(* Title: HOL/Algebra/FiniteProduct.thy Author: Clemens Ballarin, started 19 November 2002
This file is largely based on HOL/Finite_Set.thy.
*)
theory FiniteProduct imports Group begin
subsection‹Product Operator for Commutative Monoids›
subsubsection ‹InductiveDefinition of a Relation for Products over Sets›
text‹Instantiation of locale‹LC› of theory‹Finite_Set›is not
possible, because here we have explicit typing rules like ‹x ∈ carrier G›. We introduce an explicit argument for the domain ‹D›.›
inductive_set
foldSetD :: "['a set, 'b \ 'a \ 'a, 'a] \ ('b set * 'a) set" for D :: "'a set"and f :: "'b \ 'a \ 'a"and e :: 'a where
emptyI [intro]: "e \ D \ ({}, e) \ foldSetD D f e"
| insertI [intro]: "\x \ A; f x y \ D; (A, y) \ foldSetD D f e\ \
(insert x A, f x y) ∈ foldSetD D f e"
inductive_cases empty_foldSetDE [elim!]: "({}, x) \ foldSetD D f e"
definition
foldD :: "['a set, 'b \ 'a \ 'a, 'a, 'b set] \ 'a" where"foldD D f e A = (THE x. (A, x) \ foldSetD D f e)"
lemma foldSetD_closed: "(A, z) \ foldSetD D f e \ z \ D" by (erule foldSetD.cases) auto
lemma Diff1_foldSetD: "\(A - {x}, y) \ foldSetD D f e; x \ A; f x y \ D\ \
(A, f x y) ∈ foldSetD D f e" by (metis Diff_insert_absorb foldSetD.insertI mk_disjoint_insert)
lemma foldSetD_imp_finite [simp]: "(A, x) \ foldSetD D f e \ finite A" by (induct set: foldSetD) auto
lemma finite_imp_foldSetD: "\finite A; e \ D; \x y. \x \ A; y \ D\ \ f x y \ D\ ==>∃x. (A, x) ∈ foldSetD D f e" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert x F) thenobtain y where y: "(F, y) \ foldSetD D f e"by auto with insert have"y \ D"by (auto dest: foldSetD_closed) with y and insert have"(insert x F, f x y) \ foldSetD D f e" by (intro foldSetD.intros) auto thenshow ?case .. qed
lemma foldSetD_backwards: assumes"A \ {}""(A, z) \ foldSetD D f e" shows"\x y. x \ A \ (A - { x }, y) \ foldSetD D f e \ z = f x y" using assms(2) by (cases) (simp add: assms(1), metis Diff_insert_absorb insertI1)
subsubsection ‹Left-Commutative Operations›
locale LCD = fixes B :: "'b set" and D :: "'a set" and f :: "'b \ 'a \ 'a" (infixl‹⋅› 70) assumes left_commute: "\x \ B; y \ B; z \ D\ \ x \ (y \ z) = y \ (x \ z)" and f_closed [simp, intro!]: "!!x y. \x \ B; y \ D\ \ f x y \ D"
lemma (in LCD) foldSetD_closed [dest]: "(A, z) \ foldSetD D f e \ z \ D" by (erule foldSetD.cases) auto
lemma (in LCD) Diff1_foldSetD: "\(A - {x}, y) \ foldSetD D f e; x \ A; A \ B\ \
(A, f x y) ∈ foldSetD D f e" by (meson Diff1_foldSetD f_closed local.foldSetD_closed subsetCE)
lemma (in LCD) finite_imp_foldSetD: "\finite A; A \ B; e \ D\ \ \x. (A, x) \ foldSetD D f e" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby auto next case (insert x F) thenobtain y where y: "(F, y) \ foldSetD D f e"by auto with insert have"y \ D"by auto with y and insert have"(insert x F, f x y) \ foldSetD D f e" by (intro foldSetD.intros) auto thenshow ?case .. qed
