/// A noncontiguous NFA implementation of Aho-Corasick. /// /// When possible, prefer using [`AhoCorasick`](crate::AhoCorasick) instead of /// this type directly. Using an `NFA` directly is typically only necessary /// when one needs access to the [`Automaton`] trait implementation. /// /// This NFA represents the "core" implementation of Aho-Corasick in this /// crate. Namely, constructing this NFA involving building a trie and then /// filling in the failure transitions between states, similar to what is /// described in any standard textbook description of Aho-Corasick. /// /// In order to minimize heap usage and to avoid additional construction costs, /// this implementation represents the transitions of all states as distinct /// sparse memory allocations. This is where it gets its name from. That is, /// this NFA has no contiguous memory allocation for its transition table. Each /// state gets its own allocation. /// /// While the sparse representation keeps memory usage to somewhat reasonable /// levels, it is still quite large and also results in somewhat mediocre /// search performance. For this reason, it is almost always a good idea to /// use a [`contiguous::NFA`](crate::nfa::contiguous::NFA) instead. It is /// marginally slower to build, but has higher throughput and can sometimes use /// an order of magnitude less memory. The main reason to use a noncontiguous /// NFA is when you need the fastest possible construction time, or when a /// contiguous NFA does not have the desired capacity. (The total number of NFA /// states it can have is fewer than a noncontiguous NFA.) /// /// # Example /// /// This example shows how to build an `NFA` directly and use it to execute /// [`Automaton::try_find`]: /// /// ``` /// use aho_corasick::{ /// automaton::Automaton, /// nfa::noncontiguous::NFA, /// Input, Match, /// }; /// /// let patterns = &["b", "abc", "abcd"]; /// let haystack = "abcd"; /// /// let nfa = NFA::new(patterns).unwrap(); /// assert_eq!( /// Some(Match::must(0, 1..2)), /// nfa.try_find(&Input::new(haystack))?, /// ); /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(()) /// ``` /// /// It is also possible to implement your own version of `try_find`. See the /// [`Automaton`] documentation for an example. #[derive(Clone)] pubstruct NFA { /// The match semantics built into this NFA.
match_kind: MatchKind, /// A set of states. Each state defines its own transitions, a fail /// transition and a set of indices corresponding to matches. /// /// The first state is always the fail state, which is used only as a /// sentinel. Namely, in the final NFA, no transition into the fail state /// exists. (Well, they do, but they aren't followed. Instead, the state's /// failure transition is followed.) /// /// The second state (index 1) is always the dead state. Dead states are /// in every automaton, but only used when leftmost-{first,longest} match /// semantics are enabled. Specifically, they instruct search to stop /// at specific points in order to report the correct match location. In /// the standard Aho-Corasick construction, there are no transitions to /// the dead state. /// /// The third state (index 2) is generally intended to be the starting or /// "root" state.
states: Vec<State>, /// Transitions stored in a sparse representation via a linked list. /// /// Each transition contains three pieces of information: the byte it /// is defined for, the state it transitions to and a link to the next /// transition in the same state (or `StateID::ZERO` if it is the last /// transition). /// /// The first transition for each state is determined by `State::sparse`. /// /// Note that this contains a complete set of all transitions in this NFA, /// including states that have a dense representation for transitions. /// (Adding dense transitions for a state doesn't remove its sparse /// transitions, since deleting transitions from this particular sparse /// representation would be fairly expensive.)
sparse: Vec<Transition>, /// Transitions stored in a dense representation. /// /// A state has a row in this table if and only if `State::dense` is /// not equal to `StateID::ZERO`. When not zero, there are precisely /// `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len()` entries beginning at `State::dense` /// in this table. /// /// Generally a very small minority of states have a dense representation /// since it uses so much memory.
dense: Vec<StateID>, /// Matches stored in linked list for each state. /// /// Like sparse transitions, each match has a link to the next match in the /// state. /// /// The first match for each state is determined by `State::matches`.
matches: Vec<Match>, /// The length, in bytes, of each pattern in this NFA. This slice is /// indexed by `PatternID`. /// /// The number of entries in this vector corresponds to the total number of /// patterns in this automaton.
pattern_lens: Vec<SmallIndex>, /// A prefilter for quickly skipping to candidate matches, if pertinent.
prefilter: Option<Prefilter>, /// A set of equivalence classes in terms of bytes. We compute this while /// building the NFA, but don't use it in the NFA's states. Instead, we /// use this for building the DFA. We store it on the NFA since it's easy /// to compute while visiting the patterns.
byte_classes: ByteClasses, /// The length, in bytes, of the shortest pattern in this automaton. This /// information is useful for detecting whether an automaton matches the /// empty string or not.
min_pattern_len: usize, /// The length, in bytes, of the longest pattern in this automaton. This /// information is useful for keeping correct buffer sizes when searching /// on streams.
max_pattern_len: usize, /// The information required to deduce which states are "special" in this /// NFA. /// /// Since the DEAD and FAIL states are always the first two states and /// there are only ever two start states (which follow all of the match /// states), it follows that we can determine whether a state is a fail, /// dead, match or start with just a few comparisons on the ID itself: /// /// is_dead(sid): sid == NFA::DEAD /// is_fail(sid): sid == NFA::FAIL /// is_match(sid): NFA::FAIL < sid && sid <= max_match_id /// is_start(sid): sid == start_unanchored_id || sid == start_anchored_id /// /// Note that this only applies to the NFA after it has been constructed. /// During construction, the start states are the first ones added and the /// match states are inter-leaved with non-match states. Once all of the /// states have been added, the states are shuffled such that the above /// predicates hold.
