(* Title: HOL/Int.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Author: Tobias Nipkow, Florian Haftmann, TU Muenchen
*)
section \<open>The Integers as Equivalence Classes over Pairs of Natural Numbers\<close>
theory Int
imports Equiv_Relations Power Quotient Fun_Def
begin
subsection \<open>Definition of integers as a quotient type\<close>
definition intrel :: "(nat \ nat) \ (nat \ nat) \ bool"
where "intrel = (\(x, y) (u, v). x + v = u + y)"
lemma intrel_iff [simp]: "intrel (x, y) (u, v) \ x + v = u + y"
by (simp add: intrel_def)
quotient_type int = "nat \ nat" / "intrel"
morphisms Rep_Integ Abs_Integ
proof (rule equivpI)
show "reflp intrel" by (auto simp: reflp_def)
show "symp intrel" by (auto simp: symp_def)
show "transp intrel" by (auto simp: transp_def)
qed
lemma eq_Abs_Integ [case_names Abs_Integ, cases type: int]:
"(\x y. z = Abs_Integ (x, y) \ P) \ P"
by (induct z) auto
subsection \<open>Integers form a commutative ring\<close>
instantiation int :: comm_ring_1
begin
lift_definition zero_int :: "int" is "(0, 0)" .
lift_definition one_int :: "int" is "(1, 0)" .
lift_definition plus_int :: "int \ int \ int"
is "\(x, y) (u, v). (x + u, y + v)"
by clarsimp
lift_definition uminus_int :: "int \ int"
is "\(x, y). (y, x)"
by clarsimp
lift_definition minus_int :: "int \ int \ int"
is "\(x, y) (u, v). (x + v, y + u)"
by clarsimp
lift_definition times_int :: "int \ int \ int"
is "\(x, y) (u, v). (x*u + y*v, x*v + y*u)"
proof (clarsimp)
fix s t u v w x y z :: nat
assume "s + v = u + t" and "w + z = y + x"
then have "(s + v) * w + (u + t) * x + u * (w + z) + v * (y + x) =
(u + t) * w + (s + v) * x + u * (y + x) + v * (w + z)"
by simp
then show "(s * w + t * x) + (u * z + v * y) = (u * y + v * z) + (s * x + t * w)"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
qed
instance
by standard (transfer; clarsimp simp: algebra_simps)+
end
abbreviation int :: "nat \ int"
where "int \ of_nat"
lemma int_def: "int n = Abs_Integ (n, 0)"
by (induct n) (simp add: zero_int.abs_eq, simp add: one_int.abs_eq plus_int.abs_eq)
lemma int_transfer [transfer_rule]:
includes lifting_syntax
shows "rel_fun (=) pcr_int (\n. (n, 0)) int"
by (simp add: rel_fun_def int.pcr_cr_eq cr_int_def int_def)
lemma int_diff_cases: obtains (diff) m n where "z = int m - int n"
by transfer clarsimp
subsection \<open>Integers are totally ordered\<close>
instantiation int :: linorder
begin
lift_definition less_eq_int :: "int \ int \ bool"
is "\(x, y) (u, v). x + v \ u + y"
by auto
lift_definition less_int :: "int \ int \ bool"
is "\(x, y) (u, v). x + v < u + y"
by auto
instance
by standard (transfer, force)+
end
instantiation int :: distrib_lattice
begin
definition "(inf :: int \ int \ int) = min"
definition "(sup :: int \ int \ int) = max"
instance
by standard (auto simp add: inf_int_def sup_int_def max_min_distrib2)
end
subsection \<open>Ordering properties of arithmetic operations\<close>
instance int :: ordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add
proof
fix i j k :: int
show "i \ j \ k + i \ k + j"
by transfer clarsimp
qed
text \<open>Strict Monotonicity of Multiplication.\<close>
text \<open>Strict, in 1st argument; proof is by induction on \<open>k > 0\<close>.\<close>
lemma zmult_zless_mono2_lemma: "i < j \ 0 < k \ int k * i < int k * j"
for i j :: int
proof (induct k)
case 0
then show ?case by simp
next
case (Suc k)
then show ?case
by (cases "k = 0") (simp_all add: distrib_right add_strict_mono)
qed
lemma zero_le_imp_eq_int:
assumes "k \ (0::int)" shows "\n. k = int n"
proof -
have "b \ a \ \n::nat. a = n + b" for a b
by (rule_tac x="a - b" in exI) simp
with assms show ?thesis
by transfer auto
qed
lemma zero_less_imp_eq_int:
assumes "k > (0::int)" shows "\n>0. k = int n"
proof -
have "b < a \ \n::nat. n>0 \ a = n + b" for a b
by (rule_tac x="a - b" in exI) simp
with assms show ?thesis
by transfer auto
qed
lemma zmult_zless_mono2: "i < j \ 0 < k \ k * i < k * j"
for i j k :: int
by (drule zero_less_imp_eq_int) (auto simp add: zmult_zless_mono2_lemma)
text \<open>The integers form an ordered integral domain.\<close>
instantiation int :: linordered_idom
begin
definition zabs_def: "\i::int\ = (if i < 0 then - i else i)"
definition zsgn_def: "sgn (i::int) = (if i = 0 then 0 else if 0 < i then 1 else - 1)"
instance
proof
fix i j k :: int
show "i < j \ 0 < k \ k * i < k * j"
by (rule zmult_zless_mono2)
show "\i\ = (if i < 0 then -i else i)"
by (simp only: zabs_def)
show "sgn (i::int) = (if i=0 then 0 else if 0
by (simp only: zsgn_def)
qed
end
lemma zless_imp_add1_zle: "w < z \ w + 1 \ z"
for w z :: int
by transfer clarsimp
lemma zless_iff_Suc_zadd: "w < z \ (\n. z = w + int (Suc n))"
for w z :: int
proof -
have "\a b c d. a + d < c + b \ \n. c + b = Suc (a + n + d)"
by (rule_tac x="c+b - Suc(a+d)" in exI) arith
then show ?thesis
by transfer auto
qed
lemma zabs_less_one_iff [simp]: "\z\ < 1 \ z = 0" (is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
for z :: int
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by simp
next
assume ?lhs
with zless_imp_add1_zle [of "\z\" 1] have "\z\ + 1 \ 1" by simp
then have "\z\ \ 0" by simp
then show ?rhs by simp
qed
subsection \<open>Embedding of the Integers into any \<open>ring_1\<close>: \<open>of_int\<close>\<close>
context ring_1
begin
lift_definition of_int :: "int \ 'a"
is "\(i, j). of_nat i - of_nat j"
by (clarsimp simp add: diff_eq_eq eq_diff_eq diff_add_eq
of_nat_add [symmetric] simp del: of_nat_add)
lemma of_int_0 [simp]: "of_int 0 = 0"
by transfer simp
lemma of_int_1 [simp]: "of_int 1 = 1"
by transfer simp
lemma of_int_add [simp]: "of_int (w + z) = of_int w + of_int z"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma of_int_minus [simp]: "of_int (- z) = - (of_int z)"
by (transfer fixing: uminus) clarsimp
lemma of_int_diff [simp]: "of_int (w - z) = of_int w - of_int z"
using of_int_add [of w "- z"] by simp
lemma of_int_mult [simp]: "of_int (w*z) = of_int w * of_int z"
by (transfer fixing: times) (clarsimp simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma mult_of_int_commute: "of_int x * y = y * of_int x"
by (transfer fixing: times) (auto simp: algebra_simps mult_of_nat_commute)
text \<open>Collapse nested embeddings.\<close>
lemma of_int_of_nat_eq [simp]: "of_int (int n) = of_nat n"
by (induct n) auto
lemma of_int_numeral [simp, code_post]: "of_int (numeral k) = numeral k"
by (simp add: of_nat_numeral [symmetric] of_int_of_nat_eq [symmetric])
lemma of_int_neg_numeral [code_post]: "of_int (- numeral k) = - numeral k"
by simp
lemma of_int_power [simp]: "of_int (z ^ n) = of_int z ^ n"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma of_int_of_bool [simp]:
"of_int (of_bool P) = of_bool P"
by auto
end
context ring_char_0
begin
lemma of_int_eq_iff [simp]: "of_int w = of_int z \ w = z"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: algebra_simps of_nat_add [symmetric] simp del: of_nat_add)
text \<open>Special cases where either operand is zero.\<close>
lemma of_int_eq_0_iff [simp]: "of_int z = 0 \ z = 0"
using of_int_eq_iff [of z 0] by simp
lemma of_int_0_eq_iff [simp]: "0 = of_int z \ z = 0"
using of_int_eq_iff [of 0 z] by simp
lemma of_int_eq_1_iff [iff]: "of_int z = 1 \ z = 1"
using of_int_eq_iff [of z 1] by simp
lemma numeral_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n = of_int y \ numeral x ^ n = y"
using of_int_eq_iff[of "numeral x ^ n" y, unfolded of_int_numeral of_int_power] .
