(* Title: HOL/Rings.thy
Author: Gertrud Bauer
Author: Steven Obua
Author: Tobias Nipkow
Author: Lawrence C Paulson
Author: Markus Wenzel
Author: Jeremy Avigad
*)
section \<open>Rings\<close>
theory Rings
imports Groups Set Fun
begin
subsection \<open>Semirings and rings\<close>
class semiring = ab_semigroup_add + semigroup_mult +
assumes distrib_right [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]: "(a + b) * c = a * c + b * c"
assumes distrib_left [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]: "a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c"
begin
text \<open>For the \<open>combine_numerals\<close> simproc\<close>
lemma combine_common_factor: "a * e + (b * e + c) = (a + b) * e + c"
by (simp add: distrib_right ac_simps)
end
class mult_zero = times + zero +
assumes mult_zero_left [simp]: "0 * a = 0"
assumes mult_zero_right [simp]: "a * 0 = 0"
begin
lemma mult_not_zero: "a * b \ 0 \ a \ 0 \ b \ 0"
by auto
end
class semiring_0 = semiring + comm_monoid_add + mult_zero
class semiring_0_cancel = semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add
begin
subclass semiring_0
proof
fix a :: 'a
have "0 * a + 0 * a = 0 * a + 0"
by (simp add: distrib_right [symmetric])
then show "0 * a = 0"
by (simp only: add_left_cancel)
have "a * 0 + a * 0 = a * 0 + 0"
by (simp add: distrib_left [symmetric])
then show "a * 0 = 0"
by (simp only: add_left_cancel)
qed
end
class comm_semiring = ab_semigroup_add + ab_semigroup_mult +
assumes distrib: "(a + b) * c = a * c + b * c"
begin
subclass semiring
proof
fix a b c :: 'a
show "(a + b) * c = a * c + b * c"
by (simp add: distrib)
have "a * (b + c) = (b + c) * a"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
also have "\ = b * a + c * a"
by (simp only: distrib)
also have "\ = a * b + a * c"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
finally show "a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c"
by blast
qed
end
class comm_semiring_0 = comm_semiring + comm_monoid_add + mult_zero
begin
subclass semiring_0 ..
end
class comm_semiring_0_cancel = comm_semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add
begin
subclass semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass comm_semiring_0 ..
end
class zero_neq_one = zero + one +
assumes zero_neq_one [simp]: "0 \ 1"
begin
lemma one_neq_zero [simp]: "1 \ 0"
by (rule not_sym) (rule zero_neq_one)
definition of_bool :: "bool \ 'a"
where "of_bool p = (if p then 1 else 0)"
lemma of_bool_eq [simp, code]:
"of_bool False = 0"
"of_bool True = 1"
by (simp_all add: of_bool_def)
lemma of_bool_eq_iff: "of_bool p = of_bool q \ p = q"
by (simp add: of_bool_def)
lemma split_of_bool [split]: "P (of_bool p) \ (p \ P 1) \ (\ p \ P 0)"
by (cases p) simp_all
lemma split_of_bool_asm: "P (of_bool p) \ \ (p \ \ P 1 \ \ p \ \ P 0)"
by (cases p) simp_all
end
class semiring_1 = zero_neq_one + semiring_0 + monoid_mult
begin
lemma of_bool_conj:
"of_bool (P \ Q) = of_bool P * of_bool Q"
by auto
end
lemma lambda_zero: "(\h::'a::mult_zero. 0) = (*) 0"
by auto
lemma lambda_one: "(\x::'a::monoid_mult. x) = (*) 1"
by auto
subsection \<open>Abstract divisibility\<close>
class dvd = times
begin
definition dvd :: "'a \ 'a \ bool" (infix "dvd" 50)
where "b dvd a \ (\k. a = b * k)"
lemma dvdI [intro?]: "a = b * k \ b dvd a"
unfolding dvd_def ..
lemma dvdE [elim]: "b dvd a \ (\k. a = b * k \ P) \ P"
unfolding dvd_def by blast
end
context comm_monoid_mult
begin
subclass dvd .
lemma dvd_refl [simp]: "a dvd a"
proof
show "a = a * 1" by simp
qed
lemma dvd_trans [trans]:
assumes "a dvd b" and "b dvd c"
shows "a dvd c"
proof -
from assms obtain v where "b = a * v"
by auto
moreover from assms obtain w where "c = b * w"
by auto
ultimately have "c = a * (v * w)"
by (simp add: mult.assoc)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma subset_divisors_dvd: "{c. c dvd a} \ {c. c dvd b} \ a dvd b"
by (auto simp add: subset_iff intro: dvd_trans)
lemma strict_subset_divisors_dvd: "{c. c dvd a} \ {c. c dvd b} \ a dvd b \ \ b dvd a"
by (auto simp add: subset_iff intro: dvd_trans)
lemma one_dvd [simp]: "1 dvd a"
by (auto intro: dvdI)
lemma dvd_mult [simp]: "a dvd (b * c)" if "a dvd c"
using that by rule (auto intro: mult.left_commute dvdI)
lemma dvd_mult2 [simp]: "a dvd (b * c)" if "a dvd b"
using that dvd_mult [of a b c] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_triv_right [simp]: "a dvd b * a"
by (rule dvd_mult) (rule dvd_refl)
lemma dvd_triv_left [simp]: "a dvd a * b"
by (rule dvd_mult2) (rule dvd_refl)
lemma mult_dvd_mono:
assumes "a dvd b"
and "c dvd d"
shows "a * c dvd b * d"
proof -
from \<open>a dvd b\<close> obtain b' where "b = a * b'" ..
moreover from \<open>c dvd d\<close> obtain d' where "d = c * d'" ..
ultimately have "b * d = (a * c) * (b' * d')"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
lemma dvd_mult_left: "a * b dvd c \ a dvd c"
by (simp add: dvd_def mult.assoc) blast
lemma dvd_mult_right: "a * b dvd c \ b dvd c"
using dvd_mult_left [of b a c] by (simp add: ac_simps)
end
class comm_semiring_1 = zero_neq_one + comm_semiring_0 + comm_monoid_mult
begin
subclass semiring_1 ..
lemma dvd_0_left_iff [simp]: "0 dvd a \ a = 0"
by auto
lemma dvd_0_right [iff]: "a dvd 0"
proof
show "0 = a * 0" by simp
qed
lemma dvd_0_left: "0 dvd a \ a = 0"
by simp
lemma dvd_add [simp]:
assumes "a dvd b" and "a dvd c"
shows "a dvd (b + c)"
proof -
from \<open>a dvd b\<close> obtain b' where "b = a * b'" ..
moreover from \<open>a dvd c\<close> obtain c' where "c = a * c'" ..
ultimately have "b + c = a * (b' + c')"
by (simp add: distrib_left)
then show ?thesis ..
qed
end
class semiring_1_cancel = semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add
+ zero_neq_one + monoid_mult
begin
subclass semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass semiring_1 ..
end
class comm_semiring_1_cancel =
comm_semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add + zero_neq_one + comm_monoid_mult +
assumes right_diff_distrib' [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]:
"a * (b - c) = a * b - a * c"
begin
subclass semiring_1_cancel ..
subclass comm_semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass comm_semiring_1 ..
lemma left_diff_distrib' [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]:
"(b - c) * a = b * a - c * a"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma dvd_add_times_triv_left_iff [simp]: "a dvd c * a + b \ a dvd b"
proof -
have "a dvd a * c + b \ a dvd b" (is "?P \ ?Q")
proof
assume ?Q
then show ?P by simp
next
assume ?P
then obtain d where "a * c + b = a * d" ..
then have "a * c + b - a * c = a * d - a * c" by simp
then have "b = a * d - a * c" by simp
then have "b = a * (d - c)" by (simp add: algebra_simps)
then show ?Q ..
qed
then show "a dvd c * a + b \ a dvd b" by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma dvd_add_times_triv_right_iff [simp]: "a dvd b + c * a \ a dvd b"
using dvd_add_times_triv_left_iff [of a c b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_add_triv_left_iff [simp]: "a dvd a + b \ a dvd b"
using dvd_add_times_triv_left_iff [of a 1 b] by simp
lemma dvd_add_triv_right_iff [simp]: "a dvd b + a \ a dvd b"
using dvd_add_times_triv_right_iff [of a b 1] by simp
lemma dvd_add_right_iff:
assumes "a dvd b"
shows "a dvd b + c \ a dvd c" (is "?P \ ?Q")
proof
assume ?P
then obtain d where "b + c = a * d" ..
