(* Title: HOL/Nonstandard_Analysis/Star.thy
Author: Jacques D. Fleuriot
Copyright: 1998 University of Cambridge
Conversion to Isar and new proofs by Lawrence C Paulson, 2003/4
*)
section ‹Star-Transforms
in Non-Standard Analysis
›
theory Star
imports NSA
begin
definition 🍋 ‹internal sets
›
starset_n ::
"(nat \ 'a set) \ 'a star set"
(
‹(
‹open_block
notation=
‹prefix starset_n
››*sn* _)
› [80] 80)
where "*sn* As = Iset (star_n As)"
definition InternalSets ::
"'a star set set"
where "InternalSets = {X. \As. X = *sn* As}"
definition 🍋 ‹nonstandard extension of
function›
is_starext ::
"('a star \ 'a star) \ ('a \ 'a) \ bool"
where "is_starext F f \
(
∀x y.
∃X
∈ Rep_star x.
∃Y
∈ Rep_star y. y = F x
⟷ eventually (λn. Y n = f(X n))
U)
"
definition 🍋 ‹internal functions
›
starfun_n ::
"(nat \ 'a \ 'b) \ 'a star \ 'b star"
(
‹(
‹open_block
notation=
‹prefix starfun_n
››*fn* _)
› [80] 80)
where "*fn* F = Ifun (star_n F)"
definition InternalFuns ::
"('a star => 'b star) set"
where "InternalFuns = {X. \F. X = *fn* F}"
subsection ‹Preamble - Pulling
‹∃› over
‹∀››
text ‹This
proof does not need AC
and was suggested
by the
referee
for the JCM Paper:
let ‹f x
› be least
‹y
› such
that
‹Q x y
›.
›
lemma no_choice:
"\x. \y. Q x y \ \f :: 'a \ nat. \x. Q x (f x)"
by (rule exI [
where x =
"\x. LEAST y. Q x y"]) (blast intro: LeastI)
subsection ‹Properties of the Star-transform Applied
to Sets of Reals
›
lemma STAR_star_of_image_subset:
"star_of ` A \ *s* A"
by auto
lemma STAR_hypreal_of_real_Int:
"*s* X \ \ = hypreal_of_real ` X"
by (auto simp add: SReal_def)
lemma STAR_star_of_Int:
"*s* X \ Standard = star_of ` X"
by (auto simp add: Standard_def)
lemma lemma_not_hyprealA:
"x \ hypreal_of_real ` A \ \y \ A. x \ hypreal_of_real y"
by auto
lemma lemma_not_starA:
"x \ star_of ` A \ \y \ A. x \ star_of y"
by auto
lemma STAR_real_seq_to_hypreal:
"\n. (X n) \ M \ star_n X \ *s* M"
by (simp add: starset_def star_of_def Iset_star_n FreeUltrafilterNat.proper)
lemma STAR_singleton:
"*s* {x} = {star_of x}"
by simp
lemma STAR_not_mem:
"x \ F \ star_of x \ *s* F"
by transfer
lemma STAR_subset_closed:
"x \ *s* A \ A \ B \ x \ *s* B"
by (erule rev_subsetD) simp
text ‹Nonstandard extension of a set (defined
using a constant
sequence) as a special
case of an internal set.
›
lemma starset_n_starset:
"\n. As n = A \ *sn* As = *s* A"
by (drule fun_eq_iff [
THEN iffD2]) (simp add: starset_n_def starset_def star_of_def)
subsection ‹Theorems about nonstandard extensions of functions
›
text ‹Nonstandard extension of a
function (defined
using a
constant sequence) as a special
case of an internal
function.
›
lemma starfun_n_starfun:
"F = (\n. f) \ *fn* F = *f* f"
by (simp add: starfun_n_def starfun_def star_of_def)
text ‹Prove that
‹abs
› for hypreal
is a nonstandard extension of abs
for real w/o
use of congruence property (proved after this
for general
nonstandard extensions of real valued functions).
Proof now
Uses the ultrafilter tactic!
›
lemma hrabs_is_starext_rabs:
"is_starext abs abs"
proof -
have "\f\Rep_star (star_n h). \g\Rep_star (star_n k). (star_n k = \star_n h\) = (\\<^sub>F n in \. (g n::'a) = \f n\)"
for x y ::
"'a star" and h k
by (metis (full_types) Rep_star_star_n star_n_abs star_n_eq_iff)
then show ?thesis
unfolding is_starext_def
by (metis star_cases)
qed
text ‹Nonstandard extension of functions.