lemma of_int_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int y = numeral x ^ n \ y = numeral x ^ n"
using numeral_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff [of x n y] by (metis (mono_tags))
lemma neg_numeral_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"(- numeral x) ^ n = of_int y \ (- numeral x) ^ n = y"
using of_int_eq_iff[of "(- numeral x) ^ n" y]
by simp
lemma of_int_eq_neg_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int y = (- numeral x) ^ n \ y = (- numeral x) ^ n"
using neg_numeral_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff[of x n y] by (metis (mono_tags))
lemma of_int_eq_of_int_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_int b) ^ w = of_int x \ b ^ w = x"
by (metis of_int_power of_int_eq_iff)
lemma of_int_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_int x = (of_int b) ^ w \ x = b ^ w"
by (metis of_int_eq_of_int_power_cancel_iff)
end
context linordered_idom
begin
text \<open>Every \<open>linordered_idom\<close> has characteristic zero.\<close>
subclass ring_char_0 ..
lemma of_int_le_iff [simp]: "of_int w \ of_int z \ w \ z"
by (transfer fixing: less_eq)
(clarsimp simp add: algebra_simps of_nat_add [symmetric] simp del: of_nat_add)
lemma of_int_less_iff [simp]: "of_int w < of_int z \ w < z"
by (simp add: less_le order_less_le)
lemma of_int_0_le_iff [simp]: "0 \ of_int z \ 0 \ z"
using of_int_le_iff [of 0 z] by simp
lemma of_int_le_0_iff [simp]: "of_int z \ 0 \ z \ 0"
using of_int_le_iff [of z 0] by simp
lemma of_int_0_less_iff [simp]: "0 < of_int z \ 0 < z"
using of_int_less_iff [of 0 z] by simp
lemma of_int_less_0_iff [simp]: "of_int z < 0 \ z < 0"
using of_int_less_iff [of z 0] by simp
lemma of_int_1_le_iff [simp]: "1 \ of_int z \ 1 \ z"
using of_int_le_iff [of 1 z] by simp
lemma of_int_le_1_iff [simp]: "of_int z \ 1 \ z \ 1"
using of_int_le_iff [of z 1] by simp
lemma of_int_1_less_iff [simp]: "1 < of_int z \ 1 < z"
using of_int_less_iff [of 1 z] by simp
lemma of_int_less_1_iff [simp]: "of_int z < 1 \ z < 1"
using of_int_less_iff [of z 1] by simp
lemma of_int_pos: "z > 0 \ of_int z > 0"
by simp
lemma of_int_nonneg: "z \ 0 \ of_int z \ 0"
by simp
lemma of_int_abs [simp]: "of_int \x\ = \of_int x\"
by (auto simp add: abs_if)
lemma of_int_lessD:
assumes "\of_int n\ < x"
shows "n = 0 \ x > 1"
proof (cases "n = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "\n\ \ 0" by simp
then have "\n\ > 0" by simp
then have "\n\ \ 1"
using zless_imp_add1_zle [of 0 "\n\"] by simp
then have "\of_int n\ \ 1"
unfolding of_int_1_le_iff [of "\n\", symmetric] by simp
then have "1 < x" using assms by (rule le_less_trans)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma of_int_leD:
assumes "\of_int n\ \ x"
shows "n = 0 \ 1 \ x"
proof (cases "n = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "\n\ \ 0" by simp
then have "\n\ > 0" by simp
then have "\n\ \ 1"
using zless_imp_add1_zle [of 0 "\n\"] by simp
then have "\of_int n\ \ 1"
unfolding of_int_1_le_iff [of "\n\", symmetric] by simp
then have "1 \ x" using assms by (rule order_trans)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma numeral_power_le_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n \ of_int a \ numeral x ^ n \ a"
by (metis (mono_tags) local.of_int_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff of_int_le_iff)
lemma of_int_le_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int a \ numeral x ^ n \ a \ numeral x ^ n"
by (metis (mono_tags) local.numeral_power_eq_of_int_cancel_iff of_int_le_iff)
lemma numeral_power_less_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n < of_int a \ numeral x ^ n < a"
by (metis (mono_tags) local.of_int_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff of_int_less_iff)
lemma of_int_less_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int a < numeral x ^ n \ a < numeral x ^ n"
by (metis (mono_tags) local.of_int_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff of_int_less_iff)
lemma neg_numeral_power_le_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"(- numeral x) ^ n \ of_int a \ (- numeral x) ^ n \ a"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_le_iff of_int_neg_numeral of_int_power)
lemma of_int_le_neg_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int a \ (- numeral x) ^ n \ a \ (- numeral x) ^ n"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_le_iff of_int_neg_numeral of_int_power)
lemma neg_numeral_power_less_of_int_cancel_iff [simp]:
"(- numeral x) ^ n < of_int a \ (- numeral x) ^ n < a"
using of_int_less_iff[of "(- numeral x) ^ n" a]
by simp
lemma of_int_less_neg_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"of_int a < (- numeral x) ^ n \ a < (- numeral x::int) ^ n"
using of_int_less_iff[of a "(- numeral x) ^ n"]
by simp
lemma of_int_le_of_int_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_int b) ^ w \ of_int x \ b ^ w \ x"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_le_iff of_int_power)
lemma of_int_power_le_of_int_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_int x \ (of_int b) ^ w\ x \ b ^ w"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_le_iff of_int_power)
lemma of_int_less_of_int_power_cancel_iff[simp]: "(of_int b) ^ w < of_int x \ b ^ w < x"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_less_iff of_int_power)
lemma of_int_power_less_of_int_cancel_iff[simp]: "of_int x < (of_int b) ^ w\ x < b ^ w"
by (metis (mono_tags) of_int_less_iff of_int_power)
lemma of_int_max: "of_int (max x y) = max (of_int x) (of_int y)"
by (auto simp: max_def)
lemma of_int_min: "of_int (min x y) = min (of_int x) (of_int y)"
by (auto simp: min_def)
end
context division_ring
begin
lemmas mult_inverse_of_int_commute =
mult_commute_imp_mult_inverse_commute[OF mult_of_int_commute]
end
text \<open>Comparisons involving \<^term>\<open>of_int\<close>.\<close>
lemma of_int_eq_numeral_iff [iff]: "of_int z = (numeral n :: 'a::ring_char_0) \ z = numeral n"
using of_int_eq_iff by fastforce
lemma of_int_le_numeral_iff [simp]:
"of_int z \ (numeral n :: 'a::linordered_idom) \ z \ numeral n"
using of_int_le_iff [of z "numeral n"] by simp
lemma of_int_numeral_le_iff [simp]:
"(numeral n :: 'a::linordered_idom) \ of_int z \ numeral n \ z"
using of_int_le_iff [of "numeral n"] by simp
lemma of_int_less_numeral_iff [simp]:
"of_int z < (numeral n :: 'a::linordered_idom) \ z < numeral n"
using of_int_less_iff [of z "numeral n"] by simp
lemma of_int_numeral_less_iff [simp]:
"(numeral n :: 'a::linordered_idom) < of_int z \ numeral n < z"
using of_int_less_iff [of "numeral n" z] by simp
lemma of_nat_less_of_int_iff: "(of_nat n::'a::linordered_idom) < of_int x \ int n < x"
by (metis of_int_of_nat_eq of_int_less_iff)
lemma of_int_eq_id [simp]: "of_int = id"
proof
show "of_int z = id z" for z
by (cases z rule: int_diff_cases) simp
qed
instance int :: no_top
proof
show "\x::int. \y. x < y"
by (rule_tac x="x + 1" in exI) simp
qed
instance int :: no_bot
proof
show "\x::int. \y. y < x"
