// Copyright 2015 Ilkka Rauta // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
//! BitReader is a helper type to extract strings of bits from a slice of bytes. //! //! Here is how you read first a single bit, then three bits and finally four bits from a byte //! buffer: //! //! ``` //! use bitreader::BitReader; //! //! let slice_of_u8 = &[0b1000_1111]; //! let mut reader = BitReader::new(slice_of_u8); //! //! // You probably should use try! or some other error handling mechanism in real code if the //! // length of the input is not known in advance. //! let a_single_bit = reader.read_u8(1).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(a_single_bit, 1); //! //! let more_bits = reader.read_u8(3).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(more_bits, 0); //! //! let last_bits_of_byte = reader.read_u8(4).unwrap(); //! assert_eq!(last_bits_of_byte, 0b1111); //! ``` //! You can naturally read bits from longer buffer of data than just a single byte. //! //! As you read bits, the internal cursor of BitReader moves on along the stream of bits. Big //! endian format is assumed when reading the multi-byte values. BitReader supports reading maximum //! of 64 bits at a time (with read_u64). Reading signed values directly is not supported at the //! moment. //! //! The reads do not need to be aligned in any particular way. //! //! Reading zero bits is a no-op. //! //! You can also skip over a number of bits, in which case there is no arbitrary small limits like //! when reading the values to a variable. However, you can not seek past the end of the slice, //! either when reading or when skipping bits. //! //! Note that the code will likely not work correctly if the slice is longer than 2^61 bytes, but //! exceeding that should be pretty unlikely. Let's get back to this when people read exabytes of //! information one bit at a time. #![no_std]
cfg_if::cfg_if!{ if#[cfg(feature = "std")] { externcrate std; use std::cmp::min; use std::prelude::v1::*; use std::fmt; use std::error::Error; use std::result;
} else { use core::result; use core::fmt; use core::cmp::min;
}
}
#[cfg(test)] mod tests;
/// BitReader reads data from a byte slice at the granularity of a single bit. pubstruct BitReader<'a> {
bytes: &'a [u8], /// Position from the start of the slice, counted as bits instead of bytes
position: u64,
relative_offset: u64,
/// Length this reader is allowed to read from the slice, counted as bits instead of bytes.
length: u64,
}
impl<'a> BitReader<'a> { /// Construct a new BitReader from a byte slice. The returned reader lives at most as long as /// the slice given to is valid. pubfn new(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> BitReader<'a> {
BitReader {
bytes: bytes,
position: 0,
relative_offset: 0,
length: bytes.len() as u64 * 8,
}
}
/// Returns a copy of current BitReader, with the difference that its position() returns /// positions relative to the position of the original BitReader at the construction time. /// After construction, both readers are otherwise completely independent, except of course /// for sharing the same source data. /// /// ``` /// use bitreader::BitReader; /// /// let bytes = &[0b11110000, 0b00001111]; /// let mut original = BitReader::new(bytes); /// assert_eq!(original.read_u8(4).unwrap(), 0b1111); /// assert_eq!(original.position(), 4); /// /// let mut relative = original.relative_reader(); /// assert_eq!(relative.position(), 0); /// /// assert_eq!(original.read_u8(8).unwrap(), 0); /// assert_eq!(relative.read_u8(8).unwrap(), 0); /// /// assert_eq!(original.position(), 12); /// assert_eq!(relative.position(), 8); /// ``` pubfn relative_reader(&self) -> BitReader<'a> {
BitReader {
bytes: self.bytes,
position: self.position,
relative_offset: self.position,
length: self.length - self.position,
}
}
/// Returns a copy of current BitReader, with the difference that its position() returns /// positions relative to the position of the original BitReader at the construction time, and /// will not allow reading more than len bits. After construction, both readers are otherwise // completely independent, except of course for sharing the same source data. /// /// ``` /// use bitreader::BitReader; /// use bitreader::BitReaderError; /// /// let bytes = &[0b11110000, 0b00001111]; /// let mut original = BitReader::new(bytes); /// assert_eq!(original.read_u8(4).unwrap(), 0b1111); /// assert_eq!(original.position(), 4); /// /// let mut relative = original.relative_reader_atmost(8); /// assert_eq!(relative.position(), 0); /// /// assert_eq!(original.read_u8(8).unwrap(), 0); /// assert_eq!(relative.read_u8(8).unwrap(), 0); /// /// assert_eq!(original.position(), 12); /// assert_eq!(relative.position(), 8); /// /// assert_eq!(relative.read_u8(8).unwrap_err(), BitReaderError::NotEnoughData{ /// position: 8, /// length: 8, /// requested: 8 /// }); /// ``` pubfn relative_reader_atmost(&self, len: u64) -> BitReader<'a> {
BitReader {
bytes: self.bytes,
position: self.position,
