use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut}; use core::cmp; use core::fmt; use core::marker::PhantomData; use core::mem::{self, MaybeUninit}; use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut}; use core::slice; use core::sync::atomic::Ordering;
usecrate::alloc::alloc; usecrate::alloc::boxed::Box; usecrate::guard::Guard; usecrate::primitive::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize; use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicConsume;
/// Given ordering for the success case in a compare-exchange operation, returns the strongest /// appropriate ordering for the failure case. #[inline] fn strongest_failure_ordering(ord: Ordering) -> Ordering { useself::Ordering::*; match ord {
Relaxed | Release => Relaxed,
Acquire | AcqRel => Acquire,
_ => SeqCst,
}
}
/// The error returned on failed compare-and-set operation. // TODO: remove in the next major version. #[deprecated(note = "Use `CompareExchangeError` instead")] pubtype CompareAndSetError<'g, T, P> = CompareExchangeError<'g, T, P>;
/// The error returned on failed compare-and-swap operation. pubstruct CompareExchangeError<'g, T: ?Sized + Pointable, P: Pointer<T>> { /// The value in the atomic pointer at the time of the failed operation. pub current: Shared<'g, T>,
/// The new value, which the operation failed to store. pub new: P,
}
/// Memory orderings for compare-and-set operations. /// /// A compare-and-set operation can have different memory orderings depending on whether it /// succeeds or fails. This trait generalizes different ways of specifying memory orderings. /// /// The two ways of specifying orderings for compare-and-set are: /// /// 1. Just one `Ordering` for the success case. In case of failure, the strongest appropriate /// ordering is chosen. /// 2. A pair of `Ordering`s. The first one is for the success case, while the second one is /// for the failure case. // TODO: remove in the next major version. #[deprecated(
note = "`compare_and_set` and `compare_and_set_weak` that use this trait are deprecated, \ use `compare_exchange` or `compare_exchange_weak instead`"
)] pubtrait CompareAndSetOrdering { /// The ordering of the operation when it succeeds. fn success(&self) -> Ordering;
/// The ordering of the operation when it fails. /// /// The failure ordering can't be `Release` or `AcqRel` and must be equivalent or weaker than /// the success ordering. fn failure(&self) -> Ordering;
}
/// Returns a bitmask containing the unused least significant bits of an aligned pointer to `T`. #[inline] fn low_bits<T: ?Sized + Pointable>() -> usize {
(1 << T::ALIGN.trailing_zeros()) - 1
}
/// Panics if the pointer is not properly unaligned. #[inline] fn ensure_aligned<T: ?Sized + Pointable>(raw: usize) {
assert_eq!(raw & low_bits::<T>(), 0, "unaligned pointer");
}
/// Given a tagged pointer `data`, returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`. /// /// `tag` is truncated to fit into the unused bits of the pointer to `T`. #[inline] fn compose_tag<T: ?Sized + Pointable>(data: usize, tag: usize) -> usize {
(data & !low_bits::<T>()) | (tag & low_bits::<T>())
}
/// Decomposes a tagged pointer `data` into the pointer and the tag. #[inline] fn decompose_tag<T: ?Sized + Pointable>(data: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
(data & !low_bits::<T>(), data & low_bits::<T>())
}
/// Types that are pointed to by a single word. /// /// In concurrent programming, it is necessary to represent an object within a word because atomic /// operations (e.g., reads, writes, read-modify-writes) support only single words. This trait /// qualifies such types that are pointed to by a single word. /// /// The trait generalizes `Box<T>` for a sized type `T`. In a box, an object of type `T` is /// allocated in heap and it is owned by a single-word pointer. This trait is also implemented for /// `[MaybeUninit<T>]` by storing its size along with its elements and pointing to the pair of array /// size and elements. /// /// Pointers to `Pointable` types can be stored in [`Atomic`], [`Owned`], and [`Shared`]. In /// particular, Crossbeam supports dynamically sized slices as follows. /// /// ``` /// use std::mem::MaybeUninit; /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = Owned::<[MaybeUninit<i32>]>::init(10); // allocating [i32; 10] /// ``` pubtrait Pointable { /// The alignment of pointer. const ALIGN: usize;
/// The type for initializers. type Init;
/// Initializes a with the given initializer. /// /// # Safety /// /// The result should be a multiple of `ALIGN`. unsafefn init(init: Self::Init) -> usize;
/// Dereferences the given pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`]. /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`]. /// - `ptr` should not be mutably dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref_mut`] concurrently. unsafefn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a Self;