by (rule_tac x="x - 1" in exI) simp
qed
subsection \<open>Magnitude of an Integer, as a Natural Number: \<open>nat\<close>\<close>
lift_definition nat :: "int \ nat" is "\(x, y). x - y"
by auto
lemma nat_int [simp]: "nat (int n) = n"
by transfer simp
lemma int_nat_eq [simp]: "int (nat z) = (if 0 \ z then z else 0)"
by transfer clarsimp
lemma nat_0_le: "0 \ z \ int (nat z) = z"
by simp
lemma nat_le_0 [simp]: "z \ 0 \ nat z = 0"
by transfer clarsimp
lemma nat_le_eq_zle: "0 < w \ 0 \ z \ nat w \ nat z \ w \ z"
by transfer (clarsimp, arith)
text \<open>An alternative condition is \<^term>\<open>0 \<le> w\<close>.\<close>
lemma nat_mono_iff: "0 < z \ nat w < nat z \ w < z"
by (simp add: nat_le_eq_zle linorder_not_le [symmetric])
lemma nat_less_eq_zless: "0 \ w \ nat w < nat z \ w < z"
by (simp add: nat_le_eq_zle linorder_not_le [symmetric])
lemma zless_nat_conj [simp]: "nat w < nat z \ 0 < z \ w < z"
by transfer (clarsimp, arith)
lemma nonneg_int_cases:
assumes "0 \ k"
obtains n where "k = int n"
proof -
from assms have "k = int (nat k)"
by simp
then show thesis
by (rule that)
qed
lemma pos_int_cases:
assumes "0 < k"
obtains n where "k = int n" and "n > 0"
proof -
from assms have "0 \ k"
by simp
then obtain n where "k = int n"
by (rule nonneg_int_cases)
moreover have "n > 0"
using \<open>k = int n\<close> assms by simp
ultimately show thesis
by (rule that)
qed
lemma nonpos_int_cases:
assumes "k \ 0"
obtains n where "k = - int n"
proof -
from assms have "- k \ 0"
by simp
then obtain n where "- k = int n"
by (rule nonneg_int_cases)
then have "k = - int n"
by simp
then show thesis
by (rule that)
qed
lemma neg_int_cases:
assumes "k < 0"
obtains n where "k = - int n" and "n > 0"
proof -
from assms have "- k > 0"
by simp
then obtain n where "- k = int n" and "- k > 0"
by (blast elim: pos_int_cases)
then have "k = - int n" and "n > 0"
by simp_all
then show thesis
by (rule that)
qed
lemma nat_eq_iff: "nat w = m \ (if 0 \ w then w = int m else m = 0)"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: le_imp_diff_is_add)
lemma nat_eq_iff2: "m = nat w \ (if 0 \ w then w = int m else m = 0)"
using nat_eq_iff [of w m] by auto
lemma nat_0 [simp]: "nat 0 = 0"
by (simp add: nat_eq_iff)
lemma nat_1 [simp]: "nat 1 = Suc 0"
by (simp add: nat_eq_iff)
lemma nat_numeral [simp]: "nat (numeral k) = numeral k"
by (simp add: nat_eq_iff)
lemma nat_neg_numeral [simp]: "nat (- numeral k) = 0"
by simp
lemma nat_2: "nat 2 = Suc (Suc 0)"
by simp
lemma nat_less_iff: "0 \ w \ nat w < m \ w < of_nat m"
by transfer (clarsimp, arith)
lemma nat_le_iff: "nat x \ n \ x \ int n"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: le_diff_conv)
lemma nat_mono: "x \ y \ nat x \ nat y"
by transfer auto
lemma nat_0_iff[simp]: "nat i = 0 \ i \ 0"
for i :: int
by transfer clarsimp
lemma int_eq_iff: "of_nat m = z \ m = nat z \ 0 \ z"
by (auto simp add: nat_eq_iff2)
lemma zero_less_nat_eq [simp]: "0 < nat z \ 0 < z"
using zless_nat_conj [of 0] by auto
lemma nat_add_distrib: "0 \ z \ 0 \ z' \ nat (z + z') = nat z + nat z'"
by transfer clarsimp
lemma nat_diff_distrib': "0 \ x \ 0 \ y \ nat (x - y) = nat x - nat y"
by transfer clarsimp
lemma nat_diff_distrib: "0 \ z' \ z' \ z \ nat (z - z') = nat z - nat z'"
by (rule nat_diff_distrib') auto
lemma nat_zminus_int [simp]: "nat (- int n) = 0"
by transfer simp
lemma le_nat_iff: "k \ 0 \ n \ nat k \ int n \ k"
by transfer auto
lemma zless_nat_eq_int_zless: "m < nat z \ int m < z"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: less_diff_conv)
lemma (in ring_1) of_nat_nat [simp]: "0 \ z \ of_nat (nat z) = of_int z"
by transfer (clarsimp simp add: of_nat_diff)
lemma diff_nat_numeral [simp]: "(numeral v :: nat) - numeral v' = nat (numeral v - numeral v')"
by (simp only: nat_diff_distrib' zero_le_numeral nat_numeral)
lemma nat_abs_triangle_ineq:
"nat \k + l\ \ nat \k\ + nat \l\"
by (simp add: nat_add_distrib [symmetric] nat_le_eq_zle abs_triangle_ineq)
lemma nat_of_bool [simp]:
"nat (of_bool P) = of_bool P"
by auto
lemma split_nat [arith_split]: "P (nat i) \ ((\n. i = int n \ P n) \ (i < 0 \ P 0))"
(is "?P = (?L \ ?R)")
for i :: int
proof (cases "i < 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
by auto
next
case False
have "?P = ?L"
proof
assume ?P
then show ?L using False by auto
next
assume ?L
moreover from False have "int (nat i) = i"
by (simp add: not_less)
ultimately show ?P
by simp
qed
with False show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma all_nat: "(\x. P x) \ (\x\0. P (nat x))"
by (auto split: split_nat)
lemma ex_nat: "(\x. P x) \ (\x. 0 \ x \ P (nat x))"
proof
assume "\x. P x"
then obtain x where "P x" ..
then have "int x \ 0 \ P (nat (int x))" by simp
then show "\x\0. P (nat x)" ..
next
assume "\x\0. P (nat x)"
then show "\x. P x" by auto
qed
text \<open>For termination proofs:\<close>
lemma measure_function_int[measure_function]: "is_measure (nat \ abs)" ..
subsection \<open>Lemmas about the Function \<^term>\<open>of_nat\<close> and Orderings\<close>
lemma negative_zless_0: "- (int (Suc n)) < (0 :: int)"
by (simp add: order_less_le del: of_nat_Suc)
lemma negative_zless [iff]: "- (int (Suc n)) < int m"
by (rule negative_zless_0 [THEN order_less_le_trans], simp)
lemma negative_zle_0: "- int n \ 0"
by (simp add: minus_le_iff)
lemma negative_zle [iff]: "- int n \ int m"
by (rule order_trans [OF negative_zle_0 of_nat_0_le_iff])
lemma not_zle_0_negative [simp]: "\ 0 \ - int (Suc n)"
by (subst le_minus_iff) (simp del: of_nat_Suc)
lemma int_zle_neg: "int n \ - int m \ n = 0 \ m = 0"
by transfer simp
lemma not_int_zless_negative [simp]: "\ int n < - int m"
by (simp add: linorder_not_less)
lemma negative_eq_positive [simp]: "- int n = of_nat m \ n = 0 \ m = 0"
by (force simp add: order_eq_iff [of "- of_nat n"] int_zle_neg)
lemma zle_iff_zadd: "w \ z \ (\n. z = w + int n)"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by auto
next
assume ?lhs
then have "0 \ z - w" by simp
then obtain n where "z - w = int n"
using zero_le_imp_eq_int [of "z - w"] by blast
then have "z = w + int n" by simp
then show ?rhs ..
qed
lemma zadd_int_left: "int m + (int n + z) = int (m + n) + z"
by simp
text \<open>
This version is proved for all ordered rings, not just integers!
It is proved here because attribute \<open>arith_split\<close> is not available
in theory \<open>Rings\<close>.
But is it really better than just rewriting with \<open>abs_if\<close>?
\<close>
lemma abs_split [arith_split, no_atp]: "P \a\ \ (0 \ a \ P a) \ (a < 0 \ P (- a))"
for a :: "'a::linordered_idom"
by (force dest: order_less_le_trans simp add: abs_if linorder_not_less)
lemma negD:
assumes "x < 0" shows "\n. x = - (int (Suc n))"
proof -
have "\a b. a < b \ \n. Suc (a + n) = b"
by (rule_tac x="b - Suc a" in exI) arith
with assms show ?thesis
by transfer auto
qed
subsection \<open>Cases and induction\<close>
text \<open>
Now we replace the case analysis rule by a more conventional one:
whether an integer is negative or not.
