<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd " >html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml " xml:lang="en" >head >script type="text/javascript" "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML " >script >title >GAP (ref) - Contents</title >meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />meta name="generator" content="GAPDoc2HTML" />link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="manual.css" />script src="manual.js" type="text/javascript" ></script >script type="text/javascript" >overwriteStyle();</script >head >body class="chap0" onload="jscontent()" >div class="chlinktop" ><span class="chlink1" >Goto Chapter: </span ><a href="chap0_mj.html" >Top</a> <a href="chap1_mj.html" >1</a> <a href="chap2_mj.html" >2</a> <a href="chap3_mj.html" >3</a> <a href="chap4_mj.html" >4</a> <a href="chap5_mj.html" >5</a> <a href="chap6_mj.html" >6</a> <a href="chap7_mj.html" >7</a> <a href="chap8_mj.html" >8</a> <a href="chap9_mj.html" >9</a> <a href="chap10_mj.html" >10</a> <a href="chap11_mj.html" >11</a> <a href="chap12_mj.html" >12</a> <a href="chap13_mj.html" >13</a> <a href="chap14_mj.html" >14</a> <a href="chap15_mj.html" >15</a> <a href="chap16_mj.html" >16</a> <a href="chap17_mj.html" >17</a> <a href="chap18_mj.html" >18</a> <a href="chap19_mj.html" >19</a> <a href="chap20_mj.html" >20</a> <a href="chap21_mj.html" >21</a> <a href="chap22_mj.html" >22</a> <a href="chap23_mj.html" >23</a> <a href="chap24_mj.html" >24</a> <a href="chap25_mj.html" >25</a> <a href="chap26_mj.html" >26</a> <a href="chap27_mj.html" >27</a> <a href="chap28_mj.html" >28</a> <a href="chap29_mj.html" >29</a> <a href="chap30_mj.html" >30</a> <a href="chap31_mj.html" >31</a> <a href="chap32_mj.html" >32</a> <a href="chap33_mj.html" >33</a> <a href="chap34_mj.html" >34</a> <a href="chap35_mj.html" >35</a> <a href="chap36_mj.html" >36</a> <a href="chap37_mj.html" >37</a> <a href="chap38_mj.html" >38</a> <a href="chap39_mj.html" >39</a> <a href="chap40_mj.html" >40</a> <a href="chap41_mj.html" >41</a> <a href="chap42_mj.html" >42</a> <a href="chap43_mj.html" >43</a> <a href="chap44_mj.html" >44</a> <a href="chap45_mj.html" "chap46_mj.html" >46</a> <a href="chap47_mj.html" >47</a> <a href="chap48_mj.html" >48</a> <a href="chap49_mj.html" >49</a> <a href="chap50_mj.html" >50</a> <a href="chap51_mj.html" >51</a> <a href="chap52_mj.html" >52</a> <a href="chap53_mj.html" >53</a> <a href="chap54_mj.html" >54</a> <a href="chap55_mj.html" >55</a> <a href="chap56_mj.html" >56</a> <a href="chap57_mj.html" >57</a> <a href="chap58_mj.html" >58</a> <a href="chap59_mj.html" >59</a> <a href="chap60_mj.html" >60</a> <a href="chap61_mj.html" >61</a> <a href="chap62_mj.html" >62</a> <a href="chap63_mj.html" >63</a> <a href="chap64_mj.html" >64</a> <a href="chap65_mj.html" >65</a> <a href="chap66_mj.html" >66</a> <a href="chap67_mj.html" >67</a> <a href="chap68_mj.html" >68</a> <a href="chap69_mj.html" >69</a> <a href="chap70_mj.html" >70</a> <a href="chap71_mj.html" >71</a> <a href="chap72_mj.html" >72</a> <a href="chap73_mj.html" >73</a> <a href="chap74_mj.html" >74</a> <a href="chap75_mj.html" >75</a> <a href="chap76_mj.html" >76</a> <a href="chap77_mj.html" >77</a> <a href="chap78_mj.html" >78</a> <a href="chap79_mj.html" >79</a> <a href="chap80_mj.html" >80</a> <a href="chap81_mj.html" >81</a> <a href="chap82_mj.html" >82</a> <a href="chap83_mj.html" >83</a> <a href="chap84_mj.html" >84</a> <a href="chap85_mj.html" >85</a> <a href="chap86_mj.html" >86</a> <a href="chap87_mj.html" >87</a> <a href="chapBib_mj.html" >Bib</a> <a href="chapInd_mj.html" >Ind</a> </div >div class="chlinkprevnexttop" > <a href="chap0_mj.html" >[Top of Book]</a> <a href="chap0_mj.html#contents" >[Contents]</a> <a href="chap1_mj.html" >[Next Chapter]</a> </div >"mathjaxlink" class="pcenter" ><a href="chap0.html" >[MathJax off]</a></p>"X7D2C85EC87DD46E5" name="X7D2C85EC87DD46E5" ></a></p>div class="pcenter" >h1 >GAP - Reference Manual</h1 >div >br />Email: <span class="URL" ><a href="mailto:support@gap-system.org" >support@gap-system.org</a></span >br />Homepage: <span class="URL" ><a href="https://www.gap-system.org " >https://www.gap-system.org</a></span >"X81488B807F2A1CF1" name="X81488B807F2A1CF1" ></a></p>strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > system by the <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > Group.</p>strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > system are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 2, see <span class="URL" ><a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html " >https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html </a></span > or the <code class="file" >LICENSE</code > file in the root directory of the <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > installation.</p>ound in Section <a href="chap1_mj.html#X7950EFA183E3F666" ><span class="RefLink" >1.4</span ></a> of this manual.</p>strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > has been developed over a long time and has many authors and contributors. More detailed information can be found in Section <a href="chap1_mj.html#X877A62A1781C2147" ><span class="RefLink" >1.2</span ></a> of this manual.