special: Special,
}
impl NFA { /// Create a new Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA using the default /// configuration. /// /// Use a [`Builder`] if you want to change the configuration. pubfn new<I, P>(patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError> where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
NFA::builder().build(patterns)
}
/// A convenience method for returning a new Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA /// builder. /// /// This usually permits one to just import the `NFA` type. pubfn builder() -> Builder {
Builder::new()
}
}
impl NFA { /// The DEAD state is a sentinel state like the FAIL state. The DEAD state /// instructs any search to stop and return any currently recorded match, /// or no match otherwise. Generally speaking, it is impossible for an /// unanchored standard search to enter a DEAD state. But an anchored /// search can, and so to can a leftmost search. /// /// We put DEAD before FAIL so that DEAD is always 0. We repeat this /// decision across the other Aho-Corasicm automata, so that DEAD /// states there are always 0 too. It's not that we need all of the /// implementations to agree, but rather, the contiguous NFA and the DFA /// use a sort of "premultiplied" state identifier where the only state /// whose ID is always known and constant is the first state. Subsequent /// state IDs depend on how much space has already been used in the /// transition table. pub(crate) const DEAD: StateID = StateID::new_unchecked(0); /// The FAIL state mostly just corresponds to the ID of any transition on a /// state that isn't explicitly defined. When one transitions into the FAIL /// state, one must follow the previous state's failure transition before /// doing the next state lookup. In this way, FAIL is more of a sentinel /// than a state that one actually transitions into. In particular, it is /// never exposed in the `Automaton` interface. pub(crate) const FAIL: StateID = StateID::new_unchecked(1);
/// Returns the equivalence classes of bytes found while constructing /// this NFA. /// /// Note that the NFA doesn't actually make use of these equivalence /// classes. Instead, these are useful for building the DFA when desired. pub(crate) fn byte_classes(&self) -> &ByteClasses {
&self.byte_classes
}
/// Returns a slice containing the length of each pattern in this searcher. /// It is indexed by `PatternID` and has length `NFA::patterns_len`. /// /// This is exposed for convenience when building a contiguous NFA. But it /// can be reconstructed from the `Automaton` API if necessary. pub(crate) fn pattern_lens_raw(&self) -> &[SmallIndex] {
&self.pattern_lens
}
/// Returns a slice of all states in this non-contiguous NFA. pub(crate) fn states(&self) -> &[State] {
&self.states
}
/// Returns the underlying "special" state information for this NFA. pub(crate) fn special(&self) -> &Special {
&self.special
}
/// Swaps the states at `id1` and `id2`. /// /// This does not update the transitions of any state to account for the /// state swap. pub(crate) fn swap_states(&mutself, id1: StateID, id2: StateID) { self.states.swap(id1.as_usize(), id2.as_usize());
}
/// Re-maps all state IDs in this NFA according to the `map` function /// given. pub(crate) fn remap(&mutself, map: implFn(StateID) -> StateID) { let alphabet_len = self.byte_classes.alphabet_len(); for state inself.states.iter_mut() {
state.fail = map(state.fail); letmut link = state.sparse; while link != StateID::ZERO { let t = &mutself.sparse[link];
t.next = map(t.next);
link = t.link;
} if state.dense != StateID::ZERO { let start = state.dense.as_usize(); for next inself.dense[start..][..alphabet_len].iter_mut() {
*next = map(*next);
}
}
}
}
/// Iterate over all of the transitions for the given state ID. pub(crate) fn iter_trans(
&self,
sid: StateID,
) -> impl Iterator<Item = Transition> + '_ { letmut link = self.states[sid].sparse;
core::iter::from_fn(move || { if link == StateID::ZERO { return None;
} let t = self.sparse[link];
link = t.link;
Some(t)
})
}
/// Iterate over all of the matches for the given state ID. pub(crate) fn iter_matches(
&self,
sid: StateID,
) -> impl Iterator<Item = PatternID> + '_ { letmut link = self.states[sid].matches;
core::iter::from_fn(move || { if link == StateID::ZERO { return None;
} let m = self.matches[link];
link = m.link;
Some(m.pid)
})
}
/// Return the link following the one given. If the one given is the last /// link for the given state, then return `None`. /// /// If no previous link is given, then this returns the first link in the /// state, if one exists. /// /// This is useful for manually iterating over the transitions in a single /// state without borrowing the NFA. This permits mutating other parts of /// the NFA during iteration. Namely, one can access the transition pointed /// to by the link via `self.sparse[link]`. fn next_link(
&self,
sid: StateID,
prev: Option<StateID>,
) -> Option<StateID> { let link =
prev.map_or(self.states[sid].sparse, |p| self.sparse[p].link); if link == StateID::ZERO {
None
} else {
Some(link)
}
}
/// Follow the transition for the given byte in the given state. If no such /// transition exists, then the FAIL state ID is returned. #[inline(always)] fn follow_transition(&self, sid: StateID, byte: u8) -> StateID { let s = &self.states[sid]; // This is a special case that targets starting states and states // near a start state. Namely, after the initial trie is constructed, // we look for states close to the start state to convert to a dense // representation for their transitions. This winds up using a lot more // memory per state in exchange for faster transition lookups. But // since we only do this for a small number of states (by default), the // memory usage is usually minimal. // // This has *massive* benefit when executing searches because the // unanchored starting state is by far the hottest state and is // frequently visited. Moreover, the 'for' loop below that works // decently on an actually sparse state is disastrous on a state that // is nearly or completely dense. if s.dense == StateID::ZERO { self.follow_transition_sparse(sid, byte)
} else { let class = usize::from(self.byte_classes.get(byte)); self.dense[s.dense.as_usize() + class]
}
}
/// Like `follow_transition`, but always uses the sparse representation. #[inline(always)] fn follow_transition_sparse(&self, sid: StateID, byte: u8) -> StateID { for t inself.iter_trans(sid) { if byte <= t.byte { if byte == t.byte { return t.next;
} break;
}
}
NFA::FAIL
}
/// Set the transition for the given byte to the state ID given. /// /// Note that one should not set transitions to the FAIL state. It is not /// technically incorrect, but it wastes space. If a transition is not /// defined, then it is automatically assumed to lead to the FAIL state. fn add_transition(
&mutself,
prev: StateID,
byte: u8,
next: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> { ifself.states[prev].dense != StateID::ZERO { let dense = self.states[prev].dense; let class = usize::from(self.byte_classes.get(byte)); self.dense[dense.as_usize() + class] = next;
}
let head = self.states[prev].sparse; if head == StateID::ZERO || byte < self.sparse[head].byte { let new_link = self.alloc_transition()?; self.sparse[new_link] = Transition { byte, next, link: head }; self.states[prev].sparse = new_link; return Ok(());