/// Mutably dereferences the given pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`]. /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`]. /// - `ptr` should not be dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref`] or [`Pointable::deref_mut`] /// concurrently. unsafefn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mutSelf;
/// Drops the object pointed to by the given pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// - The given `ptr` should have been initialized with [`Pointable::init`]. /// - `ptr` should not have yet been dropped by [`Pointable::drop`]. /// - `ptr` should not be dereferenced by [`Pointable::deref`] or [`Pointable::deref_mut`] /// concurrently. unsafefn drop(ptr: usize);
}
impl<T> Pointable for T { const ALIGN: usize = mem::align_of::<T>();
type Init = T;
unsafefn init(init: Self::Init) -> usize { Box::into_raw(Box::new(init)) as usize
}
unsafefn drop(ptr: usize) {
drop(Box::from_raw(ptr as *mut T));
}
}
/// Array with size. /// /// # Memory layout /// /// An array consisting of size and elements: /// /// ```text /// elements /// | /// | /// ------------------------------------ /// | size | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | /// ------------------------------------ /// ``` /// /// Its memory layout is different from that of `Box<[T]>` in that size is in the allocation (not /// along with pointer as in `Box<[T]>`). /// /// Elements are not present in the type, but they will be in the allocation. /// ``` /// // TODO(@jeehoonkang): once we bump the minimum required Rust version to 1.44 or newer, use // [`alloc::alloc::Layout::extend`] instead. #[repr(C)] struct Array<T> { /// The number of elements (not the number of bytes).
len: usize,
elements: [MaybeUninit<T>; 0],
}
impl<T> Pointable for [MaybeUninit<T>] { const ALIGN: usize = mem::align_of::<Array<T>>();
type Init = usize;
unsafefn init(len: Self::Init) -> usize { let size = mem::size_of::<Array<T>>() + mem::size_of::<MaybeUninit<T>>() * len; let align = mem::align_of::<Array<T>>(); let layout = alloc::Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap(); let ptr = alloc::alloc(layout).cast::<Array<T>>(); if ptr.is_null() {
alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout);
}
(*ptr).len = len;
ptr as usize
}
unsafefn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a Self { let array = &*(ptr as *const Array<T>);
slice::from_raw_parts(array.elements.as_ptr() as *const _, array.len)
}
unsafefn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mutSelf { let array = &*(ptr as *mut Array<T>);
slice::from_raw_parts_mut(array.elements.as_ptr() as *mut _, array.len)
}
unsafefn drop(ptr: usize) { let array = &*(ptr as *mut Array<T>); let size = mem::size_of::<Array<T>>() + mem::size_of::<MaybeUninit<T>>() * array.len; let align = mem::align_of::<Array<T>>(); let layout = alloc::Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap();
alloc::dealloc(ptr as *mut u8, layout);
}
}
/// An atomic pointer that can be safely shared between threads. /// /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused /// least significant bits of the address. For example, the tag for a pointer to a sized type `T` /// should be less than `(1 << mem::align_of::<T>().trailing_zeros())`. /// /// Any method that loads the pointer must be passed a reference to a [`Guard`]. /// /// Crossbeam supports dynamically sized types. See [`Pointable`] for details. pubstruct Atomic<T: ?Sized + Pointable> {
data: AtomicUsize,
_marker: PhantomData<*mut T>,
}
/// Loads a `Shared` from the atomic pointer. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn load<'g>(&self, ord: Ordering, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.load(ord)) }
}
/// Loads a `Shared` from the atomic pointer using a "consume" memory ordering. /// /// This is similar to the "acquire" ordering, except that an ordering is /// only guaranteed with operations that "depend on" the result of the load. /// However consume loads are usually much faster than acquire loads on /// architectures with a weak memory model since they don't require memory /// fence instructions. /// /// The exact definition of "depend on" is a bit vague, but it works as you /// would expect in practice since a lot of software, especially the Linux /// kernel, rely on this behavior. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load_consume(guard); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn load_consume<'g>(&self, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.load_consume()) }
}