lemma (in LCD) foldSetD_determ_aux: assumes"e \ D"and A: "card A < n""A \ B""(A, x) \ foldSetD D f e""(A, y) \ foldSetD D f e" shows"y = x" using A proof (induction n arbitrary: A x y) case 0 thenshow ?case by auto next case (Suc n) then consider "card A = n" | "card A < n" by linarith thenshow ?case proof cases case 1 show ?thesis using foldSetD.cases [OF ‹(A,x) ∈ foldSetD D (⋅) e›] proof cases case 1 thenshow ?thesis using‹(A,y) ∈ foldSetD D (⋅) e›by auto next case A': (2 x' A' y') show ?thesis using foldSetD.cases [OF ‹(A,y) ∈ foldSetD D (⋅) e›] proof cases case 1 thenshow ?thesis using‹(A,x) ∈ foldSetD D (⋅) e›by auto next case A'': (2 x'' A'' y'') show ?thesis proof (cases "x' = x''") case True show ?thesis proof (cases "y' = y''") case True thenshow ?thesis using A' A'' \x' = x''›by (blast elim!: equalityE) next case False thenshow ?thesis using A' A'' \x' = x''› by (metis ‹card A = n› Suc.IH Suc.prems(2) card_insert_disjoint foldSetD_imp_finite insert_eq_iff insert_subset lessI) qed next case False thenhave *: "A' - {x''} = A'' - {x'}""x'' \ A'""x' \ A''" using A' A'' by fastforce+ thenhave"A' = insert x'' A'' - {x'}" using‹x' \ A'›by blast thenhave card: "card A' \ card A''" using A' A'' * by (metis card_Suc_Diff1 eq_refl foldSetD_imp_finite) obtain u where u: "(A' - {x''}, u) \ foldSetD D (\) e" using finite_imp_foldSetD [of "A' - {x''}"] A' Diff_insert \A \ B\ \e \ D\ by fastforce have"y' = f x'' u" using Diff1_foldSetD [OF u] ‹x''∈ A'\ \card A = n\ A' Suc.IH ‹A ⊆ B›by auto thenhave"(A'' - {x'}, u) \ foldSetD D f e" using"*"(1) u by auto thenhave"y'' = f x' u" using A''by (metis * ‹card A = n› A'(1) Diff1_foldSetD Suc.IH \A \ B\
card card_Suc_Diff1 card_insert_disjoint foldSetD_imp_finite insert_subset le_imp_less_Suc) thenshow ?thesis using A' A'' by (metis ‹A ⊆ B›‹y' = x'' \ u\ insert_subset left_commute local.foldSetD_closed u) qed qed qed next case 2 with Suc show ?thesis by blast qed qed
lemma (in LCD) foldSetD_determ: "\(A, x) \ foldSetD D f e; (A, y) \ foldSetD D f e; e \ D; A \ B\ ==> y = x" by (blast intro: foldSetD_determ_aux [rule_format])
lemma (in LCD) foldD_equality: "\(A, y) \ foldSetD D f e; e \ D; A \ B\ \ foldD D f e A = y" by (unfold foldD_def) (blast intro: foldSetD_determ)
lemma foldD_empty [simp]: "e \ D \ foldD D f e {} = e" by (unfold foldD_def) blast
lemma (in LCD) foldD_insert_aux: "\x \ A; x \ B; e \ D; A \ B\ ==> ((insert x A, v) ∈ foldSetD D f e) ⟷ (∃y. (A, y) ∈ foldSetD D f e ∧ v = f x y)" apply auto by (metis Diff_insert_absorb f_closed finite_Diff foldSetD.insertI foldSetD_determ foldSetD_imp_finite insert_subset local.finite_imp_foldSetD local.foldSetD_closed)
lemma (in LCD) foldD_insert: assumes"finite A""x \ A""x \ B""e \ D""A \ B" shows"foldD D f e (insert x A) = f x (foldD D f e A)" proof - have"(THE v. \y. (A, y) \ foldSetD D (\) e \ v = x \ y) = x \ (THE y. (A, y) \ foldSetD D (\) e)" by (rule the_equality) (use assms foldD_def foldD_equality foldD_def finite_imp_foldSetD in‹metis+›) thenshow ?thesis unfolding foldD_def using assms by (simp add: foldD_insert_aux) qed
lemma (in LCD) foldD_closed [simp]: "\finite A; e \ D; A \ B\ \ foldD D f e A \ D" proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case insert thenshow ?caseby (simp add: foldD_insert) qed
lemma (in LCD) foldD_commute: "\finite A; x \ B; e \ D; A \ B\ \
f x (foldD D f e A) = foldD D f (f x e) A" by (induct set: finite) (auto simp add: left_commute foldD_insert)
lemma Int_mono2: "\A \ C; B \ C\ \ A Int B \ C" by blast
lemma (in LCD) foldD_nest_Un_Int: "\finite A; finite C; e \ D; A \ B; C \ B\ \
foldD D f (foldD D f e C) A = foldD D f (foldD D f e (A Int C)) (A Un C)" proof (induction set: finite) case (insert x F) thenshow ?case by (simp add: foldD_insert foldD_commute Int_insert_left insert_absorb Int_mono2) qed simp