} elseif byte == self.sparse[head].byte { self.sparse[head].next = next; return Ok(());
}
// We handled the only cases where the beginning of the transition // chain needs to change. At this point, we now know that there is // at least one entry in the transition chain and the byte for that // transition is less than the byte for the transition we're adding. let (mut link_prev, mut link_next) = (head, self.sparse[head].link); while link_next != StateID::ZERO && byte > self.sparse[link_next].byte
{
link_prev = link_next;
link_next = self.sparse[link_next].link;
} if link_next == StateID::ZERO || byte < self.sparse[link_next].byte { let link = self.alloc_transition()?; self.sparse[link] = Transition { byte, next, link: link_next }; self.sparse[link_prev].link = link;
} else {
assert_eq!(byte, self.sparse[link_next].byte); self.sparse[link_next].next = next;
}
Ok(())
}
/// This sets every possible transition (all 255 of them) for the given /// state to the name `next` value. /// /// This is useful for efficiently initializing start/dead states. /// /// # Panics /// /// This requires that the state has no transitions added to it already. /// If it has any transitions, then this panics. It will also panic if /// the state has been densified prior to calling this. fn init_full_state(
&mutself,
prev: StateID,
next: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
assert_eq!(
StateID::ZERO, self.states[prev].dense, "state must not be dense yet"
);
assert_eq!(
StateID::ZERO, self.states[prev].sparse, "state must have zero transitions"
); letmut prev_link = StateID::ZERO; for byte in0..=255 { let new_link = self.alloc_transition()?; self.sparse[new_link] =
Transition { byte, next, link: StateID::ZERO }; if prev_link == StateID::ZERO { self.states[prev].sparse = new_link;
} else { self.sparse[prev_link].link = new_link;
}
prev_link = new_link;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Add a match for the given pattern ID to the state for the given ID. fn add_match(
&mutself,
sid: StateID,
pid: PatternID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> { let head = self.states[sid].matches; letmut link = head; whileself.matches[link].link != StateID::ZERO {
link = self.matches[link].link;
} let new_match_link = self.alloc_match()?; self.matches[new_match_link].pid = pid; if link == StateID::ZERO { self.states[sid].matches = new_match_link;
} else { self.matches[link].link = new_match_link;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Copy matches from the `src` state to the `dst` state. This is useful /// when a match state can be reached via a failure transition. In which /// case, you'll want to copy the matches (if any) from the state reached /// by the failure transition to the original state you were at. fn copy_matches(
&mutself,
src: StateID,
dst: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> { let head_dst = self.states[dst].matches; letmut link_dst = head_dst; whileself.matches[link_dst].link != StateID::ZERO {
link_dst = self.matches[link_dst].link;
} letmut link_src = self.states[src].matches; while link_src != StateID::ZERO { let new_match_link =
StateID::new(self.matches.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(
StateID::MAX.as_u64(),
e.attempted(),
)
})?; self.matches.push(Match {
pid: self.matches[link_src].pid,
link: StateID::ZERO,
}); if link_dst == StateID::ZERO { self.states[dst].matches = new_match_link;
} else { self.matches[link_dst].link = new_match_link;
}
/// Create a new entry in `NFA::trans`, if there's room, and return that /// entry's ID. If there's no room, then an error is returned. fn alloc_transition(&mutself) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> { let id = StateID::new(self.sparse.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?; self.sparse.push(Transition::default());
Ok(id)
}
/// Create a new entry in `NFA::matches`, if there's room, and return that /// entry's ID. If there's no room, then an error is returned. fn alloc_match(&mutself) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> { let id = StateID::new(self.matches.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?; self.matches.push(Match::default());
Ok(id)
}
/// Create a new set of `N` transitions in this NFA's dense transition /// table. The ID return corresponds to the index at which the `N` /// transitions begin. So `id+0` is the first transition and `id+(N-1)` is /// the last. /// /// `N` is determined via `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len`. fn alloc_dense_state(&mutself) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> { let id = StateID::new(self.dense.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?; // We use FAIL because it's the correct default. If a state doesn't // have a transition defined for every possible byte value, then the // transition function should return NFA::FAIL. self.dense.extend(
core::iter::repeat(NFA::FAIL)
.take(self.byte_classes.alphabet_len()),
);
Ok(id)
}
/// Allocate and add a fresh state to the underlying NFA and return its /// ID (guaranteed to be one more than the ID of the previously allocated /// state). If the ID would overflow `StateID`, then this returns an error. fn alloc_state(&mutself, depth: usize) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> { // This is OK because we error when building the trie if we see a // pattern whose length cannot fit into a 'SmallIndex', and the longest // possible depth corresponds to the length of the longest pattern. let depth = SmallIndex::new(depth)
.expect("patterns longer than SmallIndex::MAX are not allowed"); let id = StateID::new(self.states.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?; self.states.push(State {
sparse: StateID::ZERO,
dense: StateID::ZERO,
matches: StateID::ZERO,
fail: self.special.start_unanchored_id,
depth,
});
Ok(id)
}
}
// SAFETY: 'start_state' always returns a valid state ID, 'next_state' always // returns a valid state ID given a valid state ID. We otherwise claim that // all other methods are correct as well. unsafeimpl Automaton for NFA { #[inline(always)] fn start_state(&self, anchored: Anchored) -> Result<StateID, MatchError> { match anchored {
Anchored::No => Ok(self.special.start_unanchored_id),
Anchored::Yes => Ok(self.special.start_anchored_id),
}
}
#[inline(always)] fn next_state(
&self,
anchored: Anchored, mut sid: StateID,
byte: u8,
) -> StateID { // This terminates since: // // 1. state.fail never points to the FAIL state. // 2. All state.fail values point to a state closer to the start state. // 3. The start state has no transitions to the FAIL state. loop { let next = self.follow_transition(sid, byte); if next != NFA::FAIL { return next;
} // For an anchored search, we never follow failure transitions // because failure transitions lead us down a path to matching // a *proper* suffix of the path we were on. Thus, it can only // produce matches that appear after the beginning of the search. if anchored.is_anchored() { return NFA::DEAD;
}
sid = self.states[sid].fail();
}
}
#[inline(always)] fn is_match(&self, sid: StateID) -> bool { // N.B. This returns true when sid==NFA::FAIL but that's okay because // NFA::FAIL is not actually a valid state ID from the perspective of // the Automaton trait. Namely, it is never returned by 'start_state' // or by 'next_state'. So we don't need to care about it here.
