Quelle specifiers.py Sprache: Python

# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
# for complete details.
"""
.. testsetup::

    from packaging.specifiers import Specifier, SpecifierSet, InvalidSpecifier
    from packaging.version import Version
"""

import abc
import itertools
import re
from typing import (
    Callable,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    List,
    Optional,
    Set,
    Tuple,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
)

from .utils import canonicalize_version
from .version import Version

UnparsedVersion = Union[Version, str]
UnparsedVersionVar = TypeVar("UnparsedVersionVar", bound=UnparsedVersion)
CallableOperator = Callable[[Version, str], bool]

def _coerce_version(version: UnparsedVersion) -> Version:
    if not isinstance(version, Version):
        version = Version(version)
    return version

class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
    """
    Raised when attempting to create a :class:`Specifier` with a specifier
    string that is invalid.

    >>> Specifier("lolwat")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    packaging.specifiers.InvalidSpecifier: Invalid specifier: 'lolwat'
    """

class BaseSpecifier(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        Returns the str representation of this Specifier-like object. This
        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
        """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        """
        Returns a hash value for this Specifier-like object.
        """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        """
        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier-like
        objects are equal.

        :param other: The other object to check against.
        """

    @property
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        """Whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed.

        This can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` to explicitly enable or disable
        prereleases or it can be set to ``None`` (the default) to use default semantics.
        """

    @prereleases.setter
    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
        """Setter for :attr:`prereleases`.

        :param value: The value to set.
        """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def contains(self, item: str, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> bool:
        """
        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
        """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def filter(
        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
        """
        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
        """

class Specifier(BaseSpecifier):
    """This class abstracts handling of version specifiers.

    .. tip::

        It is generally not required to instantiate this manually. You should instead
        prefer to work with :class:`SpecifierSet` instead, which can parse
        comma-separated version specifiers (which is what package metadata contains).
    """

    _operator_regex_str = r"""
        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
        """
    _version_regex_str = r"""
        (?P<version>
            (?:
                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
                \s*
                [^\s;)]*  # The arbitrary version can be just about anything,
                          # we match everything except for whitespace, a
                          # semi-colon for marker support, and a closing paren
                          # since versions can be enclosed in them.
            )
            |
            (?:
                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
                # operators separately to enable that.
                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals

                \s*
                v?
                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release

                # You cannot use a wild card and a pre-release, post-release, a dev or
                # local version together so group them with a | and make them optional.
                (?:
                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
                    |
                    (?:                                  # pre release
                        [-_\.]?
                        (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
                        [-_\.]?
                        [0-9]*
                    )?
                    (?:                                  # post release
                        (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
                    )?
                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
                )?
            )
            |
            (?:
                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
                # release segment.
                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator

                \s*
                v?
                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
                (?:                   # pre release
                    [-_\.]?
                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
                    [-_\.]?
                    [0-9]*
                )?
                (?:                                   # post release
                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
                )?
                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
            )
            |
            (?:
                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
                # matching wild cards.
                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
                                      # don't match here.

                \s*
                v?
                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
                (?:                   # pre release
                    [-_\.]?
                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
                    [-_\.]?
                    [0-9]*
                )?
                (?:                                   # post release
                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
                )?
                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
            )
        )
        """

    _regex = re.compile(
        r"^\s*" + _operator_regex_str + _version_regex_str + r"\s*$",
        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
    )

    _operators = {
        "~=": "compatible",
        "==": "equal",
        "!=": "not_equal",
        "<=": "less_than_equal",
        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
        "<": "less_than",
        ">": "greater_than",
        "===": "arbitrary",
    }

    def __init__(self, spec: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
        """Initialize a Specifier instance.

