/* clog.c
*
* Complex natural logarithm
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex clog ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = clog ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Returns complex logarithm to the base e ( 2 . 718 . . . ) of
* the complex argument x .
*
* If z = x + iy , r = sqrt ( x * * 2 + y * * 2 ) ,
* then
* w = log ( r ) + i arctan ( y / x ) .
*
* The arctangent ranges from - PI to + PI .
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 7000 8 . 5 e - 17 1 . 9 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 5 . 0 e - 15 1 . 1 e - 16
*
* Larger relative error can be observed for z near 1 + i0 .
* In IEEE arithmetic the peak absolute error is 5 . 2 e - 16 , rms
* absolute error 1 . 0 e - 16 .
*/
#include "complex.h"
#include "mconf.h"
#ifdef ANSIPROT
static void cchsh ( double x, double *c, double *s );
static double redupi ( double x );
static double ctans ( double complex z );
#else
static void cchsh();
static double redupi();
static double ctans();
double cabs(), fabs(), sqrt();
double log(), exp(), atan2(), cosh(), sinh();
double asin(), sin(), cos();
#endif
extern double MAXNUM, MACHEP, PI, PIO2;
double complex
clog (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double p, rr;
/*rr = sqrt( z->r * z->r + z->i * z->i );*/
rr = cabs(z);
p = log(rr);
rr = atan2 (cimag (z), creal (z));
w = p + rr * I;
return (w);
}
/* cexp()
*
* Complex exponential function
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex cexp ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = cexp ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Returns the exponential of the complex argument z
* into the complex result w .
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
* r = exp ( x ) ,
*
* then
*
* w = r cos y + i r sin y .
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 8700 3 . 7 e - 17 1 . 1 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 3 . 0 e - 16 8 . 7 e - 17
*
*/
double complex
cexp(z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double r, x, y;
x = creal (z);
y = cimag (z);
r = exp (x);
w = r * cos (y) + r * sin (y) * I;
return (w);
}
/* csin()
*
* Complex circular sine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex csin ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = csin ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
*
* then
*
* w = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y .
*
* csin ( z ) = - i csinh ( iz ) .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 8400 5 . 3 e - 17 1 . 3 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 3 . 8 e - 16 1 . 0 e - 16
* Also tested by csin ( casin ( z ) ) = z .
*
*/
double complex
csin (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double ch, sh;
cchsh( cimag (z), &ch, &sh );
w = sin (creal(z)) * ch + (cos (creal(z)) * sh) * I;
return (w);
}
/* calculate cosh and sinh */
static void
cchsh( x, c, s )
double x, *c, *s;
{
double e, ei;
if (fabs(x) <= 0 .5 )
{
*c = cosh(x);
*s = sinh(x);
}
else
{
e = exp(x);
ei = 0 .5 /e;
e = 0 .5 * e;
*s = e - ei;
*c = e + ei;
}
}
/* ccos()
*
* Complex circular cosine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex ccos ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = ccos ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
*
* then
*
* w = cos x cosh y - i sin x sinh y .
*
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 8400 4 . 5 e - 17 1 . 3 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 3 . 8 e - 16 1 . 0 e - 16
*/
double complex
ccos (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double ch, sh;
cchsh( cimag(z), &ch, &sh );
w = cos(creal (z)) * ch - (sin (creal (z)) * sh) * I;
return (w);
}
/* ctan()
*
* Complex circular tangent
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex ctan ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = ctan ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
*
* then
*
* sin 2 x + i sinh 2 y
* w = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
* cos 2 x + cosh 2 y
*
* On the real axis the denominator is zero at odd multiples
* of PI / 2 . The denominator is evaluated by its Taylor
* series near these points .
*
* ctan ( z ) = - i ctanh ( iz ) .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 5200 7 . 1 e - 17 1 . 6 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 7 . 2 e - 16 1 . 2 e - 16
* Also tested by ctan * ccot = 1 and catan ( ctan ( z ) ) = z .