!self.is_dead(sid) && sid <= self.special.max_match_id
}
/// A representation of a sparse NFA state for an Aho-Corasick automaton. /// /// It contains the transitions to the next state, a failure transition for /// cases where there exists no other transition for the current input byte /// and the matches implied by visiting this state (if any). #[derive(Clone, Debug)] pub(crate) struct State { /// A pointer to `NFA::trans` corresponding to the head of a linked list /// containing all of the transitions for this state. /// /// This is `StateID::ZERO` if and only if this state has zero transitions.
sparse: StateID, /// A pointer to a row of `N` transitions in `NFA::dense`. These /// transitions correspond precisely to what is obtained by traversing /// `sparse`, but permits constant time lookup. /// /// When this is zero (which is true for most states in the default /// configuration), then this state has no dense representation. /// /// Note that `N` is equal to `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len()`. This is /// typically much less than 256 (the maximum value).
dense: StateID, /// A pointer to `NFA::matches` corresponding to the head of a linked list /// containing all of the matches for this state. /// /// This is `StateID::ZERO` if and only if this state is not a match state.
matches: StateID, /// The state that should be transitioned to if the current byte in the /// haystack does not have a corresponding transition defined in this /// state.
fail: StateID, /// The depth of this state. Specifically, this is the distance from this /// state to the starting state. (For the special sentinel states DEAD and /// FAIL, their depth is always 0.) The depth of a starting state is 0. /// /// Note that depth is currently not used in this non-contiguous NFA. It /// may in the future, but it is used in the contiguous NFA. Namely, it /// permits an optimization where states near the starting state have their /// transitions stored in a dense fashion, but all other states have their /// transitions stored in a sparse fashion. (This non-contiguous NFA uses /// a sparse representation for all states unconditionally.) In any case, /// this is really the only convenient place to compute and store this /// information, which we need when building the contiguous NFA.
depth: SmallIndex,
}
impl State { /// Return true if and only if this state is a match state. pub(crate) fn is_match(&self) -> bool { self.matches != StateID::ZERO
}
/// Returns the failure transition for this state. pub(crate) fn fail(&self) -> StateID { self.fail
}
/// Returns the depth of this state. That is, the number of transitions /// this state is from the start state of the NFA. pub(crate) fn depth(&self) -> SmallIndex { self.depth
}
}
/// A single transition in a non-contiguous NFA. #[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)] #[repr(packed)] pub(crate) struct Transition {
byte: u8,
next: StateID,
link: StateID,
}
impl Transition { /// Return the byte for which this transition is defined. pub(crate) fn byte(&self) -> u8 { self.byte
}
/// Return the ID of the state that this transition points to. pub(crate) fn next(&self) -> StateID { self.next
}
/// Return the ID of the next transition. fn link(&self) -> StateID { self.link
}
}
/// A builder for configuring an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA. /// /// This builder has a subset of the options available to a /// [`AhoCorasickBuilder`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder). Of the shared options, /// their behavior is identical. #[derive(Clone, Debug)] pubstruct Builder {
match_kind: MatchKind,
prefilter: bool,
ascii_case_insensitive: bool,
dense_depth: usize,
}
impl Builder { /// Create a new builder for configuring an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA. pubfn new() -> Builder {
Builder::default()
}
/// Build an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA from the given iterator of /// patterns. /// /// A builder may be reused to create more NFAs. pubfn build<I, P>(&self, patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError> where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
debug!("building non-contiguous NFA"); let nfa = Compiler::new(self)?.compile(patterns)?;
debug!( "non-contiguous NFA built, <states: {:?}, size: {:?}>",
nfa.states.len(),
nfa.memory_usage()
);
Ok(nfa)
}
/// Set the desired match semantics. /// /// See /// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::match_kind`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::match_kind) /// for more documentation and examples. pubfn match_kind(&mutself, kind: MatchKind) -> &mut Builder { self.match_kind = kind; self
}
/// Enable ASCII-aware case insensitive matching. /// /// See /// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::ascii_case_insensitive`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::ascii_case_insensitive) /// for more documentation and examples. pubfn ascii_case_insensitive(&mutself, yes: bool) -> &'color:red'>mut Builder { self.ascii_case_insensitive = yes; self
}
/// Set the limit on how many states use a dense representation for their /// transitions. Other states will generally use a sparse representation. /// /// See /// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::dense_depth`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::dense_depth) /// for more documentation and examples. pubfn dense_depth(&mutself, depth: usize) -> &mut Builder { self.dense_depth = depth; self
}
/// Enable heuristic prefilter optimizations. /// /// See /// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::prefilter`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::prefilter) /// for more documentation and examples. pubfn prefilter(&mutself, yes: bool) -> &mut Builder { self.prefilter = yes; self
}
}
/// A compiler uses a builder configuration and builds up the NFA formulation /// of an Aho-Corasick automaton. This roughly corresponds to the standard /// formulation described in textbooks, with some tweaks to support leftmost /// searching. #[derive(Debug)] struct Compiler<'a> {
builder: &'a Builder,
prefilter: prefilter::Builder,
nfa: NFA,
byteset: ByteClassSet,
}