relative_offset: self.position,
length: min(self.length - self.position, len),
}
}
/// Read at most 8 bits into a u8. pubfn read_u8(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u8> { let value = self.read_value(bit_count, 8)?;
Ok((value & 0xff) as u8)
}
/// Read at most 8 bits into a u8, but without moving the cursor forward. pubfn peek_u8(&self, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u8> { self.relative_reader().read_u8(bit_count)
}
/// Fills the entire `output_bytes` slice. If there aren't enough bits remaining /// after the internal cursor's current position, the cursor won't be moved forward /// and the contents of `output_bytes` won't be modified. pubfn read_u8_slice(&mutself, output_bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Result<()> { let requested = output_bytes.len() as u64 * 8; if requested > self.remaining() {
Err(BitReaderError::NotEnoughData {
position: self.position(),
length: self.length,
requested,
})
} else { for byte in output_bytes.iter_mut() {
*byte = self.read_u8(8)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
/// Read at most 16 bits into a u16. pubfn read_u16(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u16> { let value = self.read_value(bit_count, 16)?;
Ok((value & 0xffff) as u16)
}
/// Read at most 16 bits into a u16, but without moving the cursor forward. pubfn peek_u16(&self, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u16> { self.relative_reader().read_u16(bit_count)
}
/// Read at most 32 bits into a u32. pubfn read_u32(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u32> { let value = self.read_value(bit_count, 32)?;
Ok((value & 0xffffffff) as u32)
}
/// Read at most 32 bits into a u32, but without moving the cursor forward. pubfn peek_u32(&self, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u32> { self.relative_reader().read_u32(bit_count)
}
/// Read at most 64 bits into a u64. pubfn read_u64(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u64> { let value = self.read_value(bit_count, 64)?;
Ok(value)
}
/// Read at most 64 bits into a u64, but without moving the cursor forward. pubfn peek_u64(&self, bit_count: u8) -> Result<u64> { self.relative_reader().read_u64(bit_count)
}
/// Read at most 8 bits into a i8. /// Assumes the bits are stored in two's complement format. pubfn read_i8(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<i8> { let value = self.read_signed_value(bit_count, 8)?;
Ok((value & 0xff) as i8)
}
/// Read at most 16 bits into a i16. /// Assumes the bits are stored in two's complement format. pubfn read_i16(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<i16> { let value = self.read_signed_value(bit_count, 16)?;
Ok((value & 0xffff) as i16)
}
/// Read at most 32 bits into a i32. /// Assumes the bits are stored in two's complement format. pubfn read_i32(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<i32> { let value = self.read_signed_value(bit_count, 32)?;
Ok((value & 0xffffffff) as i32)
}
/// Read at most 64 bits into a i64. /// Assumes the bits are stored in two's complement format. pubfn read_i64(&mutself, bit_count: u8) -> Result<i64> { let value = self.read_signed_value(bit_count, 64)?;
Ok(value)
}
/// Read a single bit as a boolean value. /// Interprets 1 as true and 0 as false. pubfn read_bool(&mutself) -> Result<bool> { matchself.read_value(1, 1)? { 0 => Ok(false),
_ => Ok(true),
}
}
/// Read a single bit as a boolean value, but without moving the cursor forward. /// Interprets 1 as true and 0 as false. pubfn peek_bool(&self) -> Result<bool> { self.relative_reader().read_bool()
}
/// Skip arbitrary number of bits. However, you can skip at most to the end of the byte slice. pubfn skip(&mutself, bit_count: u64) -> Result<()> { let end_position = self.position + bit_count; if end_position > (self.relative_offset + self.length) { return Err(BitReaderError::NotEnoughData {
position: self.position(),
length: self.length,
requested: bit_count,
});
} self.position = end_position;
Ok(())
}
/// Returns the position of the cursor, or how many bits have been read so far. pubfn position(&self) -> u64 { self.position - self.relative_offset
}
/// Returns the number of bits not yet read from the underlying slice. pubfn remaining(&self) -> u64 { self.length - self.position
}
/// Helper to make sure the "bit cursor" is exactly at the beginning of a byte, or at specific /// multi-byte alignment position. /// /// For example `reader.is_aligned(1)` returns true if exactly n bytes, or n * 8 bits, has been /// read. Similarly, `reader.is_aligned(4)` returns true if exactly n * 32 bits, or n 4-byte /// sequences has been read. /// /// This function can be used to validate the data is being read properly, for example by /// adding invocations wrapped into `debug_assert!()` to places where it is known the data /// should be n-byte aligned. pubfn is_aligned(&self, alignment_bytes: u32) -> bool { self.position % (alignment_bytes as u64 * 8) == 0
}