moreover from \<open>a dvd b\<close> obtain e where "b = a * e" ..
ultimately have "a * e + c = a * d" by simp
then have "a * e + c - a * e = a * d - a * e" by simp
then have "c = a * d - a * e" by simp
then have "c = a * (d - e)" by (simp add: algebra_simps)
then show ?Q ..
next
assume ?Q
with assms show ?P by simp
qed
lemma dvd_add_left_iff: "a dvd c \ a dvd b + c \ a dvd b"
using dvd_add_right_iff [of a c b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
end
class ring = semiring + ab_group_add
begin
subclass semiring_0_cancel ..
text \<open>Distribution rules\<close>
lemma minus_mult_left: "- (a * b) = - a * b"
by (rule minus_unique) (simp add: distrib_right [symmetric])
lemma minus_mult_right: "- (a * b) = a * - b"
by (rule minus_unique) (simp add: distrib_left [symmetric])
text \<open>Extract signs from products\<close>
lemmas mult_minus_left [simp] = minus_mult_left [symmetric]
lemmas mult_minus_right [simp] = minus_mult_right [symmetric]
lemma minus_mult_minus [simp]: "- a * - b = a * b"
by simp
lemma minus_mult_commute: "- a * b = a * - b"
by simp
lemma right_diff_distrib [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]:
"a * (b - c) = a * b - a * c"
using distrib_left [of a b "-c "] by simp
lemma left_diff_distrib [algebra_simps, algebra_split_simps]:
"(a - b) * c = a * c - b * c"
using distrib_right [of a "- b" c] by simp
lemmas ring_distribs = distrib_left distrib_right left_diff_distrib right_diff_distrib
lemma eq_add_iff1: "a * e + c = b * e + d \ (a - b) * e + c = d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma eq_add_iff2: "a * e + c = b * e + d \ c = (b - a) * e + d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
end
lemmas ring_distribs = distrib_left distrib_right left_diff_distrib right_diff_distrib
class comm_ring = comm_semiring + ab_group_add
begin
subclass ring ..
subclass comm_semiring_0_cancel ..
lemma square_diff_square_factored: "x * x - y * y = (x + y) * (x - y)"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
end
class ring_1 = ring + zero_neq_one + monoid_mult
begin
subclass semiring_1_cancel ..
lemma square_diff_one_factored: "x * x - 1 = (x + 1) * (x - 1)"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
end
class comm_ring_1 = comm_ring + zero_neq_one + comm_monoid_mult
begin
subclass ring_1 ..
subclass comm_semiring_1_cancel
by standard (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma dvd_minus_iff [simp]: "x dvd - y \ x dvd y"
proof
assume "x dvd - y"
then have "x dvd - 1 * - y" by (rule dvd_mult)
then show "x dvd y" by simp
next
assume "x dvd y"
then have "x dvd - 1 * y" by (rule dvd_mult)
then show "x dvd - y" by simp
qed
lemma minus_dvd_iff [simp]: "- x dvd y \ x dvd y"
proof
assume "- x dvd y"
then obtain k where "y = - x * k" ..
then have "y = x * - k" by simp
then show "x dvd y" ..
next
assume "x dvd y"
then obtain k where "y = x * k" ..
then have "y = - x * - k" by simp
then show "- x dvd y" ..
qed
lemma dvd_diff [simp]: "x dvd y \ x dvd z \ x dvd (y - z)"
using dvd_add [of x y "- z"] by simp
end
subsection \<open>Towards integral domains\<close>
class semiring_no_zero_divisors = semiring_0 +
assumes no_zero_divisors: "a \ 0 \ b \ 0 \ a * b \ 0"
begin
lemma divisors_zero:
assumes "a * b = 0"
shows "a = 0 \ b = 0"
proof (rule classical)
assume "\ ?thesis"
then have "a \ 0" and "b \ 0" by auto
with no_zero_divisors have "a * b \ 0" by blast
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma mult_eq_0_iff [simp]: "a * b = 0 \ a = 0 \ b = 0"
proof (cases "a = 0 \ b = 0")
case False
then have "a \ 0" and "b \ 0" by auto
then show ?thesis using no_zero_divisors by simp
next
case True
then show ?thesis by auto
qed
end
class semiring_1_no_zero_divisors = semiring_1 + semiring_no_zero_divisors
class semiring_no_zero_divisors_cancel = semiring_no_zero_divisors +
assumes mult_cancel_right [simp]: "a * c = b * c \ c = 0 \ a = b"
and mult_cancel_left [simp]: "c * a = c * b \ c = 0 \ a = b"
begin
lemma mult_left_cancel: "c \ 0 \ c * a = c * b \ a = b"
by simp
lemma mult_right_cancel: "c \ 0 \ a * c = b * c \ a = b"
by simp
end
class ring_no_zero_divisors = ring + semiring_no_zero_divisors
begin
subclass semiring_no_zero_divisors_cancel
proof
fix a b c
have "a * c = b * c \ (a - b) * c = 0"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
also have "\ \ c = 0 \ a = b"
by auto
finally show "a * c = b * c \ c = 0 \ a = b" .
have "c * a = c * b \ c * (a - b) = 0"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
also have "\ \ c = 0 \ a = b"
by auto
finally show "c * a = c * b \ c = 0 \ a = b" .
qed
end
class ring_1_no_zero_divisors = ring_1 + ring_no_zero_divisors
begin
subclass semiring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
lemma square_eq_1_iff: "x * x = 1 \ x = 1 \ x = - 1"
proof -
have "(x - 1) * (x + 1) = x * x - 1"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
then have "x * x = 1 \ (x - 1) * (x + 1) = 0"
by simp
then show ?thesis
by (simp add: eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0)
qed
lemma mult_cancel_right1 [simp]: "c = b * c \ c = 0 \ b = 1"
using mult_cancel_right [of 1 c b] by auto
lemma mult_cancel_right2 [simp]: "a * c = c \ c = 0 \ a = 1"
using mult_cancel_right [of a c 1] by simp
lemma mult_cancel_left1 [simp]: "c = c * b \ c = 0 \ b = 1"
using mult_cancel_left [of c 1 b] by force
lemma mult_cancel_left2 [simp]: "c * a = c \ c = 0 \ a = 1"
using mult_cancel_left [of c a 1] by simp
end
class semidom = comm_semiring_1_cancel + semiring_no_zero_divisors
begin
subclass semiring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
end
class idom = comm_ring_1 + semiring_no_zero_divisors
begin
subclass semidom ..
subclass ring_1_no_zero_divisors ..
