"""
Primary classes
for performing signing
and verification operations.
.. glossary::
raw encoding
Conversion of public, private keys
and signatures (which
in
mathematical sense are integers
or pairs of integers) to strings of
bytes that does
not use any special tags
or encoding rules.
For any given curve, all keys of the same type
or signatures will be
encoded to byte strings of the same length.
In more formal sense,
the integers are encoded
as big-endian, constant length byte strings,
where the string length
is determined by the curve order (e.g.
for NIST256p the order
is 256 bits long, so the private key will be 32
bytes long
while public key will be 64 bytes long). The encoding of a
single integer
is zero-padded on the left
if the numerical value
is
low.
In case of public keys
and signatures, which are comprised of two
integers, the integers are simply concatenated.
uncompressed
The most common formatting specified
in PKIX standards. Specified
in
X9.62
and SEC1 standards. The only difference between it
and
:term:`raw encoding`
is the prepending of a 0x04 byte. Thus an
uncompressed NIST256p public key encoding will be 65 bytes long.
compressed
The public point representation that uses half of bytes of the
:term:`uncompressed` encoding (rounded up). It uses the first byte of
the encoding to specify the sign of the y coordinate
and encodes the
x coordinate as-is. The first byte of the encoding
is equal to
0x02
or 0x03. Compressed encoding of NIST256p public key will be 33
bytes long.
hybrid
A combination of :term:`uncompressed`
and :term:`compressed` encodings.
Both x
and y coordinates are stored just
as in :term:`compressed`
encoding, but the first byte reflects the sign of the y coordinate. The
first byte of the encoding will be equal to 0x06
or 0x7. Hybrid
encoding of NIST256p public key will be 65 bytes long.
PEM
The acronym stands
for Privacy Enhanced Email, but currently it
is used
primarily
as the way to encode :term:`DER` objects into text that can
be either easily copy-pasted
or transferred over email.
It uses headers like ``-----BEGIN <type of contents>-----``
and footers
like ``-----END <type of contents>-----`` to separate multiple
types of objects
in the same file
or the object
from the surrounding
comments. The actual object stored
is base64 encoded.
DER
Distinguished Encoding Rules, the way to encode :term:`ASN.1` objects
deterministically
and uniquely into byte strings.
ASN.1
Abstract Syntax Notation 1
is a standard description language
for
specifying serialisation
and deserialisation of data structures
in a
portable
and cross-platform way.
bytes-like object
All the types that implement the buffer protocol. That includes
``str`` (only on python2), ``bytes``, ``bytesarray``, ``array.array`
and ``memoryview`` of those objects.
Please note that ``array.array` serialisation (converting it to byte
string)
is endianess dependant! Signature computed over ``array.array``
of integers on a big-endian system will
not be verified on a
little-endian system
and vice-versa.
"""
import binascii
from hashlib
import sha1
from six
import PY3, b
from .
import ecdsa
from .
import der
from .
import rfc6979
from .
import ellipticcurve
from .curves
import NIST192p, find_curve
from .numbertheory
import square_root_mod_prime, SquareRootError
from .ecdsa
import RSZeroError
from .util
import string_to_number, number_to_string, randrange
from .util
import sigencode_string, sigdecode_string
from .util
import oid_ecPublicKey, encoded_oid_ecPublicKey, MalformedSignature
from ._compat
import normalise_bytes
__all__ = [
"BadSignatureError",
"BadDigestError",
"VerifyingKey",
"SigningKey",
"MalformedPointError"]
class BadSignatureError(Exception):
"""
Raised when verification of signature failed.
Will be raised irrespective of reason of the failure:
* the calculated
or provided hash does
not match the signature
* the signature does
not match the curve/public key
* the encoding of the signature
is malformed
* the size of the signature does
not match the curve of the VerifyingKey
"""
pass
class BadDigestError(Exception):
"""Raised in case the selected hash is too large for the curve."""
pass
class MalformedPointError(AssertionError):
"""Raised in case the encoding of private or public key is malformed."""
pass
class VerifyingKey(object):
"""
Class for handling keys that can verify signatures (public keys).
:ivar ecdsa.curves.Curve curve: The Curve over which all the cryptographic
operations will take place
:ivar default_hashfunc: the function that will be used
for hashing the
data. Should implement the same API
as hashlib.sha1
:vartype default_hashfunc: callable
:ivar pubkey: the actual public key
:vartype pubkey: ecdsa.ecdsa.Public_key
"""
def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=
None):
"""Unsupported, please use one of the classmethods to initialise."""
if not _error__please_use_generate:
raise TypeError(
"Please use VerifyingKey.generate() to "
"construct me")
self.curve =
None
self.default_hashfunc =
None
self.pubkey =
None
def __repr__(self):
pub_key = self.to_string(
"compressed")
return "VerifyingKey.from_string({0!r}, {1!r}, {2})".format(
pub_key, self.curve, self.default_hashfunc().name)
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Return True if the points are identical, False otherwise."""
if isinstance(other, VerifyingKey):
return self.curve == other.curve \
and self.pubkey == other.pubkey
return NotImplemented
@classmethod
def from_public_point(cls, point, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1,
validate_point=
True):
"""
Initialise the object
from a Point object.