\<close>
text \<open>This version is symmetric in the two subgoals.\<close>
lemma int_cases2 [case_names nonneg nonpos, cases type: int]:
"(\n. z = int n \ P) \ (\n. z = - (int n) \ P) \ P"
by (cases "z < 0") (auto simp add: linorder_not_less dest!: negD nat_0_le [THEN sym])
text \<open>This is the default, with a negative case.\<close>
lemma int_cases [case_names nonneg neg, cases type: int]:
assumes pos: "\n. z = int n \ P" and neg: "\n. z = - (int (Suc n)) \ P"
shows P
proof (cases "z < 0")
case True
with neg show ?thesis
by (blast dest!: negD)
next
case False
with pos show ?thesis
by (force simp add: linorder_not_less dest: nat_0_le [THEN sym])
qed
lemma int_cases3 [case_names zero pos neg]:
fixes k :: int
assumes "k = 0 \ P" and "\n. k = int n \ n > 0 \ P"
and "\n. k = - int n \ n > 0 \ P"
shows "P"
proof (cases k "0::int" rule: linorder_cases)
case equal
with assms(1) show P by simp
next
case greater
then have *: "nat k > 0" by simp
moreover from * have "k = int (nat k)" by auto
ultimately show P using assms(2) by blast
next
case less
then have *: "nat (- k) > 0" by simp
moreover from * have "k = - int (nat (- k))" by auto
ultimately show P using assms(3) by blast
qed
lemma int_of_nat_induct [case_names nonneg neg, induct type: int]:
"(\n. P (int n)) \ (\n. P (- (int (Suc n)))) \ P z"
by (cases z) auto
lemma sgn_mult_dvd_iff [simp]:
"sgn r * l dvd k \ l dvd k \ (r = 0 \ k = 0)" for k l r :: int
by (cases r rule: int_cases3) auto
lemma mult_sgn_dvd_iff [simp]:
"l * sgn r dvd k \ l dvd k \ (r = 0 \ k = 0)" for k l r :: int
using sgn_mult_dvd_iff [of r l k] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_sgn_mult_iff [simp]:
"l dvd sgn r * k \ l dvd k \ r = 0" for k l r :: int
by (cases r rule: int_cases3) simp_all
lemma dvd_mult_sgn_iff [simp]:
"l dvd k * sgn r \ l dvd k \ r = 0" for k l r :: int
using dvd_sgn_mult_iff [of l r k] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma int_sgnE:
fixes k :: int
obtains n and l where "k = sgn l * int n"
proof -
have "k = sgn k * int (nat \k\)"
by (simp add: sgn_mult_abs)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
subsubsection \<open>Binary comparisons\<close>
text \<open>Preliminaries\<close>
lemma le_imp_0_less:
fixes z :: int
assumes le: "0 \ z"
shows "0 < 1 + z"
proof -
have "0 \ z" by fact
also have "\ < z + 1" by (rule less_add_one)
also have "\ = 1 + z" by (simp add: ac_simps)
finally show "0 < 1 + z" .
qed
lemma odd_less_0_iff: "1 + z + z < 0 \ z < 0"
for z :: int
proof (cases z)
case (nonneg n)
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: linorder_not_less add.assoc add_increasing le_imp_0_less [THEN order_less_imp_le])
next
case (neg n)
then show ?thesis
by (simp del: of_nat_Suc of_nat_add of_nat_1
add: algebra_simps of_nat_1 [where 'a=int, symmetric] of_nat_add [symmetric])
qed
subsubsection \<open>Comparisons, for Ordered Rings\<close>
lemma odd_nonzero: "1 + z + z \ 0"
for z :: int
proof (cases z)
case (nonneg n)
have le: "0 \ z + z"
by (simp add: nonneg add_increasing)
then show ?thesis
using le_imp_0_less [OF le] by (auto simp: ac_simps)
next
case (neg n)
show ?thesis
proof
assume eq: "1 + z + z = 0"
have "0 < 1 + (int n + int n)"
by (simp add: le_imp_0_less add_increasing)
also have "\ = - (1 + z + z)"
by (simp add: neg add.assoc [symmetric])
also have "\ = 0" by (simp add: eq)
finally have "0<0" ..
then show False by blast
qed
qed
subsection \<open>The Set of Integers\<close>
context ring_1
begin
definition Ints :: "'a set" ("\")
where "\ = range of_int"
lemma Ints_of_int [simp]: "of_int z \ \"
by (simp add: Ints_def)
lemma Ints_of_nat [simp]: "of_nat n \ \"
using Ints_of_int [of "of_nat n"] by simp
lemma Ints_0 [simp]: "0 \ \"
using Ints_of_int [of "0"] by simp
lemma Ints_1 [simp]: "1 \ \"
using Ints_of_int [of "1"] by simp
lemma Ints_numeral [simp]: "numeral n \ \"
by (subst of_nat_numeral [symmetric], rule Ints_of_nat)
lemma Ints_add [simp]: "a \ \ \ b \ \ \ a + b \ \"
by (force simp add: Ints_def simp flip: of_int_add intro: range_eqI)
lemma Ints_minus [simp]: "a \ \ \ -a \ \"
by (force simp add: Ints_def simp flip: of_int_minus intro: range_eqI)
lemma minus_in_Ints_iff: "-x \ \ \ x \ \"
using Ints_minus[of x] Ints_minus[of "-x"] by auto
lemma Ints_diff [simp]: "a \ \ \ b \ \ \ a - b \ \"
by (force simp add: Ints_def simp flip: of_int_diff intro: range_eqI)
lemma Ints_mult [simp]: "a \ \ \ b \ \ \ a * b \ \"
by (force simp add: Ints_def simp flip: of_int_mult intro: range_eqI)
lemma Ints_power [simp]: "a \ \ \ a ^ n \ \"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma Ints_cases [cases set: Ints]:
assumes "q \ \"
obtains (of_int) z where "q = of_int z"
unfolding Ints_def
proof -
from \<open>q \<in> \<int>\<close> have "q \<in> range of_int" unfolding Ints_def .
then obtain z where "q = of_int z" ..
then show thesis ..
qed
lemma Ints_induct [case_names of_int, induct set: Ints]:
"q \ \ \ (\z. P (of_int z)) \ P q"
by (rule Ints_cases) auto
lemma Nats_subset_Ints: "\ \ \"
unfolding Nats_def Ints_def
by (rule subsetI, elim imageE, hypsubst, subst of_int_of_nat_eq[symmetric], rule imageI) simp_all
lemma Nats_altdef1: "\ = {of_int n |n. n \ 0}"
proof (intro subsetI equalityI)
fix x :: 'a
assume "x \ {of_int n |n. n \ 0}"
then obtain n where "x = of_int n" "n \ 0"
by (auto elim!: Ints_cases)
then have "x = of_nat (nat n)"
by (subst of_nat_nat) simp_all
then show "x \ \"
by simp
next
fix x :: 'a
assume "x \ \"
then obtain n where "x = of_nat n"
by (auto elim!: Nats_cases)
then have "x = of_int (int n)" by simp
also have "int n \ 0" by simp
then have "of_int (int n) \ {of_int n |n. n \ 0}" by blast
finally show "x \ {of_int n |n. n \ 0}" .
qed
end
lemma Ints_sum [intro]: "(\x. x \ A \ f x \ \) \ sum f A \ \"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma Ints_prod [intro]: "(\x. x \ A \ f x \ \) \ prod f A \ \"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
lemma (in linordered_idom) Ints_abs [simp]:
shows "a \ \ \ abs a \ \"
by (auto simp: abs_if)
lemma (in linordered_idom) Nats_altdef2: "\ = {n \ \. n \ 0}"
proof (intro subsetI equalityI)
fix x :: 'a
assume "x \ {n \ \. n \ 0}"
then obtain n where "x = of_int n" "n \ 0"
by (auto elim!: Ints_cases)
then have "x = of_nat (nat n)"
by (subst of_nat_nat) simp_all
then show "x \ \"
by simp
qed (auto elim!: Nats_cases)
lemma (in idom_divide) of_int_divide_in_Ints:
"of_int a div of_int b \ \" if "b dvd a"
proof -
from that obtain c where "a = b * c" ..
then show ?thesis
by (cases "of_int b = 0") simp_all
qed
text \<open>The premise involving \<^term>\<open>Ints\<close> prevents \<^term>\<open>a = 1/2\<close>.\<close>
lemma Ints_double_eq_0_iff:
fixes a :: "'a::ring_char_0"
assumes in_Ints: "a \ \"
shows "a + a = 0 \ a = 0"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof -
from in_Ints have "a \ range of_int"
unfolding Ints_def [symmetric] .
then obtain z where a: "a = of_int z" ..
show ?thesis
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by simp
next
assume ?lhs
with a have "of_int (z + z) = (of_int 0 :: 'a)" by simp
then have "z + z = 0" by (simp only: of_int_eq_iff)
then have "z = 0" by (simp only: double_zero)
with a show ?rhs by simp
qed
qed
lemma Ints_odd_nonzero:
fixes a :: "'a::ring_char_0"
assumes in_Ints: "a \ \"
shows "1 + a + a \ 0"
proof -
from in_Ints have "a \ range of_int"
unfolding Ints_def [symmetric] .
then obtain z where a: "a = of_int z" ..