lemma dvd_mult_cancel_right [simp]:
"a * c dvd b * c \ c = 0 \ a dvd b"
proof -
have "a * c dvd b * c \ (\k. b * c = (a * k) * c)"
by (auto simp add: ac_simps)
also have "(\k. b * c = (a * k) * c) \ c = 0 \ a dvd b"
by auto
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma dvd_mult_cancel_left [simp]:
"c * a dvd c * b \ c = 0 \ a dvd b"
using dvd_mult_cancel_right [of a c b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma square_eq_iff: "a * a = b * b \ a = b \ a = - b"
proof
assume "a * a = b * b"
then have "(a - b) * (a + b) = 0"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
then show "a = b \ a = - b"
by (simp add: eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0)
next
assume "a = b \ a = - b"
then show "a * a = b * b" by auto
qed
end
class idom_abs_sgn = idom + abs + sgn +
assumes sgn_mult_abs: "sgn a * \a\ = a"
and sgn_sgn [simp]: "sgn (sgn a) = sgn a"
and abs_abs [simp]: "\\a\\ = \a\"
and abs_0 [simp]: "\0\ = 0"
and sgn_0 [simp]: "sgn 0 = 0"
and sgn_1 [simp]: "sgn 1 = 1"
and sgn_minus_1: "sgn (- 1) = - 1"
and sgn_mult: "sgn (a * b) = sgn a * sgn b"
begin
lemma sgn_eq_0_iff:
"sgn a = 0 \ a = 0"
proof -
{ assume "sgn a = 0"
then have "sgn a * \a\ = 0"
by simp
then have "a = 0"
by (simp add: sgn_mult_abs)
} then show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma abs_eq_0_iff:
"\a\ = 0 \ a = 0"
proof -
{ assume "\a\ = 0"
then have "sgn a * \a\ = 0"
by simp
then have "a = 0"
by (simp add: sgn_mult_abs)
} then show ?thesis
by auto
qed
lemma abs_mult_sgn:
"\a\ * sgn a = a"
using sgn_mult_abs [of a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma abs_1 [simp]:
"\1\ = 1"
using sgn_mult_abs [of 1] by simp
lemma sgn_abs [simp]:
"\sgn a\ = of_bool (a \ 0)"
using sgn_mult_abs [of "sgn a"] mult_cancel_left [of "sgn a" "\sgn a\" 1]
by (auto simp add: sgn_eq_0_iff)
lemma abs_sgn [simp]:
"sgn \a\ = of_bool (a \ 0)"
using sgn_mult_abs [of "\a\"] mult_cancel_right [of "sgn \a\" "\a\" 1]
by (auto simp add: abs_eq_0_iff)
lemma abs_mult:
"\a * b\ = \a\ * \b\"
proof (cases "a = 0 \ b = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
by auto
next
case False
then have *: "sgn (a * b) \ 0"
by (simp add: sgn_eq_0_iff)
from abs_mult_sgn [of "a * b"] abs_mult_sgn [of a] abs_mult_sgn [of b]
have "\a * b\ * sgn (a * b) = \a\ * sgn a * \b\ * sgn b"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
then have "\a * b\ * sgn (a * b) = \a\ * \b\ * sgn (a * b)"
by (simp add: sgn_mult ac_simps)
with * show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma sgn_minus [simp]:
"sgn (- a) = - sgn a"
proof -
from sgn_minus_1 have "sgn (- 1 * a) = - 1 * sgn a"
by (simp only: sgn_mult)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma abs_minus [simp]:
"\- a\ = \a\"
proof -
have [simp]: "\- 1\ = 1"
using sgn_mult_abs [of "- 1"] by simp
then have "\- 1 * a\ = 1 * \a\"
by (simp only: abs_mult)
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
end
subsection \<open>(Partial) Division\<close>
class divide =
fixes divide :: "'a \ 'a \ 'a" (infixl "div" 70)
setup \<open>Sign.add_const_constraint (\<^const_name>\<open>divide\<close>, SOME \<^typ>\<open>'a \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a\<close>)\<close>
context semiring
begin
lemma [field_simps, field_split_simps]:
shows distrib_left_NO_MATCH: "NO_MATCH (x div y) a \ a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c"
and distrib_right_NO_MATCH: "NO_MATCH (x div y) c \ (a + b) * c = a * c + b * c"
by (rule distrib_left distrib_right)+
end
context ring
begin
lemma [field_simps, field_split_simps]:
shows left_diff_distrib_NO_MATCH: "NO_MATCH (x div y) c \ (a - b) * c = a * c - b * c"
and right_diff_distrib_NO_MATCH: "NO_MATCH (x div y) a \ a * (b - c) = a * b - a * c"
by (rule left_diff_distrib right_diff_distrib)+
end
setup \<open>Sign.add_const_constraint (\<^const_name>\<open>divide\<close>, SOME \<^typ>\<open>'a::divide \<Rightarrow> 'a \<Rightarrow> 'a\<close>)\<close>
text \<open>Algebraic classes with division\<close>
class semidom_divide = semidom + divide +
assumes nonzero_mult_div_cancel_right [simp]: "b \ 0 \ (a * b) div b = a"
assumes div_by_0 [simp]: "a div 0 = 0"
begin
lemma nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left [simp]: "a \ 0 \ (a * b) div a = b"
using nonzero_mult_div_cancel_right [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
subclass semiring_no_zero_divisors_cancel
proof
show *: "a * c = b * c \ c = 0 \ a = b" for a b c
proof (cases "c = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
have "a = b" if "a * c = b * c"
proof -
from that have "a * c div c = b * c div c"
by simp
with False show ?thesis
by simp
qed
then show ?thesis by auto
qed
show "c * a = c * b \ c = 0 \ a = b" for a b c
using * [of a c b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma div_self [simp]: "a \ 0 \ a div a = 1"
using nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left [of a 1] by simp
lemma div_0 [simp]: "0 div a = 0"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "a * 0 div a = 0"
by (rule nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left)
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma div_by_1 [simp]: "a div 1 = a"
using nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left [of 1 a] by simp
lemma dvd_div_eq_0_iff:
assumes "b dvd a"
shows "a div b = 0 \ a = 0"
using assms by (elim dvdE, cases "b = 0") simp_all
lemma dvd_div_eq_cancel:
"a div c = b div c \ c dvd a \ c dvd b \ a = b"
by (elim dvdE, cases "c = 0") simp_all
lemma dvd_div_eq_iff:
"c dvd a \ c dvd b \ a div c = b div c \ a = b"
by (elim dvdE, cases "c = 0") simp_all
lemma inj_on_mult:
"inj_on ((*) a) A" if "a \ 0"
proof (rule inj_onI)
fix b c
assume "a * b = a * c"
then have "a * b div a = a * c div a"
by (simp only:)
with that show "b = c"
by simp
qed
end
class idom_divide = idom + semidom_divide
begin
lemma dvd_neg_div:
assumes "b dvd a"
shows "- a div b = - (a div b)"
proof (cases "b = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
from assms obtain c where "a = b * c" ..
then have "- a div b = (b * - c) div b"
by simp
from False also have "\ = - c"
by (rule nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left)
with False \<open>a = b * c\<close> show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma dvd_div_neg:
assumes "b dvd a"
shows "a div - b = - (a div b)"
proof (cases "b = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "- b \ 0"
by simp
from assms obtain c where "a = b * c" ..
then have "a div - b = (- b * - c) div - b"
by simp
from \<open>- b \<noteq> 0\<close> also have "\<dots> = - c"
by (rule nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left)
with False \<open>a = b * c\<close> show ?thesis
by simp
qed
end
class algebraic_semidom = semidom_divide
begin
text \<open>
Class \<^class>\<open>algebraic_semidom\<close> enriches a integral domain
by notions from algebra, like units in a ring.
It is a separate class to avoid spoiling fields with notions
which are degenerated there.
\<close>
lemma dvd_times_left_cancel_iff [simp]:
assumes "a \ 0"
shows "a * b dvd a * c \ b dvd c"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then obtain d where "a * c = a * b * d" ..
with assms have "c = b * d" by (simp add: ac_simps)
then show ?rhs ..
next
assume ?rhs
then obtain d where "c = b * d" ..
then have "a * c = a * b * d" by (simp add: ac_simps)
then show ?lhs ..
qed
lemma dvd_times_right_cancel_iff [simp]:
assumes "a \ 0"
shows "b * a dvd c * a \ b dvd c"
using dvd_times_left_cancel_iff [of a b c] assms by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma div_dvd_iff_mult:
assumes "b \ 0" and "b dvd a"
shows "a div b dvd c \ a dvd c * b"
proof -
from \<open>b dvd a\<close> obtain d where "a = b * d" ..
with \<open>b \<noteq> 0\<close> show ?thesis by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma dvd_div_iff_mult:
assumes "c \ 0" and "c dvd b"
shows "a dvd b div c \ a * c dvd b"
proof -
from \<open>c dvd b\<close> obtain d where "b = c * d" ..
with \<open>c \<noteq> 0\<close> show ?thesis by (simp add: mult.commute [of a])
qed
lemma div_dvd_div [simp]:
assumes "a dvd b" and "a dvd c"
shows "b div a dvd c div a \ b dvd c"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
moreover from assms obtain k l where "b = a * k" and "c = a * l"
by blast
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma div_add [simp]:
assumes "c dvd a" and "c dvd b"
shows "(a + b) div c = a div c + b div c"
proof (cases "c = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
moreover from assms obtain k l where "a = c * k" and "b = c * l"
by blast
moreover have "c * k + c * l = c * (k + l)"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
ultimately show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma div_mult_div_if_dvd:
assumes "b dvd a" and "d dvd c"
shows "(a div b) * (c div d) = (a * c) div (b * d)"
proof (cases "b = 0 \ c = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
moreover from assms obtain k l where "a = b * k" and "c = d * l"
by blast
moreover have "b * k * (d * l) div (b * d) = (b * d) * (k * l) div (b * d)"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma dvd_div_eq_mult:
assumes "a \ 0" and "a dvd b"
shows "b div a = c \ b = c * a"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by (simp add: assms)
next
assume ?lhs
then have "b div a * a = c * a" by simp
moreover from assms have "b div a * a = b"
by (auto simp add: ac_simps)
ultimately show ?rhs by simp
qed
lemma dvd_div_mult_self [simp]: "a dvd b \ b div a * a = b"
by (cases "a = 0") (auto simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_mult_div_cancel [simp]: "a dvd b \ a * (b div a) = b"
using dvd_div_mult_self [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma div_mult_swap:
assumes "c dvd b"
shows "a * (b div c) = (a * b) div c"
proof (cases "c = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
from assms obtain d where "b = c * d" ..