This
is a low-level method, generally you will
not want to use it.
:param point: The point to wrap around, the actual public key
:type point: ecdsa.ellipticcurve.Point
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside, defaults
to NIST192p
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:type bool validate_point: whether to check
if the point lies on curve
should always be used
if the public point
is not a result
of our own calculation
:raises MalformedPointError:
if the public point does
not lie on the
curve
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=
True)
if not isinstance(point, ellipticcurve.PointJacobi):
point = ellipticcurve.PointJacobi.from_affine(point)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
try:
self.pubkey = ecdsa.Public_key(curve.generator, point,
validate_point)
except ecdsa.InvalidPointError:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Point does not lie on the curve")
self.pubkey.order = curve.order
return self
def precompute(self):
self.pubkey.point = ellipticcurve.PointJacobi.from_affine(
self.pubkey.point,
True)
@staticmethod
def _from_raw_encoding(string, curve):
"""
Decode public point
from :term:`raw encoding`.
:term:`raw encoding`
is the same
as the :term:`uncompressed` encoding,
but without the 0x04 byte at the beginning.
"""
order = curve.order
# real assert, from_string() should not call us with different length
assert len(string) == curve.verifying_key_length
xs = string[:curve.baselen]
ys = string[curve.baselen:]
if len(xs) != curve.baselen:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Unexpected length of encoded x")
if len(ys) != curve.baselen:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Unexpected length of encoded y")
x = string_to_number(xs)
y = string_to_number(ys)
return ellipticcurve.PointJacobi(curve.curve, x, y, 1, order)
@staticmethod
def _from_compressed(string, curve):
"""Decode public point from compressed encoding."""
if string[:1]
not in (b(
'\x02'), b(
'\x03')):
raise MalformedPointError(
"Malformed compressed point encoding")
is_even = string[:1] == b(
'\x02')
x = string_to_number(string[1:])
order = curve.order
p = curve.curve.p()
alpha = (pow(x, 3, p) + (curve.curve.a() * x) + curve.curve.b()) % p
try:
beta = square_root_mod_prime(alpha, p)
except SquareRootError
as e:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Encoding does not correspond to a point on curve", e)
if is_even == bool(beta & 1):
y = p - beta
else:
y = beta
return ellipticcurve.PointJacobi(curve.curve, x, y, 1, order)
@classmethod
def _from_hybrid(cls, string, curve, validate_point):
"""Decode public point from hybrid encoding."""
# real assert, from_string() should not call us with different types
assert string[:1]
in (b(
'\x06'), b(
'\x07'))
# primarily use the uncompressed as it's easiest to handle
point = cls._from_raw_encoding(string[1:], curve)
# but validate if it's self-consistent if we're asked to do that
if validate_point \
and (point.y() & 1
and string[:1] != b(
'\x07')
or (
not point.y() & 1)
and string[:1] != b(
'\x06')):
raise MalformedPointError(
"Inconsistent hybrid point encoding")
return point
@classmethod
def from_string(cls, string, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1,
validate_point=
True):
"""
Initialise the object
from byte encoding of public key.
The method does accept
and automatically detect the type of point
encoding used. It supports the :term:`raw encoding`,
:term:`uncompressed`, :term:`compressed`
and :term:`hybrid` encodings.
Note,
while the method
is named
"from_string" it
's a misnomer from
Python 2 days when there were no binary strings.
In Python 3 the
input needs to be a bytes-like object.
:param string: single point encoding of the public key
:type string: :term:`bytes-like object`
:param curve: the curve on which the public key
is expected to lie
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param validate_point: whether to verify that the point lies on the
provided curve
or not, defaults to
True
:type validate_point: bool
:raises MalformedPointError:
if the public point does
not lie on the
curve
or the encoding
is invalid
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
string = normalise_bytes(string)
sig_len = len(string)
if sig_len == curve.verifying_key_length:
point = cls._from_raw_encoding(string, curve)
elif sig_len == curve.verifying_key_length + 1:
if string[:1]
in (b(
'\x06'), b(
'\x07')):
point = cls._from_hybrid(string, curve, validate_point)
elif string[:1] == b(
'\x04'):
point = cls._from_raw_encoding(string[1:], curve)
else:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Invalid X9.62 encoding of the public point")
elif sig_len == curve.baselen + 1:
point = cls._from_compressed(string, curve)
else:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Length of string does not match lengths of "
"any of the supported encodings of {0} "
"curve.".format(curve.name))
return cls.from_public_point(point, curve, hashfunc,
validate_point)
@classmethod
def from_pem(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Initialise
from public key stored
in :term:`PEM` format.