lemma (in LCD) foldD_nest_Un_disjoint: "\finite A; finite B; A Int B = {}; e \ D; A \ B; C \ B\ ==> foldD D f e (A Un B) = foldD D f (foldD D f e B) A" by (simp add: foldD_nest_Un_Int)
text‹
We enter a more restrictive context, with‹f :: 'a \ 'a ==>'a\
instead of ‹'b \ 'a ==>'a\. ›
locale ACeD = fixes D :: "'a set" and f :: "'a \ 'a \ 'a" (infixl‹⋅› 70) and e :: 'a assumes ident [simp]: "x \ D \ x \ e = x" and commute: "\x \ D; y \ D\ \ x \ y = y \ x" and assoc: "\x \ D; y \ D; z \ D\ \ (x \ y) \ z = x \ (y \ z)" and e_closed [simp]: "e \ D" and f_closed [simp]: "\x \ D; y \ D\ \ x \ y \ D"
lemma (in ACeD) left_commute: "\x \ D; y \ D; z \ D\ \ x \ (y \ z) = y \ (x \ z)" proof - assume D: "x \ D""y \ D""z \ D" thenhave"x \ (y \ z) = (y \ z) \ x"by (simp add: commute) alsofrom D have"... = y \ (z \ x)"by (simp add: assoc) alsofrom D have"z \ x = x \ z"by (simp add: commute) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemmas (in ACeD) AC = assoc commute left_commute
lemma (in ACeD) left_ident [simp]: "x \ D \ e \ x = x" proof - assume"x \ D" thenhave"x \ e = x"by (rule ident) with‹x ∈ D›show ?thesis by (simp add: commute) qed
lemma (in ACeD) foldD_Un_Int: "\finite A; finite B; A \ D; B \ D\ \
foldD D f e A ⋅ foldD D f e B =
foldD D f e (A Un B) ⋅ foldD D f e (A Int B)" proof (induction set: finite) case empty thenshow ?case by(simp add: left_commute LCD.foldD_closed [OF LCD.intro [of D]]) next case (insert x F) thenshow ?case by(simp add: AC insert_absorb Int_insert_left Int_mono2
LCD.foldD_insert [OF LCD.intro [of D]]
LCD.foldD_closed [OF LCD.intro [of D]]) qed
lemma (in ACeD) foldD_Un_disjoint: "\finite A; finite B; A Int B = {}; A \ D; B \ D\ \
foldD D f e (A Un B) = foldD D f e A ⋅ foldD D f e B" by (simp add: foldD_Un_Int
left_commute LCD.foldD_closed [OF LCD.intro [of D]])
subsubsection ‹Products over Finite Sets›
definition
finprod :: "[('b, 'm) monoid_scheme, 'a \ 'b, 'a set] \ 'b" where"finprod G f A =
(if finite A then foldD (carrier G) (mult G ∘ f) 1🚫G🚫 A
else 1🚫G🚫)"
syntax "_finprod" :: "index \ idt \ 'a set \ 'b \ 'b"
(‹(‹indent=3 notation=‹binder⨂››⨂__∈_. _)› [1000, 0, 51, 10] 10)
syntax_consts "_finprod"⇌ finprod translations "\\<^bsub>G\<^esub>i\A. b"⇌"CONST finprod G (%i. b) A" 🍋‹Beware of argument permutation!›
lemma (in comm_monoid) finprod_empty [simp]: "finprod G f {} = \" by (simp add: finprod_def)
lemma (in comm_monoid) finprod_infinite[simp]: "\ finite A \ finprod G f A = \" by (simp add: finprod_def)
declare funcsetI [intro]
funcset_mem [dest]
context comm_monoid begin
lemma finprod_insert [simp]: assumes"finite F""a \ F""f \ F \ carrier G""f a \ carrier G" shows"finprod G f (insert a F) = f a \ finprod G f F" proof - have"finprod G f (insert a F) = foldD (carrier G) ((\) \ f) \ (insert a F)" by (simp add: finprod_def assms) alsohave"... = ((\) \ f) a (foldD (carrier G) ((\) \ f) \ F)" by (rule LCD.foldD_insert [OF LCD.intro [of "insert a F"]])
(use assms in‹auto simp: m_lcomm Pi_iff›) alsohave"... = f a \ finprod G f F" using‹finite F›by (auto simp add: finprod_def) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma finprod_one_eqI: "(\x. x \ A \ f x = \) \ finprod G f A = \" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case empty show ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) have"(\i. \) \ A \ carrier G"by auto with insert show ?caseby simp qed simp
