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Canvas test generator (gentest.sh)
==================================
The script gentest.sh is used
to generate canvas WPT tests, found under
wpt/html/canvas.
# Purpose for generating canvas tests
Generating tests for the canvas API has multiple advantages. It allows
generating lots of tests with minimal boilerplate and configuration.
In
particular:
- Canvas tests all have
common boilerplate, like defining a whole HTML page,
creating a canvas and reading back pixels. The code we care about is usually
only a few lines of JavaScript. By using a test generator, we can
write tests
focussing on these few relevant lines, abstracting away all of the
boilerplate needed
to run these lines.
- Canvas exists
in multiple flavors (HTMLCanvasElement, OffscreenCanvas) and
can run
in different environments (main thread, worker). Using a code
generator allows tests
to be implemented only once and run
then in all the
flavors or environment we need test coverage for.
- Canvas rendering can be affected by a large
number of states. Implementations
can have different code paths for different permutations of these states. For
instance, simply testing that a rectangle is correctly drawn requires
validating different permutations of whether the canvas has an alpha channel,
whether layers are used, whether the context uses a globalAlpha, which
globalCompositeOperation is used, which filters are used, whether shadows are
enabled, and so on. Bugs occurring only for some specific combinations of
these states have been found. A test generator allows for easily creating
a large
number of tests, or tests validating a large
number of variant
permutations, all with minimal boilerplate.
# Running gentest.sh
You can generate canvas tests by running `wpt update-built --
include canvas`, or
by running `gentest.sh` directly:
- Make a python virtual environment somewhere (it doesn
't matter where):
`python3 -m venv venv`
- Enter the virtual environment:
`source venv/bin/activate`
- This script depends on the `cairocffi`, `jinja2` and `pyyaml` Python
packages. You can install them using [`requirements_build.txt`](
https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/blob/master/tools/ci/requirements_build.txt):
`python3 -m pip install -r tools/ci/requirements_build.txt`
- Change
to the directory with this script and run it:
`python3 gentest.py`
See [WPT documentation](
https://web-platform-tests.org/running-tests/from-local-system.html#system-setup
) for the current minimal Python version required.
If you modify `gentest.py`,
it
's recommended to use that exact Python version to avoid accidentally using
new Python features that aren
't be supported by that minimal version.
[pyenv](
https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv) can be used instead of the `venv`
approach described above,
to pin the `html/canvas/tools` folder
to that exact
Python version, without impacting the rest of the system. For instance:
```shell
pyenv install
3.
9
cd html/canvas/tools
pyenv local
3.
9
python3 -m pip install -r $WPT_CHECKOUT/tools/ci/requirements_build.txt
python3 gentest.py
```
# Canvas test definition
The tests are defined
in YAML files, found
in `wpt/html/canvas/tools/yaml`. The
YAML definition files consists of a
sequence of dictionaries, each with at a
minimum the keys `
name:` and `code:`. For instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.draws-red
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'red';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
@assert pixel
5,
5 ==
255,
0,
0,
255;
-
name:
2d.sample.draws-green
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'green';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
@assert pixel
5,
5 ==
0,
255,
0,
255;
```
From this configuration, the test generator would produce multiple test files
and fill-
in the boilerplate needed
to run these JavaScript lines.
See the constants `_TEST_DEFINITION_PARAMS` and `_GENERATED_PARAMS`
in the
`gentest.sh` for a full list and description of the available parameters.
## Jinja templating
The test generator uses Jinja templates
to generate the different test files it
produces. The templates can be found under `wpt/html/canvas/tools/templates`.
When rendering templates, Jinja uses a dictionary of parameters
to lookup
variables referred
to by the template.
In the test generator, this dictionary is
actually the YAML dictionary defining the test itself.