moreover from False have "a * divide (d * c) c = ((a * d) * c) div c"
by simp
ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma dvd_div_mult: "c dvd b \ b div c * a = (b * a) div c"
using div_mult_swap [of c b a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_div_mult2_eq:
assumes "b * c dvd a"
shows "a div (b * c) = a div b div c"
proof -
from assms obtain k where "a = b * c * k" ..
then show ?thesis
by (cases "b = 0 \ c = 0") (auto, simp add: ac_simps)
qed
lemma dvd_div_div_eq_mult:
assumes "a \ 0" "c \ 0" and "a dvd b" "c dvd d"
shows "b div a = d div c \ b * c = a * d"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof -
from assms have "a * c \ 0" by simp
then have "?lhs \ b div a * (a * c) = d div c * (a * c)"
by simp
also have "\ \ (a * (b div a)) * c = (c * (d div c)) * a"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
also have "\ \ (a * b div a) * c = (c * d div c) * a"
using assms by (simp add: div_mult_swap)
also have "\ \ ?rhs"
using assms by (simp add: ac_simps)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma dvd_mult_imp_div:
assumes "a * c dvd b"
shows "a dvd b div c"
proof (cases "c = 0")
case True then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
from \<open>a * c dvd b\<close> obtain d where "b = a * c * d" ..
with False show ?thesis
by (simp add: mult.commute [of a] mult.assoc)
qed
lemma div_div_eq_right:
assumes "c dvd b" "b dvd a"
shows "a div (b div c) = a div b * c"
proof (cases "c = 0 \ b = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
by auto
next
case False
from assms obtain r s where "b = c * r" and "a = c * r * s"
by blast
moreover with False have "r \ 0"
by auto
ultimately show ?thesis using False
by simp (simp add: mult.commute [of _ r] mult.assoc mult.commute [of c])
qed
lemma div_div_div_same:
assumes "d dvd b" "b dvd a"
shows "(a div d) div (b div d) = a div b"
proof (cases "b = 0 \ d = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis
by auto
next
case False
from assms obtain r s
where "a = d * r * s" and "b = d * r"
by blast
with False show ?thesis
by simp (simp add: ac_simps)
qed
text \<open>Units: invertible elements in a ring\<close>
abbreviation is_unit :: "'a \ bool"
where "is_unit a \ a dvd 1"
lemma not_is_unit_0 [simp]: "\ is_unit 0"
by simp
lemma unit_imp_dvd [dest]: "is_unit b \ b dvd a"
by (rule dvd_trans [of _ 1]) simp_all
lemma unit_dvdE:
assumes "is_unit a"
obtains c where "a \ 0" and "b = a * c"
proof -
from assms have "a dvd b" by auto
then obtain c where "b = a * c" ..
moreover from assms have "a \ 0" by auto
ultimately show thesis using that by blast
qed
lemma dvd_unit_imp_unit: "a dvd b \ is_unit b \ is_unit a"
by (rule dvd_trans)
lemma unit_div_1_unit [simp, intro]:
assumes "is_unit a"
shows "is_unit (1 div a)"
proof -
from assms have "1 = 1 div a * a" by simp
then show "is_unit (1 div a)" by (rule dvdI)
qed
lemma is_unitE [elim?]:
assumes "is_unit a"
obtains b where "a \ 0" and "b \ 0"
and "is_unit b" and "1 div a = b" and "1 div b = a"
and "a * b = 1" and "c div a = c * b"
proof (rule that)
define b where "b = 1 div a"
then show "1 div a = b" by simp
from assms b_def show "is_unit b" by simp
with assms show "a \ 0" and "b \ 0" by auto
from assms b_def show "a * b = 1" by simp
then have "1 = a * b" ..
with b_def \<open>b \<noteq> 0\<close> show "1 div b = a" by simp
from assms have "a dvd c" ..
then obtain d where "c = a * d" ..
with \<open>a \<noteq> 0\<close> \<open>a * b = 1\<close> show "c div a = c * b"
by (simp add: mult.assoc mult.left_commute [of a])
qed
lemma unit_prod [intro]: "is_unit a \ is_unit b \ is_unit (a * b)"
by (subst mult_1_left [of 1, symmetric]) (rule mult_dvd_mono)
lemma is_unit_mult_iff: "is_unit (a * b) \ is_unit a \ is_unit b"
by (auto dest: dvd_mult_left dvd_mult_right)
lemma unit_div [intro]: "is_unit a \ is_unit b \ is_unit (a div b)"
by (erule is_unitE [of b a]) (simp add: ac_simps unit_prod)
lemma mult_unit_dvd_iff:
assumes "is_unit b"
shows "a * b dvd c \ a dvd c"
proof
assume "a * b dvd c"
with assms show "a dvd c"
by (simp add: dvd_mult_left)
next
assume "a dvd c"
then obtain k where "c = a * k" ..
with assms have "c = (a * b) * (1 div b * k)"
by (simp add: mult_ac)
then show "a * b dvd c" by (rule dvdI)
qed
lemma mult_unit_dvd_iff': "is_unit a \ (a * b) dvd c \ b dvd c"
using mult_unit_dvd_iff [of a b c] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma dvd_mult_unit_iff:
assumes "is_unit b"
shows "a dvd c * b \ a dvd c"
proof
assume "a dvd c * b"
with assms have "c * b dvd c * (b * (1 div b))"
by (subst mult_assoc [symmetric]) simp
also from assms have "b * (1 div b) = 1"
by (rule is_unitE) simp
finally have "c * b dvd c" by simp
with \<open>a dvd c * b\<close> show "a dvd c" by (rule dvd_trans)
next
assume "a dvd c"
then show "a dvd c * b" by simp
qed
lemma dvd_mult_unit_iff': "is_unit b \ a dvd b * c \ a dvd c"
using dvd_mult_unit_iff [of b a c] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma div_unit_dvd_iff: "is_unit b \ a div b dvd c \ a dvd c"
by (erule is_unitE [of _ a]) (auto simp add: mult_unit_dvd_iff)
lemma dvd_div_unit_iff: "is_unit b \ a dvd c div b \ a dvd c"
by (erule is_unitE [of _ c]) (simp add: dvd_mult_unit_iff)
lemmas unit_dvd_iff = mult_unit_dvd_iff mult_unit_dvd_iff'
dvd_mult_unit_iff dvd_mult_unit_iff'
div_unit_dvd_iff dvd_div_unit_iff (* FIXME consider named_theorems *)
lemma unit_mult_div_div [simp]: "is_unit a \ b * (1 div a) = b div a"
by (erule is_unitE [of _ b]) simp
lemma unit_div_mult_self [simp]: "is_unit a \ b div a * a = b"
by (rule dvd_div_mult_self) auto
lemma unit_div_1_div_1 [simp]: "is_unit a \ 1 div (1 div a) = a"
by (erule is_unitE) simp
lemma unit_div_mult_swap: "is_unit c \ a * (b div c) = (a * b) div c"
by (erule unit_dvdE [of _ b]) (simp add: mult.left_commute [of _ c])
lemma unit_div_commute: "is_unit b \ (a div b) * c = (a * c) div b"
using unit_div_mult_swap [of b c a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma unit_eq_div1: "is_unit b \ a div b = c \ a = c * b"
by (auto elim: is_unitE)
lemma unit_eq_div2: "is_unit b \ a = c div b \ a * b = c"
using unit_eq_div1 [of b c a] by auto
lemma unit_mult_left_cancel: "is_unit a \ a * b = a * c \ b = c"
using mult_cancel_left [of a b c] by auto
lemma unit_mult_right_cancel: "is_unit a \ b * a = c * a \ b = c"
using unit_mult_left_cancel [of a b c] by (auto simp add: ac_simps)
lemma unit_div_cancel:
assumes "is_unit a"
shows "b div a = c div a \ b = c"
proof -
from assms have "is_unit (1 div a)" by simp
then have "b * (1 div a) = c * (1 div a) \ b = c"
by (rule unit_mult_right_cancel)
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma is_unit_div_mult2_eq:
assumes "is_unit b" and "is_unit c"
shows "a div (b * c) = a div b div c"
proof -
from assms have "is_unit (b * c)"
by (simp add: unit_prod)
then have "b * c dvd a"
by (rule unit_imp_dvd)
then show ?thesis
by (rule dvd_div_mult2_eq)
qed
lemma is_unit_div_mult_cancel_left:
assumes "a \ 0" and "is_unit b"
shows "a div (a * b) = 1 div b"
proof -
from assms have "a div (a * b) = a div a div b"
by (simp add: mult_unit_dvd_iff dvd_div_mult2_eq)
with assms show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma is_unit_div_mult_cancel_right:
assumes "a \ 0" and "is_unit b"
shows "a div (b * a) = 1 div b"
using assms is_unit_div_mult_cancel_left [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma unit_div_eq_0_iff:
assumes "is_unit b"
shows "a div b = 0 \ a = 0"
by (rule dvd_div_eq_0_iff) (insert assms, auto)
lemma div_mult_unit2:
"is_unit c \ b dvd a \ a div (b * c) = a div b div c"
by (rule dvd_div_mult2_eq) (simp_all add: mult_unit_dvd_iff)
text \<open>Coprimality\<close>
definition coprime :: "'a \ 'a \ bool"
where "coprime a b \ (\c. c dvd a \ c dvd b \ is_unit c)"
lemma coprimeI:
assumes "\c. c dvd a \ c dvd b \ is_unit c"
shows "coprime a b"
using assms by (auto simp: coprime_def)
lemma not_coprimeI:
assumes "c dvd a" and "c dvd b" and "\ is_unit c"
shows "\ coprime a b"
using assms by (auto simp: coprime_def)
lemma coprime_common_divisor:
"is_unit c" if "coprime a b" and "c dvd a" and "c dvd b"
using that by (auto simp: coprime_def)
lemma not_coprimeE:
assumes "\ coprime a b"
obtains c where "c dvd a" and "c dvd b" and "\ is_unit c"