The PEM header of the key should be ``BEGIN PUBLIC KEY``.
See the :func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method
for details of the
format supported.
Note: only a single PEM object encoding
is supported
in provided
string.
:param string: text
with PEM-encoded public ECDSA key
:type string: str
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
return cls.from_der(der.unpem(string), hashfunc=hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_der(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Initialise the key stored
in :term:`DER` format.
The expected format of the key
is the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure
from RFC5912 (
for RSA keys, it
's known as the PKCS#1 format)::
SubjectPublicKeyInfo {PUBLIC-KEY: IOSet} ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier {PUBLIC-KEY, {IOSet}},
subjectPublicKey BIT STRING
}
Note: only public EC keys are supported by this method. The
SubjectPublicKeyInfo.algorithm.algorithm field must specify
id-ecPublicKey (see RFC3279).
Only the named curve encoding
is supported, thus the
SubjectPublicKeyInfo.algorithm.parameters field needs to be an
object identifier. A sequence
in that field indicates an explicit
parameter curve encoding, this format
is not supported. A NULL object
in that field indicates an
"implicitlyCA" encoding, where the curve
parameters come
from CA certificate, those, again, are
not supported.
:param string: binary string
with the DER encoding of public ECDSA key
:type string: bytes-like object
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
string = normalise_bytes(string)
# [[oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve], point_str_bitstring]
s1, empty = der.remove_sequence(string)
if empty != b
"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER pubkey: %s" %
binascii.hexlify(empty))
s2, point_str_bitstring = der.remove_sequence(s1)
# s2 = oid_ecPublicKey,oid_curve
oid_pk, rest = der.remove_object(s2)
oid_curve, empty = der.remove_object(rest)
if empty != b
"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER pubkey objects: %s" %
binascii.hexlify(empty))
if not oid_pk == oid_ecPublicKey:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"Unexpected object identifier in DER "
"encoding: {0!r}".format(oid_pk))
curve = find_curve(oid_curve)
point_str, empty = der.remove_bitstring(point_str_bitstring, 0)
if empty != b
"":
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after pubkey pointstring: %s" %
binascii.hexlify(empty))
# raw encoding of point is invalid in DER files
if len(point_str) == curve.verifying_key_length:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"Malformed encoding of public point")
return cls.from_string(point_str, curve, hashfunc=hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_public_key_recovery(cls, signature, data, curve, hashfunc=sha1,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string):
"""
Return keys that can be used
as verifiers of the provided signature.
Tries to recover the public key that can be used to verify the
signature, usually returns two keys like that.
:param signature: the byte string
with the encoded signature
:type signature: bytes-like object
:param data: the data to be hashed
for signature verification
:type data: bytes-like object
:param curve: the curve over which the signature was performed
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature`
as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int)
as the second
and return
a tuple
with two integers,
"r" as the first one
and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string`
and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey objects
:rtype: list of VerifyingKey
"""
data = normalise_bytes(data)
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return cls.from_public_key_recovery_with_digest(
signature, digest, curve, hashfunc=hashfunc,
sigdecode=sigdecode)
@classmethod
def from_public_key_recovery_with_digest(
cls, signature, digest, curve,
hashfunc=sha1, sigdecode=sigdecode_string):
"""
Return keys that can be used
as verifiers of the provided signature.
Tries to recover the public key that can be used to verify the
signature, usually returns two keys like that.
:param signature: the byte string
with the encoded signature
:type signature: bytes-like object
:param digest: the hash value of the message signed by the signature
:type digest: bytes-like object
:param curve: the curve over which the signature was performed
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature`
as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int)
as the second
and return
a tuple
with two integers,
"r" as the first one
and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string`
and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
generator = curve.generator
r, s = sigdecode(signature, generator.order())
sig = ecdsa.Signature(r, s)
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
digest_as_number = string_to_number(digest)
pks = sig.recover_public_keys(digest_as_number, generator)
# Transforms the ecdsa.Public_key object into a VerifyingKey
verifying_keys = [cls.from_public_point(pk.point, curve, hashfunc)
for pk
in pks]
return verifying_keys
def _raw_encode(self):
"""Convert the public key to the :term:`raw encoding`."""
order = self.pubkey.order
x_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.x(), order)
y_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.y(), order)
return x_str + y_str
def _compressed_encode(self):
"""Encode the public point into the compressed form."""
order = self.pubkey.order
x_str = number_to_string(self.pubkey.point.x(), order)
if self.pubkey.point.y() & 1:
return b(
'\x03') + x_str
else:
return b(
'\x02') + x_str
def _hybrid_encode(self):
"""Encode the public point into the hybrid form."""
raw_enc = self._raw_encode()
if self.pubkey.point.y() & 1:
return b(
'\x07') + raw_enc
else:
return b(
'\x06') + raw_enc
def to_string(self, encoding=
"raw"):
"""
Convert the public key to a byte string.