        :param spec:
            The string representation of a specifier which will be parsed and
            normalized before use.
        :param prereleases:
            This tells the specifier if it should accept prerelease versions if
            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
            given specifiers.
        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
            If the given specifier is invalid (i.e. bad syntax).
        """
        match = self._regex.search(spec)
        if not match:
            raise InvalidSpecifier(f"Invalid specifier: '{spec}'")

        self._spec: Tuple[str, str] = (
            match.group("operator").strip(),
            match.group("version").strip(),
        )

        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
        self._prereleases = prereleases

    # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/13475#pullrequestreview-1079784515
    @property  # type: ignore[override]
    def prereleases(self) -> bool:
        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
        # blindly use that.
        if self._prereleases is not None:
            return self._prereleases

        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
        # prerelease.
        operator, version = self._spec
        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
            # want to remove before parsing.
            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
                version = version[:-2]

            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
            # specifier allows pre-releases.
            if Version(version).is_prerelease:
                return True

        return False

    @prereleases.setter
    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
        self._prereleases = value

    @property
    def operator(self) -> str:
        """The operator of this specifier.

        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").operator
        '=='
        """
        return self._spec[0]

    @property
    def version(self) -> str:
        """The version of this specifier.

        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").version
        '1.2.3'
        """
        return self._spec[1]

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """A representation of the Specifier that shows all internal state.

        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0')
        <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>
        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)
        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)
        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
        """
        pre = (
            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
            if self._prereleases is not None
            else ""
        )

        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self)!r}{pre})>"

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """A string representation of the Specifier that can be round-tripped.

        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0'))
        '>=1.0.0'
        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False))
        '>=1.0.0'
        """
        return "{}{}".format(*self._spec)

    @property
    def _canonical_spec(self) -> Tuple[str, str]:
        canonical_version = canonicalize_version(
            self._spec[1],
            strip_trailing_zero=(self._spec[0] != "~="),
        )
        return self._spec[0], canonical_version

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        return hash(self._canonical_spec)

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        """Whether or not the two Specifier-like objects are equal.

        :param other: The other object to check against.

        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.

        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("== 1.2.3.0")
        True
        >>> (Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=False) ==
        ...  Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=True))
        True
        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == "==1.2.3"
        True
        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("==1.2.4")
        False
        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("~=1.2.3")
        False
        """
        if isinstance(other, str):
            try:
                other = self.__class__(str(other))
            except InvalidSpecifier:
                return NotImplemented
        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            return NotImplemented

        return self._canonical_spec == other._canonical_spec

    def _get_operator(self, op: str) -> CallableOperator:
        operator_callable: CallableOperator = getattr(
            self, f"_compare_{self._operators[op]}"
        )
        return operator_callable

    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:

        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
        # the other specifiers.

        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
        # ignore suffix segments.
        prefix = ".".join(
            list(itertools.takewhile(_is_not_suffix, _version_split(spec)))[:-1]
        )

        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
        prefix += ".*"

        return self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and self._get_operator("==")(
            prospective, prefix
        )

    def _compare_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:

        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
        if spec.endswith(".*"):
            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
            normalized_prospective = canonicalize_version(
                prospective.public, strip_trailing_zero=False
            )
            # Get the normalized version string ignoring the trailing .*
            normalized_spec = canonicalize_version(spec[:-2], strip_trailing_zero=False)
            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
            split_spec = _version_split(normalized_spec)

            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
            # segment.
            split_prospective = _version_split(normalized_prospective)

            # 0-pad the prospective version before shortening it to get the correct
            # shortened version.
            padded_prospective, _ = _pad_version(split_prospective, split_spec)

            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
            # prospective version or not.
            shortened_prospective = padded_prospective[: len(split_spec)]

            return shortened_prospective == split_spec
        else:
            # Convert our spec string into a Version
            spec_version = Version(spec)

            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
            # segment.
            if not spec_version.local:
                prospective = Version(prospective.public)

            return prospective == spec_version

    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)

    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:

        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
        # the prospective version.
        return Version(prospective.public) <= Version(spec)

    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:

        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
        # the prospective version.
        return Version(prospective.public) >= Version(spec)

    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:

        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
        # it as a version.
        spec = Version(spec_str)

        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
        if not prospective < spec:
            return False

        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
                return False

        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
        # version in the spec.
        return True

    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:

        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
        # it as a version.
        spec = Version(spec_str)

        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
        if not prospective > spec:
            return False

        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
                return False

        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
        # in the specifier, which is technically greater than, to match.
        if prospective.local is not None:
            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
                return False

        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
        # same version in the spec.
        return True

    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()

    def __contains__(self, item: Union[str, Version]) -> bool:
        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.

