data nodes in order to optimize * bulk-read.
*/ break;
err = ubifs_shash_update(c, c->jheads[GCHD].log_hash,
snod->node, snod->len); if (err) goto out;
err = move_node(c, sleb, snod, wbuf); if (err) goto out;
moved = 1;
}
if (snod->len > avail) { /* * Keep going only if this is an inode with * some data. Otherwise stop and switch the GC * head. IOW, we assume that data-less inode * nodes and direntry nodes are roughly of the * same size.
*/ if (key_type(c, &snod->key) == UBIFS_DENT_KEY ||
snod->len == UBIFS_INO_NODE_SZ) break; continue;
}
err = ubifs_shash_update(c, c->jheads[GCHD].log_hash,
snod->node, snod->len); if (err) goto out;
err = move_node(c, sleb, snod, wbuf); if (err) goto out;
moved = 1;
}
if (ubifs_authenticated(c) && moved) { struct ubifs_auth_node *auth;
/** * gc_sync_wbufs - sync write-buffers for GC. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * We must guarantee that obsoleting nodes are on flash. Unfortunately they may * be in a write-buffer instead. That is, a node could be written to a * write-buffer, obsoleting another node in a LEB that is GC'd. If that LEB is * erased before the write-buffer is sync'd and then there is an unclean * unmount, then an existing node is lost. To avoid this, we sync all * write-buffers. * * This function returns %0 on success or a negative error code on failure.
*/ staticint gc_sync_wbufs(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ int err, i;
for (i = 0; i < c->jhead_cnt; i++) { if (i == GCHD) continue;
err = ubifs_wbuf_sync(&c->jheads[i].wbuf); if (err) return err;
} return 0;
}
/** * ubifs_garbage_collect_leb - garbage-collect a logical eraseblock. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * @lp: describes the LEB to garbage collect * * This function garbage-collects an LEB and returns one of the @LEB_FREED, * @LEB_RETAINED, etc positive codes in case of success, %-EAGAIN if commit is * required, and other negative error codes in case of failures.
*/ int ubifs_garbage_collect_leb(struct ubifs_info *c, struct ubifs_lprops *lp)
{ struct ubifs_scan_leb *sleb; struct ubifs_scan_node *snod; struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf = &c->jheads[GCHD].wbuf; int err = 0, lnum = lp->lnum;
if (lp->free + lp->dirty == c->leb_size) { /* Special case - a free LEB */
dbg_gc("LEB %d is free, return it", lp->lnum);
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_INDEX));
if (lp->free != c->leb_size) { /* * Write buffers must be sync'd before unmapping * freeable LEBs, because one of them may contain data * which obsoletes something in 'lp->lnum'.
*/
err = gc_sync_wbufs(c); if (err) return err;
err = ubifs_change_one_lp(c, lp->lnum, c->leb_size,
0, 0, 0, 0); if (err) return err;
}
err = ubifs_leb_unmap(c, lp->lnum); if (err) return err;
/* * We scan the entire LEB even though we only really need to scan up to * (c->leb_size - lp->free).
*/
sleb = ubifs_scan(c, lnum, 0, c->sbuf, 0); if (IS_ERR(sleb)) return PTR_ERR(sleb);
/* * Don't release the LEB until after the next commit, because * it may contain data which is needed for recovery. So * although we freed this LEB, it will become usable only after * the commit.
*/
err = ubifs_change_one_lp(c, lnum, c->leb_size, 0, 0,
LPROPS_INDEX, 1); if (err) goto out;
err = LEB_FREED_IDX;
} else {
dbg_gc("data LEB %d (free %d, dirty %d)",
lnum, lp->free, lp->dirty);
err = move_nodes(c, sleb); if (err) goto out_inc_seq;
err = gc_sync_wbufs(c); if (err) goto out_inc_seq;
err = ubifs_leb_unmap(c, lnum); if (err) goto out;
err = LEB_FREED;
}
}
out:
ubifs_scan_destroy(sleb); return err;
out_inc_seq: /* We may have moved at least some nodes so allow for races with TNC */
c->gced_lnum = lnum;
smp_wmb();
c->gc_seq += 1;
smp_wmb(); goto out;
}
/** * ubifs_garbage_collect - UBIFS garbage collector. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * @anyway: do GC even if there are free LEBs * * This function does out-of-place garbage collection. The return codes are: * o positive LEB number if the LEB has been freed and may be used; * o %-EAGAIN if the caller has to run commit; * o %-ENOSPC if GC failed to make any progress; * o other negative error codes in case of other errors. * * Garbage collector writes data to the journal when GC'ing data LEBs, and just * marking indexing nodes dirty when GC'ing indexing LEBs. Thus, at some point * commit may be required. But commit cannot be run from inside GC, because the * caller might be holding the commit lock, so %-EAGAIN is returned instead; * And this error code means that the caller has to run commit, and re-run GC * if there is still no free space. * * There are many reasons why this function may return %-EAGAIN: * o the log is full and there is no space to write an LEB reference for * @c->gc_lnum; * o the journal is too large and exceeds size limitations; * o GC moved indexing LEBs, but they can be used only after the commit; * o the shrinker fails to find clean znodes to free and requests the commit; * o etc. * * Note, if the file-system is close to be full, this function may return * %-EAGAIN infinitely, so the caller has to limit amount of re-invocations of * the function. E.g., this happens if the limits on the journal size are too * tough and GC writes too much to the journal before an LEB is freed. This * might also mean that the journal is too large, and the TNC becomes to big, * so that the shrinker is constantly called, finds not clean znodes to free, * and requests commit. Well, this may also happen if the journal is all right, * but another kernel process consumes too much memory. Anyway, infinite * %-EAGAIN may happen, but in some extreme/misconfiguration cases.