using assms by (auto simp: coprime_def)
lemma coprime_imp_coprime:
"coprime a b" if "coprime c d"
and "\e. \ is_unit e \ e dvd a \ e dvd b \ e dvd c"
and "\e. \ is_unit e \ e dvd a \ e dvd b \ e dvd d"
proof (rule coprimeI)
fix e
assume "e dvd a" and "e dvd b"
with that have "e dvd c" and "e dvd d"
by (auto intro: dvd_trans)
with \<open>coprime c d\<close> show "is_unit e"
by (rule coprime_common_divisor)
qed
lemma coprime_divisors:
"coprime a b" if "a dvd c" "b dvd d" and "coprime c d"
using \<open>coprime c d\<close> proof (rule coprime_imp_coprime)
fix e
assume "e dvd a" then show "e dvd c"
using \<open>a dvd c\<close> by (rule dvd_trans)
assume "e dvd b" then show "e dvd d"
using \<open>b dvd d\<close> by (rule dvd_trans)
qed
lemma coprime_self [simp]:
"coprime a a \ is_unit a" (is "?P \ ?Q")
proof
assume ?P
then show ?Q
by (rule coprime_common_divisor) simp_all
next
assume ?Q
show ?P
by (rule coprimeI) (erule dvd_unit_imp_unit, rule \<open>?Q\<close>)
qed
lemma coprime_commute [ac_simps]:
"coprime b a \ coprime a b"
unfolding coprime_def by auto
lemma is_unit_left_imp_coprime:
"coprime a b" if "is_unit a"
proof (rule coprimeI)
fix c
assume "c dvd a"
with that show "is_unit c"
by (auto intro: dvd_unit_imp_unit)
qed
lemma is_unit_right_imp_coprime:
"coprime a b" if "is_unit b"
using that is_unit_left_imp_coprime [of b a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma coprime_1_left [simp]:
"coprime 1 a"
by (rule coprimeI)
lemma coprime_1_right [simp]:
"coprime a 1"
by (rule coprimeI)
lemma coprime_0_left_iff [simp]:
"coprime 0 a \ is_unit a"
by (auto intro: coprimeI dvd_unit_imp_unit coprime_common_divisor [of 0 a a])
lemma coprime_0_right_iff [simp]:
"coprime a 0 \ is_unit a"
using coprime_0_left_iff [of a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma coprime_mult_self_left_iff [simp]:
"coprime (c * a) (c * b) \ is_unit c \ coprime a b"
by (auto intro: coprime_common_divisor)
(rule coprimeI, auto intro: coprime_common_divisor simp add: dvd_mult_unit_iff')+
lemma coprime_mult_self_right_iff [simp]:
"coprime (a * c) (b * c) \ is_unit c \ coprime a b"
using coprime_mult_self_left_iff [of c a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma coprime_absorb_left:
assumes "x dvd y"
shows "coprime x y \ is_unit x"
using assms coprime_common_divisor is_unit_left_imp_coprime by auto
lemma coprime_absorb_right:
assumes "y dvd x"
shows "coprime x y \ is_unit y"
using assms coprime_common_divisor is_unit_right_imp_coprime by auto
end
class unit_factor =
fixes unit_factor :: "'a \ 'a"
class semidom_divide_unit_factor = semidom_divide + unit_factor +
assumes unit_factor_0 [simp]: "unit_factor 0 = 0"
and is_unit_unit_factor: "a dvd 1 \ unit_factor a = a"
and unit_factor_is_unit: "a \ 0 \ unit_factor a dvd 1"
and unit_factor_mult_unit_left: "a dvd 1 \ unit_factor (a * b) = a * unit_factor b"
\<comment> \<open>This fine-grained hierarchy will later on allow lean normalization of polynomials\<close>
begin
lemma unit_factor_mult_unit_right: "a dvd 1 \ unit_factor (b * a) = unit_factor b * a"
using unit_factor_mult_unit_left[of a b] by (simp add: mult_ac)
lemmas [simp] = unit_factor_mult_unit_left unit_factor_mult_unit_right
end
class normalization_semidom = algebraic_semidom + semidom_divide_unit_factor +
fixes normalize :: "'a \ 'a"
assumes unit_factor_mult_normalize [simp]: "unit_factor a * normalize a = a"
and normalize_0 [simp]: "normalize 0 = 0"
begin
text \<open>
Class \<^class>\<open>normalization_semidom\<close> cultivates the idea that each integral
domain can be split into equivalence classes whose representants are
associated, i.e. divide each other. \<^const>\<open>normalize\<close> specifies a canonical
representant for each equivalence class. The rationale behind this is that
it is easier to reason about equality than equivalences, hence we prefer to
think about equality of normalized values rather than associated elements.
\<close>
declare unit_factor_is_unit [iff]
lemma unit_factor_dvd [simp]: "a \ 0 \ unit_factor a dvd b"
by (rule unit_imp_dvd) simp
lemma unit_factor_self [simp]: "unit_factor a dvd a"
by (cases "a = 0") simp_all
lemma normalize_mult_unit_factor [simp]: "normalize a * unit_factor a = a"
using unit_factor_mult_normalize [of a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma normalize_eq_0_iff [simp]: "normalize a = 0 \ a = 0"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
moreover have "unit_factor a * normalize a = a" by simp
ultimately show ?rhs by simp
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by simp
qed
lemma unit_factor_eq_0_iff [simp]: "unit_factor a = 0 \ a = 0"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
moreover have "unit_factor a * normalize a = a" by simp
ultimately show ?rhs by simp
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by simp
qed
lemma div_unit_factor [simp]: "a div unit_factor a = normalize a"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "unit_factor a \ 0"
by simp
with nonzero_mult_div_cancel_left
have "unit_factor a * normalize a div unit_factor a = normalize a"
by blast
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma normalize_div [simp]: "normalize a div a = 1 div unit_factor a"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
have "normalize a div a = normalize a div (unit_factor a * normalize a)"
by simp
also have "\ = 1 div unit_factor a"
using False by (subst is_unit_div_mult_cancel_right) simp_all
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma is_unit_normalize:
assumes "is_unit a"
shows "normalize a = 1"
proof -
from assms have "unit_factor a = a"
by (rule is_unit_unit_factor)
moreover from assms have "a \ 0"
by auto
moreover have "normalize a = a div unit_factor a"
by simp
ultimately show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma unit_factor_1 [simp]: "unit_factor 1 = 1"
by (rule is_unit_unit_factor) simp
lemma normalize_1 [simp]: "normalize 1 = 1"
by (rule is_unit_normalize) simp
lemma normalize_1_iff: "normalize a = 1 \ is_unit a"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by (rule is_unit_normalize)
next
assume ?lhs
then have "unit_factor a * normalize a = unit_factor a * 1"
by simp
then have "unit_factor a = a"
by simp
moreover
from \<open>?lhs\<close> have "a \<noteq> 0" by auto
then have "is_unit (unit_factor a)" by simp
ultimately show ?rhs by simp
qed
lemma div_normalize [simp]: "a div normalize a = unit_factor a"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by simp
next
case False
then have "normalize a \ 0" by simp
with nonzero_mult_div_cancel_right
have "unit_factor a * normalize a div normalize a = unit_factor a" by blast
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma mult_one_div_unit_factor [simp]: "a * (1 div unit_factor b) = a div unit_factor b"
by (cases "b = 0") simp_all
lemma inv_unit_factor_eq_0_iff [simp]:
"1 div unit_factor a = 0 \ a = 0"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
then have "a * (1 div unit_factor a) = a * 0"
by simp
then show ?rhs
by simp
next
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by simp
qed
lemma unit_factor_idem [simp]: "unit_factor (unit_factor a) = unit_factor a"
by (cases "a = 0") (auto intro: is_unit_unit_factor)
lemma normalize_unit_factor [simp]: "a \ 0 \ normalize (unit_factor a) = 1"
by (rule is_unit_normalize) simp
lemma normalize_mult_unit_left [simp]:
assumes "a dvd 1"
shows "normalize (a * b) = normalize b"
proof (cases "b = 0")
case False
have "a * unit_factor b * normalize (a * b) = unit_factor (a * b) * normalize (a * b)"
using assms by (subst unit_factor_mult_unit_left) auto
also have "\ = a * b" by simp
also have "b = unit_factor b * normalize b" by simp
hence "a * b = a * unit_factor b * normalize b"
by (simp only: mult_ac)
finally show ?thesis
using assms False by auto
qed auto
lemma normalize_mult_unit_right [simp]:
assumes "b dvd 1"
shows "normalize (a * b) = normalize a"
using assms by (subst mult.commute) auto
lemma normalize_idem [simp]: "normalize (normalize a) = normalize a"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case False
have "normalize a = normalize (unit_factor a * normalize a)"
by simp
also from False have "\ = normalize (normalize a)"
by (subst normalize_mult_unit_left) auto
finally show ?thesis ..