</p>"X8537FEB07AF2BEC8" name="X8537FEB07AF2BEC8" ></a></p>div class="contents" >"contents" name="contents" ></a></h3>div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X874E1D45845007FE" >1 <span class="Heading" >Preface</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X863F306C7D32F4B0" >1.1 <span class="Heading" >The <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > System</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X877A62A1781C2147" >1.2 <span class="Heading" >Authors and Maintainers</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X82A988D47DFAFCFA" >1.3 <span class="Heading" >Acknowledgements</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7950EFA183E3F666" >1.4 <span class="Heading" >Copyright and License</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7BF552C07E2F8F7C" >1.5 <span class="Heading" >Further Information about <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong ></span ></a>span >div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X8755A2C67B197C63" >2 <span class="Heading" >The Help System</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7E2C53D2844DD8C3" >2.1 <span class="Heading" >Invoking the Help</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7BE8068878B7D7D1" >2.2 <span class="Heading" >Browsing through the Sections</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X863FF9087EDA8DF9" >2.3 <span class="Heading" >Changing the Help Viewer</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X87C1BFB2826488B0" >2.3-1 SetHelpViewer</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X84AFFC817B282359" >2.4 <span class="Heading" >The Pager Command </span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap2_mj.html#X7ED03E41792C3840" >2.4-1 Pager</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X79CCD3A6821E5A37" >3 <span class="Heading" >Running GAP</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X782751D5858A6EAF" >3.1 <span class="Heading" >Command Line Options</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7FD66F977A3B02DF" >3.2 <span class="Heading" >The gap.ini and gaprc files</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X87DF11C885E73583" >3.2-1 <span class="Heading" >The gap.ini file</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X84D4CF587D437C00" >3.2-2 <span class="Heading" >The gaprc file</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7B0AD104839B6C3C" >3.2-3 <span class="Heading" >Configuring User preferences</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7F1DF6757B248014" >3.2-4 DeclareUserPreference</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X870A11E7864F9CA7" >3.2-5 <span class="Heading" >User Preferences Defined by <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong ></span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7CB282757ACB1C09" >3.3 <span class="Heading" >Saving and Loading a Workspace</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X876544A57C73C488" >3.3-1 SaveWorkspace</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X83BF07587F2CC6CD" >3.4 <span class="Heading" >Testing for the System Architecture</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7C825AF087A27884" >3.4-1 ARCH_IS_UNIX</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X82A6893A7EC8FA72" >3.4-2 ARCH_IS_MAC_OS_X</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X7A14B659847B8627" >3.4-3 ARCH_IS_WINDOWS</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X87E7CC3B8395BBB3" >3.4-4 ARCH_IS_WSL</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X8719B2118511645F" >3.5 <span class="Heading" >Global Values that Control the <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > Session</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X8354754E7935F935" >3.5-1 GAPInfo</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X818F2DDC863C381E" >3.6 <span class="Heading" >Coloring the Prompt and Input </span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap3_mj.html#X84F3481C8466C7FC" >3.6-1 ColorPrompt</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7FE7C0C17E1ED118" >4 <span class="Heading" >The Programming Language</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B5FF6827DFBDF20" >4.1 <span class="Heading" >Language Overview</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X80A85A707B6F4BE7" >4.2 <span class="Heading" >Lexical Structure</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7E90E6607F4E4943" >4.3 <span class="Heading" >Symbols</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7C53CEFC8641B919" >4.4 <span class="Heading" >Whitespaces</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X87506BDC7D5F789E" >4.5 <span class="Heading" >Keywords</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X860313A179A5163F" >4.6 <span class="Heading" >Identifiers</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X85CF993B7D19F2C4" >4.6-1 IsValidIdentifier</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X839A7F8E84BBCA57" >4.6-2 <span class="Heading" >Conventions about Identifiers</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7BAFE9C1817253C6" >4.7 <span class="Heading" >Expressions</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7A4C2D0E7E286B4F" >4.8 <span class="Heading" >Variables</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X842B89D4860FD5DB" >4.8-1 IsBound</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7BABB3E77F52626C" >4.8-2 Unbind</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X816FBEEA85782EC2" >4.9 <span class="Heading" >More About Global Variables</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7CD3523B84744EB2" >4.9-1 IsReadOnlyGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X850CE44478254F27" >4.9-2 MakeReadOnlyGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X832AAF13861968BE" >4.9-3 MakeReadWriteGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X847706237E72418F" >4.9-4 MakeConstantGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X84BB4B1E872849FF" >4.9-5 ValueGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X823D4BC378395B32" >4.9-6 IsBoundGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X829A5F0E811F77D3" >4.9-7 UnbindGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7D39D3E17CF49F5B" >4.9-8 BindGlobal</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X876A6EB68745A510" >4.9-9 NamesGVars</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7E604AF579A7BC92" >4.9-10 NamesSystemGVars</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X870169447AF490D8" >4.9-11 NamesUserGVars</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7DF8774F7D542298" >4.10 <span class="Heading" >Namespaces for <strong class="pkg" >GAP</strong > packages</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X815F71EA7BC0EB6F" >4.11 <span class="Heading" >Function</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X78C70489791FDF43" >4.12 <span class="Heading" >Function Calls</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X80B93A9C7E0A57F4" >4.12-1 <span class="Heading" >Function Call With Arguments</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X867D54987EF86D1D" >4.12-2 <span class="Heading" >Function Call With Options</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7A274A1F8553B7E6" >4.13 <span class="Heading" >Comparisons</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B66C8707B5DE10A" >4.14 <span class="Heading" >Arithmetic Operators</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8543285D87361BE6" >4.15 <span class="Heading" >Statements</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7E6A50307F4D3FAE" >4.15-1 <span class="Heading" >Assignments</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X825803DE78251DA6" >4.15-2 <span class="Heading" >Procedure Calls</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X875000188622700D" >4.15-3 <span class="Heading" >If</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X87AA46408783383F" >4.15-4 <span class="Heading" >While</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8295CBF47FAA05C9" >4.15-5 <span class="Heading" >Repeat</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X78783E777867638A" >4.15-6 <span class="Heading" >For</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B60C6127E183021" >4.15-7 <span class="Heading" >Break</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7CCBA2247AA366BD" >4.15-8 <span class="Heading" >Continue</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X812C6ABC7A182E9E" >4.15-9 <span class="Heading" >Return (With or without Value)</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X8732D9257FFCEA1B" >4.16 <span class="Heading" >Syntax Trees</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap4_mj.html#X81558D66810BEA67" >4.16-1 SyntaxTree</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X86FA580F8055B274" >5 <span class="Heading" >Functions</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X870553EF8605792F" >5.1 <span class="Heading" >Information about a function</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X79C3BDC4781FA0FD" >5.1-1 NameFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X877F03F77FD74C98" >5.1-2 NumberArgumentsFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X818BAB817A4FB346" >5.1-3 NamesLocalVariablesFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X80E108C57F90FAA3" >5.1-4 FilenameFunc</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7FF7643781D2C194" >5.1-5 StartlineFunc</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X844F95767C74834F" >5.1-6 LocationFunc</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X845A929B83D46E01" >5.1-7 PageSource</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X851B58408520700D" >5.2 <span class="Heading" >Calling a function with a list argument that is interpreted asspan ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7CF4DDB97D65AE52" >5.2-1 CallFuncList</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X83066E5A80B5FB71" >5.3 <span class="Heading" >Wrapping a function, so the values produced are cached</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X817ED3B280A64601" >5.3-1 MemoizePosIntFunction</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7EB0A85F7D128BE0" >5.4 <span class="Heading" >Functions that do nothing</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7DB422A2876CCC4D" >5.4-1 ReturnTrue</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7C131FB17D7518FC" >5.4-2 ReturnFalse</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7A0994DE7C258E55" >5.4-3 ReturnFail</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X818EA8C47B46A634" >5.4-4 ReturnNothing</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8788D7D780FCE169" >5.4-5 ReturnFirst</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X810325697BDEF899" >5.4-6 IdFunc</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X80FE39D27CE3DE1B" >5.5 <span class="Heading" >Function Types</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X85E40340806C2B8C" >5.5-1 IsFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X87838FE885A9AAF9" >5.5-2 FunctionsFamily</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X81F732457F7BC851" >5.6 <span class="Heading" >Naming Conventions</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7A1721CD79F08E71" >5.7 <span class="Heading" >Code annotations (pragmas)</span ></a>span >div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7DB71A2A841CADA5" >6 <span class="Heading" >Main Loop and Break Loop</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X81667F568237B232" >6.1 <span class="Heading" >Main Loop</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X866092F281910B74" >6.2 <span class="Heading" >Special Rules for Input Lines</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X8074A8387C9DB9A8" >6.3 <span class="Heading" >View and Print</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X8082880F824292E9" >6.3-1 <span class="Heading" >Default delegations in the library</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X87D445D37B31DADB" >6.3-2 <span class="Heading" >Recommendations for the implementation</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X851902C583B84CDC" >6.3-3 View</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7AFA64D97A1F39A3" >6.3-4 Print</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X815BF22186FD43C9" >6.3-5 ViewObj</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X83A5C59278E13248" >6.3-6 Display</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X87E546E27A1F1FAB" >6.3-7 SetNameObject</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X8593B49F8705B486" >6.4 <span class="Heading" >Break Loops</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X83033EEB81CF4F49" >6.4-1 <span class="Heading" >quit from a break loop</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7A388B808167FE09" >6.4-2 <span class="Heading" >return from a break loop</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X82EBF01181C3C859" >6.4-3 OnBreak</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X80711C807C99C220" >6.4-4 OnBreakMessage</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7A7FFA2B7C1EF5A3" >6.4-5 Where</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7EE5CF2C8419F061" >6.5 <span class="Heading" >Variable Access in a Break Loop</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X79E66DA2875303B0" >6.5-1 <span class="Heading" >DownEnv and UpEnv</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7BC8D2E37ADE9062" >6.6 <span class="Heading" >Error and ErrorCount</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7E7AD8D87EBA1A08" >6.6-1 Error</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7A5C000D7E4984DD" >6.6-2 ErrorNoReturn</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X86A11BCC7FECEEA4" >6.6-3 ErrorCount</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X83704B1080FD9B40" >6.7 <span class="Heading" >Leaving GAP</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7ECC75048583853B" >6.7-1 QUIT</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X838B50A9790DE55B" >6.7-2 GapExitCode</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7AB1567987922580" >6.7-3 QuitGap</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X85A8DD6B7A20DD89" >6.7-4 ForceQuitGap</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7A2C380986F46FEE" >6.7-5 InstallAtExit</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X843C07A4869EAA1D" >6.7-6 SaveOnExitFile</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X82234FD181899530" >6.8 <span class="Heading" >Line Editing</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7AD8D65F7BA1C3E0" >6.9 <span class="Heading" >Editing using the <code class="code" >readline</code span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7C38F9E0783D9442" >6.9-1 <span class="Heading" >Readline customization</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X846C3DED84AD7593" >6.9-2 <span class="Heading" >The command line history</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7C1F4D04861C1197" >6.9-3 SaveCommandLineHistory</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X87D4EA197A263FB7" >6.9-4 <span class="Heading" >Writing your own command line editing functions</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7D8E1CF47E97A764" >6.10 <span class="Heading" >Editing Files</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X82E5859C8113BA4D" >6.10-1 Edit</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7B67FF1E87FE67D1" >6.11 <span class="Heading" >Editor Support</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X83279E897ACCFFFA" >6.12 <span class="Heading" >Changing the Screen Size</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X8723E0A1837894F3" >6.12-1 SizeScreen</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X87847E5087D6F47D" >6.13 <span class="Heading" >Teaching Mode</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap6_mj.html#X7BE2515F82425404" >6.13-1 TeachingMode</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X8345F6817DFD6394" >7 <span class="Heading" >Debugging and Profiling Facilities</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X83C45B0A797AAF96" >7.1 <span class="Heading" >Recovery from NoMethodFound-Errors</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X86B5FEC67A9394DC" >7.1-1 ShowArguments</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X834BD9928773DCC1" >7.1-2 ShowArgument</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7D25D904800D5CBA" >7.1-3 ShowDetails</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7F6996CA872478B8" >7.1-4 ShowMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7E5E2E7B85029E34" >7.1-5 ShowOtherMethods</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7FDA1D4B87BD25A8" >7.2 <span