fn compile<I, P>(mutself, patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError> where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{ // Add dummy transition/match links, so that no valid link will point // to another link at index 0. self.nfa.sparse.push(Transition::default()); self.nfa.matches.push(Match::default()); // Add a dummy dense transition so that no states can have dense==0 // represent a valid pointer to dense transitions. This permits // dense==0 to be a sentinel indicating "no dense transitions." self.nfa.dense.push(NFA::DEAD); // the dead state, only used for leftmost and fixed to id==0 self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?; // the fail state, which is never entered and fixed to id==1 self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?; // unanchored start state, initially fixed to id==2 but later shuffled // to appear after all non-start match states. self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id = self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?; // anchored start state, initially fixed to id==3 but later shuffled // to appear after unanchored start state. self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id = self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?; // Initialize the unanchored starting state in order to make it dense, // and thus make transition lookups on this state faster. self.init_unanchored_start_state()?; // Set all transitions on the DEAD state to point to itself. This way, // the DEAD state can never be escaped. It MUST be used as a sentinel // in any correct search. self.add_dead_state_loop()?; // Build the base trie from the given patterns. self.build_trie(patterns)?; self.nfa.states.shrink_to_fit(); // Turn our set of bytes into equivalent classes. This NFA // implementation uses byte classes only for states that use a dense // representation of transitions. (And that's why this comes before // `self.densify()`, as the byte classes need to be set first.) self.nfa.byte_classes = self.byteset.byte_classes(); // Add transitions (and maybe matches) to the anchored starting state. // The anchored starting state is used for anchored searches. The only // mechanical difference between it and the unanchored start state is // that missing transitions map to the DEAD state instead of the FAIL // state. self.set_anchored_start_state()?; // Rewrite transitions to the FAIL state on the unanchored start state // as self-transitions. This keeps the start state active at all times. self.add_unanchored_start_state_loop(); // Make some (possibly zero) states use a dense representation for // transitions. It's important to do this right after the states // and non-failure transitions are solidified. That way, subsequent // accesses (particularly `fill_failure_transitions`) will benefit from // the faster transition lookup in densified states. self.densify()?; // The meat of the Aho-Corasick algorithm: compute and write failure // transitions. i.e., the state to move to when a transition isn't // defined in the current state. These are epsilon transitions and thus // make this formulation an NFA. self.fill_failure_transitions()?; // Handle a special case under leftmost semantics when at least one // of the patterns is the empty string. self.close_start_state_loop_for_leftmost(); // Shuffle states so that we have DEAD, FAIL, MATCH, ..., START, START, // NON-MATCH, ... This permits us to very quickly query the type of // the state we're currently in during a search. self.shuffle(); self.nfa.prefilter = self.prefilter.build(); // Store the maximum ID of all *relevant* special states. Start states // are only relevant when we have a prefilter, otherwise, there is zero // reason to care about whether a state is a start state or not during // a search. Indeed, without a prefilter, we are careful to explicitly // NOT care about start states, otherwise the search can ping pong // between the unrolled loop and the handling of special-status states // and destroy perf. self.nfa.special.max_special_id = ifself.nfa.prefilter.is_some() { // Why the anchored starting state? Because we always put it // after the unanchored starting state and it is therefore the // maximum. Why put unanchored followed by anchored? No particular // reason, but that's how the states are logically organized in the // Thompson NFA implementation found in regex-automata. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id
} else { self.nfa.special.max_match_id
}; self.nfa.sparse.shrink_to_fit(); self.nfa.dense.shrink_to_fit(); self.nfa.matches.shrink_to_fit(); self.nfa.pattern_lens.shrink_to_fit();
Ok(self.nfa)
}
/// This sets up the initial prefix trie that makes up the Aho-Corasick /// automaton. Effectively, it creates the basic structure of the /// automaton, where every pattern given has a path from the start state to /// the end of the pattern. fn build_trie<I, P>(&mutself, patterns: I) -> Result<(), BuildError> where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{ 'PATTERNS: for (i, pat) in patterns.into_iter().enumerate() { let pid = PatternID::new(i).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::pattern_id_overflow(
PatternID::MAX.as_u64(),
e.attempted(),
)
})?; let pat = pat.as_ref(); let patlen = SmallIndex::new(pat.len())
.map_err(|_| BuildError::pattern_too_long(pid, pat.len()))?; self.nfa.min_pattern_len =
core::cmp::min(self.nfa.min_pattern_len, pat.len()); self.nfa.max_pattern_len =
core::cmp::max(self.nfa.max_pattern_len, pat.len());
assert_eq!(
i, self.nfa.pattern_lens.len(), "expected number of patterns to match pattern ID"
); self.nfa.pattern_lens.push(patlen); // We add the pattern to the prefilter here because the pattern // ID in the prefilter is determined with respect to the patterns // added to the prefilter. That is, it isn't the ID we have here, // but the one determined by its own accounting of patterns. // To ensure they line up, we add every pattern we see to the // prefilter, even if some patterns ultimately are impossible to // match (in leftmost-first semantics specifically). // // Another way of doing this would be to expose an API in the // prefilter to permit setting your own pattern IDs. Or to just use // our own map and go between them. But this case is sufficiently // rare that we don't bother and just make sure they're in sync. ifself.builder.prefilter { self.prefilter.add(pat);
}
letmut prev = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; letmut saw_match = false; for (depth, &b) in pat.iter().enumerate() { // When leftmost-first match semantics are requested, we // specifically stop adding patterns when a previously added // pattern is a prefix of it. We avoid adding it because // leftmost-first semantics imply that the pattern can never // match. This is not just an optimization to save space! It // is necessary for correctness. In fact, this is the only // difference in the automaton between the implementations for // leftmost-first and leftmost-longest.
