// Copyright 2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
impl UnstableLayoutMethods for Layout { fn padding_needed_for(&self, align: usize) -> usize { let len = self.size();
// Rounded up value is: // len_rounded_up = (len + align - 1) & !(align - 1); // and then we return the padding difference: `len_rounded_up - len`. // // We use modular arithmetic throughout: // // 1. align is guaranteed to be > 0, so align - 1 is always // valid. // // 2. `len + align - 1` can overflow by at most `align - 1`, // so the &-mask with `!(align - 1)` will ensure that in the // case of overflow, `len_rounded_up` will itself be 0. // Thus the returned padding, when added to `len`, yields 0, // which trivially satisfies the alignment `align`. // // (Of course, attempts to allocate blocks of memory whose // size and padding overflow in the above manner should cause // the allocator to yield an error anyway.)
let len_rounded_up = len.wrapping_add(align).wrapping_sub(1) & !align.wrapping_sub(1);
len_rounded_up.wrapping_sub(len)
}
fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> Result<(Layout, usize), LayoutErr> { let padded_size = self
.size()
.checked_add(self.padding_needed_for(self.align()))
.ok_or_else(new_layout_err)?; let alloc_size = padded_size.checked_mul(n).ok_or_else(new_layout_err)?;
unsafe { // self.align is already known to be valid and alloc_size has been // padded already.
Ok((
Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(alloc_size, self.align()),
padded_size,
))
}
}
/// Represents the combination of a starting address and /// a total capacity of the returned block. // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct Excess(pub NonNull<u8>, pub usize);
/// The `AllocErr` error indicates an allocation failure /// that may be due to resource exhaustion or to /// something wrong when combining the given input arguments with this /// allocator. // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)] pubstruct AllocErr;
// (we need this for downstream impl of trait Error) // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] impl fmt::Display for AllocErr { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.write_str("memory allocation failed")
}
}
/// The `CannotReallocInPlace` error is used when `grow_in_place` or /// `shrink_in_place` were unable to reuse the given memory block for /// a requested layout. // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)] pubstruct CannotReallocInPlace;
// (we need this for downstream impl of trait Error) // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] impl fmt::Display for CannotReallocInPlace { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}", self.description())
}
}
/// An implementation of `Alloc` can allocate, reallocate, and /// deallocate arbitrary blocks of data described via `Layout`. /// /// Some of the methods require that a memory block be *currently /// allocated* via an allocator. This means that: /// /// * the starting address for that memory block was previously /// returned by a previous call to an allocation method (`alloc`, /// `alloc_zeroed`, `alloc_excess`, `alloc_one`, `alloc_array`) or /// reallocation method (`realloc`, `realloc_excess`, or /// `realloc_array`), and /// /// * the memory block has not been subsequently deallocated, where /// blocks are deallocated either by being passed to a deallocation /// method (`dealloc`, `dealloc_one`, `dealloc_array`) or by being /// passed to a reallocation method (see above) that returns `Ok`. /// /// A note regarding zero-sized types and zero-sized layouts: many /// methods in the `Alloc` trait state that allocation requests /// must be non-zero size, or else undefined behavior can result. /// /// * However, some higher-level allocation methods (`alloc_one`, /// `alloc_array`) are well-defined on zero-sized types and can /// optionally support them: it is left up to the implementor /// whether to return `Err`, or to return `Ok` with some pointer. /// /// * If an `Alloc` implementation chooses to return `Ok` in this /// case (i.e. the pointer denotes a zero-sized inaccessible block) /// then that returned pointer must be considered "currently /// allocated". On such an allocator, *all* methods that take /// currently-allocated pointers as inputs must accept these /// zero-sized pointers, *without* causing undefined behavior. /// /// * In other words, if a zero-sized pointer can flow out of an /// allocator, then that allocator must likewise accept that pointer /// flowing back into its deallocation and reallocation methods. /// /// Some of the methods require that a layout *fit* a memory block. /// What it means for a layout to "fit" a memory block means (or /// equivalently, for a memory block to "fit" a layout) is that the /// following two conditions must hold: /// /// 1. The block's starting address must be aligned to `layout.align()`. /// /// 2. The block's size must fall in the range `[use_min, use_max]`, where: /// /// * `use_min` is `self.usable_size(layout).0`, and /// /// * `use_max` is the capacity that was (or would have been) /// returned when (if) the block was allocated via a call to /// `alloc_excess` or `realloc_excess`. /// /// Note that: /// /// * the size of the layout most recently used to allocate the block /// is guaranteed to be in the range `[use_min, use_max]`, and /// /// * a lower-bound