        :param item: The item to check for.

        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.

        >>> "1.2.3" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
        True
        >>> Version("1.2.3") in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
        True
        >>> "1.0.0" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
        False
        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
        False
        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True)
        True
        """
        return self.contains(item)

    def contains(
        self, item: UnparsedVersion, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> bool:
        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.

        :param item:
            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
            :class:`Version` instance.
        :param prereleases:
            Whether or not to match prereleases with this Specifier. If set to
            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
            whether or not prereleases are allowed.

        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.2.3")
        True
        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
        True
        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.0.0")
        False
        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1")
        False
        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
        True
        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
        True
        """

        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
        if prereleases is None:
            prereleases = self.prereleases

        # Normalize item to a Version, this allows us to have a shortcut for
        # "2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
        normalized_item = _coerce_version(item)

        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
        if normalized_item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
            return False

        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
        # within this Specifier or not.
        operator_callable: CallableOperator = self._get_operator(self.operator)
        return operator_callable(normalized_item, self.version)

    def filter(
        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifier.

        :param iterable:
            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
        :param prereleases:
            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).

        This method is smarter than just ``filter(Specifier().contains, [...])``
        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.

        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3']
        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.2.3", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
        ['1.2.3', '1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.5a1']
        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
        """

        yielded = False
        found_prereleases = []

        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}

        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
        # them match, yield them.
        for version in iterable:
            parsed_version = _coerce_version(version)

            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later in case nothing
                # else matches this specifier.
                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not (
                    prereleases or self.prereleases
                ):
                    found_prereleases.append(version)
                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
                # accepting prereleases from the beginning.
                else:
                    yielded = True
                    yield version

        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
            for version in found_prereleases:
                yield version

_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")

def _version_split(version: str) -> List[str]:
    result: List[str] = []
    for item in version.split("."):
        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
        if match:
            result.extend(match.groups())
        else:
            result.append(item)
    return result

def _is_not_suffix(segment: str) -> bool:
    return not any(
        segment.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ("dev", "a", "b", "rc", "post")
    )

def _pad_version(left: List[str], right: List[str]) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:
    left_split, right_split = [], []

    # Get the release segment of our versions
    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))

    # Get the rest of our versions
    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]) :])
    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]) :])

    # Insert our padding
    left_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])))
    right_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])))

    return (list(itertools.chain(*left_split)), list(itertools.chain(*right_split)))

class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
    """This class abstracts handling of a set of version specifiers.

    It can be passed a single specifier (``>=3.0``), a comma-separated list of
    specifiers (``>=3.0,!=3.1``), or no specifier at all.
    """

    def __init__(
        self, specifiers: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize a SpecifierSet instance.

        :param specifiers:
            The string representation of a specifier or a comma-separated list of
            specifiers which will be parsed and normalized before use.
        :param prereleases:
            This tells the SpecifierSet if it should accept prerelease versions if
            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
            given specifiers.

        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
            If the given ``specifiers`` are not parseable than this exception will be
            raised.
        """

        # Split on `,` to break each individual specifier into it's own item, and
        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
        split_specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]

        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
        # Specifier.
        parsed: Set[Specifier] = set()
        for specifier in split_specifiers:
            parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))

        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)

        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
        # we accept prereleases or not.
        self._prereleases = prereleases

    @property
    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
        # pass that through here.
        if self._prereleases is not None:
            return self._prereleases

        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
        # pre-releases or not.
        if not self._specs:
            return None

        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)

    @prereleases.setter
    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
        self._prereleases = value

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """A representation of the specifier set that shows all internal state.