show ?thesis
proof
assume "1 + a + a = 0"
with a have "of_int (1 + z + z) = (of_int 0 :: 'a)" by simp
then have "1 + z + z = 0" by (simp only: of_int_eq_iff)
with odd_nonzero show False by blast
qed
qed
lemma Nats_numeral [simp]: "numeral w \ \"
using of_nat_in_Nats [of "numeral w"] by simp
lemma Ints_odd_less_0:
fixes a :: "'a::linordered_idom"
assumes in_Ints: "a \ \"
shows "1 + a + a < 0 \ a < 0"
proof -
from in_Ints have "a \ range of_int"
unfolding Ints_def [symmetric] .
then obtain z where a: "a = of_int z" ..
with a have "1 + a + a < 0 \ of_int (1 + z + z) < (of_int 0 :: 'a)"
by simp
also have "\ \ z < 0"
by (simp only: of_int_less_iff odd_less_0_iff)
also have "\ \ a < 0"
by (simp add: a)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
subsection \<open>\<^term>\<open>sum\<close> and \<^term>\<open>prod\<close>\<close>
context semiring_1
begin
lemma of_nat_sum [simp]:
"of_nat (sum f A) = (\x\A. of_nat (f x))"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
end
context ring_1
begin
lemma of_int_sum [simp]:
"of_int (sum f A) = (\x\A. of_int (f x))"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
end
context comm_semiring_1
begin
lemma of_nat_prod [simp]:
"of_nat (prod f A) = (\x\A. of_nat (f x))"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
end
context comm_ring_1
begin
lemma of_int_prod [simp]:
"of_int (prod f A) = (\x\A. of_int (f x))"
by (induction A rule: infinite_finite_induct) auto
end
subsection \<open>Setting up simplification procedures\<close>
ML_file \<open>Tools/int_arith.ML\<close>
declaration \<open>K (
Lin_Arith.add_discrete_type \<^type_name>\<open>Int.int\<close>
#> Lin_Arith.add_lessD @{thm zless_imp_add1_zle}
#> Lin_Arith.add_inj_thms @{thms of_nat_le_iff [THEN iffD2] of_nat_eq_iff [THEN iffD2]}
#> Lin_Arith.add_inj_const (\<^const_name>\<open>of_nat\<close>, \<^typ>\<open>nat \<Rightarrow> int\<close>)
#> Lin_Arith.add_simps
@{thms of_int_0 of_int_1 of_int_add of_int_mult of_int_numeral of_int_neg_numeral nat_0 nat_1 diff_nat_numeral nat_numeral
neg_less_iff_less
True_implies_equals
distrib_left [where a = "numeral v" for v]
distrib_left [where a = "- numeral v" for v]
div_by_1 div_0
times_divide_eq_right times_divide_eq_left
minus_divide_left [THEN sym] minus_divide_right [THEN sym]
add_divide_distrib diff_divide_distrib
of_int_minus of_int_diff
of_int_of_nat_eq}
#> Lin_Arith.add_simprocs [Int_Arith.zero_one_idom_simproc]
)\<close>
simproc_setup fast_arith
("(m::'a::linordered_idom) < n" |
"(m::'a::linordered_idom) \ n" |
"(m::'a::linordered_idom) = n") =
\<open>K Lin_Arith.simproc\<close>
subsection\<open>More Inequality Reasoning\<close>
lemma zless_add1_eq: "w < z + 1 \ w < z \ w = z"
for w z :: int
by arith
lemma add1_zle_eq: "w + 1 \ z \ w < z"
for w z :: int
by arith
lemma zle_diff1_eq [simp]: "w \ z - 1 \ w < z"
for w z :: int
by arith
lemma zle_add1_eq_le [simp]: "w < z + 1 \ w \ z"
for w z :: int
by arith
lemma int_one_le_iff_zero_less: "1 \ z \ 0 < z"
for z :: int
by arith
lemma Ints_nonzero_abs_ge1:
fixes x:: "'a :: linordered_idom"
assumes "x \ Ints" "x \ 0"
shows "1 \ abs x"
proof (rule Ints_cases [OF \<open>x \<in> Ints\<close>])
fix z::int
assume "x = of_int z"
with \<open>x \<noteq> 0\<close>
show "1 \ \x\"
apply (auto simp add: abs_if)
by (metis diff_0 of_int_1 of_int_le_iff of_int_minus zle_diff1_eq)
qed
lemma Ints_nonzero_abs_less1:
fixes x:: "'a :: linordered_idom"
shows "\x \ Ints; abs x < 1\ \ x = 0"
using Ints_nonzero_abs_ge1 [of x] by auto
lemma Ints_eq_abs_less1:
fixes x:: "'a :: linordered_idom"
shows "\x \ Ints; y \ Ints\ \ x = y \ abs (x-y) < 1"
using eq_iff_diff_eq_0 by (fastforce intro: Ints_nonzero_abs_less1)
subsection \<open>The functions \<^term>\<open>nat\<close> and \<^term>\<open>int\<close>\<close>
text \<open>Simplify the term \<^term>\<open>w + - z\<close>.\<close>
lemma one_less_nat_eq [simp]: "Suc 0 < nat z \ 1 < z"
using zless_nat_conj [of 1 z] by auto
lemma int_eq_iff_numeral [simp]:
"int m = numeral v \ m = numeral v"
by (simp add: int_eq_iff)
lemma nat_abs_int_diff:
"nat \int a - int b\ = (if a \ b then b - a else a - b)"
by auto
lemma nat_int_add: "nat (int a + int b) = a + b"
by auto
context ring_1
begin
lemma of_int_of_nat [nitpick_simp]:
"of_int k = (if k < 0 then - of_nat (nat (- k)) else of_nat (nat k))"
proof (cases "k < 0")
case True
then have "0 \ - k" by simp
then have "of_nat (nat (- k)) = of_int (- k)" by (rule of_nat_nat)
with True show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then show ?thesis by (simp add: not_less)
qed
end
lemma transfer_rule_of_int:
includes lifting_syntax
fixes R :: "'a::ring_1 \ 'b::ring_1 \ bool"
assumes [transfer_rule]: "R 0 0" "R 1 1"
"(R ===> R ===> R) (+) (+)"
"(R ===> R) uminus uminus"
shows "((=) ===> R) of_int of_int"
proof -
note assms
note transfer_rule_of_nat [transfer_rule]
have [transfer_rule]: "((=) ===> R) of_nat of_nat"
by transfer_prover
show ?thesis
by (unfold of_int_of_nat [abs_def]) transfer_prover
qed
lemma nat_mult_distrib:
fixes z z' :: int
assumes "0 \ z"
shows "nat (z * z') = nat z * nat z'"
proof (cases "0 \ z'")
case False
with assms have "z * z' \ 0"
by (simp add: not_le mult_le_0_iff)
then have "nat (z * z') = 0" by simp
moreover from False have "nat z' = 0" by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
next
case True
with assms have ge_0: "z * z' \ 0" by (simp add: zero_le_mult_iff)
show ?thesis
by (rule injD [of "of_nat :: nat \ int", OF inj_of_nat])
(simp only: of_nat_mult of_nat_nat [OF True]
of_nat_nat [OF assms] of_nat_nat [OF ge_0], simp)
qed
lemma nat_mult_distrib_neg:
assumes "z \ (0::int)" shows "nat (z * z') = nat (- z) * nat (- z')" (is "?L = ?R")
proof -
have "?L = nat (- z * - z')"
using assms by auto
also have "... = ?R"
by (rule nat_mult_distrib) (use assms in auto)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma nat_abs_mult_distrib: "nat \w * z\ = nat \w\ * nat \z\"
by (cases "z = 0 \ w = 0")
(auto simp add: abs_if nat_mult_distrib [symmetric]
nat_mult_distrib_neg [symmetric] mult_less_0_iff)
lemma int_in_range_abs [simp]: "int n \ range abs"
proof (rule range_eqI)
show "int n = \int n\" by simp
qed
lemma range_abs_Nats [simp]: "range abs = (\ :: int set)"
proof -
have "\k\ \ \" for k :: int
by (cases k) simp_all
moreover have "k \ range abs" if "k \ \" for k :: int
using that by induct simp
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma Suc_nat_eq_nat_zadd1: "0 \ z \ Suc (nat z) = nat (1 + z)"
for z :: int
by (rule sym) (simp add: nat_eq_iff)
lemma diff_nat_eq_if:
"nat z - nat z' =
(if z' < 0 then nat z
else
let d = z - z'
in if d < 0 then 0 else nat d)"
by (simp add: Let_def nat_diff_distrib [symmetric])