Take for instance the test:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.draws-red
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'red';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
@assert pixel
5,
5 ==
255,
0,
0,
255;
```
In the template `.../templates/testharness_element.html`, the title of the
generated HTML is defined as:
```html
<title>Canvas test: {{
name }}</title>
```
When rendering this template, Jinja looks-up the `
name:` key from the YAML test
definition, which
in the example above would be `
2d.sample.draws-red`, producing
this HTML result:
```html
<title>Canvas test:
2d.sample.draws-red</title>
```
Now, more interestingly, all the
parameter values
in the test definition are
also Jinja templates. They get rendered on demand, before being used by Jinja
into another template. Since all of these
use the test
's YAML definition as
param dictionary, test parameters can refer
to each others:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.draws-red
expected_color:
255,
0,
0,{{ alpha }}
alpha:
255
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'red';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
@assert pixel
5,
5 == {{ expected_color }};
```
All the test parameters are also registered as templates loadable from other
Jinja templates, with `{% import ... %}` statements for instance. This can be
useful
to organize the test definition and allow reuse of Jinja statements. For
instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.macros
macros: |
{% macro rgba_format(color) %}
{% set r, g, b, a = color -%}
rgba{{ (r, g, b, a) -}}
{% endmacro %}
{% macro assert_format(color) %}
{% set r, g, b, a = color -%}
{{-
'%d,%d,%d,%d' |
format(r, g, b, a *
255) -}}
{% endmacro %}
code: |
{% import
'macros' as m %}
ctx.fillStyle =
'{{ m.rgba_format(color) }}';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
@assert pixel
5,
5 == {{ m.assert_format(color) }};
color: [
64,
128,
192,
1.
0]
```
These types of parameterization might seem strange and overkill
in toy examples
like these, but it
's in fact really useful when using the `variants:` feature
([more on this below](#test-variants)).
## Canvas Types
By default, the generator produces three flavors of each tests, one for each of
three different canvas types:
- An `HTMLCanvasElement`.
- An `OffscreenCanvas`, used
in a main thread script.
- An `OffscreenCanvas`, used
in a worker.
`HTMLCanvasElement` tests get generated into the folder `.../canvas/element`,
while the main thread and worker `OffscreenCanvas` tests are generated
in the
folder `.../canvas/offscreen`.
Some tests are specific
to certain canvas types. The canvas types
to be
generated can be specified by setting the `canvas_types:` config
to a list with
one or many of the following strings:
- `
'HtmlCanvas'`
- `
'OffscreenCanvas'`
- `
'Worker'`
For instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.offscreen-specific
canvas_types: [
'OffscreenCanvas',
'Worker']
code: |
assert_not_equals(canvas.convertToBlob(),
null);
```
## JavaScript tests (testharness.js)
The test generator can generate both JavaScript tests (`testharness.js`), or
Reftests. By default, the generator produces [JavaScript tests](
https://web-platform-tests.org/writing-tests/testharness.html). These are
implemented with the [testharness.js library](
https://web-platform-tests.org/writing-tests/testharness-api.html). Assertions
must be used
to determine whether they succeed. Standard assertions provided by
`testharness.js` can be used, like `assert_true`, `assert_equals`, etc.
### Canvas specific helpers
Canvas tests also have access to additional assertion types and other helpers
defined
in `wpt/html/canvas/resources/canvas-tests.js`. Most of these however
are
private and meant
to be used via macros provided by this test generator
(denoted by the
character "@"). Note that these
"@" macros are implemented as
regexp-replace, so their syntax is very strict (e.g. they don
't tolerate extra
whitespaces and some reserve `;` as terminating
character).
- `@assert pixel x,y == r,g,b,a;`
Asserts that the color at the pixel position `[x, y]` exactly equals the RGBA
values `[r, g, b, a]`.
- `@assert pixel x,y ==~ r,g,b,a;`
Asserts that the color at the pixel position `[x, y]` approximately equals
the RGBA values `[r, g, b, a]`, within +/-
2.
- `@assert pixel x,y ==~ r,g,b,a +/- t;`
Asserts that the color at the pixel position `[x, y]` approximately equals
the RGBA values `[r, g, b, a]`, within +/- `t` for each individual channel.
- `@assert throws *_
ERR code;`
Shorthand for `assert_throws_dom`, running `code` and verifying that it
throws a DOM exception `*_
ERR` (e.g. `INDEX_SIZE_ERR`).
- `@assert throws *Error code;`
Shorthand for `assert_throws_js`, running `code` and verifying that it throws
a JavaScript exception `*Error` (e.g. `TypeError`).
- `@assert actual === expected;`
Shorthand for `assert_equals`, asserting that `actual` is the same as
`expected`.
- `@assert actual !== expected;`
Shorthand for `assert_not_equals`, asserting that `actual` is different than
`expected`.
- `@assert actual =~ expected;`
Shorthand for `assert_regexp_match`, asserting that `actual` matches the
regular expression `expected`.
- `@assert cond;`
Shorthand for `assert_true`, but evaluating `cond` as a boolean by prefixing
it with `!!`.
### JavaScript test types
`testharness.js` allows the creation of synchronous, asynchronous or promise
tests (see [here](
https://web-platform-tests.org/writing-tests/testharness-api.html#defining-tests
) for details).