*/
double complex
ctan (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double d;
d = cos (2 .0 * creal (z)) + cosh (2 .0 * cimag (z));
if (fabs(d) < 0 .25 )
d = ctans (z);
if (d == 0 .0 )
{
mtherr ("ctan" , OVERFLOW);
w = MAXNUM + MAXNUM * I;
return (w);
}
w = sin (2 .0 * creal(z)) / d + (sinh (2 .0 * cimag(z)) / d) * I;
return (w);
}
/* ccot()
*
* Complex circular cotangent
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex ccot ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = ccot ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
*
* then
*
* sin 2 x - i sinh 2 y
* w = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
* cosh 2 y - cos 2 x
*
* On the real axis , the denominator has zeros at even
* multiples of PI / 2 . Near these points it is evaluated
* by a Taylor series .
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 3000 6 . 5 e - 17 1 . 6 e - 17
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 9 . 2 e - 16 1 . 2 e - 16
* Also tested by ctan * ccot = 1 + i0 .
*/
double complex
ccot (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double d;
d = cosh (2 .0 * cimag (z)) - cos (2 .0 * creal(z));
if (fabs(d) < 0 .25 )
d = ctans (z);
if (d == 0 .0 )
{
mtherr ("ccot" , OVERFLOW);
w = MAXNUM + MAXNUM * I;
return (w);
}
w = sin (2 .0 * creal(z)) / d - (sinh (2 .0 * cimag(z)) / d) * I;
return w;
}
/* Program to subtract nearest integer multiple of PI */
/* extended precision value of PI: */
#ifdef UNK
static double DP1 = 3 .14159265160560607910 E0;
static double DP2 = 1 .98418714791870343106 E-9 ;
static double DP3 = 1 .14423774522196636802 E-17 ;
#endif
#ifdef DEC
static unsigned short P1[] = {0040511 ,0007732 ,0120000 ,0000000 ,};
static unsigned short P2[] = {0031010 ,0055060 ,0100000 ,0000000 ,};
static unsigned short P3[] = {0022123 ,0011431 ,0105056 ,0001560 ,};
#define DP1 *(double *)P1
#define DP2 *(double *)P2
#define DP3 *(double *)P3
#endif
#ifdef IBMPC
static unsigned short P1[] = {0 x0000,0 x5400,0 x21fb,0 x4009};
static unsigned short P2[] = {0 x0000,0 x1000,0 x0b46,0 x3e21};
static unsigned short P3[] = {0 xc06e,0 x3145,0 x6263,0 x3c6a};
#define DP1 *(double *)P1
#define DP2 *(double *)P2
#define DP3 *(double *)P3
#endif
#ifdef MIEEE
static unsigned short P1[] = {
0 x4009,0 x21fb,0 x5400,0 x0000
};
static unsigned short P2[] = {
0 x3e21,0 x0b46,0 x1000,0 x0000
};
static unsigned short P3[] = {
0 x3c6a,0 x6263,0 x3145,0 xc06e
};
#define DP1 *(double *)P1
#define DP2 *(double *)P2
#define DP3 *(double *)P3
#endif
static double
redupi(x)
double x;
{
double t;
long i;
t = x/PI;
if ( t >= 0 .0 )
t += 0 .5 ;
else
t -= 0 .5 ;
i = t; /* the multiple */
t = i;
t = ((x - t * DP1) - t * DP2) - t * DP3;
return (t);
}
/* Taylor series expansion for cosh(2y) - cos(2x) */
static double
ctans (z)
double complex z;
{
double f, x, x2, y, y2, rn, t;
double d;
x = fabs (2 .0 * creal (z));
y = fabs (2 .0 * cimag(z));
x = redupi(x);
x = x * x;
y = y * y;
x2 = 1 .0 ;
y2 = 1 .0 ;
f = 1 .0 ;
rn = 0 .0 ;
d = 0 .0 ;
do
{
rn += 1 .0 ;
f *= rn;
rn += 1 .0 ;
f *= rn;
x2 *= x;
y2 *= y;
t = y2 + x2;
t /= f;
d += t;
rn += 1 .0 ;
f *= rn;
rn += 1 .0 ;
f *= rn;
x2 *= x;
y2 *= y;
t = y2 - x2;
t /= f;
d += t;
}
while (fabs(t/d) > MACHEP);
return (d);
}
/* casin()
*
* Complex circular arc sine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex casin ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = casin ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Inverse complex sine :
*
* 2
* w = - i clog ( iz + csqrt ( 1 - z ) ) .