saw_match = saw_match || self.nfa.states[prev].is_match(); ifself.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost_first() && saw_match { // Skip to the next pattern immediately. This avoids // incorrectly adding a match after this loop terminates. continue'PATTERNS;
}
// Add this byte to our equivalence classes. These don't // get used while building the trie, but other Aho-Corasick // implementations may use them. self.byteset.set_range(b, b); ifself.builder.ascii_case_insensitive { let b = opposite_ascii_case(b); self.byteset.set_range(b, b);
}
// If the transition from prev using the current byte already // exists, then just move through it. Otherwise, add a new // state. We track the depth here so that we can determine // how to represent transitions. States near the start state // use a dense representation that uses more memory but is // faster. Other states use a sparse representation that uses // less memory but is slower. let next = self.nfa.follow_transition(prev, b); if next != NFA::FAIL {
prev = next;
} else { let next = self.nfa.alloc_state(depth)?; self.nfa.add_transition(prev, b, next)?; ifself.builder.ascii_case_insensitive { let b = opposite_ascii_case(b); self.nfa.add_transition(prev, b, next)?;
}
prev = next;
}
} // Once the pattern has been added, log the match in the final // state that it reached. self.nfa.add_match(prev, pid)?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// This routine creates failure transitions according to the standard /// textbook formulation of the Aho-Corasick algorithm, with a couple small /// tweaks to support "leftmost" semantics. /// /// Building failure transitions is the most interesting part of building /// the Aho-Corasick automaton, because they are what allow searches to /// be performed in linear time. Specifically, a failure transition is /// a single transition associated with each state that points back to /// the longest proper suffix of the pattern being searched. The failure /// transition is followed whenever there exists no transition on the /// current state for the current input byte. If there is no other proper /// suffix, then the failure transition points back to the starting state. /// /// For example, let's say we built an Aho-Corasick automaton with the /// following patterns: 'abcd' and 'cef'. The trie looks like this: /// /// ```ignore /// a - S1 - b - S2 - c - S3 - d - S4* /// / /// S0 - c - S5 - e - S6 - f - S7* /// ``` /// /// At this point, it should be fairly straight-forward to see how this /// trie can be used in a simplistic way. At any given position in the /// text we're searching (called the "subject" string), all we need to do /// is follow the transitions in the trie by consuming one transition for /// each byte in the subject string. If we reach a match state, then we can /// report that location as a match. /// /// The trick comes when searching a subject string like 'abcef'. We'll /// initially follow the transition from S0 to S1 and wind up in S3 after /// observng the 'c' byte. At this point, the next byte is 'e' but state /// S3 has no transition for 'e', so the search fails. We then would need /// to restart the search at the next position in 'abcef', which /// corresponds to 'b'. The match would fail, but the next search starting /// at 'c' would finally succeed. The problem with this approach is that /// we wind up searching the subject string potentially many times. In /// effect, this makes the algorithm have worst case `O(n * m)` complexity, /// where `n ~ len(subject)` and `m ~ len(all patterns)`. We would instead /// like to achieve a `O(n + m)` worst case complexity. /// /// This is where failure transitions come in. Instead of dying at S3 in /// the first search, the automaton can instruct the search to move to /// another part of the automaton that corresponds to a suffix of what /// we've seen so far. Recall that we've seen 'abc' in the subject string, /// and the automaton does indeed have a non-empty suffix, 'c', that could /// potentially lead to another match. Thus, the actual Aho-Corasick /// automaton for our patterns in this case looks like this: /// /// ```ignore /// a - S1 - b - S2 - c - S3 - d - S4* /// / / /// / ---------------- /// / / /// S0 - c - S5 - e - S6 - f - S7* /// ``` /// /// That is, we have a failure transition from S3 to S5, which is followed /// exactly in cases when we are in state S3 but see any byte other than /// 'd' (that is, we've "failed" to find a match in this portion of our /// trie). We know we can transition back to S5 because we've already seen /// a 'c' byte, so we don't need to re-scan it. We can then pick back up /// with the search starting at S5 and complete our match. /// /// Adding failure transitions to a trie is fairly simple, but subtle. The /// key issue is that you might have multiple failure transition that you /// need to follow. For example, look at the trie for the patterns /// 'abcd', 'b', 'bcd' and 'cd': /// /// ```ignore /// - a - S1 - b - S2* - c - S3 - d - S4* /// / / / /// / ------- ------- /// / / / /// S0 --- b - S5* - c - S6 - d - S7* /// \ / /// \ -------- /// \ / /// - c - S8 - d - S9* /// ``` /// /// The failure transitions for this trie are defined from S2 to S5, /// S3 to S6 and S6 to S8. Moreover, state S2 needs to track that it /// corresponds to a match, since its failure transition to S5 is itself /// a match state. /// /// Perhaps simplest way to think about adding these failure transitions /// is recursively. That is, if you know the failure transitions for every /// possible previous state that could be visited (e.g., when computing the /// failure transition for S3, you already know the failure transitions /// for S0, S1 and S2), then you can simply follow the failure transition /// of the previous state and check whether the incoming transition is /// defined after following the failure transition. /// /// For example, when determining the failure state for S3, by our /// assumptions, we already know that there is a failure transition from /// S2 (the previous state) to S5. So we follow that transition and check /// whether the transition connecting S2 to S3 is defined. Indeed, it is, /// as there is a transition from S5 to S6 for the byte 'c'. If no such /// transition existed, we could keep following the failure transitions /// until we reach the start state, which is the failure transition for /// every state that has no corresponding proper suffix. /// /// We don't actually use recursion to implement this, but instead, use a /// breadth first search of the automaton. Our base case is the start /// state, whose failure transition is just a transition to itself. /// /// When building a leftmost automaton, we proceed as above, but only /// include a subset of failure transitions. Namely, we omit any failure /// transitions that appear after a match state in the trie. This is /// because failure transitions always point back to a proper suffix of /// what has been seen so far. Thus, following a failure transition after /// a match implies looking for a match that starts after the one that has /// already been seen, which is of course therefore not the leftmost match. /// /// N.B. I came up with this algorithm on my own, and after scouring all of /// the other AC implementations I know of (Perl, Snort, many on GitHub). /// I couldn't find any that implement leftmost semantics like this. /// Perl of course needs leftmost-first semantics, but they implement it /// with a seeming hack at *search* time instead of encoding it into the /// automaton. There are also a couple Java libraries that support leftmost /// longest semantics, but they do it by building a queue of matches at /// search time, which is even worse than what Perl is doing. ---AG fn fill_failure_transitions(&mutself) -> Result<(), BuildError> { let is_leftmost = self.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost(); let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; // Initialize the queue for breadth first search with all transitions // out of the start state. We handle the start state specially because // we only want to follow non-self transitions. If we followed self // transitions, then this would never terminate. letmut queue = VecDeque::new(); letmut seen = self.queued_set(); letmut prev_link = None; whilelet Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link); let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