›
lemma starfun:
"( *f* f) (star_n X) = star_n (\n. f (X n))"
by (rule starfun_star_n)
lemma starfun_if_eq:
"\w. w \ star_of x \ ( *f* (\z. if z = x then a else g z)) w = ( *f* g) w"
by transfer simp
text ‹Multiplication:
‹( *f) x ( *g) = *(f x g)
››
lemma starfun_mult:
"\x. ( *f* f) x * ( *f* g) x = ( *f* (\x. f x * g x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_mult [symmetric, simp]
text ‹Addition:
‹( *f) + ( *g) = *(f + g)
››
lemma starfun_add:
"\x. ( *f* f) x + ( *f* g) x = ( *f* (\x. f x + g x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_add [symmetric, simp]
text ‹Subtraction:
‹( *f) + -( *g) = *(f + -g)
››
lemma starfun_minus:
"\x. - ( *f* f) x = ( *f* (\x. - f x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_minus [symmetric, simp]
(*FIXME: delete*)
lemma starfun_add_minus:
"\x. ( *f* f) x + -( *f* g) x = ( *f* (\x. f x + -g x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_add_minus [symmetric, simp]
lemma starfun_diff:
"\x. ( *f* f) x - ( *f* g) x = ( *f* (\x. f x - g x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_diff [symmetric, simp]
text ‹Composition:
‹( *f)
∘ ( *g) = *(f
∘ g)
››
lemma starfun_o2:
"(\x. ( *f* f) (( *f* g) x)) = *f* (\x. f (g x))"
by transfer (rule refl)
lemma starfun_o:
"( *f* f) \ ( *f* g) = ( *f* (f \ g))"
by (transfer o_def) (rule refl)
text ‹NS extension of constant
function.
›
lemma starfun_const_fun [simp]:
"\x. ( *f* (\x. k)) x = star_of k"
by transfer (rule refl)
text ‹The NS extension of the identity
function.
›
lemma starfun_Id [simp]:
"\x. ( *f* (\x. x)) x = x"
by transfer (rule refl)
text ‹The Star-function
is a (nonstandard) extension of the
function.
›
lemma is_starext_starfun:
"is_starext ( *f* f) f"
proof -
have "\X\Rep_star x. \Y\Rep_star y. (y = (*f* f) x) = (\\<^sub>F n in \. Y n = f (X n))"
for x y
by (metis (mono_tags) Rep_star_star_n star_cases star_n_eq_iff starfun_star_n)
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: is_starext_def)
qed
text ‹Any nonstandard extension
is in fact the Star-function.
›
lemma is_starfun_starext:
assumes "is_starext F f"
shows "F = *f* f"
proof -
have "F x = (*f* f) x"
if "\x y. \X\Rep_star x. \Y\Rep_star y. (y = F x) = (\\<^sub>F n in \. Y n = f (X n))" for x
by (metis that mem_Rep_star_iff star_n_eq_iff starfun_star_n)
with assms
show ?thesis
by (force simp add: is_starext_def)
qed
lemma is_starext_starfun_iff:
"is_starext F f \ F = *f* f"
by (blast intro: is_starfun_starext is_starext_starfun)
text ‹Extended
function has same solution as its standard version
for real arguments. i.e they are the same
for all real arguments.
›
lemma starfun_eq:
"( *f* f) (star_of a) = star_of (f a)"
by (rule starfun_star_of)
lemma starfun_approx:
"( *f* f) (star_of a) \ star_of (f a)"
by simp
text ‹Useful
for NS
definition of derivatives.
›
lemma starfun_lambda_cancel:
"\x'. ( *f* (\h. f (x + h))) x' = ( *f* f) (star_of x + x')"
by transfer (rule refl)
lemma starfun_lambda_cancel2:
"( *f* (\h. f (g (x + h)))) x' = ( *f* (f \ g)) (star_of x + x')"
unfolding o_def
by (rule starfun_lambda_cancel)
lemma starfun_mult_HFinite_approx:
"( *f* f) x \ l \ ( *f* g) x \ m \ l \ HFinite \ m \ HFinite \
( *f* (λx. f x * g x)) x
≈ l * m
"
for l m ::
"'a::real_normed_algebra star"
using approx_mult_HFinite
by auto
lemma starfun_add_approx:
"( *f* f) x \ l \ ( *f* g) x \ m \ ( *f* (%x. f x + g x)) x \ l + m"
by (auto intro: approx_add)
text ‹Examples:
‹hrabs
› is nonstandard extension of
‹rabs
›,
‹inverse
› is nonstandard extension of
‹inverse
›.