/// Helper to move the "bit cursor" to exactly the beginning of a byte, or to a specific /// multi-byte alignment position. /// /// That is, `reader.align(n)` moves the cursor to the next position that /// is a multiple of n * 8 bits, if it's not correctly aligned already. pubfn align(&mutself, alignment_bytes: u32) -> Result<()> { let alignment_bits = alignment_bytes as u64 * 8; let cur_alignment = self.position % alignment_bits; let bits_to_skip = (alignment_bits - cur_alignment) % alignment_bits; self.skip(bits_to_skip)
}
fn read_signed_value(&mutself, bit_count: u8, maximum_count: u8) -> Result<i64> { if bit_count == 0 { return Ok(0);
} let unsigned = self.read_value(bit_count, maximum_count)?; // Fill the bits above the requested bits with all ones or all zeros, // depending on the sign bit. let sign_bit = unsigned >> (bit_count - 1) & 1; let high_bits = if sign_bit == 1 { -1 } else { 0 };
Ok(high_bits << bit_count | unsigned as i64)
}
fn read_value(&mutself, bit_count: u8, maximum_count: u8) -> Result<u64> { if bit_count == 0 { return Ok(0);
} if bit_count > maximum_count { return Err(BitReaderError::TooManyBitsForType {
position: self.position,
requested: bit_count,
allowed: maximum_count,
});
} let start_position = self.position; let end_position = self.position + bit_count as u64; if end_position > (self.relative_offset + self.length) { return Err(BitReaderError::NotEnoughData {
position: self.position(),
length: self.length,
requested: bit_count as u64,
});
}
letmut value: u64 = 0;
for i in start_position..end_position { let byte_index = (i / 8) as usize; let byte = self.bytes[byte_index]; let shift = 7 - (i % 8); let bit = (byte >> shift) as u64 & 1;
value = (value << 1) | bit;
}
self.position = end_position;
Ok(value)
}
}
/// Result type for those BitReader operations that can fail. pubtype Result<T> = result::Result<T, BitReaderError>;
/// Error enumeration of BitReader errors. #[derive(Debug,PartialEq,Copy,Clone)] pubenum BitReaderError { /// Requested more bits than there are left in the byte slice at the current position.
NotEnoughData { /// Current posititon in bits relative to the beginning of the reader.
position: u64,
/// Total readable length in bits of the underlaying slice.
length: u64,
/// Bits requested to be read.
requested: u64,
}, /// Requested more bits than the returned variable can hold, for example more than 8 bits when /// reading into a u8.
TooManyBitsForType {
position: u64,
requested: u8,
allowed: u8,
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")] impl Error for BitReaderError { fn description(&self) -> &str { match *self {
BitReaderError::NotEnoughData {..} => "Requested more bits than the byte slice has left",
BitReaderError::TooManyBitsForType {..} => "Requested more bits than the requested integer type can hold",
}
}
}
impl fmt::Display for BitReaderError { fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { //self.description().fmt(fmt) match *self {
BitReaderError::NotEnoughData { position, length, requested } => write!(fmt, "BitReader: Requested {} bits with only {}/{} bits left (position {})", requested, length - position, length, position),
BitReaderError::TooManyBitsForType { position, requested, allowed } => write!(fmt, "BitReader: Requested {} bits while the type can only hold {} (position {})", requested, allowed, position),
}
}
}
/// Helper trait to allow reading bits into a variable without explicitly mentioning its type. /// /// If you can't or want, for some reason, to use BitReader's read methods (`read_u8` etc.) but /// want to rely on type inference instead, you can use the ReadInto trait. The trait is /// implemented for all basic integer types (8/16/32/64 bits, signed/unsigned) /// and the boolean type. /// /// ``` /// use bitreader::{BitReader,ReadInto}; /// /// let slice_of_u8 = &[0b1110_0000]; /// let mut reader = BitReader::new(slice_of_u8); /// /// struct Foo { /// bar: u8, /// valid: bool, /// } /// /// // No type mentioned here, instead the type of bits is inferred from the type of Foo::bar, /// // and consequently the correct "overload" is used. /// let bits = ReadInto::read(&mut reader, 2).unwrap(); /// let valid = ReadInto::read(&mut reader, 1).unwrap(); /// /// let foo = Foo { bar: bits, valid: valid }; /// assert_eq!(foo.bar, 3); /// assert!(foo.valid); /// ``` pubtrait ReadInto whereSelf: Sized
{ fn read(reader: &mut BitReader, bits: u8) -> Result<Self>;
}
// There's eight almost identical implementations, let's make this easier.
macro_rules! impl_read_into {
($T:ty, $method:ident) => ( impl ReadInto for $T { fn read(reader: &mut BitReader, bits: u8) -> Result<Self> {
reader.$method(bits)
}
}
)
}
// We can't cast to bool, so this requires a separate method. impl ReadInto for bool { fn read(reader: &mut BitReader, bits: u8) -> Result<Self> { match reader.read_u8(bits)? { 0 => Ok(false),
_ => Ok(true),
}
}
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.15 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-06-19)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.