The method by default uses the :term:`raw encoding` (specified
by `encoding=
"raw"`. It can also output keys
in :term:`uncompressed`,
:term:`compressed`
and :term:`hybrid` formats.
Remember that the curve identification
is not part of the encoding
so to decode the point using :func:`~VerifyingKey.from_string`, curve
needs to be specified.
Note:
while the method
is called
"to_string", it
's a misnomer from
Python 2 days when character strings
and byte strings shared type.
On Python 3 the returned type will be `bytes`.
:
return: :term:`raw encoding` of the public key (public point) on the
curve
:rtype: bytes
"""
assert encoding
in (
"raw",
"uncompressed",
"compressed",
"hybrid")
if encoding ==
"raw":
return self._raw_encode()
elif encoding ==
"uncompressed":
return b(
'\x04') + self._raw_encode()
elif encoding ==
"hybrid":
return self._hybrid_encode()
else:
return self._compressed_encode()
def to_pem(self, point_encoding=
"uncompressed"):
"""
Convert the public key to the :term:`PEM` format.
The PEM header of the key will be ``BEGIN PUBLIC KEY``.
The format of the key
is described
in the
:func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method.
This method supports only
"named curve" encoding of keys.
:param str point_encoding: specification of the encoding format
of public keys.
"uncompressed" is most portable,
"compressed" is
smallest.
"hybrid" is uncommon
and unsupported by most
implementations, it
is as big
as "uncompressed".
:
return: portable encoding of the public key
:rtype: str
"""
return der.topem(self.to_der(point_encoding),
"PUBLIC KEY")
def to_der(self, point_encoding=
"uncompressed"):
"""
Convert the public key to the :term:`DER` format.
The format of the key
is described
in the
:func:`~VerifyingKey.from_der()` method.
This method supports only
"named curve" encoding of keys.
:param str point_encoding: specification of the encoding format
of public keys.
"uncompressed" is most portable,
"compressed" is
smallest.
"hybrid" is uncommon
and unsupported by most
implementations, it
is as big
as "uncompressed".
:
return: DER encoding of the public key
:rtype: bytes
"""
if point_encoding ==
"raw":
raise ValueError(
"raw point_encoding not allowed in DER")
point_str = self.to_string(point_encoding)
return der.encode_sequence(der.encode_sequence(encoded_oid_ecPublicKey,
self.curve.encoded_oid),
# 0 is the number of unused bits in the
# bit string
der.encode_bitstring(point_str, 0))
def verify(self, signature, data, hashfunc=
None,
sigdecode=sigdecode_string):
"""
Verify a signature made over provided data.
Will hash `data` to verify the signature.
By default expects signature
in :term:`raw encoding`. Can also be used
to verify signatures
in ASN.1 DER encoding by using
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
as the `sigdecode` parameter.
:param signature: encoding of the signature
:type signature: sigdecode method dependant
:param data: data signed by the `signature`, will be hashed using
`hashfunc`,
if specified,
or default hash function
:type data: bytes like object
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
verification, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature`
as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int)
as the second
and return
a tuple
with two integers,
"r" as the first one
and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string`
and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:raises BadSignatureError:
if the signature
is invalid
or malformed
:
return:
True if the verification was successful
:rtype: bool
"""
# signature doesn't have to be a bytes-like-object so don't normalise
# it, the decoders will do that
data = normalise_bytes(data)
hashfunc = hashfunc
or self.default_hashfunc
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.verify_digest(signature, digest, sigdecode,
True)
def verify_digest(self, signature, digest, sigdecode=sigdecode_string,
allow_truncate=
False):
"""
Verify a signature made over provided hash value.
By default expects signature
in :term:`raw encoding`. Can also be used
to verify signatures
in ASN.1 DER encoding by using
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
as the `sigdecode` parameter.
:param signature: encoding of the signature
:type signature: sigdecode method dependant
:param digest: raw hash value that the signature authenticates.