        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
        match the input string.

        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0')
        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=False)
        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=True)
        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
        """
        pre = (
            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
            if self._prereleases is not None
            else ""
        )

        return f""

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """A string representation of the specifier set that can be round-tripped.

        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
        match the input string.

        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"))
        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False))
        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
        """
        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        return hash(self._specs)

    def __and__(self, other: Union["SpecifierSet", str]) -> "SpecifierSet":
        """Return a SpecifierSet which is a combination of the two sets.

        :param other: The other object to combine with.

        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & '<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1'
        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & SpecifierSet('<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1')
        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
        """
        if isinstance(other, str):
            other = SpecifierSet(other)
        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
            return NotImplemented

        specifier = SpecifierSet()
        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)

        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
                "overrides."
            )

        return specifier

    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        """Whether or not the two SpecifierSet-like objects are equal.

        :param other: The other object to check against.

        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.

        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
        True
        >>> (SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False) ==
        ...  SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True))
        True
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == ">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"
        True
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0")
        False
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.2")
        False
        """
        if isinstance(other, (str, Specifier)):
            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
            return NotImplemented

        return self._specs == other._specs

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        """Returns the number of specifiers in this specifier set."""
        return len(self._specs)

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Specifier]:
        """
        Returns an iterator over all the underlying :class:`Specifier` instances
        in this specifier set.

        >>> sorted(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"), key=str)
        [<Specifier('!=1.0.1')>, <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>]
        """
        return iter(self._specs)

    def __contains__(self, item: UnparsedVersion) -> bool:
        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.

        :param item: The item to check for.

        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.

        >>> "1.2.3" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
        True
        >>> Version("1.2.3") in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
        True
        >>> "1.0.1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
        False
        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
        False
        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True)
        True
        """
        return self.contains(item)

    def contains(
        self,
        item: UnparsedVersion,
        prereleases: Optional[bool] = None,
        installed: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> bool:
        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this SpecifierSet.

        :param item:
            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
            :class:`Version` instance.
        :param prereleases:
            Whether or not to match prereleases with this SpecifierSet. If set to
            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
            whether or not prereleases are allowed.

        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.2.3")
        True
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
        True
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.0.1")
        False
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1")
        False
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
        True
        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
        True
        """
        # Ensure that our item is a Version instance.
        if not isinstance(item, Version):
            item = Version(item)

        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
        if prereleases is None:
            prereleases = self.prereleases

        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
        # short circuit that here.
        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
            return False

        if installed and item.is_prerelease:
            item = Version(item.base_version)

        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
        # given version is contained within all of them.
        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
        return all(s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases) for s in self._specs)

    def filter(
        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifiers in this set.

        :param iterable:
            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
        :param prereleases:
            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).

        This method is smarter than just ``filter(SpecifierSet(...).contains, [...])``
        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.

        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3']
        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
        ['1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
        []
        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']

        An "empty" SpecifierSet will filter items based on the presence of prerelease
        versions in the set.

        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3']
        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.5a1"]))
        ['1.5a1']
        >>> list(SpecifierSet("", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
        """
        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
        if prereleases is None:
            prereleases = self.prereleases

        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
        # each specifier.
        if self._specs:
            for spec in self._specs:
                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
            return iter(iterable)
        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
        # releases.
        else:
            filtered: List[UnparsedVersionVar] = []
            found_prereleases: List[UnparsedVersionVar] = []

            for item in iterable:
                parsed_version = _coerce_version(item)

                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
                    if not filtered:
                        found_prereleases.append(item)
                else:
                    filtered.append(item)

            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
            # ahead and use the pre-releases
            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
                return iter(found_prereleases)

            return iter(filtered)

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