qed auto
lemma unit_factor_normalize [simp]:
assumes "a \ 0"
shows "unit_factor (normalize a) = 1"
proof -
from assms have *: "normalize a \ 0"
by simp
have "unit_factor (normalize a) * normalize (normalize a) = normalize a"
by (simp only: unit_factor_mult_normalize)
then have "unit_factor (normalize a) * normalize a = normalize a"
by simp
with * have "unit_factor (normalize a) * normalize a div normalize a = normalize a div normalize a"
by simp
with * show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma normalize_dvd_iff [simp]: "normalize a dvd b \ a dvd b"
proof -
have "normalize a dvd b \ unit_factor a * normalize a dvd b"
using mult_unit_dvd_iff [of "unit_factor a" "normalize a" b]
by (cases "a = 0") simp_all
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma dvd_normalize_iff [simp]: "a dvd normalize b \ a dvd b"
proof -
have "a dvd normalize b \ a dvd normalize b * unit_factor b"
using dvd_mult_unit_iff [of "unit_factor b" a "normalize b"]
by (cases "b = 0") simp_all
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma normalize_idem_imp_unit_factor_eq:
assumes "normalize a = a"
shows "unit_factor a = of_bool (a \ 0)"
proof (cases "a = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
by simp
next
case False
then show ?thesis
using assms unit_factor_normalize [of a] by simp
qed
lemma normalize_idem_imp_is_unit_iff:
assumes "normalize a = a"
shows "is_unit a \ a = 1"
using assms by (cases "a = 0") (auto dest: is_unit_normalize)
lemma coprime_normalize_left_iff [simp]:
"coprime (normalize a) b \ coprime a b"
by (rule; rule coprimeI) (auto intro: coprime_common_divisor)
lemma coprime_normalize_right_iff [simp]:
"coprime a (normalize b) \ coprime a b"
using coprime_normalize_left_iff [of b a] by (simp add: ac_simps)
text \<open>
We avoid an explicit definition of associated elements but prefer explicit
normalisation instead. In theory we could define an abbreviation like \<^prop>\<open>associated a b \<longleftrightarrow> normalize a = normalize b\<close> but this is counterproductive
without suggestive infix syntax, which we do not want to sacrifice for this
purpose here.
\<close>
lemma associatedI:
assumes "a dvd b" and "b dvd a"
shows "normalize a = normalize b"
proof (cases "a = 0 \ b = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
from \<open>a dvd b\<close> obtain c where b: "b = a * c" ..
moreover from \<open>b dvd a\<close> obtain d where a: "a = b * d" ..
ultimately have "b * 1 = b * (c * d)"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
with False have "1 = c * d"
unfolding mult_cancel_left by simp
then have "is_unit c" and "is_unit d"
by auto
with a b show ?thesis
by (simp add: is_unit_normalize)
qed
lemma associatedD1: "normalize a = normalize b \ a dvd b"
using dvd_normalize_iff [of _ b, symmetric] normalize_dvd_iff [of a _, symmetric]
by simp
lemma associatedD2: "normalize a = normalize b \ b dvd a"
using dvd_normalize_iff [of _ a, symmetric] normalize_dvd_iff [of b _, symmetric]
by simp
lemma associated_unit: "normalize a = normalize b \ is_unit a \ is_unit b"
using dvd_unit_imp_unit by (auto dest!: associatedD1 associatedD2)
lemma associated_iff_dvd: "normalize a = normalize b \ a dvd b \ b dvd a"
(is "?lhs \ ?rhs")
proof
assume ?rhs
then show ?lhs by (auto intro!: associatedI)
next
assume ?lhs
then have "unit_factor a * normalize a = unit_factor a * normalize b"
by simp
then have *: "normalize b * unit_factor a = a"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
show ?rhs
proof (cases "a = 0 \ b = 0")
case True
with \<open>?lhs\<close> show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
then have "b dvd normalize b * unit_factor a" and "normalize b * unit_factor a dvd b"
by (simp_all add: mult_unit_dvd_iff dvd_mult_unit_iff)
with * show ?thesis by simp
qed
qed
lemma associated_eqI:
assumes "a dvd b" and "b dvd a"
assumes "normalize a = a" and "normalize b = b"
shows "a = b"
proof -
from assms have "normalize a = normalize b"
unfolding associated_iff_dvd by simp
with \<open>normalize a = a\<close> have "a = normalize b"
by simp
with \<open>normalize b = b\<close> show "a = b"
by simp
qed
lemma normalize_unit_factor_eqI:
assumes "normalize a = normalize b"
and "unit_factor a = unit_factor b"
shows "a = b"
proof -
from assms have "unit_factor a * normalize a = unit_factor b * normalize b"
by simp
then show ?thesis
by simp
qed
lemma normalize_mult_normalize_left [simp]: "normalize (normalize a * b) = normalize (a * b)"
by (rule associated_eqI) (auto intro!: mult_dvd_mono)
lemma normalize_mult_normalize_right [simp]: "normalize (a * normalize b) = normalize (a * b)"
by (rule associated_eqI) (auto intro!: mult_dvd_mono)
end
class normalization_semidom_multiplicative = normalization_semidom +
assumes unit_factor_mult: "unit_factor (a * b) = unit_factor a * unit_factor b"
begin
lemma normalize_mult: "normalize (a * b) = normalize a * normalize b"
proof (cases "a = 0 \ b = 0")
case True
then show ?thesis by auto
next
case False
have "unit_factor (a * b) * normalize (a * b) = a * b"
by (rule unit_factor_mult_normalize)
then have "normalize (a * b) = a * b div unit_factor (a * b)"
by simp
also have "\ = a * b div unit_factor (b * a)"
by (simp add: ac_simps)
also have "\ = a * b div unit_factor b div unit_factor a"
using False by (simp add: unit_factor_mult is_unit_div_mult2_eq [symmetric])
also have "\ = a * (b div unit_factor b) div unit_factor a"
using False by (subst unit_div_mult_swap) simp_all
also have "\ = normalize a * normalize b"
using False
by (simp add: mult.commute [of a] mult.commute [of "normalize a"] unit_div_mult_swap [symmetric])
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma dvd_unit_factor_div:
assumes "b dvd a"
shows "unit_factor (a div b) = unit_factor a div unit_factor b"
proof -
from assms have "a = a div b * b"
by simp
then have "unit_factor a = unit_factor (a div b * b)"
by simp
then show ?thesis
by (cases "b = 0") (simp_all add: unit_factor_mult)
qed
lemma dvd_normalize_div:
assumes "b dvd a"
shows "normalize (a div b) = normalize a div normalize b"
proof -
from assms have "a = a div b * b"
by simp
then have "normalize a = normalize (a div b * b)"
by simp
then show ?thesis
by (cases "b = 0") (simp_all add: normalize_mult)
qed
end
text \<open>Syntactic division remainder operator\<close>
class modulo = dvd + divide +
fixes modulo :: "'a \ 'a \ 'a" (infixl "mod" 70)
text \<open>Arbitrary quotient and remainder partitions\<close>
class semiring_modulo = comm_semiring_1_cancel + divide + modulo +
assumes div_mult_mod_eq: "a div b * b + a mod b = a"
begin
lemma mod_div_decomp:
fixes a b
obtains q r where "q = a div b" and "r = a mod b"
and "a = q * b + r"
proof -
from div_mult_mod_eq have "a = a div b * b + a mod b" by simp
moreover have "a div b = a div b" ..