// Skip anything we've seen before and any self-transitions on the // start state. if start_uid == t.next() || seen.contains(t.next) { continue;
}
queue.push_back(t.next);
seen.insert(t.next); // Under leftmost semantics, if a state immediately following // the start state is a match state, then we never want to // follow its failure transition since the failure transition // necessarily leads back to the start state, which we never // want to do for leftmost matching after a match has been // found. // // We apply the same logic to non-start states below as well. if is_leftmost && self.nfa.states[t.next].is_match() { self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = NFA::DEAD;
}
} whilelet Some(id) = queue.pop_front() { letmut prev_link = None; whilelet Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(id, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link); let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
if seen.contains(t.next) { // The only way to visit a duplicate state in a transition // list is when ASCII case insensitivity is enabled. In // this case, we want to skip it since it's redundant work. // But it would also end up duplicating matches, which // results in reporting duplicate matches in some cases. // See the 'acasei010' regression test. continue;
}
queue.push_back(t.next);
seen.insert(t.next);
// As above for start states, under leftmost semantics, once // we see a match all subsequent states should have no failure // transitions because failure transitions always imply looking // for a match that is a suffix of what has been seen so far // (where "seen so far" corresponds to the string formed by // following the transitions from the start state to the // current state). Under leftmost semantics, we specifically do // not want to allow this to happen because we always want to // report the match found at the leftmost position. // // The difference between leftmost-first and leftmost-longest // occurs previously while we build the trie. For // leftmost-first, we simply omit any entries that would // otherwise require passing through a match state. // // Note that for correctness, the failure transition has to be // set to the dead state for ALL states following a match, not // just the match state itself. However, by setting the failure // transition to the dead state on all match states, the dead // state will automatically propagate to all subsequent states // via the failure state computation below. if is_leftmost && self.nfa.states[t.next].is_match() { self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = NFA::DEAD; continue;
} letmut fail = self.nfa.states[id].fail; whileself.nfa.follow_transition(fail, t.byte) == NFA::FAIL {
fail = self.nfa.states[fail].fail;
}
fail = self.nfa.follow_transition(fail, t.byte); self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = fail; self.nfa.copy_matches(fail, t.next)?;
} // If the start state is a match state, then this automaton can // match the empty string. This implies all states are match states // since every position matches the empty string, so copy the // matches from the start state to every state. Strictly speaking, // this is only necessary for overlapping matches since each // non-empty non-start match state needs to report empty matches // in addition to its own. For the non-overlapping case, such // states only report the first match, which is never empty since // it isn't a start state. if !is_leftmost { self.nfa
.copy_matches(self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id, id)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
/// Shuffle the states so that they appear in this sequence: /// /// DEAD, FAIL, MATCH..., START, START, NON-MATCH... /// /// The idea here is that if we know how special states are laid out in our /// transition table, then we can determine what "kind" of state we're in /// just by comparing our current state ID with a particular value. In this /// way, we avoid doing extra memory lookups. /// /// Before shuffling begins, our states look something like this: /// /// DEAD, FAIL, START, START, (MATCH | NON-MATCH)... /// /// So all we need to do is move all of the MATCH states so that they /// all appear before any NON-MATCH state, like so: /// /// DEAD, FAIL, START, START, MATCH... NON-MATCH... /// /// Then it's just a simple matter of swapping the two START states with /// the last two MATCH states. /// /// (This is the same technique used for fully compiled DFAs in /// regex-automata.) fn shuffle(&mutself) { let old_start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; let old_start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
assert!(old_start_uid < old_start_aid);
assert_eq!( 3,
old_start_aid.as_usize(), "anchored start state should be at index 3"
); // We implement shuffling by a sequence of pairwise swaps of states. // Since we have a number of things referencing states via their // IDs and swapping them changes their IDs, we need to record every // swap we make so that we can remap IDs. The remapper handles this // book-keeping for us. letmut remapper = Remapper::new(&self.nfa, 0); // The way we proceed here is by moving all match states so that // they directly follow the start states. So it will go: DEAD, FAIL, // START-UNANCHORED, START-ANCHORED, MATCH, ..., NON-MATCH, ... // // To do that, we proceed forward through all states after // START-ANCHORED and swap match states so that they appear before all // non-match states. letmut next_avail = StateID::from(4u8); for i in next_avail.as_usize()..self.nfa.states.len() { let sid = StateID::new(i).unwrap(); if !self.nfa.states[sid].is_match() { continue;
}
remapper.swap(&mutself.nfa, sid, next_avail); // The key invariant here is that only non-match states exist // between 'next_avail' and 'sid' (with them being potentially // equivalent). Thus, incrementing 'next_avail' by 1 is guaranteed // to land on the leftmost non-match state. (Unless 'next_avail' // and 'sid' are equivalent, in which case, a swap will occur but // it is a no-op.)
next_avail = StateID::new(next_avail.one_more()).unwrap();
} // Now we'd like to move the start states to immediately following the // match states. (The start states may themselves be match states, but // we'll handle that later.) We arrange the states this way so that we // don't necessarily need to check whether a state is a start state or // not before checking whether a state is a match state. For example, // we'd like to be able to write this as our state machine loop: // // sid = start() // for byte in haystack: // sid = next(sid, byte) // if sid <= nfa.max_start_id: // if sid <= nfa.max_dead_id: // # search complete // elif sid <= nfa.max_match_id: // # found match // // The important context here is that we might not want to look for // start states at all. Namely, if a searcher doesn't have a prefilter, // then there is no reason to care about whether we're in a start state // or not. And indeed, if we did check for it, this very hot loop would // ping pong between the special state handling and the main state // transition logic. This in turn stalls the CPU by killing branch // prediction. // // So essentially, we really want to be able to "forget" that start // states even exist and this is why we put them at the end. let new_start_aid =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(1).unwrap())
.unwrap();
remapper.swap(&mutself.nfa, old_start_aid, new_start_aid); let new_start_uid =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(2).unwrap())
.unwrap();
remapper.swap(&mutself.nfa, old_start_uid, new_start_uid); let new_max_match_id =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(3).unwrap())
.unwrap(); self.nfa.special.max_match_id = new_max_match_id; self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id = new_start_uid; self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id = new_start_aid; // If one start state is a match state, then they both are. ifself.nfa.states[self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id].is_match() { self.nfa.special.max_match_id = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
}
remapper.remap(&mutself.nfa);
}