:type digest: bytes like object
:param sigdecode: Callable to define the way the signature needs to
be decoded to an object, needs to handle `signature`
as the
first parameter, the curve order (an int)
as the second
and return
a tuple
with two integers,
"r" as the first one
and "s" as the
second one. See :func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string`
and
:func:`ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der`
for examples.
:type sigdecode: callable
:param bool allow_truncate:
if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when verifying
SHA-384 output using NIST256p
or in similar situations.
:raises BadSignatureError:
if the signature
is invalid
or malformed
:raises BadDigestError:
if the provided digest
is too big
for the curve
associated
with this VerifyingKey
and allow_truncate was
not set
:
return:
True if the verification was successful
:rtype: bool
"""
# signature doesn't have to be a bytes-like-object so don't normalise
# it, the decoders will do that
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
if allow_truncate:
digest = digest[:self.curve.baselen]
if len(digest) > self.curve.baselen:
raise BadDigestError(
"this curve (%s) is too short "
"for your digest (%d)" % (self.curve.name,
8 * len(digest)))
number = string_to_number(digest)
try:
r, s = sigdecode(signature, self.pubkey.order)
except (der.UnexpectedDER, MalformedSignature)
as e:
raise BadSignatureError(
"Malformed formatting of signature", e)
sig = ecdsa.Signature(r, s)
if self.pubkey.verifies(number, sig):
return True
raise BadSignatureError(
"Signature verification failed")
class SigningKey(object):
"""
Class for handling keys that can create signatures (private keys).
:ivar ecdsa.curves.Curve curve: The Curve over which all the cryptographic
operations will take place
:ivar default_hashfunc: the function that will be used
for hashing the
data. Should implement the same API
as hashlib.sha1
:ivar int baselen: the length of a :term:`raw encoding` of private key
:ivar ecdsa.keys.VerifyingKey verifying_key: the public key
associated
with this private key
:ivar ecdsa.ecdsa.Private_key privkey: the actual private key
"""
def __init__(self, _error__please_use_generate=
None):
"""Unsupported, please use one of the classmethods to initialise."""
if not _error__please_use_generate:
raise TypeError(
"Please use SigningKey.generate() to construct me")
self.curve =
None
self.default_hashfunc =
None
self.baselen =
None
self.verifying_key =
None
self.privkey =
None
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Return True if the points are identical, False otherwise."""
if isinstance(other, SigningKey):
return self.curve == other.curve \
and self.verifying_key == other.verifying_key \
and self.privkey == other.privkey
return NotImplemented
@classmethod
def generate(cls, curve=NIST192p, entropy=
None, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Generate a random private key.
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside, defaults
to NIST192p
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param entropy: Source of randomness
for generating the private keys,
should provide cryptographically secure random numbers
if the keys
need to be secure. Uses os.urandom() by default.
:type entropy: callable
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:
return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
secexp = randrange(curve.order, entropy)
return cls.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_secret_exponent(cls, secexp, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Create a private key
from a random integer.
Note: it
's a low level method, it's recommended to use the
:func:`~SigningKey.generate` method to create private keys.
:param int secexp: secret multiplier (the actual private key
in ECDSA).
Needs to be an integer between 1
and the curve order.
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:raises MalformedPointError: when the provided secexp
is too large
or too small
for the curve selected
:raises RuntimeError:
if the generation of public key
from private
key failed
:
return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
self = cls(_error__please_use_generate=
True)
self.curve = curve
self.default_hashfunc = hashfunc
self.baselen = curve.baselen
n = curve.order
if not 1 <= secexp < n:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Invalid value for secexp, expected integer between 1 and {0}"
.format(n))
pubkey_point = curve.generator * secexp
if hasattr(pubkey_point,
"scale"):
pubkey_point = pubkey_point.scale()
self.verifying_key = VerifyingKey.from_public_point(pubkey_point, curve,
hashfunc,
False)
pubkey = self.verifying_key.pubkey
self.privkey = ecdsa.Private_key(pubkey, secexp)
self.privkey.order = n
return self
@classmethod
def from_string(cls, string, curve=NIST192p, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Decode the private key
from :term:`raw encoding`.
Note: the name of this method
is a misnomer coming
from days of
Python 2, when binary strings
and character strings shared a type.
In Python 3, the expected type
is `bytes`.
:param string: the raw encoding of the private key
:type string: bytes like object
:param curve: The curve on which the point needs to reside
:type curve: ecdsa.curves.Curve
:param hashfunc: The default hash function that will be used
for
signing, needs to implement the same interface
as hashlib.sha1
:type hashfunc: callable
:raises MalformedPointError:
if the length of encoding doesn
't match
the provided curve
or the encoded values
is too large
:raises RuntimeError:
if the generation of public key
from private
key failed
:
return: Initialised SigningKey object
:rtype: SigningKey
"""
string = normalise_bytes(string)
if len(string) != curve.baselen:
raise MalformedPointError(
"Invalid length of private key, received {0}, expected {1}"
.format(len(string), curve.baselen))
secexp = string_to_number(string)
return cls.from_secret_exponent(secexp, curve, hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_pem(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Initialise
from key stored
in :term:`PEM` format.