/// Stores a `Shared` or `Owned` pointer into the atomic pointer. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{Atomic, Owned, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, &crossbeam_epoch::pin()).into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// a.store(Shared::null(), SeqCst); /// a.store(Owned::new(1234), SeqCst); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn store<P: Pointer<T>>(&self, new: P, ord: Ordering) { self.data.store(new.into_usize(), ord);
}
/// Stores a `Shared` or `Owned` pointer into the atomic pointer, returning the previous /// `Shared`. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.swap(Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn swap<'g, P: Pointer<T>>(&self, new: P, ord: Ordering, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.swap(new.into_usize(), ord)) }
}
/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal. /// /// The return value is a result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the /// pointer that was written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are /// returned. /// /// This method takes two `Ordering` arguments to describe the memory /// ordering of this operation. `success` describes the required ordering for the /// read-modify-write operation that takes place if the comparison with `current` succeeds. /// `failure` describes the required ordering for the load operation that takes place when /// the comparison fails. Using `Acquire` as success ordering makes the store part /// of this operation `Relaxed`, and using `Release` makes the successful load /// `Relaxed`. The failure ordering can only be `SeqCst`, `Acquire` or `Relaxed` /// and must be equivalent to or weaker than the success ordering. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// let res1 = a.compare_exchange(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard); /// let res2 = a.compare_exchange(curr, Owned::new(5678), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn compare_exchange<'g, P>(
&self,
current: Shared<'_, T>,
new: P,
success: Ordering,
failure: Ordering,
_: &'g Guard,
) -> Result<Shared<'g, T>, CompareExchangeError<'g, T, P>> where
P: Pointer<T>,
{ let new = new.into_usize(); self.data
.compare_exchange(current.into_usize(), new, success, failure)
.map(|_| unsafe { Shared::from_usize(new) })
.map_err(|current| unsafe {
CompareExchangeError {
current: Shared::from_usize(current),
new: P::from_usize(new),
}
})
}
/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal. /// /// Unlike [`compare_exchange`], this method is allowed to spuriously fail even when comparison /// succeeds, which can result in more efficient code on some platforms. The return value is a /// result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the pointer that was /// written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are returned. /// /// This method takes two `Ordering` arguments to describe the memory /// ordering of this operation. `success` describes the required ordering for the /// read-modify-write operation that takes place if the comparison with `current` succeeds. /// `failure` describes the required ordering for the load operation that takes place when /// the comparison fails. Using `Acquire` as success ordering makes the store part /// of this operation `Relaxed`, and using `Release` makes the successful load /// `Relaxed`. The failure ordering can only be `SeqCst`, `Acquire` or `Relaxed` /// and must be equivalent to or weaker than the success ordering. /// /// [`compare_exchange`]: Atomic::compare_exchange /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// /// let mut new = Owned::new(5678); /// let mut ptr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, guard).into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// loop { /// match a.compare_exchange_weak(ptr, new, SeqCst, SeqCst, guard) { /// Ok(p) => { /// ptr = p; /// break; /// } /// Err(err) => { /// ptr = err.current; /// new = err.new; /// } /// } /// } /// /// let mut curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// loop { /// match a.compare_exchange_weak(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, SeqCst, guard) { /// Ok(_) => break, /// Err(err) => curr = err.current, /// } /// } /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn compare_exchange_weak<'g, P>(
&self,
current: Shared<'_, T>,
new: P,
success: Ordering,
failure: Ordering,
_: &'g Guard,
) -> Result<Shared<'g, T>, CompareExchangeError<'g, T, P>> where
P: Pointer<T>,
{ let new = new.into_usize(); self.data
.compare_exchange_weak(current.into_usize(), new, success, failure)
.map(|_| unsafe { Shared::from_usize(new) })
.map_err(|current| unsafe {
CompareExchangeError {
current: Shared::from_usize(current),
new: P::from_usize(new),
}
})
}