To choose what test types
to generate, set the `test_type`
parameter to one of:
- `sync`
- `async`
- `promise`
For instance, a synchronous test would
use `test_type: sync`:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.sync-test
desc: Example synchronous test
canvas_types: [
'HtmlCanvas']
test_type: sync
code: |
assert_regexp_match(canvas.toDataURL(), /^
data:/);
```
Given this config, the code generator would generate an `HTMLCanvasElement` test
with the following `<script>` tag (not showing the rest of the HTML
file).
``` JavaScript
test(t => {
var canvas = document.getElementById(
'c');
var ctx = canvas.getContext(
'2d');
assert_regexp_match(canvas.toDataURL(), /^
data:/);
},
"Example synchronous test");
```
To test asynchronous code, `test_type: async` can be
use as
in:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.async-test
desc: Example asynchronous test
canvas_types: [
'HtmlCanvas']
test_type: async
code: |
canvas.toBlob(t.step_func_done(blob => {
assert_greater_than(blob.size,
0);
}));
```
``` JavaScript
async_test(t => {
var canvas = document.getElementById(
'c');
var ctx = canvas.getContext(
'2d');
canvas.toBlob(t.step_func_done(blob => {
assert_greater_than(blob.size,
0);
}));
},
"Example asynchronous test");
```
Promise-based APIs would
use `test_type: promise`, for instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.promise-test
desc: Example promise test
canvas_types: [
'OffscreenCanvas']
test_type: promise
code: |
const blob = await canvas.convertToBlob();
assert_greater_than(blob.size,
0);
```
```JavaScript
promise_test(async t => {
var canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(
100,
50);
var ctx = canvas.getContext(
'2d');
const blob = await canvas.convertToBlob();
assert_greater_than(blob.size,
0);
},
"Example promise test");
```
To maintain compatibility with old tests (until they are updated), the test
generator will
use a legacy test harness
if the `test_type` is omitted. This
test harness is a quirky hybrid between `sync` and `async` tests. These tests
are implemented with an `async_test()` fixture, but the generator automatically
invokes `t.done()` after the body, making is behave like a synchronous test.
To
implement actual async test, the test body must
call `deferTest();` and manually
call `t.done()` to finish the test. Newer test should prefer specifying
`test_type` and using standard `testharness.js` APIs instead of these
canvas-specific ones.
## Reftests
The code generator can also be used
to generate [reftests](
https://web-platform-tests.org/writing-tests/reftests.html). These tests are
comprised of a test HTML page and a reference HTML page. Both are rendered by
the test runner and the results are compared pixel by pixel. These tests
do not
use `testharness.js` and thus cannot
use assertions.
### Writing reftests
To write a reftest,
use a `reference:` key
in the YAML config:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest
desc: Example reftest
code: |
ctx.scale(
2,
2);
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
15,
15);
reference: |
ctx.fillRect(
10,
10,
30,
30);
```
This will produce a test
file `
2d.sample.reftest.html` and a reference
file
`
2d.sample.reftest-expected.html`, for HTMLCanvasElement and main thread/worker
OffscreenCanvas.
### Reftest fuzzy matching
By default, the test will fail
if the test runner sees any rendering difference
between the test and reference page.
If some difference is expected,
fuzzy-matching can be used by using the `fuzzy:` config, as
in:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.fuzzy
desc: Example reftest using fuzzy matching
fuzzy: maxDifference=
0-
1; totalPixels=
0-
100
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.5)';
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
10,
10);
reference: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'rgba(128, 255, 128, 1)'; // Should it be
127 or
128?
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
10,
10);
```
### Types of reference files
The code generator supports three types of reference files that can be used
to
validated the test results.
- `reference:` generates a reference
file using JavaScript code writing
to a
canvas, similarly to what the `code:` block of the test does. For instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.reference
desc: Reftest comparing one canvas drawing with another.