Note, the only PEM format supported
is the un-encrypted RFC5915
(the sslay format) supported by OpenSSL, the more common PKCS
#8 format
is NOT supported (see:
https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa/issues/113 )
``openssl ec -
in pkcs8.pem -out sslay.pem`` can be used to
convert PKCS
#8 file to this legacy format.
The legacy format files have the header
with the string
``BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY``.
Encrypted files (ones that include the string
``Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED``
right after the PEM header) are
not supported.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_der`
for ASN.1 syntax of the objects
in
this files.
:param string: text
with PEM-encoded private ECDSA key
:type string: str
:raises MalformedPointError:
if the length of encoding doesn
't match
the provided curve
or the encoded values
is too large
:raises RuntimeError:
if the generation of public key
from private
key failed
:raises UnexpectedDER:
if the encoding of the PEM file
is incorrect
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
# the privkey pem may have multiple sections, commonly it also has
# "EC PARAMETERS", we need just "EC PRIVATE KEY".
if PY3
and isinstance(string, str):
string = string.encode()
privkey_pem = string[string.index(b(
"-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----")):]
return cls.from_der(der.unpem(privkey_pem), hashfunc)
@classmethod
def from_der(cls, string, hashfunc=sha1):
"""
Initialise
from key stored
in :term:`DER` format.
Note, the only DER format supported
is the RFC5915
(the sslay format) supported by OpenSSL, the more common PKCS
#8 format
is NOT supported (see:
https://github.com/warner/python-ecdsa/issues/113 )
``openssl ec -
in pkcs8.pem -outform der -out sslay.der`` can be
used to convert PKCS
#8 file to this legacy format.
The encoding of the ASN.1 object
in those files follows following
syntax specified
in RFC5915::
ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version INTEGER { ecPrivkeyVer1(1) }} (ecPrivkeyVer1),
privateKey OCTET STRING,
parameters [0] ECParameters {{ NamedCurve }} OPTIONAL,
publicKey [1] BIT STRING OPTIONAL
}
The only format supported
for the `parameters` field
is the named
curve method. Explicit encoding of curve parameters
is not supported.
While `parameters` field
is defined
as optional, this implementation
requires its presence
for correct parsing of the keys.
`publicKey` field
is ignored completely (errors,
if any,
in it will
be undetected).
:param string: binary string
with DER-encoded private ECDSA key
:type string: bytes like object
:raises MalformedPointError:
if the length of encoding doesn
't match
the provided curve
or the encoded values
is too large
:raises RuntimeError:
if the generation of public key
from private
key failed
:raises UnexpectedDER:
if the encoding of the DER file
is incorrect
:
return: Initialised VerifyingKey object
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
string = normalise_bytes(string)
s, empty = der.remove_sequence(string)
if empty != b(
""):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER privkey: %s" %
binascii.hexlify(empty))
one, s = der.remove_integer(s)
if one != 1:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"expected '1' at start of DER privkey,"
" got %d" % one)
privkey_str, s = der.remove_octet_string(s)
tag, curve_oid_str, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
if tag != 0:
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"expected tag 0 in DER privkey,"
" got %d" % tag)
curve_oid, empty = der.remove_object(curve_oid_str)
if empty != b(
""):
raise der.UnexpectedDER(
"trailing junk after DER privkey "
"curve_oid: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty))
curve = find_curve(curve_oid)
# we don't actually care about the following fields
#
# tag, pubkey_bitstring, s = der.remove_constructed(s)
# if tag != 1:
# raise der.UnexpectedDER("expected tag 1 in DER privkey, got %d"
# % tag)
# pubkey_str = der.remove_bitstring(pubkey_bitstring, 0)
# if empty != "":
# raise der.UnexpectedDER("trailing junk after DER privkey "
# "pubkeystr: %s" % binascii.hexlify(empty))
# our from_string method likes fixed-length privkey strings
if len(privkey_str) < curve.baselen:
privkey_str = b(
"\x00") * (curve.baselen - len(privkey_str)) + privkey_str
return cls.from_string(privkey_str, curve, hashfunc)
def to_string(self):
"""
Convert the private key to :term:`raw encoding`.
Note:
while the method
is named
"to_string", its name comes
from
Python 2 days, when binary
and character strings used the same type.