/// Fetches the pointer, and then applies a function to it that returns a new value. /// Returns a `Result` of `Ok(previous_value)` if the function returned `Some`, else `Err(_)`. /// /// Note that the given function may be called multiple times if the value has been changed by /// other threads in the meantime, as long as the function returns `Some(_)`, but the function /// will have been applied only once to the stored value. /// /// `fetch_update` takes two [`Ordering`] arguments to describe the memory /// ordering of this operation. The first describes the required ordering for /// when the operation finally succeeds while the second describes the /// required ordering for loads. These correspond to the success and failure /// orderings of [`Atomic::compare_exchange`] respectively. /// /// Using [`Acquire`] as success ordering makes the store part of this /// operation [`Relaxed`], and using [`Release`] makes the final successful /// load [`Relaxed`]. The (failed) load ordering can only be [`SeqCst`], /// [`Acquire`] or [`Relaxed`] and must be equivalent to or weaker than the /// success ordering. /// /// [`Relaxed`]: Ordering::Relaxed /// [`Acquire`]: Ordering::Acquire /// [`Release`]: Ordering::Release /// [`SeqCst`]: Ordering::SeqCst /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// /// let res1 = a.fetch_update(SeqCst, SeqCst, guard, |x| Some(x.with_tag(1))); /// assert!(res1.is_ok()); /// /// let res2 = a.fetch_update(SeqCst, SeqCst, guard, |x| None); /// assert!(res2.is_err()); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn fetch_update<'g, F>(
&self,
set_order: Ordering,
fail_order: Ordering,
guard: &'g Guard, mut func: F,
) -> Result<Shared<'g, T>, Shared<'g, T>> where
F: FnMut(Shared<'g, T>) -> Option<Shared<'g, T>>,
{ letmut prev = self.load(fail_order, guard); whilelet Some(next) = func(prev) { matchself.compare_exchange_weak(prev, next, set_order, fail_order, guard) {
Ok(shared) => return Ok(shared),
Err(next_prev) => prev = next_prev.current,
}
}
Err(prev)
}
/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal. /// /// The return value is a result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the /// pointer that was written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are /// returned. /// /// This method takes a [`CompareAndSetOrdering`] argument which describes the memory /// ordering of this operation. /// /// # Migrating to `compare_exchange` /// /// `compare_and_set` is equivalent to `compare_exchange` with the following mapping for /// memory orderings: /// /// Original | Success | Failure /// -------- | ------- | ------- /// Relaxed | Relaxed | Relaxed /// Acquire | Acquire | Acquire /// Release | Release | Relaxed /// AcqRel | AcqRel | Acquire /// SeqCst | SeqCst | SeqCst /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # #![allow(deprecated)] /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// let res1 = a.compare_and_set(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard); /// let res2 = a.compare_and_set(curr, Owned::new(5678), SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` // TODO: remove in the next major version. #[allow(deprecated)] #[deprecated(note = "Use `compare_exchange` instead")] pubfn compare_and_set<'g, O, P>(
&self,
current: Shared<'_, T>,
new: P,
ord: O,
guard: &'g Guard,
) -> Result<Shared<'g, T>, CompareAndSetError<'g, T, P>> where
O: CompareAndSetOrdering,
P: Pointer<T>,
{ self.compare_exchange(current, new, ord.success(), ord.failure(), guard)
}
/// Stores the pointer `new` (either `Shared` or `Owned`) into the atomic pointer if the current /// value is the same as `current`. The tag is also taken into account, so two pointers to the /// same object, but with different tags, will not be considered equal. /// /// Unlike [`compare_and_set`], this method is allowed to spuriously fail even when comparison /// succeeds, which can result in more efficient code on some platforms. The return value is a /// result indicating whether the new pointer was written. On success the pointer that was /// written is returned. On failure the actual current value and `new` are returned. /// /// This method takes a [`CompareAndSetOrdering`] argument which describes the memory /// ordering of this operation. /// /// [`compare_and_set`]: Atomic::compare_and_set /// /// # Migrating to `compare_exchange_weak` /// /// `compare_and_set_weak` is equivalent to `compare_exchange_weak` with the following mapping for /// memory orderings: /// /// Original | Success | Failure /// -------- | ------- | ------- /// Relaxed | Relaxed | Relaxed /// Acquire | Acquire | Acquire /// Release | Release | Relaxed /// AcqRel | AcqRel | Acquire /// SeqCst | SeqCst | SeqCst /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # #![allow(deprecated)] /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// /// let mut new = Owned::new(5678); /// let mut ptr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// # unsafe { drop(a.load(SeqCst, guard).into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// loop { /// match a.compare_and_set_weak(ptr, new, SeqCst, guard) { /// Ok(p) => { /// ptr = p; /// break; /// } /// Err(err) => { /// ptr = err.current; /// new = err.new; /// } /// } /// } /// /// let mut curr = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// loop { /// match a.compare_and_set_weak(curr, Shared::null(), SeqCst, guard) { /// Ok(_) => break, /// Err(err) => curr = err.current, /// } /// } /// # unsafe { drop(curr.