*
* casin ( z ) = - i casinh ( iz )
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 10100 2 . 1 e - 15 3 . 4 e - 16
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 2 . 2 e - 14 2 . 7 e - 15
* Larger relative error can be observed for z near zero .
* Also tested by csin ( casin ( z ) ) = z .
*/
double complex
casin (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
static double complex ca, ct, zz, z2;
double x, y;
x = creal (z);
y = cimag (z);
if (y == 0 .0 )
{
if (fabs(x) > 1 .0 )
{
w = PIO2 + 0 .0 * I;
mtherr ("casin" , DOMAIN);
}
else
{
w = asin (x) + 0 .0 * I;
}
return (w);
}
/* Power series expansion */
/*
b = cabs ( z ) ;
if ( b < 0 . 125 )
{
z2 . r = ( x - y ) * ( x + y ) ;
z2 . i = 2 . 0 * x * y ;
cn = 1 . 0 ;
n = 1 . 0 ;
ca . r = x ;
ca . i = y ;
sum . r = x ;
sum . i = y ;
do
{
ct . r = z2 . r * ca . r - z2 . i * ca . i ;
ct . i = z2 . r * ca . i + z2 . i * ca . r ;
ca . r = ct . r ;
ca . i = ct . i ;
cn * = n ;
n + = 1 . 0 ;
cn / = n ;
n + = 1 . 0 ;
b = cn / n ;
ct . r * = b ;
ct . i * = b ;
sum . r + = ct . r ;
sum . i + = ct . i ;
b = fabs ( ct . r ) + fabs ( ct . i ) ;
}
while ( b > MACHEP ) ;
w - > r = sum . r ;
w - > i = sum . i ;
return ;
}
*/
ca = x + y * I;
ct = ca * I;
/* sqrt( 1 - z*z) */
/* cmul( &ca, &ca, &zz ) */
/*x * x - y * y */
zz = (x - y) * (x + y) + (2 .0 * x * y) * I;
zz = 1 .0 - creal(zz) - cimag(zz) * I;
z2 = csqrt (zz);
zz = ct + z2;
zz = clog (zz);
/* multiply by 1/i = -i */
w = zz * (-1 .0 * I);
return (w);
}
/* cacos()
*
* Complex circular arc cosine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex cacos ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = cacos ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
*
* w = arccos z = PI / 2 - arcsin z .
*
*
*
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 5200 1 . 6 e - 15 2 . 8 e - 16
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 1 . 8 e - 14 2 . 2 e - 15
*/
double complex
cacos (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
w = casin (z);
w = (PIO2 - creal (w)) - cimag (w) * I;
return (w);
}
/* catan()
*
* Complex circular arc tangent
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex catan ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = catan ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* If
* z = x + iy ,
*
* then
* 1 ( 2 x )
* Re w = - arctan ( - - - - - - - - - - - ) + k PI
* 2 ( 2 2 )
* ( 1 - x - y )
*
* ( 2 2 )
* 1 ( x + ( y + 1 ) )
* Im w = - log ( - - - - - - - - - - - - )
* 4 ( 2 2 )
* ( x + ( y - 1 ) )
*
* Where k is an arbitrary integer .
*
* catan ( z ) = - i catanh ( iz ) .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* DEC - 10 , + 10 5900 1 . 3 e - 16 7 . 8 e - 18
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 2 . 3 e - 15 8 . 5 e - 17
* The check catan ( ctan ( z ) ) = z , with | x | and | y | < PI / 2 ,
* had peak relative error 1 . 5 e - 16 , rms relative error
* 2 . 9 e - 17 . See also clog ( ) .