code: |
ctx.scale(
2,
2);
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
15,
15);
reference: |
ctx.fillRect(
10,
10,
30,
30);
```
- `html_reference:` can be useful
to compare canvas rendering against HTML+CSS, or
against SVG. For instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.html_reference
desc: Example reftest using an html_reference
fuzzy: maxDifference=
0-
1; totalPixels=
0-
24
code: |
ctx.filter =
'blur(5px)';
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
10,
10);
html_reference: |
<svg xmlns=
"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width=
"{{ size[0] }}" height=
"{{ size[1] }}">
<filter id=
"filter" x=
"-100%" y=
"-100%" width=
"300%" height=
"300%">
<feGaussianBlur stdDeviation=
"5" />
</filter>
<g filter=
"url(#filter)">
<rect x=
"5" y=
"5" width=
"10" height=
"10"></rect>
</g>
</svg>
```
- `cairo_reference:` produces a reftest using a reference image generated from
Python code using the `pycairo` library. The variable `cr` provides a
`cairo.Context` instance that can be used
to draw the reference image. For
instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.cairo_reference
desc: Example reftest using a cairo_reference
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'rgb(255, 128, 64)';
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
50,
30);
ctx.globalCompositeOperation =
'color-dodge';
ctx.fillStyle =
'rgb(128, 200, 128)';
ctx.fillRect(
15,
15,
50,
30);
cairo_reference: |
cr.set_source_rgb(
255/
255,
128/
255,
64/
255)
cr.rectangle(
5,
5,
50,
30)
cr.fill()
cr.set_operator(cairo.OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE)
cr.set_source_rgb(
128/
255,
200/
255,
128/
255)
cr.rectangle(
15,
15,
50,
30)
cr.fill()
```
- `img_reference:` produces a reftest using a pre-generated image
file. This can
be useful for trivial images (e.g. a solid color), but avoid using this for
non-trivial images as it
's important to be able to know how these images are
generated, so we could inspect or modify them later
if needed. Example:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.img_reference
desc: Example reftest using an img_reference
size: [
100,
50]
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'rgb(0, 255, 0)';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0, {{ size[
0] }}, {{ size[
1] }});
img_reference: /images/green-
100x50.png
```
### Promise reftests
As explained [
in the WPT documentation](
https://web-platform-tests.org/writing-tests/reftests.html), the test runner
screenshots reftests after the page is loaded and pending paints are completed.
To support asynchronous calls or promises, we must let the test runner know when
the test is done. This can be done by using `test_type: promise`, for instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.sample.reftest.promise
desc: Example of a reftest using promises
test_type: promise
code: |
ctx.beginLayer();
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
10,
10);
// Checks that layers survive frame boundaries.
await new Promise(resolve => requestAnimationFrame(resolve));
ctx.endLayer();
reference:
ctx.fillRect(
5,
5,
10,
10);
```
## Test variants
Test parameterization is a very useful tool, allowing a test
to be exercised on
a
number of different inputs with minimal boilerplate. The test generator
supports this via the `variants:`
parameter. Let
's begin by showing a motivating
example. Say you would like
to compare canvas rendering with SVG. You might want
to implement these two tests:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.compare-canvas-and-svg.draws-red
color:
'red'
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'{{ color }}';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
html_reference: |
<svg xmlns=
"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width=
"{{ size[0] }}" height=
"{{ size[1] }}">
<rect x=
"0" y=
"0" width=
"10" height=
"10" fill=
"{{ color }}"/>
</svg>
-
name:
2d.compare-canvas-and-svg.draws-green
color:
'green'
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'{{ color }}';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
html_reference: |
<svg xmlns=
"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width=
"{{ size[0] }}" height=
"{{ size[1] }}">
<rect x=
"0" y=
"0" width=
"10" height=
"10" fill=
"{{ color }}"/>
</svg>
```
This works, but there
's a lot of duplication and it would not scale for testing
with a larger
number of inputs. You could cut down on the duplication by using
YAML `&` anchors and `*` aliases, for instance:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.compare-canvas-and-svg.draws-red
fill_style:
'red'
code: &draw-rect-with-canvas |
ctx.fillStyle =
'{{ fill_style }}';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
html_reference: &draw-rect-with-svg |
<svg xmlns=
"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width=
"{{ size[0] }}" height=
"{{ size[1] }}">
<rect x=
"0" y=
"0" width=
"10" height=
"10" fill=
"{{ fill_style }}"/>
</svg>
-
name:
2d.compare-canvas-and-svg.draws-green
fill_style:
'green'
code: *draw-rect-with-canvas
html_reference: *draw-rect-with-svg
```
This however adds indirections making the test hard
to read. Test must still be
duplicated, but they now mostly contain boilerplate and this would still not
scale for a larger
number of test inputs. With variants, you could
write the
test like this:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.compare-canvas-and-svg
code: |
ctx.fillStyle =
'{{ fill_style }}';
ctx.fillRect(
0,
0,
10,
10);
html_reference: |
<svg xmlns=
"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width=
"{{ size[0] }}" height=
"{{ size[1] }}">
<rect x=
"0" y=
"0" width=
"10" height=
"10" fill=
"{{ fill_style }}"/>
</svg>
variants:
- draws-red: {fill_style: red}
draws-green: {fill_style: green}
```
Now, this has minimal boilerplate and easily scales
to many more test inputs.