The type used
in Python 3
is `bytes`.
:
return: raw encoding of private key
:rtype: bytes
"""
secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
s = number_to_string(secexp, self.privkey.order)
return s
def to_pem(self, point_encoding=
"uncompressed"):
"""
Convert the private key to the :term:`PEM` format.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_pem` method
for format description.
Only the named curve format
is supported.
The public key will be included
in generated string.
The PEM header will specify ``BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY``
:param str point_encoding: format to use
for encoding public point
:
return: PEM encoded private key
:rtype: str
"""
# TODO: "BEGIN ECPARAMETERS"
return der.topem(self.to_der(point_encoding),
"EC PRIVATE KEY")
def to_der(self, point_encoding=
"uncompressed"):
"""
Convert the private key to the :term:`DER` format.
See :func:`~SigningKey.from_der` method
for format specification.
Only the named curve format
is supported.
The public key will be included
in the generated string.
:param str point_encoding: format to use
for encoding public point
:
return: DER encoded private key
:rtype: bytes
"""
# SEQ([int(1), octetstring(privkey),cont[0], oid(secp224r1),
# cont[1],bitstring])
if point_encoding ==
"raw":
raise ValueError(
"raw encoding not allowed in DER")
encoded_vk = self.get_verifying_key().to_string(point_encoding)
# the 0 in encode_bitstring specifies the number of unused bits
# in the `encoded_vk` string
return der.encode_sequence(
der.encode_integer(1),
der.encode_octet_string(self.to_string()),
der.encode_constructed(0, self.curve.encoded_oid),
der.encode_constructed(1, der.encode_bitstring(encoded_vk, 0)))
def get_verifying_key(self):
"""
Return the VerifyingKey associated
with this private key.
Equivalent to reading the `verifying_key` field of an instance.
:
return: a public key that can be used to verify the signatures made
with this SigningKey
:rtype: VerifyingKey
"""
return self.verifying_key
def sign_deterministic(self, data, hashfunc=
None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
extra_entropy=b
''):
"""
Create signature over data using the deterministic RFC6679 algorithm.
The data will be hashed using the `hashfunc` function before signing.
This
is the recommended method
for performing signatures when hashing
of data
is necessary.
:param data: data to be hashed
and computed signature over
:type data: bytes like object
:param hashfunc: hash function to use
for computing the signature,
if unspecified, the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
`VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`). The object needs to implement
the same interface
as hashlib.sha1.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature
and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to
return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string`
and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param extra_entropy: additional data that will be fed into the random
number generator used
in the RFC6979 process. Entirely optional.
:type extra_entropy: bytes like object
:
return: encoded signature over `data`
:rtype: bytes
or sigencode function dependant type
"""
hashfunc = hashfunc
or self.default_hashfunc
data = normalise_bytes(data)
extra_entropy = normalise_bytes(extra_entropy)
digest = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.sign_digest_deterministic(
digest, hashfunc=hashfunc, sigencode=sigencode,
extra_entropy=extra_entropy, allow_truncate=
True)
def sign_digest_deterministic(self, digest, hashfunc=
None,
sigencode=sigencode_string,
extra_entropy=b
'', allow_truncate=
False):
"""
Create signature
for digest using the deterministic RFC6679 algorithm.
`digest` should be the output of cryptographically secure hash function
like SHA256
or SHA-3-256.
This
is the recommended method
for performing signatures when no
hashing of data
is necessary.
:param digest: hash of data that will be signed
:type digest: bytes like object
:param hashfunc: hash function to use
for computing the random
"k"
value
from RFC6979 process,
if unspecified, the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
`VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`). The object needs to implement
the same interface
as hashlib.sha1.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature
and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to
return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string`
and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param extra_entropy: additional data that will be fed into the random
number generator used
in the RFC6979 process. Entirely optional.
:type extra_entropy: bytes like object
:param bool allow_truncate:
if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when signing
SHA-384 output using NIST256p
or in similar situations.
:
return: encoded signature
for the `digest` hash
:rtype: bytes
or sigencode function dependant type
"""
secexp = self.privkey.secret_multiplier
hashfunc = hashfunc
or self.default_hashfunc
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
extra_entropy = normalise_bytes(extra_entropy)
def simple_r_s(r, s, order):
return r, s, order
retry_gen = 0
while True:
k = rfc6979.generate_k(
self.curve.generator.order(), secexp, hashfunc, digest,
retry_gen=retry_gen, extra_entropy=extra_entropy)
try:
r, s, order = self.sign_digest(digest,
sigencode=simple_r_s,
k=k,
allow_truncate=allow_truncate)
break
except RSZeroError:
retry_gen += 1
return sigencode(r, s, order)
def sign(self, data, entropy=
None, hashfunc=
None,
sigencode=sigencode_string, k=
None):
"""
Create signature over data using the probabilistic ECDSA algorithm.