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` // TODO: remove in the next major version. #[allow(deprecated)] #[deprecated(note = "Use `compare_exchange_weak` instead")] pubfn compare_and_set_weak<'g, O, P>(
&self,
current: Shared<'_, T>,
new: P,
ord: O,
guard: &'g Guard,
) -> Result<Shared<'g, T>, CompareAndSetError<'g, T, P>> where
O: CompareAndSetOrdering,
P: Pointer<T>,
{ self.compare_exchange_weak(current, new, ord.success(), ord.failure(), guard)
}
/// Bitwise "and" with the current tag. /// /// Performs a bitwise "and" operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::<i32>::from(Shared::null().with_tag(3)); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_and(2, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 3); /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 2); /// ``` pubfn fetch_and<'g>(&self, val: usize, ord: Ordering, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.fetch_and(val | !low_bits::<T>(), ord)) }
}
/// Bitwise "or" with the current tag. /// /// Performs a bitwise "or" operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::<i32>::from(Shared::null().with_tag(1)); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_or(2, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 1); /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 3); /// ``` pubfn fetch_or<'g>(&self, val: usize, ord: Ordering, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.fetch_or(val & low_bits::<T>(), ord)) }
}
/// Bitwise "xor" with the current tag. /// /// Performs a bitwise "xor" operation on the current tag and the argument `val`, and sets the /// new tag to the result. Returns the previous pointer. /// /// This method takes an [`Ordering`] argument which describes the memory ordering of this /// operation. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Shared}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::<i32>::from(Shared::null().with_tag(1)); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// assert_eq!(a.fetch_xor(3, SeqCst, guard).tag(), 1); /// assert_eq!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).tag(), 2); /// ``` pubfn fetch_xor<'g>(&self, val: usize, ord: Ordering, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.data.fetch_xor(val & low_bits::<T>(), ord)) }
}
/// Takes ownership of the pointee. /// /// This consumes the atomic and converts it into [`Owned`]. As [`Atomic`] doesn't have a /// destructor and doesn't drop the pointee while [`Owned`] does, this is suitable for /// destructors of data structures. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if this pointer is null, but only in debug mode. /// /// # Safety /// /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a /// reference to the same object. /// /// # Examples /// /// ```rust /// # use std::mem; /// # use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic; /// struct DataStructure { /// ptr: Atomic<usize>, /// } /// /// impl Drop for DataStructure { /// fn drop(&mut self) { /// // By now the DataStructure lives only in our thread and we are sure we don't hold /// // any Shared or & to it ourselves. /// unsafe { /// drop(mem::replace(&mut self.ptr, Atomic::null()).into_owned()); /// } /// } /// } /// ``` pubunsafefn into_owned(self) -> Owned<T> { #[cfg(crossbeam_loom)]
{ // FIXME: loom does not yet support into_inner, so we use unsync_load for now, // which should have the same synchronization properties: // https://github.com/tokio-rs/loom/issues/117
Owned::from_usize(self.data.unsync_load())
} #[cfg(not(crossbeam_loom))]
{
Owned::from_usize(self.data.into_inner())
}
}