lemma nat_numeral_diff_1 [simp]: "numeral v - (1::nat) = nat (numeral v - 1)"
using diff_nat_numeral [of v Num.One] by simp
subsection \<open>Induction principles for int\<close>
text \<open>Well-founded segments of the integers.\<close>
definition int_ge_less_than :: "int \ (int \ int) set"
where "int_ge_less_than d = {(z', z). d \ z' \ z' < z}"
lemma wf_int_ge_less_than: "wf (int_ge_less_than d)"
proof -
have "int_ge_less_than d \ measure (\z. nat (z - d))"
by (auto simp add: int_ge_less_than_def)
then show ?thesis
by (rule wf_subset [OF wf_measure])
qed
text \<open>
This variant looks odd, but is typical of the relations suggested
by RankFinder.\<close>
definition int_ge_less_than2 :: "int \ (int \ int) set"
where "int_ge_less_than2 d = {(z',z). d \ z \ z' < z}"
lemma wf_int_ge_less_than2: "wf (int_ge_less_than2 d)"
proof -
have "int_ge_less_than2 d \ measure (\z. nat (1 + z - d))"
by (auto simp add: int_ge_less_than2_def)
then show ?thesis
by (rule wf_subset [OF wf_measure])
qed
(* `set:int': dummy construction *)
theorem int_ge_induct [case_names base step, induct set: int]:
fixes i :: int
assumes ge: "k \ i"
and base: "P k"
and step: "\i. k \ i \ P i \ P (i + 1)"
shows "P i"
proof -
have "\i::int. n = nat (i - k) \ k \ i \ P i" for n
proof (induct n)
case 0
then have "i = k" by arith
with base show "P i" by simp
next
case (Suc n)
then have "n = nat ((i - 1) - k)" by arith
moreover have k: "k \ i - 1" using Suc.prems by arith
ultimately have "P (i - 1)" by (rule Suc.hyps)
from step [OF k this] show ?case by simp
qed
with ge show ?thesis by fast
qed
(* `set:int': dummy construction *)
theorem int_gr_induct [case_names base step, induct set: int]:
fixes i k :: int
assumes "k < i" "P (k + 1)" "\i. k < i \ P i \ P (i + 1)"
shows "P i"
proof -
have "k+1 \ i"
using assms by auto
then show ?thesis
by (induction i rule: int_ge_induct) (auto simp: assms)
qed
theorem int_le_induct [consumes 1, case_names base step]:
fixes i k :: int
assumes le: "i \ k"
and base: "P k"
and step: "\i. i \ k \ P i \ P (i - 1)"
shows "P i"
proof -
have "\i::int. n = nat(k-i) \ i \ k \ P i" for n
proof (induct n)
case 0
then have "i = k" by arith
with base show "P i" by simp
next
case (Suc n)
then have "n = nat (k - (i + 1))" by arith
moreover have k: "i + 1 \ k" using Suc.prems by arith
ultimately have "P (i + 1)" by (rule Suc.hyps)
from step[OF k this] show ?case by simp
qed
with le show ?thesis by fast
qed
theorem int_less_induct [consumes 1, case_names base step]:
fixes i k :: int
assumes "i < k" "P (k - 1)" "\i. i < k \ P i \ P (i - 1)"
shows "P i"
proof -
have "i \ k-1"
using assms by auto
then show ?thesis
by (induction i rule: int_le_induct) (auto simp: assms)
qed
theorem int_induct [case_names base step1 step2]:
fixes k :: int
assumes base: "P k"
and step1: "\i. k \ i \ P i \ P (i + 1)"
and step2: "\i. k \ i \ P i \ P (i - 1)"
shows "P i"
proof -
have "i \ k \ i \ k" by arith
then show ?thesis
proof
assume "i \ k"
then show ?thesis
using base by (rule int_ge_induct) (fact step1)
next
assume "i \ k"
then show ?thesis
using base by (rule int_le_induct) (fact step2)
qed
qed
subsection \<open>Intermediate value theorems\<close>
lemma nat_ivt_aux:
"\\if (Suc i) - f i\ \ 1; f 0 \ k; k \ f n\ \ \i \ n. f i = k"
for m n :: nat and k :: int
proof (induct n)
case (Suc n)
show ?case
proof (cases "k = f (Suc n)")
case False
with Suc have "k \ f n"
by auto
with Suc show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: abs_if split: if_split_asm intro: le_SucI)
qed (use Suc in auto)
qed auto
lemma nat_intermed_int_val:
fixes m n :: nat and k :: int
assumes "\i. m \ i \ i < n \ \f (Suc i) - f i\ \ 1" "m \ n" "f m \ k" "k \ f n"
shows "\i. m \ i \ i \ n \ f i = k"
proof -
obtain i where "i \ n - m" "k = f (m + i)"
using nat_ivt_aux [of "n - m" "f \ plus m" k] assms by auto
with assms show ?thesis
by (rule_tac x = "m + i" in exI) auto
qed
lemma nat0_intermed_int_val:
"\i\n. f i = k"
if "\if (i + 1) - f i\ \ 1" "f 0 \ k" "k \ f n"
for n :: nat and k :: int
using nat_intermed_int_val [of 0 n f k] that by auto
subsection \<open>Products and 1, by T. M. Rasmussen\<close>
lemma abs_zmult_eq_1:
fixes m n :: int
assumes mn: "\m * n\ = 1"
shows "\m\ = 1"
proof -
from mn have 0: "m \ 0" "n \ 0" by auto
have "\ 2 \ \m\"
proof
assume "2 \ \m\"
then have "2 * \n\ \ \m\ * \n\" by (simp add: mult_mono 0)
also have "\ = \m * n\" by (simp add: abs_mult)
also from mn have "\ = 1" by simp
finally have "2 * \n\ \ 1" .
with 0 show "False" by arith
qed
with 0 show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma pos_zmult_eq_1_iff_lemma: "m * n = 1 \ m = 1 \ m = - 1"
for m n :: int
using abs_zmult_eq_1 [of m n] by arith
lemma pos_zmult_eq_1_iff:
fixes m n :: int
assumes "0 < m"
shows "m * n = 1 \ m = 1 \ n = 1"
proof -
from assms have "m * n = 1 \ m = 1"
by (auto dest: pos_zmult_eq_1_iff_lemma)
then show ?thesis
by (auto dest: pos_zmult_eq_1_iff_lemma)
qed
lemma zmult_eq_1_iff: "m * n = 1 \ (m = 1 \ n = 1) \ (m = - 1 \ n = - 1)" (is "?L = ?R")
for m n :: int
proof
assume L: ?L show ?R
using pos_zmult_eq_1_iff_lemma [OF L] L by force
qed auto
lemma infinite_UNIV_int [simp]: "\ finite (UNIV::int set)"
proof
assume "finite (UNIV::int set)"
moreover have "inj (\i::int. 2 * i)"
by (rule injI) simp
ultimately have "surj (\i::int. 2 * i)"
by (rule finite_UNIV_inj_surj)
then obtain i :: int where "1 = 2 * i" by (rule surjE)
then show False by (simp add: pos_zmult_eq_1_iff)
qed
subsection \<open>The divides relation\<close>
lemma zdvd_antisym_nonneg: "0 \ m \ 0 \ n \ m dvd n \ n dvd m \ m = n"
for m n :: int
by (auto simp add: dvd_def mult.assoc zero_le_mult_iff zmult_eq_1_iff)
lemma zdvd_antisym_abs:
fixes a b :: int
assumes "a dvd b" and "b dvd a"
shows "\a\ = \b\"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
from \<open>a dvd b\<close> obtain k where k: "b = a * k"
unfolding dvd_def by blast
from \<open>b dvd a\<close> obtain k' where k': "a = b * k'"
unfolding dvd_def by blast
from k k' have "a = a * k * k'" by simp
with mult_cancel_left1[where c="a" and b="k*k'"] have kk': "k * k' = 1"
using \<open>a \<noteq> 0\<close> by (simp add: mult.assoc)
then have "k = 1 \ k' = 1 \ k = -1 \ k' = -1"
by (simp add: zmult_eq_1_iff)
with k k' show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma zdvd_zdiffD: "k dvd m - n \ k dvd n \ k dvd m"
for k m n :: int
using dvd_add_right_iff [of k "- n" m] by simp
lemma zdvd_reduce: "k dvd n + k * m \ k dvd n"
for k m n :: int
using dvd_add_times_triv_right_iff [of k n m] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_imp_le_int:
fixes d i :: int
assumes "i \ 0" and "d dvd i"
shows "\d\ \ \i\"
proof -
from \<open>d dvd i\<close> obtain k where "i = d * k" ..