lemma finprod_closed [simp]: fixes A assumes f: "f \ A \ carrier G" shows"finprod G f A \ carrier G" using f proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case empty show ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave a: "f a \ carrier G"by fast from insert have A: "f \ A \ carrier G"by fast from insert A a show ?caseby simp qed simp
lemma funcset_Int_left [simp, intro]: "\f \ A \ C; f \ B \ C\ \ f \ A Int B \ C" by fast
lemma funcset_Un_left [iff]: "(f \ A Un B \ C) = (f \ A \ C \ f \ B \ C)" by fast
lemma finprod_Un_Int: "\finite A; finite B; g \ A \ carrier G; g \ B \ carrier G\ \
finprod G g (A Un B) ⊗ finprod G g (A Int B) =
finprod G g A ⊗ finprod G g B" 🍋‹The reversed orientation looks more natural, but LOOPS as a simprule!› proof (induct set: finite) case empty thenshow ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) thenhave a: "g a \ carrier G"by fast from insert have A: "g \ A \ carrier G"by fast from insert A a show ?case by (simp add: m_ac Int_insert_left insert_absorb Int_mono2) qed
lemma finprod_Un_disjoint: "\finite A; finite B; A Int B = {};
g ∈ A → carrier G; g ∈ B → carrier G] ==> finprod G g (A Un B) = finprod G g A ⊗ finprod G g B" by (metis Pi_split_domain finprod_Un_Int finprod_closed finprod_empty r_one)
lemma finprod_multf [simp]: "\f \ A \ carrier G; g \ A \ carrier G\ \
finprod G (λx. f x ⊗ g x) A = (finprod G f A ⊗ finprod G g A)" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case empty show ?caseby simp next case (insert a A) then have fA: "f \ A \ carrier G"by fast from insert have fa: "f a \ carrier G"by fast from insert have gA: "g \ A \ carrier G"by fast from insert have ga: "g a \ carrier G"by fast from insert have fgA: "(%x. f x \ g x) \ A \ carrier G" by (simp add: Pi_def) show ?case by (simp add: insert fA fa gA ga fgA m_ac) qed simp
lemma finprod_cong': "\A = B; g \ B \ carrier G;
!!i. i ∈ B ==> f i = g i]==> finprod G f A = finprod G g B" proof - assume prems: "A = B""g \ B \ carrier G" "!!i. i \ B \ f i = g i" show ?thesis proof (cases "finite B") case True thenhave"!!A. \A = B; g \ B \ carrier G;
!!i. i ∈ B ==> f i = g i]==> finprod G f A = finprod G g B" proof induct case empty thus ?caseby simp next case (insert x B) thenhave"finprod G f A = finprod G f (insert x B)"by simp alsofrom insert have"... = f x \ finprod G f B" proof (intro finprod_insert) show"finite B"by fact next show"x \ B"by fact next assume"x \ B""!!i. i \ insert x B \ f i = g i" "g \ insert x B \ carrier G" thus"f \ B \ carrier G"by fastforce next assume"x \ B""!!i. i \ insert x B \ f i = g i" "g \ insert x B \ carrier G" thus"f x \ carrier G"by fastforce qed alsofrom insert have"... = g x \ finprod G g B"by fastforce alsofrom insert have"... = finprod G g (insert x B)" by (intro finprod_insert [THEN sym]) auto finallyshow ?case . qed with prems show ?thesis by simp next case False with prems show ?thesis by simp qed qed
lemma finprod_cong: "\A = B; f \ B \ carrier G = True; ∧i. i ∈ B =simp=> f i = g i]==> finprod G f A = finprod G g B" (* This order of prems is slightly faster (3%) than the last two swapped. *) by (rule finprod_cong') (auto simp add: simp_implies_def)
text‹Usually, if this rule causes a failed congruence proof error,
the reason is that the premise ‹g ∈ B → carrier G› cannot be shown.