class="Heading" >Inspecting Applicable Methods</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X80848FF486BD6F9F" >7.2-1 ApplicableMethod</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7D43A2D885B37739" >7.3 <span class="Heading" >Tracing Methods</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X80B044017C9E4137" >7.3-1 TraceMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7D34CADB813A4AF1" >7.3-2 TraceAllMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7EB04D387C53E4C1" >7.3-3 UntraceMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7B3018AA82D55949" >7.3-4 UntraceAllMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X81078D3387A38E31" >7.3-5 TraceImmediateMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X81B000CF86BA1534" >7.3-6 TraceInternalMethods</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7A9C902479CB6F7C" >7.4 <span class="Heading" >Info Functions</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7AA1A1CF79F20790" >7.4-1 NewInfoClass</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7B3709C584B3DA1E" >7.4-2 DeclareInfoClass</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7A43B9E68765EE9E" >7.4-3 SetInfoLevel</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7B2ADC37783104B9" >7.4-4 InfoLevel</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7BA636EF80A1435A" >7.4-5 ShowUsedInfoClasses</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X864E4B6886E2697D" >7.4-6 Info</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X800234B5815CAC97" >7.4-7 <span class="Heading" >Customizing <code class="func" >Info</code > (<a href="chap7_mj.html#X864E4B6886E2697D" ><span class="RefLink" >7.4-6</span ></a>) statements</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7A28F77C82D6A3E0" >7.4-8 InfoWarning</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X86425F067FC63A4C" >7.5 <span class="Heading" >Assertions</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7C7596418423660B" >7.5-1 SetAssertionLevel</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X876C83707F13A0FD" >7.5-2 AssertionLevel</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X830E443284780FB9" >7.5-3 Assert</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X792BA9A67E64CDED" >7.6 <span class="Heading" >Timing</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X80355C9282B35673" >7.6-1 Runtimes</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7E32B27F81870D24" >7.6-2 Runtime</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X844E1CFE80F41760" >7.6-3 NanosecondsSinceEpoch</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7C0F91F982189624" >7.6-4 time </a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7B543F357C7202CF" >7.6-5 Sleep</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X844CB04081A771FB" >7.7 <span class="Heading" >Tracking Memory Usage</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X8077B50B844C4EFC" >7.7-1 TotalMemoryAllocated</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X8156D7208591460F" >7.7-2 memory_allocated</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7FDF923D7D2937A1" >7.8 <span class="Heading" >Profiling</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7939F6F182FDA5F1" >7.8-1 <span class="Heading" >Function Profiling</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X79D6CB927BBEB940" >7.8-2 ProfileGlobalFunctions</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7C893F68841B990B" >7.8-3 ProfileOperations</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X79D41E977DCA2BEE" >7.8-4 ProfileOperationsAndMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X81E8A8627C34FD3B" >7.8-5 ProfileFunctions</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X79D394EC7BE8D008" >7.8-6 UnprofileFunctions</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X787AC3BE7F991344" >7.8-7 ProfileMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X87A05F977F033693" >7.8-8 UnprofileMethods</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X80FEA6A08775A48E" >7.8-9 DisplayProfile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7DAF9AB9793AE203" >7.8-10 ClearProfile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7C5CE32579891120" >7.8-11 <span class="Heading" >An Example of Function Profiling</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X812F9CE0817110EA" >7.8-12 <span class="Heading" >Line By Line Profiling</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7E9C65B17B8EF993" >7.8-13 <span class="Heading" >Line by Line profiling example</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X86557887796F66FA" >7.8-14 ProfileLineByLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X87CC48807DB4C008" >7.8-15 CoverageLineByLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7C5DED9C7CC77504" >7.8-16 UnprofileLineByLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7B705B2D8670A9C5" >7.8-17 UncoverageLineByLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7823C83D79B36D3B" >7.8-18 IsLineByLineProfileActive</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X83D8A42B7BB92F5B" >7.8-19 DisplayCacheStats</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X79C58704838232CC" >7.8-20 ClearCacheStats</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7EE874867C0BEEDD" >7.9 <span class="Heading" >Information about the version used</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X801051CC86594630" >7.10 <span class="Heading" >Test Files</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X8213757B7ACC76E6" >7.10-1 <span class="Heading" >Starting and stopping test</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X87712F9D8732193C" >7.10-2 Test</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X87AF67528799481F" >7.10-3 TestDirectory</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X85FF55448787CCA0" >7.11 <span class="Heading" >Debugging Recursion</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7D8968FC7E24A4E5" >7.11-1 SetRecursionTrapInterval</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X85679F17791D9B63" >7.12 <span class="Heading" >Global Memory Information</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7F1F741D7F0899D1" >7.12-1 <span class="Heading" >Garbage Collection</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X7848AB367F3A1221" >7.12-2 CollectGarbage</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X836977DE80416F3D" >7.12-3 GasmanStatistics</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X85327FA5872E0356" >7.12-4 GasmanMessageStatus</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap7_mj.html#X80C683247E94769F" >7.12-5 GasmanLimits</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7FD84061873F72A2" >8 <span class="Heading" >Options Stack</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X794C5B5A80203CF9" >8.1 <span class="Heading" >Functions Dealing with the Options Stack</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7D4939FF7FB37FBE" >8.1-1 PushOptions</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7818A5278679FD43" >8.1-2 PopOptions</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X83D1190984DA3B85" >8.1-3 ResetOptionsStack</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X78D87D1081BF99FE" >8.1-4 OnQuit</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7F9373AD7DB88D1F" >8.1-5 ValueOption</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7EDA4EB67D43FE33" >8.1-6 DisplayOptionsStack</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X832F41187B150C19" >8.1-7 InfoOptions</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap8_mj.html#X7BB781647CAAE9B4" >8.2 <span class="Heading" >Options Stack – an Example</span ></a>span >div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X82BCD4297920C903" >9 <span class="Heading" >Files and Filenames</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X83D8AAA484EE95D9" >9.1 <span class="Heading" >Portability</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X87D278437A916905" >9.1-1 LastSystemError</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7A4973627A5DB27D" >9.2 <span class="Heading" >GAP Root Directories</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8223D52E78AF4420" >9.3 <span class="Heading" >GAP Package Directories</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X85030B35865A1080" >9.4 <span class="Heading" >Directories</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X82B3E24683942597" >9.4-1 IsDirectory</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X86A71E927EEC7EAD" >9.4-2 Directory</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8222B1A886E6195E" >9.4-3 DirectoryTemporary</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7BAD8036849E8430" >9.4-4 DirectoryCurrent</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X81DDD2E87F68E086" >9.4-5 ChangeDirectoryCurrent</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X87ED469A85343A3C" >9.4-6 DirectoriesLibrary</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X808E2C187DD984B4" >9.4-7 DirectoriesSystemPrograms</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7B225E5282534EDA" >9.4-8 DirectoryContents</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X86F4A32C83B82369" >9.4-9 DirectoryDesktop</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7B0D818A808A3481" >9.4-10 DirectoryHome</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8545E03E7D651456" >9.5 <span class="Heading" >File Names</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7E352E1F87060602" >9.5-1 <span class="Heading" >Filename</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X86C7683E7A2A2146" >9.5-2 PathSystemProgram</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X85EC7D9087C481B0" >9.6 <span class="Heading" >Special Filenames</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X87271FEF86A6A0F9" >9.7 <span class="Heading" >File Access</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8269697A7B927AF1" >9.7-1 IsExistingFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7E156EC886E11BBC" >9.7-2 IsReadableFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8412F485796B25F5" >9.7-3 IsWritableFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X83A1AAD58435FC4C" >9.7-4 IsExecutableFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7D1BE00F83C4EEE8" >9.7-5 IsDirectoryPath</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X81A0A4FF842B039B" >9.8 <span class="Heading" >File Operations</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8373AC6B7D5F9167" >9.8-1 Read</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7824CB7D7D4BAFBC" >9.8-2 ReadAsFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X86956C577FFEE1F9" >9.8-3 <span class="Heading" >PrintTo and AppendTo</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X79813A6686894960" >9.8-4 <span class="Heading" >LogTo</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7CAB119378B075B7" >9.8-5 <span class="Heading" >InputLogTo</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7A5591D87EAFA6CC" >9.8-6 <span class="Heading" >OutputLogTo</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X8241CEAD80415BB9" >9.8-7 CrcFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X7E63ACA38142BE96" >9.8-8 RemoveFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X83F3B0337C7EA5CC" >9.8-9 UserHomeExpand</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap9_mj.html#X79EE267A7FAF28A6" >9.8-10 Reread</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X839725177BF8B5B4" >10 <span class="Heading" >Streams</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7F89070B7CF52DE0" >10.1 <span class="Heading" >Categories for Streams and the StreamsFamily</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7E974B96785E91A8" >10.1-1 IsStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7FE4096F8497B7F2" >10.1-2 IsClosedStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7FB4391283847C3A" >10.1-3 IsInputStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7C8956BB7FE2A89C" >10.1-4 IsInputTextStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7DCD6ADC86CF2472" >10.1-5 IsInputTextNone</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7D357CA07E7B1E78" >10.1-6 IsOutputStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8248B8A4844CB8AB" >10.1-7 IsOutputTextStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7C89CDD47E33E741" >10.1-8 IsOutputTextNone</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7F0F9DD47DE16DAB" >10.1-9 StreamsFamily</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8461F4DF7FC20C4B" >10.2 <span class="Heading" >Operations applicable to All Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X786E5520803FDE00" >10.2-1 CloseStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7F0459287E717456" >10.2-2 FileDescriptorOfStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X87BC257A78F96828" >10.2-3 UNIXSelect</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7D1D33A587BFD93D" >10.3 <span class="Heading" >Operations for Input Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7A5DC83D7E295568" >10.3-1 Read</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7D62F2877F0E45A7" >10.3-2 ReadAsFunction</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X79E1E6A57AE58BB8" >10.3-3 ReadByte</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7D2CA44C7D110C4F" >10.3-4 ReadLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X85C603D7867430D0" >10.3-5 ReadAll</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X81D4FB097F631A79" >10.3-6 IsEndOfStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7B646FA3860521D1" >10.3-7 PositionStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7A777E1186EB330B" >10.3-8 RewindStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7A60AD8C7E0D0507" >10.3-9 SeekPositionStream</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7F454EB286947C85" >10.4 <span class="Heading" >Operations for Output Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7D37C7A07E9C319C" >10.4-1 WriteByte</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X79FA85498596CC99" >10.4-2 WriteLine</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X78C113917936058D" >10.4-3 WriteAll</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7F4E090C86AACCF7" >10.4-4 <span class="Heading" >PrintTo and AppendTo (for streams)</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7BF4E44C7D51E085" >10.4-5 LogTo</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7B843516796B2A18" >10.4-6 InputLogTo</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X834A6DD17B0E2062" >10.4-7 OutputLogTo</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8663FCD57E8BC390" >10.4-8 SetPrintFormattingStatus</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X80B5F2E4856D8980" >10.5 <span class="Heading" >File Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8343D04981128784" >10.5-1 InputTextFile</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X83F53291822B7126" >10.5-2 OutputTextFile</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X808348977A05477A" >10.6 <span class="Heading" >User Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X83531E4C7C53544F" >10.6-1 InputTextUser</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X83E5FC9487766297" >10.6-2 OutputTextUser</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7DAF5B7085F4F893" >10.6-3 InputFromUser</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8028E1D87CE2F059" >10.7 <span class="Heading" >String Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7ABABCDF7ED81F7F" >10.7-1 InputTextString</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7FEDA5167979B74D" >10.7-2 OutputTextString</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8563EF8387236417" >10.8 <span class="Heading" >Input-Output Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X82822D3D8339F635" >10.8-1 IsInputOutputStream</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X820799A3824684AC" >10.8-2 InputOutputLocalProcess</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7CDF48447E823977" >10.8-3 ReadAllLine</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8724699C7D67BA47" >10.9 <span class="Heading" >Dummy Streams</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7C732324806716C6" >10.9-1 InputTextNone</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7CC5C1FC81715E38" >10.9-2 OutputTextNone</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X7CB5832F8721ADF3" >10.10 <span class="Heading" >Handling of Streams in