on `use_max` can be safely approximated by a call to /// `usable_size`. /// /// * if a layout `k` fits a memory block (denoted by `ptr`) /// currently allocated via an allocator `a`, then it is legal to /// use that layout to deallocate it, i.e. `a.dealloc(ptr, k);`. /// /// # Unsafety /// /// The `Alloc` trait is an `unsafe` trait for a number of reasons, and /// implementors must ensure that they adhere to these contracts: /// /// * Pointers returned from allocation functions must point to valid memory and /// retain their validity until at least the instance of `Alloc` is dropped /// itself. /// /// * `Layout` queries and calculations in general must be correct. Callers of /// this trait are allowed to rely on the contracts defined on each method, /// and implementors must ensure such contracts remain true. /// /// Note that this list may get tweaked over time as clarifications are made in /// the future. // #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")] pubunsafetrait Alloc { // (Note: some existing allocators have unspecified but well-defined // behavior in response to a zero size allocation request ; // e.g. in C, `malloc` of 0 will either return a null pointer or a // unique pointer, but will not have arbitrary undefined // behavior. // However in jemalloc for example, // `mallocx(0)` is documented as undefined behavior.)
/// Returns a pointer meeting the size and alignment guarantees of /// `layout`. /// /// If this method returns an `Ok(addr)`, then the `addr` returned /// will be non-null address pointing to a block of storage /// suitable for holding an instance of `layout`. /// /// The returned block of storage may or may not have its contents /// initialized. (Extension subtraits might restrict this /// behavior, e.g. to ensure initialization to particular sets of /// bit patterns.) /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure that `layout` has non-zero size. /// /// (Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on /// behavior, e.g. guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer /// in response to a zero-size allocation request.) /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `layout` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints. /// /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory /// exhaustion rather than panicking or aborting, but this is not /// a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to /// implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation /// library that aborts on memory exhaustion.) /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn alloc(&mutself, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<u8>, AllocErr>;
/// Deallocate the memory referenced by `ptr`. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following: /// /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory currently allocated via /// this allocator, /// /// * `layout` must *fit* that block of memory, /// /// * In addition to fitting the block of memory `layout`, the /// alignment of the `layout` must match the alignment used /// to allocate that block of memory. unsafefn dealloc(&mutself, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout);
// == ALLOCATOR-SPECIFIC QUANTITIES AND LIMITS == // usable_size
/// Returns bounds on the guaranteed usable size of a successful /// allocation created with the specified `layout`. /// /// In particular, if one has a memory block allocated via a given /// allocator `a` and layout `k` where `a.usable_size(k)` returns /// `(l, u)`, then one can pass that block to `a.dealloc()` with a /// layout in the size range [l, u]. /// /// (All implementors of `usable_size` must ensure that /// `l <= k.size() <= u`) /// /// Both the lower- and upper-bounds (`l` and `u` respectively) /// are provided, because an allocator based on size classes could /// misbehave if one attempts to deallocate a block without /// providing a correct value for its size (i.e., one within the /// range `[l, u]`). /// /// Clients who wish to make use of excess capacity are encouraged /// to use the `alloc_excess` and `realloc_excess` instead, as /// this method is constrained to report conservative values that /// serve as valid bounds for *all possible* allocation method /// calls. /// /// However, for clients that do not wish to track the capacity /// returned by `alloc_excess` locally, this method is likely to /// produce useful results. #[inline] fn usable_size(&self, layout: &Layout) -> (usize, usize) {
(layout.size(), layout.size())
}
/// Returns a pointer suitable for holding data described by /// a new layout with `layout`’s alignment and a size given /// by `new_size`. To /// accomplish this, this may extend or shrink the allocation /// referenced by `ptr` to fit the new layout. /// /// If this returns `Ok`, then ownership of the memory block /// referenced by `ptr` has been transferred to this /// allocator. The memory may or may not have been freed, and /// should be considered unusable (unless of course it was /// transferred back to the caller again via the return value of /// this method). /// /// If this method returns `Err`, then ownership of the memory /// block has not been transferred to this allocator, and the /// contents of the memory block are unaltered. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following: /// /// * `ptr` must be currently allocated via this allocator, /// /// * `layout` must *fit* the `ptr` (see above). (The `new_size` /// argument need not fit it.) /// /// * `new_size` must be greater than zero. /// /// * `new_size`, when rounded up to the nearest multiple of `layout.align()`, /// must not overflow (i.e. the rounded value must be less than `usize::MAX`). /// /// (Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on /// behavior, e.g. guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer /// in response to a zero-size allocation request.) /// /// # Errors /// /// Returns `Err` only if the new layout /// does not meet the allocator's size /// and alignment constraints of the allocator, or if reallocation /// otherwise fails. /// /// Implementations are encouraged to return `Err` on memory /// exhaustion rather than panicking or aborting, but this is not /// a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to /// implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation /// library that aborts on memory exhaustion.) /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to a /// reallocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn realloc(
&mutself,
ptr: NonNull<u8>,
layout: Layout,
new_size: usize,
) -> Result<NonNull<u8>, AllocErr> { let old_size = layout.size();
// otherwise, fall back on alloc + copy + dealloc. let new_layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(new_size, layout.align()); let result = self.alloc(new_layout); iflet Ok(new_ptr) = result {
ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_ptr(), cmp::min(old_size, new_size)); self.dealloc(ptr, layout);
}
result
}
/// Behaves like `alloc`, but also ensures that the contents /// are set to zero before being returned. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe for the same reasons that `alloc` is. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `layout` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints, just as in `alloc`. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn alloc_zeroed(&mutself, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<u8>, AllocErr> { let size = layout.size(); let p = self.alloc(layout); iflet Ok(p) = p {
ptr::write_bytes(p.as_ptr(), 0, size);
}
p
}
/// Behaves like `alloc`, but also returns the whole size of /// the returned block. For some `layout` inputs, like arrays, this /// may include extra storage usable for additional data. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe for the same reasons that `alloc` is. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `layout` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints, just as in `alloc`. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn alloc_excess(&mutself, layout: Layout) -> Result<Excess, AllocErr> { let usable_size = self.usable_size(&layout); self.alloc(layout).map(|p| Excess(p, usable_size.1))
}
/// Behaves like `realloc`, but also returns the whole size of /// the returned block. For some `layout` inputs, like arrays, this /// may include extra storage usable for additional data. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe for the same reasons that `realloc` is. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `layout` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints, just as in `realloc`. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to a /// reallocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn realloc_excess(
&mutself,
ptr: NonNull<u8>,
layout: Layout,
new_size: usize,
) -> Result<Excess, AllocErr> { let new_layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(new_size, layout.align()); let usable_size = self.usable_size(&new_layout); self.realloc(ptr, layout, new_size)
.map(|p| Excess(p, usable_size.1))
}
/// Attempts to extend the allocation referenced by `ptr` to fit `new_size`. /// /// If this returns `Ok`, then the allocator has asserted that the /// memory block referenced by `ptr` now fits `new_size`, and thus can /// be used to carry data of a layout of that size and same alignment as /// `layout`. (The allocator is allowed to /// expend effort to accomplish this, such as extending the memory block to /// include successor blocks, or virtual memory tricks.) /// /// Regardless of what this method returns, ownership of the /// memory block referenced by `ptr` has not been transferred, and /// the contents of the memory block are unaltered. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following: /// /// * `ptr` must be currently allocated via this allocator, /// /// * `layout` must *fit* the `ptr` (see above); note the /// `new_size` argument need not fit it, /// /// * `new_size` must not be less than `layout.size()`, /// /// # Errors /// /// Returns `Err(CannotReallocInPlace)` when the allocator is /// unable to assert that the memory block referenced by `ptr` /// could fit `layout`. /// /// Note that one cannot pass `CannotReallocInPlace` to the `handle_alloc_error` /// function; clients are expected either to be able to recover from /// `grow_in_place` failures without aborting, or to fall back on /// another reallocation method before resorting to an abort. unsafefn grow_in_place(
&mutself,
ptr: NonNull<u8>,
layout: Layout,
new_size: usize,
) -> Result<(), CannotReallocInPlace> { let _ = ptr; // this default implementation doesn't care about the actual address.