This method uses the standard ECDSA algorithm that requires a
cryptographically secure random number generator.
It
's recommended to use the :func:`~SigningKey.sign_deterministic`
method instead of this one.
:param data: data that will be hashed
for signing
:type data: bytes like object
:param callable entropy: randomness source, os.urandom by default
:param hashfunc: hash function to use
for hashing the provided `data`.
If unspecified the default hash function selected during
object initialisation will be used (see
`VerifyingKey.default_hashfunc`).
Should behave like hashlib.sha1. The output length of the
hash (
in bytes) must
not be longer than the length of the curve
order (rounded up to the nearest byte), so using SHA256
with
NIST256p
is ok, but SHA256
with NIST192p
is not. (
In the 2**-96ish
unlikely event of a hash output larger than the curve order, the
hash will effectively be wrapped mod n).
Use hashfunc=hashlib.sha1 to match openssl
's -ecdsa-with-SHA1 mode,
or hashfunc=hashlib.sha256
for openssl-1.0.0
's -ecdsa-with-SHA256.
:type hashfunc: callable
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature
and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to
return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string`
and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param int k: a pre-selected nonce
for calculating the signature.
In typical use cases, it should be set to
None (the default) to
allow its generation
from an entropy source.
:raises RSZeroError:
in the unlikely event when
"r" parameter
or
"s" parameter
is equal 0
as that would leak the key. Calee should
try a better entropy source
or different
'k' in such case.
:
return: encoded signature of the hash of `data`
:rtype: bytes
or sigencode function dependant type
"""
hashfunc = hashfunc
or self.default_hashfunc
data = normalise_bytes(data)
h = hashfunc(data).digest()
return self.sign_digest(h, entropy, sigencode, k, allow_truncate=
True)
def sign_digest(self, digest, entropy=
None, sigencode=sigencode_string,
k=
None, allow_truncate=
False):
"""
Create signature over digest using the probabilistic ECDSA algorithm.
This method uses the standard ECDSA algorithm that requires a
cryptographically secure random number generator.
This method does
not hash the input.
It
's recommended to use the
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic` method
instead of this one.
:param digest: hash value that will be signed
:type digest: bytes like object
:param callable entropy: randomness source, os.urandom by default
:param sigencode: function used to encode the signature.
The function needs to accept three parameters: the two integers
that are the signature
and the order of the curve over which the
signature was computed. It needs to
return an encoded signature.
See `ecdsa.util.sigencode_string`
and `ecdsa.util.sigencode_der`
as examples of such functions.
:type sigencode: callable
:param int k: a pre-selected nonce
for calculating the signature.
In typical use cases, it should be set to
None (the default) to
allow its generation
from an entropy source.
:param bool allow_truncate:
if True, the provided digest can have
bigger bit-size than the order of the curve, the extra bits (at
the end of the digest) will be truncated. Use it when signing
SHA-384 output using NIST256p
or in similar situations.
:raises RSZeroError:
in the unlikely event when
"r" parameter
or
"s" parameter
is equal 0
as that would leak the key. Calee should
try a better entropy source
in such case.
:
return: encoded signature
for the `digest` hash
:rtype: bytes
or sigencode function dependant type
"""
digest = normalise_bytes(digest)
if allow_truncate:
digest = digest[:self.curve.baselen]
if len(digest) > self.curve.baselen:
raise BadDigestError(
"this curve (%s) is too short "
"for your digest (%d)" % (self.curve.name,
8 * len(digest)))
number = string_to_number(digest)
r, s = self.sign_number(number, entropy, k)
return sigencode(r, s, self.privkey.order)
def sign_number(self, number, entropy=
None, k=
None):
"""
Sign an integer directly.
Note, this
is a low level method, usually you will want to use
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_deterministic`
or
:func:`~SigningKey.sign_digest_deterministic`.
:param int number: number to sign using the probabilistic ECDSA
algorithm.
:param callable entropy: entropy source, os.urandom by default
:param int k: pre-selected nonce
for signature operation.
If unset
it will be selected at random using the entropy source.
:raises RSZeroError:
in the unlikely event when
"r" parameter
or
"s" parameter
is equal 0
as that would leak the key. Calee should
try a different
'k' in such case.
:
return: the
"r" and "s" parameters of the signature
:rtype: tuple of ints
"""
order = self.privkey.order
if k
is not None:
_k = k
else:
_k = randrange(order, entropy)
assert 1 <= _k < order
sig = self.privkey.sign(number, _k)
return sig.r, sig.s