moreover have "a mod b = a mod b" ..
note that ultimately show thesis by blast
qed
lemma mult_div_mod_eq: "b * (a div b) + a mod b = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma mod_div_mult_eq: "a mod b + a div b * b = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma mod_mult_div_eq: "a mod b + b * (a div b) = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a b] by (simp add: ac_simps)
lemma minus_div_mult_eq_mod: "a - a div b * b = a mod b"
by (rule add_implies_diff [symmetric]) (fact mod_div_mult_eq)
lemma minus_mult_div_eq_mod: "a - b * (a div b) = a mod b"
by (rule add_implies_diff [symmetric]) (fact mod_mult_div_eq)
lemma minus_mod_eq_div_mult: "a - a mod b = a div b * b"
by (rule add_implies_diff [symmetric]) (fact div_mult_mod_eq)
lemma minus_mod_eq_mult_div: "a - a mod b = b * (a div b)"
by (rule add_implies_diff [symmetric]) (fact mult_div_mod_eq)
lemma mod_0_imp_dvd [dest!]:
"b dvd a" if "a mod b = 0"
proof -
have "b dvd (a div b) * b" by simp
also have "(a div b) * b = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a b] by (simp add: that)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma [nitpick_unfold]:
"a mod b = a - a div b * b"
by (fact minus_div_mult_eq_mod [symmetric])
end
subsection \<open>Quotient and remainder in integral domains\<close>
class semidom_modulo = algebraic_semidom + semiring_modulo
begin
lemma mod_0 [simp]: "0 mod a = 0"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of 0 a] by simp
lemma mod_by_0 [simp]: "a mod 0 = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a 0] by simp
lemma mod_by_1 [simp]:
"a mod 1 = 0"
proof -
from div_mult_mod_eq [of a one] div_by_1 have "a + a mod 1 = a" by simp
then have "a + a mod 1 = a + 0" by simp
then show ?thesis by (rule add_left_imp_eq)
qed
lemma mod_self [simp]:
"a mod a = 0"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a a] by simp
lemma dvd_imp_mod_0 [simp]:
"b mod a = 0" if "a dvd b"
using that minus_div_mult_eq_mod [of b a] by simp
lemma mod_eq_0_iff_dvd:
"a mod b = 0 \ b dvd a"
by (auto intro: mod_0_imp_dvd)
lemma dvd_eq_mod_eq_0 [nitpick_unfold, code]:
"a dvd b \ b mod a = 0"
by (simp add: mod_eq_0_iff_dvd)
lemma dvd_mod_iff:
assumes "c dvd b"
shows "c dvd a mod b \ c dvd a"
proof -
from assms have "(c dvd a mod b) \ (c dvd ((a div b) * b + a mod b))"
by (simp add: dvd_add_right_iff)
also have "(a div b) * b + a mod b = a"
using div_mult_mod_eq [of a b] by simp
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma dvd_mod_imp_dvd:
assumes "c dvd a mod b" and "c dvd b"
shows "c dvd a"
using assms dvd_mod_iff [of c b a] by simp
lemma dvd_minus_mod [simp]:
"b dvd a - a mod b"
by (simp add: minus_mod_eq_div_mult)
lemma cancel_div_mod_rules:
"((a div b) * b + a mod b) + c = a + c"
"(b * (a div b) + a mod b) + c = a + c"
by (simp_all add: div_mult_mod_eq mult_div_mod_eq)
end
class idom_modulo = idom + semidom_modulo
begin
subclass idom_divide ..
lemma div_diff [simp]:
"c dvd a \ c dvd b \ (a - b) div c = a div c - b div c"
using div_add [of _ _ "- b"] by (simp add: dvd_neg_div)
end
subsection \<open>Interlude: basic tool support for algebraic and arithmetic calculations\<close>
named_theorems arith "arith facts -- only ground formulas"
ML_file \<open>Tools/arith_data.ML\<close>
ML_file \<open>~~/src/Provers/Arith/cancel_div_mod.ML\<close>
ML \<open>
structure Cancel_Div_Mod_Ring = Cancel_Div_Mod
(
val div_name = \<^const_name>\<open>divide\<close>;
val mod_name = \<^const_name>\<open>modulo\<close>;
val mk_binop = HOLogic.mk_binop;
val mk_sum = Arith_Data.mk_sum;
val dest_sum = Arith_Data.dest_sum;
val div_mod_eqs = map mk_meta_eq @{thms cancel_div_mod_rules};
val prove_eq_sums = Arith_Data.prove_conv2 all_tac (Arith_Data.simp_all_tac
@{thms diff_conv_add_uminus add_0_left add_0_right ac_simps})
)
\<close>
simproc_setup cancel_div_mod_int ("(a::'a::semidom_modulo) + b") =
\<open>K Cancel_Div_Mod_Ring.proc\<close>
subsection \<open>Ordered semirings and rings\<close>
text \<open>
The theory of partially ordered rings is taken from the books:
\<^item> \<^emph>\<open>Lattice Theory\<close> by Garret Birkhoff, American Mathematical Society, 1979
\<^item> \<^emph>\<open>Partially Ordered Algebraic Systems\<close>, Pergamon Press, 1963
Most of the used notions can also be looked up in
\<^item> \<^url>\<open>http://www.mathworld.com\<close> by Eric Weisstein et. al.
\<^item> \<^emph>\<open>Algebra I\<close> by van der Waerden, Springer
\<close>
class ordered_semiring = semiring + ordered_comm_monoid_add +
assumes mult_left_mono: "a \ b \ 0 \ c \ c * a \ c * b"
assumes mult_right_mono: "a \ b \ 0 \ c \ a * c \ b * c"
begin
lemma mult_mono: "a \ b \ c \ d \ 0 \ b \ 0 \ c \ a * c \ b * d"
apply (erule (1) mult_right_mono [THEN order_trans])
apply (erule (1) mult_left_mono)
done
lemma mult_mono': "a \ b \ c \ d \ 0 \ a \ 0 \ c \ a * c \ b * d"
by (rule mult_mono) (fast intro: order_trans)+
end
class ordered_semiring_0 = semiring_0 + ordered_semiring
begin
lemma mult_nonneg_nonneg [simp]: "0 \ a \ 0 \ b \ 0 \ a * b"
using mult_left_mono [of 0 b a] by simp
lemma mult_nonneg_nonpos: "0 \ a \ b \ 0 \ a * b \ 0"
using mult_left_mono [of b 0 a] by simp
lemma mult_nonpos_nonneg: "a \ 0 \ 0 \ b \ a * b \ 0"
using mult_right_mono [of a 0 b] by simp
text \<open>Legacy -- use @{thm [source] mult_nonpos_nonneg}.\<close>
lemma mult_nonneg_nonpos2: "0 \ a \ b \ 0 \ b * a \ 0"
by (drule mult_right_mono [of b 0]) auto
lemma split_mult_neg_le: "(0 \ a \ b \ 0) \ (a \ 0 \ 0 \ b) \ a * b \ 0"
by (auto simp add: mult_nonneg_nonpos mult_nonneg_nonpos2)
end
class ordered_cancel_semiring = ordered_semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add
begin
subclass semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass ordered_semiring_0 ..
end
class linordered_semiring = ordered_semiring + linordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add
begin
subclass ordered_cancel_semiring ..
subclass ordered_cancel_comm_monoid_add ..
subclass ordered_ab_semigroup_monoid_add_imp_le ..