with \<open>i \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k \<noteq> 0" by auto
then have "1 \ \k\" and "0 \ \d\" by auto
then have "\d\ * 1 \ \d\ * \k\" by (rule mult_left_mono)
with \<open>i = d * k\<close> show ?thesis by (simp add: abs_mult)
qed
lemma zdvd_not_zless:
fixes m n :: int
assumes "0 < m" and "m < n"
shows "\ n dvd m"
proof
from assms have "0 < n" by auto
assume "n dvd m" then obtain k where k: "m = n * k" ..
with \<open>0 < m\<close> have "0 < n * k" by auto
with \<open>0 < n\<close> have "0 < k" by (simp add: zero_less_mult_iff)
with k \<open>0 < n\<close> \<open>m < n\<close> have "n * k < n * 1" by simp
with \<open>0 < n\<close> \<open>0 < k\<close> show False unfolding mult_less_cancel_left by auto
qed
lemma zdvd_mult_cancel:
fixes k m n :: int
assumes d: "k * m dvd k * n"
and "k \ 0"
shows "m dvd n"
proof -
from d obtain h where h: "k * n = k * m * h"
unfolding dvd_def by blast
have "n = m * h"
proof (rule ccontr)
assume "\ ?thesis"
with \<open>k \<noteq> 0\<close> have "k * n \<noteq> k * (m * h)" by simp
with h show False
by (simp add: mult.assoc)
qed
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma int_dvd_int_iff [simp]:
"int m dvd int n \ m dvd n"
proof -
have "m dvd n" if "int n = int m * k" for k
proof (cases k)
case (nonneg q)
with that have "n = m * q"
by (simp del: of_nat_mult add: of_nat_mult [symmetric])
then show ?thesis ..
next
case (neg q)
with that have "int n = int m * (- int (Suc q))"
by simp
also have "\ = - (int m * int (Suc q))"
by (simp only: mult_minus_right)
also have "\ = - int (m * Suc q)"
by (simp only: of_nat_mult [symmetric])
finally have "- int (m * Suc q) = int n" ..
then show ?thesis
by (simp only: negative_eq_positive) auto
qed
then show ?thesis by (auto simp add: dvd_def)
qed
lemma dvd_nat_abs_iff [simp]:
"n dvd nat \k\ \ int n dvd k"
proof -
have "n dvd nat \k\ \ int n dvd int (nat \k\)"
by (simp only: int_dvd_int_iff)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma nat_abs_dvd_iff [simp]:
"nat \k\ dvd n \ k dvd int n"
proof -
have "nat \k\ dvd n \ int (nat \k\) dvd int n"
by (simp only: int_dvd_int_iff)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma zdvd1_eq [simp]: "x dvd 1 \ \x\ = 1" (is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
for x :: int
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "nat \x\ dvd nat \1\"
by (simp only: nat_abs_dvd_iff) simp
then have "nat \x\ = 1"
by simp
then show ?rhs
by (cases "x < 0") simp_all
next
assume ?rhs
then have "x = 1 \ x = - 1"
by auto
then show ?lhs
by (auto intro: dvdI)
qed
lemma zdvd_mult_cancel1:
fixes m :: int
assumes mp: "m \ 0"
shows "m * n dvd m \ \n\ = 1"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs
by (cases "n > 0") (auto simp add: minus_equation_iff)
next
assume ?lhs
then have "m * n dvd m * 1" by simp
from zdvd_mult_cancel[OF this mp] show ?rhs
by (simp only: zdvd1_eq)
qed
lemma nat_dvd_iff: "nat z dvd m \ (if 0 \ z then z dvd int m else m = 0)"
using nat_abs_dvd_iff [of z m] by (cases "z \ 0") auto
lemma eq_nat_nat_iff: "0 \ z \ 0 \ z' \ nat z = nat z' \ z = z'"
by (auto elim: nonneg_int_cases)
lemma nat_power_eq: "0 \ z \ nat (z ^ n) = nat z ^ n"
by (induct n) (simp_all add: nat_mult_distrib)
lemma numeral_power_eq_nat_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n = nat y \ numeral x ^ n = y"
using nat_eq_iff2 by auto
lemma nat_eq_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"nat y = numeral x ^ n \ y = numeral x ^ n"
using numeral_power_eq_nat_cancel_iff[of x n y]
by (metis (mono_tags))
lemma numeral_power_le_nat_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n \ nat a \ numeral x ^ n \ a"
using nat_le_eq_zle[of "numeral x ^ n" a]
by (auto simp: nat_power_eq)
lemma nat_le_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"nat a \ numeral x ^ n \ a \ numeral x ^ n"
by (simp add: nat_le_iff)
lemma numeral_power_less_nat_cancel_iff [simp]:
"numeral x ^ n < nat a \ numeral x ^ n < a"
using nat_less_eq_zless[of "numeral x ^ n" a]
by (auto simp: nat_power_eq)
lemma nat_less_numeral_power_cancel_iff [simp]:
"nat a < numeral x ^ n \ a < numeral x ^ n"
using nat_less_eq_zless[of a "numeral x ^ n"]
by (cases "a < 0") (auto simp: nat_power_eq less_le_trans[where y=0])
lemma zdvd_imp_le: "z \ n" if "z dvd n" "0 < n" for n z :: int
proof (cases n)
case (nonneg n)
show ?thesis
by (cases z) (use nonneg dvd_imp_le that in auto)
qed (use that in auto)
lemma zdvd_period:
fixes a d :: int
assumes "a dvd d"
shows "a dvd (x + t) \ a dvd ((x + c * d) + t)"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof -
from assms have "a dvd (x + t) \ a dvd ((x + t) + c * d)"
by (simp add: dvd_add_left_iff)
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
subsection \<open>Powers with integer exponents\<close>
text \<open>
The following allows writing powers with an integer exponent. While the type signature
is very generic, most theorems will assume that the underlying type is a division ring or
a field.
The notation `powi' is inspired by the `powr' notation for real/complex exponentiation.
\<close>
definition power_int :: "'a :: {inverse, power} \ int \ 'a" (infixr "powi" 80) where
"power_int x n = (if n \ 0 then x ^ nat n else inverse x ^ (nat (-n)))"
lemma power_int_0_right [simp]: "power_int x 0 = 1"
and power_int_1_right [simp]:
"power_int (y :: 'a :: {power, inverse, monoid_mult}) 1 = y"
and power_int_minus1_right [simp]:
"power_int (y :: 'a :: {power, inverse, monoid_mult}) (-1) = inverse y"
by (simp_all add: power_int_def)
lemma power_int_of_nat [simp]: "power_int x (int n) = x ^ n"
by (simp add: power_int_def)
lemma power_int_numeral [simp]: "power_int x (numeral n) = x ^ numeral n"
by (simp add: power_int_def)
lemma int_cases4 [case_names nonneg neg]:
fixes m :: int
obtains n where "m = int n" | n where "n > 0" "m = -int n"
proof (cases "m \ 0")
case True
thus ?thesis using that(1)[of "nat m"] by auto
next
case False
thus ?thesis using that(2)[of "nat (-m)"] by auto
qed
context
assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::division_ring)"
begin
lemma power_int_minus: "power_int (x::'a) (-n) = inverse (power_int x n)"
by (auto simp: power_int_def power_inverse)
lemma power_int_eq_0_iff [simp]: "power_int (x::'a) n = 0 \ x = 0 \ n \ 0"
by (auto simp: power_int_def)
lemma power_int_0_left_If: "power_int (0 :: 'a) m = (if m = 0 then 1 else 0)"
by (auto simp: power_int_def)
lemma power_int_0_left [simp]: "m \ 0 \ power_int (0 :: 'a) m = 0"
by (simp add: power_int_0_left_If)
lemma power_int_1_left [simp]: "power_int 1 n = (1 :: 'a :: division_ring)"
by (auto simp: power_int_def)
lemma power_diff_conv_inverse: "x \ 0 \ m \ n \ (x :: 'a) ^ (n - m) = x ^ n * inverse x ^ m"
by (simp add: field_simps flip: power_add)
lemma power_mult_inverse_distrib: "x ^ m * inverse (x :: 'a) = inverse x * x ^ m"
proof (cases "x = 0")
case [simp]: False
show ?thesis
proof (cases m)
case (Suc m')
have "x ^ Suc m' * inverse x = x ^ m'"
by (subst power_Suc2) (auto simp: mult.assoc)
also have "\ = inverse x * x ^ Suc m'"
by (subst power_Suc) (auto simp: mult.assoc [symmetric])
finally show ?thesis using Suc by simp
qed auto
qed auto
lemma power_mult_power_inverse_commute:
"x ^ m * inverse (x :: 'a) ^ n = inverse x ^ n * x ^ m"
proof (induction n)
case (Suc n)
have "x ^ m * inverse x ^ Suc n = (x ^ m * inverse x ^ n) * inverse x"
by (simp only: power_Suc2 mult.assoc)
also have "x ^ m * inverse x ^ n = inverse x ^ n * x ^ m"
by (rule Suc)
also have "\ * inverse x = (inverse x ^ n * inverse x) * x ^ m"
by (simp add: mult.assoc power_mult_inverse_distrib)
also have "\ = inverse x ^ (Suc n) * x ^ m"
by (simp only: power_Suc2)
finally show ?case .