Adding @{thm [source] Pi_def} to the simpset is often useful. For this reason, @{thm [source] finprod_cong} is not added to the simpset by default. ›
lemma finprod_0 [simp]: "f \ {0::nat} \ carrier G \ finprod G f {..0} = f 0" by (simp add: Pi_def)
lemma finprod_0': "f \ {..n} \ carrier G \ (f 0) \ finprod G f {Suc 0..n} = finprod G f {..n}" proof - assume A: "f \ {.. n} \ carrier G" hence"(f 0) \ finprod G f {Suc 0..n} = finprod G f {..0} \ finprod G f {Suc 0..n}" using finprod_0[of f] by (simp add: funcset_mem) alsohave" ... = finprod G f ({..0} \ {Suc 0..n})" using finprod_Un_disjoint[of "{..0}""{Suc 0..n}" f] A by (simp add: funcset_mem) alsohave" ... = finprod G f {..n}" by (simp add: atLeastAtMost_insertL atMost_atLeast0) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma finprod_Suc [simp]: "f \ {..Suc n} \ carrier G \
finprod G f {..Suc n} = (f (Suc n) ⊗ finprod G f {..n})" by (simp add: Pi_def atMost_Suc)
lemma finprod_Suc2: "f \ {..Suc n} \ carrier G \
finprod G f {..Suc n} = (finprod G (%i. f (Suc i)) {..n} ⊗ f 0)" proof (induct n) case 0 thus ?caseby (simp add: Pi_def) next case Suc thus ?caseby (simp add: m_assoc Pi_def) qed
lemma finprod_Suc3: assumes"f \ {..n :: nat} \ carrier G" shows"finprod G f {.. n} = (f n) \ finprod G f {..< n}" proof (cases "n = 0") case True thus ?thesis using assms atMost_Suc by simp next case False thenobtain k where"n = Suc k" using not0_implies_Suc by blast thus ?thesis using finprod_Suc[of f k] assms atMost_Suc lessThan_Suc_atMost by simp qed
lemma finprod_reindex: 🍋‹contributor ‹Jeremy Avigad›› "f \ (h ` A) \ carrier G \
inj_on h A ==> finprod G f (h ` A) = finprod G (λx. f (h x)) A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case (infinite A) hence"\ finite (h ` A)" using finite_imageD by blast with‹¬ finite A›show ?caseby simp qed (auto simp add: Pi_def)
lemma finprod_const: 🍋‹contributor ‹Jeremy Avigad›› assumes a [simp]: "a \ carrier G" shows"finprod G (\x. a) A = a [^] card A" proof (induct A rule: infinite_finite_induct) case (insert b A) show ?case proof (subst finprod_insert[OF insert(1-2)]) show"a \ (\x\A. a) = a [^] card (insert b A)" by (insert insert, auto, subst m_comm, auto) qed auto qed auto
lemma finprod_singleton: 🍋‹contributor ‹Jesus Aransay›› assumes i_in_A: "i \ A"and fin_A: "finite A"and f_Pi: "f \ A \ carrier G" shows"(\j\A. if i = j then f j else \) = f i" using i_in_A finprod_insert [of "A - {i}" i "(\j. if i = j then f j else \)"]
fin_A f_Pi finprod_one [of "A - {i}"]
finprod_cong [of "A - {i}""A - {i}""(\j. if i = j then f j else \)""(\i. \)"] unfolding Pi_def simp_implies_def by (force simp add: insert_absorb)
lemma finprod_singleton_swap: assumes i_in_A: "i \ A"and fin_A: "finite A"and f_Pi: "f \ A \ carrier G" shows"(\j\A. if j = i then f j else \) = f i" using finprod_singleton [OF assms] by (simp add: eq_commute)
lemma finprod_mono_neutral_cong_left: assumes"finite B" and"A \ B" and 1: "\i. i \ B - A \ h i = \" and gh: "\x. x \ A \ g x = h x" and h: "h \ B \ carrier G" shows"finprod G g A = finprod G h B"