the Background</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X81FB42517E3EA96D" >10.10-1 InstallCharReadHookFunc</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8492474C7A0B10AD" >10.10-2 UnInstallCharReadHookFunc</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X848DD7DC79363341" >10.11 <span class="Heading" >Comma separated files</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X86FDC1EF82CAD2DA" >10.11-1 ReadCSV</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X8779DAC585E05A47" >10.11-2 PrintCSV</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X87396F857ADA3F97" >10.12 <span class="Heading" >Opening files in the Operating System</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap10_mj.html#X86B98E287AD42BE8" >10.12-1 OpenExternal</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap11_mj.html#X7882133B7BDD51BC" >11 <span class="Heading" >Processes</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap11_mj.html#X8390266186E61CCE" >11.1 <span class="Heading" >Process and Exec</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap11_mj.html#X7B09033178D1107A" >11.1-1 Process</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap11_mj.html#X81402C91833986FC" >11.1-2 Exec</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X86710F997832ABA4" >12 <span class="Heading" >Objects and Elements</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X78497E777FB3E402" >12.1 <span class="Heading" >Objects</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7B130AC98415CAFB" >12.1-1 IsObject</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X780C66027A49D110" >12.2 <span class="Heading" >Elements as equivalence classes</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X83BE0C20875DD285" >12.3 <span class="Heading" >Sets</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7BAF69417BB925F6" >12.4 <span class="Heading" >Domains</span ></a>span >div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X84545F3985C60F5B" >12.5 <span class="Heading" >Identical Objects</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7961183378DFB902" >12.5-1 IsIdenticalObj</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X811976EC78EC5E29" >12.5-2 IsNotIdenticalObj</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7F0C119682196D65" >12.6 <span class="Heading" >Mutability and Copyability</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X811EFD727EBD1ADC" >12.6-1 IsCopyable</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7999AD1D7A4F1F46" >12.6-2 IsMutable</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7F0ABF2C870B0CBB" >12.6-3 Immutable</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X80CE136D804097C7" >12.6-4 MakeImmutable</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7FBA5F4D7C6872BD" >12.6-5 <span class="Heading" >Mutability of Iterators</span ></a>span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7ADB82997A16E853" >12.6-6 <span class="Heading" >Mutability of Results of Arithmetic Operations</span ></a>span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X786B942B82D684BD" >12.7 <span class="Heading" >Duplication of Objects</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X846BC7107C352031" >12.7-1 ShallowCopy</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7C1E70587EBDD2CB" >12.7-2 StructuralCopy</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X86E7193D848C53FC" >12.8 <span class="Heading" >Other Operations Applicable to any Object </span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X85D6D47B83BD02A1" >12.8-1 SetName</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7F14EF9D81432113" >12.8-2 Name</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X871562FD7F982C12" >12.8-3 InfoText</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7F6C5C3287E8B816" >12.8-4 IsInternallyConsistent</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap12_mj.html#X7F4D216B7DF7BE9D" >12.8-5 MemoryUsage</a></span >div ></div >div >div class="ContChap" ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7E8202627B421DB1" >13 <span class="Heading" >Types of Objects</span ></a>div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X846063757EC05986" >13.1 <span class="Heading" >Families</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7CF70EAC84284919" >13.1-1 FamilyObj</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7FB4123E7E22137D" >13.1-2 NewFamily</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X84EFA4C07D4277BB" >13.2 <span class="Heading" >Filters</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X82E62B997C05E05E" >13.2-1 RankFilter</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7A78ECC67E2C9D78" >13.2-2 NamesFilter</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7F6645D87DD26CF0" >13.2-3 FilterByName</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7F9568A67F3840DE" >13.2-4 ShowImpliedFilters</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X836FAA18861BE387" >13.2-5 FiltersType</a></span >div ></div >div class="ContSect" ><span class="tocline" ><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X7CC6903E78F24167" >13.3 <span class="Heading" >Categories</span ></a>span >div class="ContSSBlock" >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X792A23BF82BDF66B" >13.3-1 IsCategory</a></span >span class="ContSS" ><br /><span class="nocss" > </span ><a href="chap13_mj.html#X85C6EB707A406A5A" >13.3-2 CategoriesOfObject</a></span >quality 98%
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