debug_assert!(new_size >= layout.size()); let (_l, u) = self.usable_size(&layout); // _l <= layout.size() [guaranteed by usable_size()] // layout.size() <= new_layout.size() [required by this method] if new_size <= u {
Ok(())
} else {
Err(CannotReallocInPlace)
}
}
/// Attempts to shrink the allocation referenced by `ptr` to fit `new_size`. /// /// If this returns `Ok`, then the allocator has asserted that the /// memory block referenced by `ptr` now fits `new_size`, and /// thus can only be used to carry data of that smaller /// layout. (The allocator is allowed to take advantage of this, /// carving off portions of the block for reuse elsewhere.) The /// truncated contents of the block within the smaller layout are /// unaltered, and ownership of block has not been transferred. /// /// If this returns `Err`, then the memory block is considered to /// still represent the original (larger) `layout`. None of the /// block has been carved off for reuse elsewhere, ownership of /// the memory block has not been transferred, and the contents of /// the memory block are unaltered. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following: /// /// * `ptr` must be currently allocated via this allocator, /// /// * `layout` must *fit* the `ptr` (see above); note the /// `new_size` argument need not fit it, /// /// * `new_size` must not be greater than `layout.size()` /// (and must be greater than zero), /// /// # Errors /// /// Returns `Err(CannotReallocInPlace)` when the allocator is /// unable to assert that the memory block referenced by `ptr` /// could fit `layout`. /// /// Note that one cannot pass `CannotReallocInPlace` to the `handle_alloc_error` /// function; clients are expected either to be able to recover from /// `shrink_in_place` failures without aborting, or to fall back /// on another reallocation method before resorting to an abort. unsafefn shrink_in_place(
&mutself,
ptr: NonNull<u8>,
layout: Layout,
new_size: usize,
) -> Result<(), CannotReallocInPlace> { let _ = ptr; // this default implementation doesn't care about the actual address.
debug_assert!(new_size <= layout.size()); let (l, _u) = self.usable_size(&layout); // layout.size() <= _u [guaranteed by usable_size()] // new_layout.size() <= layout.size() [required by this method] if l <= new_size {
Ok(())
} else {
Err(CannotReallocInPlace)
}
}
/// Allocates a block suitable for holding an instance of `T`. /// /// Captures a common usage pattern for allocators. /// /// The returned block is suitable for passing to the /// `alloc`/`realloc` methods of this allocator. /// /// Note to implementors: If this returns `Ok(ptr)`, then `ptr` /// must be considered "currently allocated" and must be /// acceptable input to methods such as `realloc` or `dealloc`, /// *even if* `T` is a zero-sized type. In other words, if your /// `Alloc` implementation overrides this method in a manner /// that can return a zero-sized `ptr`, then all reallocation and /// deallocation methods need to be similarly overridden to accept /// such values as input. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `T` does not meet allocator's size or alignment constraints. /// /// For zero-sized `T`, may return either of `Ok` or `Err`, but /// will *not* yield undefined behavior. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html fn alloc_one<T>(&mutself) -> Result<NonNull<T>, AllocErr> where Self: Sized,
{ let k = Layout::new::<T>(); if k.size() > 0 { unsafe { self.alloc(k).map(|p| p.cast()) }
} else {
Err(AllocErr)
}
}
/// Deallocates a block suitable for holding an instance of `T`. /// /// The given block must have been produced by this allocator, /// and must be suitable for storing a `T` (in terms of alignment /// as well as minimum and maximum size); otherwise yields /// undefined behavior. /// /// Captures a common usage pattern for allocators. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure both: /// /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory currently allocated via this allocator /// /// * the layout of `T` must *fit* that block of memory. unsafefn dealloc_one<T>(&mutself, ptr: NonNull<T>) where Self: Sized,