lemma mult_left_less_imp_less: "c * a < c * b \ 0 \ c \ a < b"
by (force simp add: mult_left_mono not_le [symmetric])
lemma mult_right_less_imp_less: "a * c < b * c \ 0 \ c \ a < b"
by (force simp add: mult_right_mono not_le [symmetric])
end
class zero_less_one = order + zero + one +
assumes zero_less_one [simp]: "0 < 1"
class linordered_semiring_1 = linordered_semiring + semiring_1 + zero_less_one
begin
lemma convex_bound_le:
assumes "x \ a" "y \ a" "0 \ u" "0 \ v" "u + v = 1"
shows "u * x + v * y \ a"
proof-
from assms have "u * x + v * y \ u * a + v * a"
by (simp add: add_mono mult_left_mono)
with assms show ?thesis
unfolding distrib_right[symmetric] by simp
qed
end
class linordered_semiring_strict = semiring + comm_monoid_add + linordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add +
assumes mult_strict_left_mono: "a < b \ 0 < c \ c * a < c * b"
assumes mult_strict_right_mono: "a < b \ 0 < c \ a * c < b * c"
begin
subclass semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass linordered_semiring
proof
fix a b c :: 'a
assume *: "a \ b" "0 \ c"
then show "c * a \ c * b"
unfolding le_less
using mult_strict_left_mono by (cases "c = 0") auto
from * show "a * c \ b * c"
unfolding le_less
using mult_strict_right_mono by (cases "c = 0") auto
qed
lemma mult_left_le_imp_le: "c * a \ c * b \ 0 < c \ a \ b"
by (auto simp add: mult_strict_left_mono _not_less [symmetric])
lemma mult_right_le_imp_le: "a * c \ b * c \ 0 < c \ a \ b"
by (auto simp add: mult_strict_right_mono not_less [symmetric])
lemma mult_pos_pos[simp]: "0 < a \ 0 < b \ 0 < a * b"
using mult_strict_left_mono [of 0 b a] by simp
lemma mult_pos_neg: "0 < a \ b < 0 \ a * b < 0"
using mult_strict_left_mono [of b 0 a] by simp
lemma mult_neg_pos: "a < 0 \ 0 < b \ a * b < 0"
using mult_strict_right_mono [of a 0 b] by simp
text \<open>Legacy -- use @{thm [source] mult_neg_pos}.\<close>
lemma mult_pos_neg2: "0 < a \ b < 0 \ b * a < 0"
by (drule mult_strict_right_mono [of b 0]) auto
lemma zero_less_mult_pos:
assumes "0 < a * b" "0 < a" shows "0 < b"
proof (cases "b \ 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
using assms by (auto simp: le_less dest: less_not_sym mult_pos_neg [of a b])
qed (auto simp add: le_less not_less)
lemma zero_less_mult_pos2:
assumes "0 < b * a" "0 < a" shows "0 < b"
proof (cases "b \ 0")
case True
then show ?thesis
using assms by (auto simp: le_less dest: less_not_sym mult_pos_neg2 [of a b])
qed (auto simp add: le_less not_less)
text \<open>Strict monotonicity in both arguments\<close>
lemma mult_strict_mono:
assumes "a < b" "c < d" "0 < b" "0 \ c"
shows "a * c < b * d"
proof (cases "c = 0")
case True
with assms show ?thesis
by simp
next
case False
with assms have "a*c < b*c"
by (simp add: mult_strict_right_mono [OF \<open>a < b\<close>])
also have "\ < b*d"
by (simp add: assms mult_strict_left_mono)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
text \<open>This weaker variant has more natural premises\<close>
lemma mult_strict_mono':
assumes "a < b" and "c < d" and "0 \ a" and "0 \ c"
shows "a * c < b * d"
by (rule mult_strict_mono) (insert assms, auto)
lemma mult_less_le_imp_less:
assumes "a < b" and "c \ d" and "0 \ a" and "0 < c"
shows "a * c < b * d"
proof -
have "a * c < b * c"
by (simp add: assms mult_strict_right_mono)
also have "... \ b * d"
by (intro mult_left_mono) (use assms in auto)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma mult_le_less_imp_less:
assumes "a \ b" and "c < d" and "0 < a" and "0 \ c"
shows "a * c < b * d"
proof -
have "a * c \ b * c"
by (simp add: assms mult_right_mono)
also have "... < b * d"
by (intro mult_strict_left_mono) (use assms in auto)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
end
class linordered_semiring_1_strict = linordered_semiring_strict + semiring_1 + zero_less_one
begin
subclass linordered_semiring_1 ..
lemma convex_bound_lt:
assumes "x < a" "y < a" "0 \ u" "0 \ v" "u + v = 1"
shows "u * x + v * y < a"
proof -
from assms have "u * x + v * y < u * a + v * a"
by (cases "u = 0") (auto intro!: add_less_le_mono mult_strict_left_mono mult_left_mono)
with assms show ?thesis
unfolding distrib_right[symmetric] by simp
qed
end
class ordered_comm_semiring = comm_semiring_0 + ordered_ab_semigroup_add +
assumes comm_mult_left_mono: "a \ b \ 0 \ c \ c * a \ c * b"
begin
subclass ordered_semiring
proof
fix a b c :: 'a
assume "a \ b" "0 \ c"
then show "c * a \ c * b" by (rule comm_mult_left_mono)
then show "a * c \ b * c" by (simp only: mult.commute)
qed
end
class ordered_cancel_comm_semiring = ordered_comm_semiring + cancel_comm_monoid_add
begin
subclass comm_semiring_0_cancel ..
subclass ordered_comm_semiring ..
subclass ordered_cancel_semiring ..
end
class linordered_comm_semiring_strict = comm_semiring_0 + linordered_cancel_ab_semigroup_add +
assumes comm_mult_strict_left_mono: "a < b \ 0 < c \ c * a < c * b"
begin
subclass linordered_semiring_strict
proof
fix a b c :: 'a
assume "a < b" "0 < c"
then show "c * a < c * b"
by (rule comm_mult_strict_left_mono)
then show "a * c < b * c"
by (simp only: mult.commute)
qed
subclass ordered_cancel_comm_semiring
proof
fix a b c :: 'a
assume "a \ b" "0 \ c"
then show "c * a \ c * b"
unfolding le_less
using mult_strict_left_mono by (cases "c = 0") auto
qed
end
class ordered_ring = ring + ordered_cancel_semiring
begin
subclass ordered_ab_group_add ..
lemma less_add_iff1: "a * e + c < b * e + d \ (a - b) * e + c < d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma less_add_iff2: "a * e + c < b * e + d \ c < (b - a) * e + d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma le_add_iff1: "a * e + c \ b * e + d \ (a - b) * e + c \ d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma le_add_iff2: "a * e + c \ b * e + d \ c \ (b - a) * e + d"
by (simp add: algebra_simps)
lemma mult_left_mono_neg: "b \ a \ c \ 0 \ c * a \ c * b"
by (auto dest: mult_left_mono [of _ _ "- c"])
lemma mult_right_mono_neg: "b \ a \ c \ 0 \ a * c \ b * c"
by (auto dest: mult_right_mono [of _ _ "- c"])
lemma mult_nonpos_nonpos: "a \ 0 \ b \ 0 \ 0 \ a * b"
using mult_right_mono_neg [of a 0 b] by simp
lemma split_mult_pos_le: "(0 \ a \ 0 \ b) \ (a \ 0 \ b \ 0) \ 0 \ a * b"
by (auto simp add: mult_nonpos_nonpos)
end
class abs_if = minus + uminus + ord + zero + abs +
assumes abs_if: "\a\ = (if a < 0 then - a else a)"
class linordered_ring = ring + linordered_semiring + linordered_ab_group_add + abs_if
begin
subclass ordered_ring ..
subclass ordered_ab_group_add_abs
proof
fix a b
show "\a + b\ \ \a\ + \b\"
by (auto simp add: abs_if not_le not_less algebra_simps
simp del: add.commute dest: add_neg_neg add_nonneg_nonneg)
qed (auto simp: abs_if)
lemma zero_le_square [simp]: "0 \ a * a"
using linear [of 0 a] by (auto simp add: mult_nonpos_nonpos)
lemma not_square_less_zero [simp]: "\ (a * a < 0)"
by (simp add: not_less)
proposition abs_eq_iff: "\x\ = \y\ \ x = y \ x = -y"
by (auto simp add: abs_if split: if_split_asm)
lemma abs_eq_iff':
"\a\ = b \ b \ 0 \ (a = b \ a = - b)"
by (cases "a \ 0") auto
--> --------------------
--> maximum size reached
--> --------------------
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.49 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet)
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