Variant are defined as a list of dictionaries of dictionaries.
In the above
examples, the `-` before `draws-red:` denotes a list item, which is a dictionary
with two keys: `draws-red` and `draws-green`. That dictionary defines a variant
dimension. A test
file will be generated for each items
in this dictionary. The
`draws-red` and `draws-green` strings are the variant names, which are appended
to the generated test
name. The value associated with these keys (for instance
`{fill_style: red}`) are parameters that get merged over the base test
parameters for that test instance.
If the `variants:` list has more than one dictionary, the test generator will
generate tests with the cross product of all variant dimensions. For instance,
this config:
```yaml
-
name:
2d.grid
code: ctx.{{ variant_names[
0] }} =
'{{ color }}';
variants:
- fillStyle:
shadowColor:
- red: {color:
'#F00'}
blue: {color:
'#00F'}
```
Will generate:
- Test
name: `
2d.grid.fillStyle.red`, with code: `ctx.fillStyle =
'#F00';`
- Test
name: `
2d.grid.fillStyle.blue`, with code: `ctx.fillStyle =
'#00F';`
- Test
name: `
2d.grid.shadowColor.red`, with code: `ctx.shadowColor =
'#F00';`
- Test
name: `
2d.grid.shadowColor.blue`, with code: `ctx.shadowColor =
'#00F';`
This last example uses the variable `{{ variant_names[
0] }}`
to avoid having
to
write `fillStyle` and `shadowColor` twice, once
in the variant
name and once on
the variant params. `variant_names` is a special variable which holds a list of
the variant names for that particular test instance. When generating the test
`
2d.grid.fillStyle.red` for instance, `variant_names` would be set
to
`[
'fillStyle',
'red']`.
## Grid tests
Variants are really useful
to easily validate many test inputs, but this can
lead
to a large
number of test files being generated. For instance, the
2d
canvas compositing pipeline is affected by these states (and more):
- Drawing with `fillRect`, `drawImage`, `CanvasPattern`.
- globalAlpha
to `
1.
0` or non `
1.
0`.
- All
26 `globalCompositeOperation`
- With shadow enabled or disabled.
- Using a filter or not.
- With transforms or not.
- With an opaque or transparent canvas.
- For HTMLCanvasElement, main thread OffscreenCanvas and worker
OffscreenCanvas.
In practice, we have found bugs
in the canvas what only happen for very specific
combinations of states, like, using a specific `globalCompositeOperation`, with
transforms and shadows enabled, but only when `drawImage` is used. We might want
be thorough and test as many combinations of these states as we can, but testing
all permutations would require $`
3*
2*
26*
2*
2*
2*
2*
3 =
7488`$ tests. Putting all of
these
in different files would be unmanageable. Comes variant grids
to the
rescue!
If we generated test files each testing all composite operations
in a
grid, we
'd only need a much more reasonable $`3*2*2*2*2*2*3 = 288`$ files.
To generate a variant grid,
use the `variants_layout:` config. This has
to be a
list of the same lengths as the `variants:` list (as long as there are variant
dimensions). For each
dimension, `variants_layout:` must hold either the string
`multi_files` or `single_file`. Variant dimensions marked as `single_file` will
be expanded
in the same
file. For instance:
```yaml
-
name: grid-example
variants:
- A1:
A2:
- B1:
B2:
- C1:
C2:
- D1:
D2:
- E1:
E2:
variants_layout:
- single_file
- multi_files
- single_file
- multi_files
- single_file
```
Because this test has
2 `multi_files`
dimension with two variants each,
4 files
would be generated:
- grid-example.B1.D1
- grid-example.B1.D2
- grid-example.B2.D1
- grid-example.B2.D2
Then, the
3 `single_file` dimensions would produce $`
2*
2*
2 =
8`$ tests
in each
of these files. For JavaScript tests, each of these test would be generated
in
sequence, each with their own `test()`, `async_test()` or `promise_test()`
fixture. Reftest on the other hand would produce a
2x2x2 grid, as follows:
```
A1.C1.E1 A2.C1.E1
A1.C2.E1 A2.C2.E1
A1.C1.E2 A2.C1.E2
A1.C2.E2 A2.C2.E2
```