*/ int ubifs_garbage_collect(struct ubifs_info *c, int anyway)
{ int i, err, ret, min_space = c->dead_wm; struct ubifs_lprops lp; struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf = &c->jheads[GCHD].wbuf;
if (c->ro_error) {
ret = -EROFS; goto out_unlock;
}
/* We expect the write-buffer to be empty on entry */
ubifs_assert(c, !wbuf->used);
for (i = 0; ; i++) { int space_before, space_after;
/* Maybe continue after find and break before find */
lp.lnum = -1;
cond_resched();
/* Give the commit an opportunity to run */ if (ubifs_gc_should_commit(c)) {
ret = -EAGAIN; break;
}
if (i > SOFT_LEBS_LIMIT && !list_empty(&c->idx_gc)) { /* * We've done enough iterations. Indexing LEBs were * moved and will be available after the commit.
*/
dbg_gc("soft limit, some index LEBs GC'ed, -EAGAIN");
ubifs_commit_required(c);
ret = -EAGAIN; break;
}
if (i > HARD_LEBS_LIMIT) { /* * We've moved too many LEBs and have not made * progress, give up.
*/
dbg_gc("hard limit, -ENOSPC");
ret = -ENOSPC; break;
}
/* * Empty and freeable LEBs can turn up while we waited for * the wbuf lock, or while we have been running GC. In that * case, we should just return one of those instead of * continuing to GC dirty LEBs. Hence we request * 'ubifs_find_dirty_leb()' to return an empty LEB if it can.
*/
ret = ubifs_find_dirty_leb(c, &lp, min_space, anyway ? 0 : 1); if (ret) { if (ret == -ENOSPC)
dbg_gc("no more dirty LEBs"); break;
}
dbg_gc("found LEB %d: free %d, dirty %d, sum %d (min. space %d)",
lp.lnum, lp.free, lp.dirty, lp.free + lp.dirty,
min_space);
ret = ubifs_garbage_collect_leb(c, &lp); if (ret < 0) { if (ret == -EAGAIN) { /* * This is not error, so we have to return the * LEB to lprops. But if 'ubifs_return_leb()' * fails, its failure code is propagated to the * caller instead of the original '-EAGAIN'.
*/
err = ubifs_return_leb(c, lp.lnum); if (err) {
ret = err; /* * An LEB may always be "taken", * so setting ubifs to read-only, * and then executing sync wbuf will * return -EROFS and enter the "out" * error branch.
*/
ubifs_ro_mode(c, ret);
} /* Maybe double return LEB if goto out */
lp.lnum = -1; break;
} goto out;
}
if (ret == LEB_FREED) { /* An LEB has been freed and is ready for use */
dbg_gc("LEB %d freed, return", lp.lnum);
ret = lp.lnum; break;
}
if (ret == LEB_FREED_IDX) { /* * This was an indexing LEB and it cannot be * immediately used. And instead of requesting the * commit straight away, we try to garbage collect some * more.
*/
dbg_gc("indexing LEB %d freed, continue", lp.lnum); continue;
}
if (space_after > space_before) { /* GC makes progress, keep working */
min_space >>= 1; if (min_space < c->dead_wm)
min_space = c->dead_wm; continue;
}
dbg_gc("did not make progress");
/* * GC moved an LEB bud have not done any progress. This means * that the previous GC head LEB contained too few free space * and the LEB which was GC'ed contained only large nodes which * did not fit that space. * * We can do 2 things: * 1. pick another LEB in a hope it'll contain a small node * which will fit the space we have at the end of current GC * head LEB, but there is no guarantee, so we try this out * unless we have already been working for too long; * 2. request an LEB with more dirty space, which will force * 'ubifs_find_dirty_leb()' to start scanning the lprops * table, instead of just picking one from the heap * (previously it already picked the dirtiest LEB).