/// Attempts to convert the transition representation of a subset of states /// in this NFA from sparse to dense. This can greatly improve search /// performance since states with a higher number of transitions tend to /// correlate with very active states. /// /// We generally only densify states that are close to the start state. /// These tend to be the most active states and thus benefit from a dense /// representation more than other states. /// /// This tends to best balance between memory usage and performance. In /// particular, the *vast majority* of all states in a typical Aho-Corasick /// automaton have only 1 transition and are usually farther from the start /// state and thus don't get densified. /// /// Note that this doesn't remove the sparse representation of transitions /// for states that are densified. It could be done, but actually removing /// entries from `NFA::sparse` is likely more expensive than it's worth. fn densify(&mutself) -> Result<(), BuildError> { for i in0..self.nfa.states.len() { let sid = StateID::new(i).unwrap(); // Don't bother densifying states that are only used as sentinels. if sid == NFA::DEAD || sid == NFA::FAIL { continue;
} // Only densify states that are "close enough" to the start state. ifself.nfa.states[sid].depth.as_usize()
>= self.builder.dense_depth
{ continue;
} let dense = self.nfa.alloc_dense_state()?; letmut prev_link = None; whilelet Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(sid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link); let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
let class = usize::from(self.nfa.byte_classes.get(t.byte)); let index = dense.as_usize() + class; self.nfa.dense[index] = t.next;
} self.nfa.states[sid].dense = dense;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Returns a set that tracked queued states. /// /// This is only necessary when ASCII case insensitivity is enabled, since /// it is the only way to visit the same state twice. Otherwise, this /// returns an inert set that nevers adds anything and always reports /// `false` for every member test. fn queued_set(&self) -> QueuedSet { ifself.builder.ascii_case_insensitive {
QueuedSet::active()
} else {
QueuedSet::inert()
}
}
/// Initializes the unanchored start state by making it dense. This is /// achieved by explicitly setting every transition to the FAIL state. /// This isn't necessary for correctness, since any missing transition is /// automatically assumed to be mapped to the FAIL state. We do this to /// make the unanchored starting state dense, and thus in turn make /// transition lookups on it faster. (Which is worth doing because it's /// the most active state.) fn init_unanchored_start_state(&mutself) -> Result<(), BuildError> { let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; let start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id; self.nfa.init_full_state(start_uid, NFA::FAIL)?; self.nfa.init_full_state(start_aid, NFA::FAIL)?;
Ok(())
}
/// Setup the anchored start state by copying all of the transitions and /// matches from the unanchored starting state with one change: the failure /// transition is changed to the DEAD state, so that for any undefined /// transitions, the search will stop. fn set_anchored_start_state(&mutself) -> Result<(), BuildError> { let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; let start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id; let (mut uprev_link, mut aprev_link) = (None, None); loop { let unext = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, uprev_link); let anext = self.nfa.next_link(start_aid, aprev_link); let (ulink, alink) = match (unext, anext) {
(Some(ulink), Some(alink)) => (ulink, alink),
(None, None) => break,
_ => unreachable!(),
};
uprev_link = Some(ulink);
aprev_link = Some(alink); self.nfa.sparse[alink].next = self.nfa.sparse[ulink].next;
} self.nfa.copy_matches(start_uid, start_aid)?; // This is the main difference between the unanchored and anchored // starting states. If a lookup on an anchored starting state fails, // then the search should stop. // // N.B. This assumes that the loop on the unanchored starting state // hasn't been created yet. self.nfa.states[start_aid].fail = NFA::DEAD;
Ok(())
}
/// Set the failure transitions on the start state to loop back to the /// start state. This effectively permits the Aho-Corasick automaton to /// match at any position. This is also required for finding the next /// state to terminate, namely, finding the next state should never return /// a fail_id. /// /// This must be done after building the initial trie, since trie /// construction depends on transitions to `fail_id` to determine whether a /// state already exists or not. fn add_unanchored_start_state_loop(&mutself) { let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; letmut prev_link = None; whilelet Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link); ifself.nfa.sparse[link].next() == NFA::FAIL { self.nfa.sparse[link].next = start_uid;
}
}
}
/// Remove the start state loop by rewriting any transitions on the start /// state back to the start state with transitions to the dead state. /// /// The loop is only closed when two conditions are met: the start state /// is a match state and the match kind is leftmost-first or /// leftmost-longest. /// /// The reason for this is that under leftmost semantics, a start state /// that is also a match implies that we should never restart the search /// process. We allow normal transitions out of the start state, but if /// none exist, we transition to the dead state, which signals that /// searching should stop. fn close_start_state_loop_for_leftmost(&mutself) { let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id; let start = &mutself.nfa.states[start_uid]; let dense = start.dense; ifself.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost() && start.is_match() { letmut prev_link = None; whilelet Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link); ifself.nfa.sparse[link].next() == start_uid { self.nfa.sparse[link].next = NFA::DEAD; if dense != StateID::ZERO { let b = self.nfa.sparse[link].byte; let class = usize::from(self.nfa.byte_classes.get(b)); self.nfa.dense[dense.as_usize() + class] = NFA::DEAD;
}
}
}
}
}
/// Sets all transitions on the dead state to point back to the dead state. /// Normally, missing transitions map back to the failure state, but the /// point of the dead state is to act as a sink that can never be escaped. fn add_dead_state_loop(&mutself) -> Result<(), BuildError> { self.nfa.init_full_state(NFA::DEAD, NFA::DEAD)?;
Ok(())
}
}
/// A set of state identifiers used to avoid revisiting the same state multiple /// times when filling in failure transitions. /// /// This set has an "inert" and an "active" mode. When inert, the set never /// stores anything and always returns `false` for every member test. This is /// useful to avoid the performance and memory overhead of maintaining this /// set when it is not needed. #[derive(Debug)] struct QueuedSet {
set: Option<BTreeSet<StateID>>,
}
impl QueuedSet { /// Return an inert set that returns `false` for every state ID membership /// test. fn inert() -> QueuedSet {
QueuedSet { set: None }
}
/// Return an active set that tracks state ID membership. fn active() -> QueuedSet {
QueuedSet { set: Some(BTreeSet::new()) }
}
/// Inserts the given state ID into this set. (If the set is inert, then /// this is a no-op.) fn insert(&mutself, state_id: StateID) { iflet Some(refmut set) = self.set {
set.insert(state_id);
}
}
/// Returns true if and only if the given state ID is in this set. If the /// set is inert, this always returns false. fn contains(&self, state_id: StateID) -> bool { matchself.set {
None => false,
Some(ref set) => set.contains(&state_id),
}
}
}
writeln!(f, "noncontiguous::NFA(")?; for (sid, state) inself.states.iter().with_state_ids() { // The FAIL state doesn't actually have space for a state allocated // for it, so we have to treat it as a special case. if sid == NFA::FAIL {
writeln!(f, "F {:06}:", sid.as_usize())?; continue;
}
fmt_state_indicator(f, self, sid)?;
write!(
f, "{:06}({:06}): ",
sid.as_usize(),
state.fail.as_usize()
)?;
let it = sparse_transitions( self.iter_trans(sid).map(|t| (t.byte, t.next)),
)
.enumerate(); for (i, (start, end, sid)) in it { if i > 0 {
write!(f, ", ")?;
} if start == end {
write!(
f, "{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
sid.as_usize()
)?;
} else {
write!(
f, "{:?}-{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
DebugByte(end),
sid.as_usize()
)?;
}
}
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