qed auto
lemma power_int_add:
assumes "x \ 0 \ m + n \ 0"
shows "power_int (x::'a) (m + n) = power_int x m * power_int x n"
proof (cases "x = 0")
case True
thus ?thesis using assms by (auto simp: power_int_0_left_If)
next
case [simp]: False
show ?thesis
proof (cases m n rule: int_cases4[case_product int_cases4])
case (nonneg_nonneg a b)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp: power_int_def nat_add_distrib power_add)
next
case (nonneg_neg a b)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp: power_int_def nat_diff_distrib not_le power_diff_conv_inverse
power_mult_power_inverse_commute)
next
case (neg_nonneg a b)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp: power_int_def nat_diff_distrib not_le power_diff_conv_inverse
power_mult_power_inverse_commute)
next
case (neg_neg a b)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp: power_int_def nat_add_distrib add.commute simp flip: power_add)
qed
qed
lemma power_int_add_1:
assumes "x \ 0 \ m \ -1"
shows "power_int (x::'a) (m + 1) = power_int x m * x"
using assms by (subst power_int_add) auto
lemma power_int_add_1':
assumes "x \ 0 \ m \ -1"
shows "power_int (x::'a) (m + 1) = x * power_int x m"
using assms by (subst add.commute, subst power_int_add) auto
lemma power_int_commutes: "power_int (x :: 'a) n * x = x * power_int x n"
by (cases "x = 0") (auto simp flip: power_int_add_1 power_int_add_1')
lemma power_int_inverse [field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]:
"power_int (inverse (x :: 'a)) n = inverse (power_int x n)"
by (auto simp: power_int_def power_inverse)
lemma power_int_mult: "power_int (x :: 'a) (m * n) = power_int (power_int x m) n"
by (auto simp: power_int_def zero_le_mult_iff simp flip: power_mult power_inverse nat_mult_distrib)
end
context
assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::field)"
begin
lemma power_int_diff:
assumes "x \ 0 \ m \ n"
shows "power_int (x::'a) (m - n) = power_int x m / power_int x n"
using power_int_add[of x m "-n"] assms by (auto simp: field_simps power_int_minus)
lemma power_int_minus_mult: "x \ 0 \ n \ 0 \ power_int (x :: 'a) (n - 1) * x = power_int x n"
by (auto simp flip: power_int_add_1)
lemma power_int_mult_distrib: "power_int (x * y :: 'a) m = power_int x m * power_int y m"
by (auto simp: power_int_def power_mult_distrib)
lemmas power_int_mult_distrib_numeral1 = power_int_mult_distrib [where x = "numeral w" for w, simp]
lemmas power_int_mult_distrib_numeral2 = power_int_mult_distrib [where y = "numeral w" for w, simp]
lemma power_int_divide_distrib: "power_int (x / y :: 'a) m = power_int x m / power_int y m"
using power_int_mult_distrib[of x "inverse y" m] unfolding power_int_inverse
by (simp add: field_simps)
end
lemma power_int_add_numeral [simp]:
"power_int x (numeral m) * power_int x (numeral n) = power_int x (numeral (m + n))"
for x :: "'a :: division_ring"
by (simp add: power_int_add [symmetric])
lemma power_int_add_numeral2 [simp]:
"power_int x (numeral m) * (power_int x (numeral n) * b) = power_int x (numeral (m + n)) * b"
for x :: "'a :: division_ring"
by (simp add: mult.assoc [symmetric])
lemma power_int_mult_numeral [simp]:
"power_int (power_int x (numeral m)) (numeral n) = power_int x (numeral (m * n))"
for x :: "'a :: division_ring"
by (simp only: numeral_mult power_int_mult)
lemma power_int_not_zero: "(x :: 'a :: division_ring) \ 0 \ n = 0 \ power_int x n \ 0"
by (subst power_int_eq_0_iff) auto
lemma power_int_one_over [field_simps, field_split_simps, divide_simps]:
"power_int (1 / x :: 'a :: division_ring) n = 1 / power_int x n"
using power_int_inverse[of x] by (simp add: divide_inverse)
context
assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a :: linordered_field)"
begin
lemma power_int_numeral_neg_numeral [simp]:
"power_int (numeral m) (-numeral n) = (inverse (numeral (Num.pow m n)) :: 'a)"
by (simp add: power_int_minus)
lemma zero_less_power_int [simp]: "0 < (x :: 'a) \ 0 < power_int x n"
by (auto simp: power_int_def)
lemma zero_le_power_int [simp]: "0 \ (x :: 'a) \ 0 \ power_int x n"
by (auto simp: power_int_def)
lemma power_int_mono: "(x :: 'a) \ y \ n \ 0 \ 0 \ x \ power_int x n \ power_int y n"
by (cases n rule: int_cases4) (auto intro: power_mono)
lemma one_le_power_int [simp]: "1 \ (x :: 'a) \ n \ 0 \ 1 \ power_int x n"
using power_int_mono [of 1 x n] by simp
lemma power_int_le_one: "0 \ (x :: 'a) \ n \ 0 \ x \ 1 \ power_int x n \ 1"
using power_int_mono [of x 1 n] by simp
lemma power_int_le_imp_le_exp:
assumes gt1: "1 < (x :: 'a :: linordered_field)"
assumes "power_int x m \ power_int x n" "n \ 0"
shows "m \ n"
proof (cases "m < 0")
case True
with \<open>n \<ge> 0\<close> show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
with assms have "x ^ nat m \ x ^ nat n"
by (simp add: power_int_def)
from gt1 and this show ?thesis
using False \<open>n \<ge> 0\<close> by auto
qed
lemma power_int_le_imp_less_exp:
assumes gt1: "1 < (x :: 'a :: linordered_field)"
assumes "power_int x m < power_int x n" "n \ 0"
shows "m < n"
proof (cases "m < 0")
case True
with \<open>n \<ge> 0\<close> show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
with assms have "x ^ nat m < x ^ nat n"
by (simp add: power_int_def)
from gt1 and this show ?thesis
using False \<open>n \<ge> 0\<close> by auto
qed
lemma power_int_strict_mono:
"(a :: 'a :: linordered_field) < b \ 0 \ a \ 0 < n \ power_int a n < power_int b n"
by (auto simp: power_int_def intro!: power_strict_mono)
lemma power_int_mono_iff [simp]:
fixes a b :: "'a :: linordered_field"
shows "\a \ 0; b \ 0; n > 0\ \ power_int a n \ power_int b n \ a \ b"
by (auto simp: power_int_def intro!: power_strict_mono)
lemma power_int_strict_increasing:
fixes a :: "'a :: linordered_field"
assumes "n < N" "1 < a"
shows "power_int a N > power_int a n"
proof -
have *: "a ^ nat (N - n) > a ^ 0"
using assms by (intro power_strict_increasing) auto
have "power_int a N = power_int a n * power_int a (N - n)"
using assms by (simp flip: power_int_add)
also have "\ > power_int a n * 1"
using assms *
by (intro mult_strict_left_mono zero_less_power_int) (auto simp: power_int_def)
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma power_int_increasing:
fixes a :: "'a :: linordered_field"
assumes "n \ N" "a \ 1"
shows "power_int a N \ power_int a n"
proof -
have *: "a ^ nat (N - n) \ a ^ 0"
using assms by (intro power_increasing) auto
have "power_int a N = power_int a n * power_int a (N - n)"
using assms by (simp flip: power_int_add)
also have "\ \ power_int a n * 1"
using assms * by (intro mult_left_mono) (auto simp: power_int_def)
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma power_int_strict_decreasing:
fixes a :: "'a :: linordered_field"
assumes "n < N" "0 < a" "a < 1"
shows "power_int a N < power_int a n"
proof -
have *: "a ^ nat (N - n) < a ^ 0"
using assms by (intro power_strict_decreasing) auto
have "power_int a N = power_int a n * power_int a (N - n)"
using assms by (simp flip: power_int_add)
also have "\ < power_int a n * 1"
using assms *
by (intro mult_strict_left_mono zero_less_power_int) (auto simp: power_int_def)
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
--> --------------------
--> maximum size reached
--> --------------------
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Ziele
Entwicklung einer Software für die statische Quellcodeanalyse
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