{ let k = Layout::new::<T>(); if k.size() > 0 { self.dealloc(ptr.cast(), k);
}
}
/// Allocates a block suitable for holding `n` instances of `T`. /// /// Captures a common usage pattern for allocators. /// /// The returned block is suitable for passing to the /// `alloc`/`realloc` methods of this allocator. /// /// Note to implementors: If this returns `Ok(ptr)`, then `ptr` /// must be considered "currently allocated" and must be /// acceptable input to methods such as `realloc` or `dealloc`, /// *even if* `T` is a zero-sized type. In other words, if your /// `Alloc` implementation overrides this method in a manner /// that can return a zero-sized `ptr`, then all reallocation and /// deallocation methods need to be similarly overridden to accept /// such values as input. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `[T; n]` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints. /// /// For zero-sized `T` or `n == 0`, may return either of `Ok` or /// `Err`, but will *not* yield undefined behavior. /// /// Always returns `Err` on arithmetic overflow. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html fn alloc_array<T>(&mutself, n: usize) -> Result<NonNull<T>, AllocErr> where Self: Sized,
{ match Layout::array::<T>(n) {
Ok(layout) if layout.size() > 0 => unsafe { self.alloc(layout).map(|p| p.cast()) },
_ => Err(AllocErr),
}
}
/// Reallocates a block previously suitable for holding `n_old` /// instances of `T`, returning a block suitable for holding /// `n_new` instances of `T`. /// /// Captures a common usage pattern for allocators. /// /// The returned block is suitable for passing to the /// `alloc`/`realloc` methods of this allocator. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following: /// /// * `ptr` must be currently allocated via this allocator, /// /// * the layout of `[T; n_old]` must *fit* that block of memory. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either memory is exhausted or /// `[T; n_new]` does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints. /// /// For zero-sized `T` or `n_new == 0`, may return either of `Ok` or /// `Err`, but will *not* yield undefined behavior. /// /// Always returns `Err` on arithmetic overflow. /// /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to a /// reallocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function, /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar. /// /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html unsafefn realloc_array<T>(
&mutself,
ptr: NonNull<T>,
n_old: usize,
n_new: usize,
) -> Result<NonNull<T>, AllocErr> where Self: Sized,
{ match (Layout::array::<T>(n_old), Layout::array::<T>(n_new)) {
(Ok(ref k_old), Ok(ref k_new)) if k_old.size() > 0 && k_new.size() > 0 => {
debug_assert!(k_old.align() == k_new.align()); self.realloc(ptr.cast(), *k_old, k_new.size())
.map(NonNull::cast)
}
_ => Err(AllocErr),
}
}
/// Deallocates a block suitable for holding `n` instances of `T`. /// /// Captures a common usage pattern for allocators. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result /// if the caller does not ensure both: /// /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory currently allocated via this allocator /// /// * the layout of `[T; n]` must *fit* that block of memory. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returning `Err` indicates that either `[T; n]` or the given /// memory block does not meet allocator's size or alignment /// constraints. /// /// Always returns `Err` on arithmetic overflow. unsafefn dealloc_array<T>(&mutself, ptr: NonNull<T>, n: usize) -> Result<(), AllocErr> where Self: Sized,
{ match Layout::array::<T>(n) {
Ok(k) if k.size() > 0 => { self.dealloc(ptr.cast(), k);
Ok(())
}
_ => Err(AllocErr),
}
}
}
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