*/
double complex
catan (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double a, t, x, x2, y;
x = creal (z);
y = cimag (z);
if ((x == 0 .0 ) && (y > 1 .0 ))
goto ovrf;
x2 = x * x;
a = 1 .0 - x2 - (y * y);
if (a == 0 .0 )
goto ovrf;
t = 0 .5 * atan2 (2 .0 * x, a);
w = redupi (t);
t = y - 1 .0 ;
a = x2 + (t * t);
if (a == 0 .0 )
goto ovrf;
t = y + 1 .0 ;
a = (x2 + (t * t))/a;
w = w + (0 .25 * log (a)) * I;
return (w);
ovrf:
mtherr ("catan" , OVERFLOW);
w = MAXNUM + MAXNUM * I;
return (w);
}
/* csinh
*
* Complex hyperbolic sine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex csinh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = csinh ( z ) ;
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* csinh z = ( cexp ( z ) - cexp ( - z ) ) / 2
* = sinh x * cos y + i cosh x * sin y .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 3 . 1 e - 16 8 . 2 e - 17
*
*/
double complex
csinh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double x, y;
x = creal(z);
y = cimag(z);
w = sinh (x) * cos (y) + (cosh (x) * sin (y)) * I;
return (w);
}
/* casinh
*
* Complex inverse hyperbolic sine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex casinh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = casinh ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* casinh z = - i casin iz .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 1 . 8 e - 14 2 . 6 e - 15
*
*/
double complex
casinh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
w = -1 .0 * I * casin (z * I);
return (w);
}
/* ccosh
*
* Complex hyperbolic cosine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex ccosh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = ccosh ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* ccosh ( z ) = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 2 . 9 e - 16 8 . 1 e - 17
*
*/
double complex
ccosh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double x, y;
x = creal(z);
y = cimag(z);
w = cosh (x) * cos (y) + (sinh (x) * sin (y)) * I;
return (w);
}
/* cacosh
*
* Complex inverse hyperbolic cosine
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex cacosh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = cacosh ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* acosh z = i acos z .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 1 . 6 e - 14 2 . 1 e - 15
*
*/
double complex
cacosh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
w = I * cacos (z);
return (w);
}
/* ctanh
*
* Complex hyperbolic tangent
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex ctanh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = ctanh ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* tanh z = ( sinh 2 x + i sin 2 y ) / ( cosh 2 x + cos 2 y ) .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 1 . 7 e - 14 2 . 4 e - 16
*
*/
double complex
ctanh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
double x, y, d;
x = creal(z);
y = cimag(z);
d = cosh (2 .0 * x) + cos (2 .0 * y);
w = sinh (2 .0 * x) / d + (sin (2 .0 * y) / d) * I;
return (w);
}
/* catanh
*
* Complex inverse hyperbolic tangent
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex catanh ( ) ;
* double complex z , w ;
*
* w = catanh ( z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Inverse tanh , equal to - i catan ( iz ) ;
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 2 . 3 e - 16 6 . 2 e - 17
*
*/
double complex
catanh (z)
double complex z;
{
double complex w;
w = -1 .0 * I * catan (z * I);
return (w);
}
/* cpow
*
* Complex power function
*
*
*
* SYNOPSIS :
*
* double complex cpow ( ) ;
* double complex a , z , w ;
*
* w = cpow ( a , z ) ;
*
*
*
* DESCRIPTION :
*
* Raises complex A to the complex Zth power .
* Definition is per AMS55 # 4 . 2 . 8 ,
* analytically equivalent to cpow ( a , z ) = cexp ( z clog ( a ) ) .
*
* ACCURACY :
*
* Relative error :
* arithmetic domain # trials peak rms
* IEEE - 10 , + 10 30000 9 . 4 e - 15 1 . 5 e - 15
*
*/
double complex
cpow (a, z)
double complex a, z;
{
double complex w;
double x, y, r, theta, absa, arga;
x = creal (z);
y = cimag (z);
absa = cabs (a);
if (absa == 0 .0 )
{
return (0 .0 + 0 .0 * I);
}
arga = carg (a);
r = pow (absa, x);
theta = x * arga;
if (y != 0 .0 )
{
r = r * exp (-y * arga);
theta = theta + y * log (absa);
}
w = r * cos (theta) + (r * sin (theta)) * I;
return (w);
}
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