proof- have eq: "A \ (B - A) = B"using‹A ⊆ B›by blast have d: "A \ (B - A) = {}"using‹A ⊆ B›by blast from‹finite B›‹A ⊆ B›have f: "finite A""finite (B - A)" by (auto intro: finite_subset) have"h \ A \ carrier G""h \ B - A \ carrier G" using assms by (auto simp: image_subset_iff_funcset) moreoverhave"finprod G g A = finprod G h A \ finprod G h (B - A)" proof - have"finprod G h (B - A) = \" using"1" finprod_one_eqI by blast moreoverhave"finprod G g A = finprod G h A" using‹h ∈ A → carrier G› finprod_cong' gh by blast ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: ‹h ∈ A → carrier G›) qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: finprod_Un_disjoint [OF f d, unfolded eq]) qed
lemma finprod_mono_neutral_cong_right: assumes"finite B" and"A \ B""\i. i \ B - A \ g i = \""\x. x \ A \ g x = h x""g \ B \ carrier G" shows"finprod G g B = finprod G h A" using assms by (auto intro!: finprod_mono_neutral_cong_left [symmetric])
lemma finprod_mono_neutral_cong: assumes [simp]: "finite B""finite A" and *: "\i. i \ B - A \ h i = \""\i. i \ A - B \ g i = \" and gh: "\x. x \ A \ B \ g x = h x" and g: "g \ A \ carrier G" and h: "h \ B \ carrier G" shows"finprod G g A = finprod G h B"
proof- have"finprod G g A = finprod G g (A \ B)" by (rule finprod_mono_neutral_cong_right) (use assms in auto) alsohave"\ = finprod G h (A \ B)" by (rule finprod_cong) (use assms in auto) alsohave"\ = finprod G h B" by (rule finprod_mono_neutral_cong_left) (use assms in auto) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
end
(* Jeremy Avigad. This should be generalized to arbitrary groups, not just commutative
ones, using Lagrange's theorem. *)
lemma (in comm_group) power_order_eq_one: assumes fin [simp]: "finite (carrier G)" and a [simp]: "a \ carrier G" shows"a [^] card(carrier G) = one G" proof - have"(\x\carrier G. x) = (\x\carrier G. a \ x)" by (subst (2) finprod_reindex [symmetric],
auto simp add: Pi_def inj_on_cmult surj_const_mult) alsohave"\ = (\x\carrier G. a) \ (\x\carrier G. x)" by (auto simp add: finprod_multf Pi_def) alsohave"(\x\carrier G. a) = a [^] card(carrier G)" by (auto simp add: finprod_const) finallyshow ?thesis by auto qed
lemma (in comm_monoid) finprod_UN_disjoint: assumes "finite I""\i. i \ I \ finite (A i)""pairwise (\i j. disjnt (A i) (A j)) I" "\i x. i \ I \ x \ A i \ g x \ carrier G" shows"finprod G g (\(A ` I)) = finprod G (\i. finprod G g (A i)) I" using assms proof (induction set: finite) case empty thenshow ?case by force next case (insert i I) thenshow ?case unfolding pairwise_def disjnt_def apply clarsimp apply (subst finprod_Un_disjoint) apply (fastforce intro!: funcsetI finprod_closed)+ done qed
lemma (in comm_monoid) finprod_Union_disjoint: "\finite C; \A. A \ C \ finite A \ (\x\A. f x \ carrier G); pairwise disjnt C\ \
finprod G f (∪C) = finprod G (finprod G f) C" by (frule finprod_UN_disjoint [of C id f]) auto
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