/* expm1ll.c
*
* Exponential function , minus 1
* 128 - bit long double precision
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* long double x , y , expm1l ( ) ;
*
* y = expm1l ( x ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Returns e ( 2 . 71828 . . . ) raised to the x power , minus 1 .
*
* Range reduction is accomplished by separating the argument
* into an integer k and fraction f such that
*
* x k f
* e = 2 e .
*
* An expansion x + . 5 x ^ 2 + x ^ 3 R ( x ) approximates exp ( f ) - 1
* in the basic range [ - 0 . 5 ln 2 , 0 . 5 ln 2 ] .
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 79 , + MAXLOG 100 , 000 1 . 7 e - 34 4 . 5 e - 35
*
* ERROR MESSAGES :
*
* message condition value returned
* exp overflow x > MAXLOG MAXNUM
*
*/
/*
Cephes Math Library Release 2 . 9 : April , 2001
Copyright 2001 by Stephen L . Moshier
*/
#include "mconf.h"
#ifndef ANSIPROT
long double ldexpl(), floorl();
#else
extern long double ldexpl(long double , int );
extern long double floorl(long double );
#endif
extern long double MAXLOGL, MAXNUML;
static char *fname = "expm1" ;
/* exp(x) - 1 = x + 0.5 x^2 + x^3 P(x)/Q(x)
- . 5 ln 2 < x < . 5 ln 2
Theoretical peak relative error = 8.1e-36 */
static long double
P0 = 2 .943520915569954073888921213330863757240 E8L,
P1 = -5 .722847283900608941516165725053359168840 E7L,
P2 = 8 .944630806357575461578107295909719817253 E6L,
P3 = -7 .212432713558031519943281748462837065308 E5L,
P4 = 4 .578962475841642634225390068461943438441 E4L,
P5 = -1 .716772506388927649032068540558788106762 E3L,
P6 = 4 .401308817383362136048032038528753151144 E1L,
P7 = -4 .888737542888633647784737721812546636240 E-1 L,
Q0 = 1 .766112549341972444333352727998584753865 E9L,
Q1 = -7 .848989743695296475743081255027098295771 E8L,
Q2 = 1 .615869009634292424463780387327037251069 E8L,
Q3 = -2 .019684072836541751428967854947019415698 E7L,
Q4 = 1 .682912729190313538934190635536631941751 E6L,
Q5 = -9 .615511549171441430850103489315371768998 E4L,
Q6 = 3 .697714952261803935521187272204485251835 E3L,
Q7 = -8 .802340681794263968892934703309274564037 E1L,
/* Q8 = 1.000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0 */
/* C1 + C2 = ln 2 */
C1 = 6 .93145751953125 E-1 L,
C2 = 1 .428606820309417232121458176568075500134 E-6 L,
/* ln 2^-114 */
minarg = -7 .9018778583833765273564461846232128760607 E1L;
long double expm1l(x)
long double x;
{
long double px, qx, xx;
int k;
/* Overflow. */
if (x > MAXLOGL)
{
mtherr (fname, OVERFLOW);
return MAXNUML;
}
/* Minimum value. */
if (x < minarg)
return -1 .0 L;
xx = C1 + C2;
/* Express x = ln 2 (k + remainder), remainder not exceeding 1/2. */
px = floorl (0 .5 + x / xx);
k = px;
/* remainder times ln 2 */
x -= px * C1;
x -= px * C2;
/* Approximate exp(remainder ln 2). */
px = (((((((P7 * x
+ P6) * x
+ P5) * x
+ P4) * x
+ P3) * x
+ P2) * x
+ P1) * x
+ P0) * x;
qx = ((((((( x
+ Q7) * x
+ Q6) * x
+ Q5) * x
+ Q4) * x
+ Q3) * x
+ Q2) * x
+ Q1) * x
+ Q0;
xx = x * x;
qx = x + (0 .5 * xx + xx * px / qx);
/* exp(x) = exp(k ln 2) exp(remainder ln 2) = 2^k exp(remainder ln 2).
We have qx = exp ( remainder ln 2 ) - 1 , so
exp(x) - 1 = 2^k (qx + 1) - 1 = 2^k qx + 2^k - 1. */
px = ldexpl(1 .0 L, k);
x = px * qx + (px - 1 .0 );
return x;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=92 H=100 G=95
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.9 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-06-15)
¤
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