›
text ‹Can be proved easily
using theorem ‹starfun
› and
properties of ultrafilter as
for inverse below we
use the
theorem we proved above instead.
›
lemma starfun_rabs_hrabs:
"*f* abs = abs"
by (simp only: star_abs_def)
lemma starfun_inverse_inverse [simp]:
"( *f* inverse) x = inverse x"
by (simp only: star_inverse_def)
lemma starfun_inverse:
"\x. inverse (( *f* f) x) = ( *f* (\x. inverse (f x))) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_inverse [symmetric, simp]
lemma starfun_divide:
"\x. ( *f* f) x / ( *f* g) x = ( *f* (\x. f x / g x)) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
declare starfun_divide [symmetric, simp]
lemma starfun_inverse2:
"\x. inverse (( *f* f) x) = ( *f* (\x. inverse (f x))) x"
by transfer (rule refl)
text ‹General
lemma/
theorem needed
for proofs
in elementary topology of the reals.
›
lemma starfun_mem_starset:
"\x. ( *f* f) x \ *s* A \ x \ *s* {x. f x \ A}"
by transfer simp
text ‹Alternative
definition for ‹hrabs
› with ‹rabs
› function applied
entrywise
to equivalence
class representative.
This
is easily proved
using @{
thm [source] starfun}
and ns extension
thm.
›
lemma hypreal_hrabs:
"\star_n X\ = star_n (\n. \X n\)"
by (simp only: starfun_rabs_hrabs [symmetric] starfun)
text ‹Nonstandard extension of set through nonstandard extension
of
‹rabs
› function i.e.
‹hrabs
›. A more general result should be
where we replace
‹rabs
› by some arbitrary
function ‹f
› and ‹hrabs
›
by its NS extenson. See second NS set extension below.
›
lemma STAR_rabs_add_minus:
"*s* {x. \x + - y\ < r} = {x. \x + -star_of y\ < star_of r}"
by transfer (rule refl)
lemma STAR_starfun_rabs_add_minus:
"*s* {x. \f x + - y\ < r} = {x. \( *f* f) x + -star_of y\ < star_of r}"
by transfer (rule refl)
text ‹Another characterization of Infinitesimal
and one of
‹≈› relation.
In this
theory since
‹hypreal_hrabs
› proved here. Maybe move both
theorems??
›
lemma Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff2:
"star_n X \ Infinitesimal \ (\m. eventually (\n. norm (X n) < inverse (real (Suc m))) \)"
by (simp add: Infinitesimal_hypreal_of_nat_iff star_of_def hnorm_def
star_of_nat_def starfun_star_n star_n_inverse star_n_less)
lemma HNatInfinite_inverse_Infinitesimal [simp]:
assumes "n \ HNatInfinite"
shows "inverse (hypreal_of_hypnat n) \ Infinitesimal"
proof (cases n)
case (star_n X)
then have *:
"\k. \\<^sub>F n in \. k < X n"
using HNatInfinite_FreeUltrafilterNat assms
by blast
have "\\<^sub>F n in \. inverse (real (X n)) < inverse (1 + real m)" for m
using * [of
"Suc m"]
by (auto elim!: eventually_mono)
then show ?thesis
using star_n
by (auto simp: of_hypnat_def starfun_star_n star_n_inverse Infinitesimal_Fr
eeUltrafilterNat_iff2)
qed
lemma approx_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff:
"star_n X \ star_n Y \ (\r>0. eventually (\n. norm (X n - Y n) < r) \)"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
have "?lhs = (star_n X - star_n Y \ 0)"
using approx_minus_iff by blast
also have "... = ?rhs"
by (metis (full_types) Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff mem_infmal_iff star_n_diff)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma approx_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff2:
"star_n X \ star_n Y \ (\m. eventually (\n. norm (X n - Y n) < inverse (real (Suc m))) \)"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof -
have "?lhs = (star_n X - star_n Y \ 0)"
using approx_minus_iff by blast
also have "... = ?rhs"
by (metis (full_types) Infinitesimal_FreeUltrafilterNat_iff2 mem_infmal_iff star_n_diff)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma inj_starfun: "inj starfun"
proof (rule inj_onI)
show "\ = \" if eq: "*f* \ = *f* \" for φ ψ :: "'a \ 'b"
proof (rule ext, rule ccontr)
show False
if "\ x \ \ x" for x
by (metis eq that star_of_inject starfun_eq)
qed
qed
end