*/ if (i < SOFT_LEBS_LIMIT) {
dbg_gc("try again"); continue;
}
min_space <<= 1; if (min_space > c->dark_wm)
min_space = c->dark_wm;
dbg_gc("set min. space to %d", min_space);
}
if (ret == -ENOSPC && !list_empty(&c->idx_gc)) {
dbg_gc("no space, some index LEBs GC'ed, -EAGAIN");
ubifs_commit_required(c);
ret = -EAGAIN;
}
err = ubifs_wbuf_sync_nolock(wbuf); if (!err)
err = ubifs_leb_unmap(c, c->gc_lnum); if (err) {
ret = err; goto out;
}
out_unlock:
mutex_unlock(&wbuf->io_mutex); return ret;
out:
ubifs_assert(c, ret < 0);
ubifs_assert(c, ret != -ENOSPC && ret != -EAGAIN);
ubifs_wbuf_sync_nolock(wbuf);
ubifs_ro_mode(c, ret);
mutex_unlock(&wbuf->io_mutex); if (lp.lnum != -1)
ubifs_return_leb(c, lp.lnum); return ret;
}
/** * ubifs_gc_start_commit - garbage collection at start of commit. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * If a LEB has only dirty and free space, then we may safely unmap it and make * it free. Note, we cannot do this with indexing LEBs because dirty space may * correspond index nodes that are required for recovery. In that case, the * LEB cannot be unmapped until after the next commit. * * This function returns %0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
*/ int ubifs_gc_start_commit(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb *idx_gc; conststruct ubifs_lprops *lp; int err = 0, flags;
ubifs_get_lprops(c);
/* * Unmap (non-index) freeable LEBs. Note that recovery requires that all * wbufs are sync'd before this, which is done in 'do_commit()'.
*/ while (1) {
lp = ubifs_fast_find_freeable(c); if (!lp) break;
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_TAKEN));
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_INDEX));
err = ubifs_leb_unmap(c, lp->lnum); if (err) goto out;
lp = ubifs_change_lp(c, lp, c->leb_size, 0, lp->flags, 0); if (IS_ERR(lp)) {
err = PTR_ERR(lp); goto out;
}
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_TAKEN));
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_INDEX));
}
/* Mark GC'd index LEBs OK to unmap after this commit finishes */
list_for_each_entry(idx_gc, &c->idx_gc, list)
idx_gc->unmap = 1;
/* Record index freeable LEBs for unmapping after commit */ while (1) {
lp = ubifs_fast_find_frdi_idx(c); if (IS_ERR(lp)) {
err = PTR_ERR(lp); goto out;
} if (!lp) break;
idx_gc = kmalloc(sizeof(struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb), GFP_NOFS); if (!idx_gc) {
err = -ENOMEM; goto out;
}
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_TAKEN));
ubifs_assert(c, lp->flags & LPROPS_INDEX); /* Don't release the LEB until after the next commit */
flags = (lp->flags | LPROPS_TAKEN) ^ LPROPS_INDEX;
lp = ubifs_change_lp(c, lp, c->leb_size, 0, flags, 1); if (IS_ERR(lp)) {
err = PTR_ERR(lp);
kfree(idx_gc); goto out;
}
ubifs_assert(c, lp->flags & LPROPS_TAKEN);
ubifs_assert(c, !(lp->flags & LPROPS_INDEX));
idx_gc->lnum = lp->lnum;
idx_gc->unmap = 1;
list_add(&idx_gc->list, &c->idx_gc);
}
out:
ubifs_release_lprops(c); return err;
}
/** * ubifs_gc_end_commit - garbage collection at end of commit. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * This function completes out-of-place garbage collection of index LEBs.
*/ int ubifs_gc_end_commit(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb *idx_gc, *tmp; struct ubifs_wbuf *wbuf; int err = 0;
/** * ubifs_destroy_idx_gc - destroy idx_gc list. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * This function destroys the @c->idx_gc list. It is called when unmounting * so locks are not needed. Returns zero in case of success and a negative * error code in case of failure.
*/ void ubifs_destroy_idx_gc(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ while (!list_empty(&c->idx_gc)) { struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb *idx_gc;
/** * ubifs_get_idx_gc_leb - get a LEB from GC'd index LEB list. * @c: UBIFS file-system description object * * Called during start commit so locks are not needed.
*/ int ubifs_get_idx_gc_leb(struct ubifs_info *c)
{ struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb *idx_gc; int lnum;
if (list_empty(&c->idx_gc)) return -ENOSPC;
idx_gc = list_entry(c->idx_gc.next, struct ubifs_gced_idx_leb, list);
lnum = idx_gc->lnum; /* c->idx_gc_cnt is updated by the caller when lprops are updated */
list_del(&idx_gc->list);
kfree(idx_gc); return lnum;
}
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