/// Takes ownership of the pointee if it is non-null. /// /// This consumes the atomic and converts it into [`Owned`]. As [`Atomic`] doesn't have a /// destructor and doesn't drop the pointee while [`Owned`] does, this is suitable for /// destructors of data structures. /// /// # Safety /// /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a /// reference to the same object, or the pointer is null. /// /// # Examples /// /// ```rust /// # use std::mem; /// # use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic; /// struct DataStructure { /// ptr: Atomic<usize>, /// } /// /// impl Drop for DataStructure { /// fn drop(&mut self) { /// // By now the DataStructure lives only in our thread and we are sure we don't hold /// // any Shared or & to it ourselves, but it may be null, so we have to be careful. /// let old = mem::replace(&mut self.ptr, Atomic::null()); /// unsafe { /// if let Some(x) = old.try_into_owned() { /// drop(x) /// } /// } /// } /// } /// ``` pubunsafefn try_into_owned(self) -> Option<Owned<T>> { // FIXME: See self.into_owned() #[cfg(crossbeam_loom)] let data = self.data.unsync_load(); #[cfg(not(crossbeam_loom))] let data = self.data.into_inner(); if decompose_tag::<T>(data).0 == 0 {
None
} else {
Some(Owned::from_usize(data))
}
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> fmt::Debug for Atomic<T> { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { let data = self.data.load(Ordering::SeqCst); let (raw, tag) = decompose_tag::<T>(data);
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> fmt::Pointer for Atomic<T> { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { let data = self.data.load(Ordering::SeqCst); let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(data);
fmt::Pointer::fmt(&(unsafe { T::deref(raw) as *const _ }), f)
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> Clone for Atomic<T> { /// Returns a copy of the atomic value. /// /// Note that a `Relaxed` load is used here. If you need synchronization, use it with other /// atomics or fences. fn clone(&self) -> Self { let data = self.data.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
Atomic::from_usize(data)
}
}
impl<'g, T: ?Sized + Pointable> From<Shared<'g, T>> for Atomic<T> { /// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to `ptr`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{Atomic, Shared}; /// /// let a = Atomic::<i32>::from(Shared::<i32>::null()); /// ``` fn from(ptr: Shared<'g, T>) -> Self { Self::from_usize(ptr.data)
}
}
impl<T> From<*const T> for Atomic<T> { /// Returns a new atomic pointer pointing to `raw`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::ptr; /// use crossbeam_epoch::Atomic; /// /// let a = Atomic::<i32>::from(ptr::null::<i32>()); /// ``` fn from(raw: *const T) -> Self { Self::from_usize(raw as usize)
}
}
/// A trait for either `Owned` or `Shared` pointers. pubtrait Pointer<T: ?Sized + Pointable> { /// Returns the machine representation of the pointer. fn into_usize(self) -> usize;
/// Returns a new pointer pointing to the tagged pointer `data`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The given `data` should have been created by `Pointer::into_usize()`, and one `data` should /// not be converted back by `Pointer::from_usize()` multiple times. unsafefn from_usize(data: usize) -> Self;
}
/// An owned heap-allocated object. /// /// This type is very similar to `Box<T>`. /// /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused /// least significant bits of the address. pubstruct Owned<T: ?Sized + Pointable> {
data: usize,
_marker: PhantomData<Box<T>>,
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> Pointer<T> for Owned<T> { #[inline] fn into_usize(self) -> usize { let data = self.data;
mem::forget(self);
data
}
/// Returns a new pointer pointing to the tagged pointer `data`. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the data is zero in debug mode. #[inline] unsafefn from_usize(data: usize) -> Self {
debug_assert!(data != 0, "converting zero into `Owned`");
Owned {
data,
_marker: PhantomData,
}
}
}
impl<T> Owned<T> { /// Returns a new owned pointer pointing to `raw`. /// /// This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory problems. Argument `raw` /// must be a valid pointer. Also, a double-free may occur if the function is called twice on /// the same raw pointer. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `raw` is not properly aligned. /// /// # Safety /// /// The given `raw` should have been derived from `Owned`, and one `raw` should not be converted /// back by `Owned::from_raw()` multiple times. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = unsafe { Owned::from_raw(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234))) }; /// ``` pubunsafefn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Owned<T> { let raw = raw as usize;
ensure_aligned::<T>(raw); Self::from_usize(raw)
}
/// Converts the owned pointer into a `Box`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = Owned::new(1234); /// let b: Box<i32> = o.into_box(); /// assert_eq!(*b, 1234); /// ``` pubfn into_box(self) -> Box<T> { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
mem::forget(self); unsafe { Box::from_raw(raw as *mut _) }
}
/// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new owned pointer pointing to it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = Owned::new(1234); /// ``` pubfn new(init: T) -> Owned<T> { Self::init(init)
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> Owned<T> { /// Allocates `value` on the heap and returns a new owned pointer pointing to it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = Owned::<i32>::init(1234); /// ``` pubfn init(init: T::Init) -> Owned<T> { unsafe { Self::from_usize(T::init(init)) }
}
/// Converts the owned pointer into a [`Shared`]. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Owned}; /// /// let o = Owned::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = o.into_shared(guard); /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` #[allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)] pubfn into_shared<'g>(self, _: &'g Guard) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Shared::from_usize(self.into_usize()) }
}
/// Returns the tag stored within the pointer. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// assert_eq!(Owned::new(1234).tag(), 0); /// ``` pubfn tag(&self) -> usize { let (_, tag) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
tag
}
/// Returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`. `tag` is truncated to be fit into the /// unused bits of the pointer to `T`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Owned; /// /// let o = Owned::new(0u64); /// assert_eq!(o.tag(), 0); /// let o = o.with_tag(2); /// assert_eq!(o.tag(), 2); /// ``` pubfn with_tag(self, tag: usize) -> Owned<T> { let data = self.into_usize(); unsafe { Self::from_usize(compose_tag::<T>(data, tag)) }
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> Drop for Owned<T> { fn drop(&mutself) { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data); unsafe {
T::drop(raw);
}
}
}
impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> AsMut<T> for Owned<T> { fn as_mut(&mutself) -> &mut T { self.deref_mut()
}
}
/// A pointer to an object protected by the epoch GC. /// /// The pointer is valid for use only during the lifetime `'g`. /// /// The pointer must be properly aligned. Since it is aligned, a tag can be stored into the unused /// least significant bits of the address. pubstruct Shared<'g, T: 'g + ?Sized + Pointable> {
data: usize,
_marker: PhantomData<(&'g (), *const T)>,
}
impl<'g, T> Shared<'g, T> { /// Converts the pointer to a raw pointer (without the tag). /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let o = Owned::new(1234); /// let raw = &*o as *const _; /// let a = Atomic::from(o); /// /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// assert_eq!(p.as_raw(), raw); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn as_raw(&self) -> *const T { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
raw as *const _
}
}
impl<'g, T: ?Sized + Pointable> Shared<'g, T> { /// Returns a new null pointer. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Shared; /// /// let p = Shared::<i32>::null(); /// assert!(p.is_null()); /// ``` pubfn null() -> Shared<'g, T> {
Shared {
data: 0,
_marker: PhantomData,
}
}
/// Returns `true` if the pointer is null. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::null(); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// assert!(a.load(SeqCst, guard).is_null()); /// a.store(Owned::new(1234), SeqCst); /// assert!(!a.load(SeqCst, guard).is_null()); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn is_null(&self) -> bool { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
raw == 0
}
/// Dereferences the pointer. /// /// Returns a reference to the pointee that is valid during the lifetime `'g`. /// /// # Safety /// /// Dereferencing a pointer is unsafe because it could be pointing to invalid memory. /// /// Another concern is the possibility of data races due to lack of proper synchronization. /// For example, consider the following scenario: /// /// 1. A thread creates a new object: `a.store(Owned::new(10), Relaxed)` /// 2. Another thread reads it: `*a.load(Relaxed, guard).as_ref().unwrap()` /// /// The problem is that relaxed orderings don't synchronize initialization of the object with /// the read from the second thread. This is a data race. A possible solution would be to use /// `Release` and `Acquire` orderings. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// unsafe { /// assert_eq!(p.deref(), &1234); /// } /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubunsafefn deref(&self) -> &'g T { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
T::deref(raw)
}
/// Dereferences the pointer. /// /// Returns a mutable reference to the pointee that is valid during the lifetime `'g`. /// /// # Safety /// /// * There is no guarantee that there are no more threads attempting to read/write from/to the /// actual object at the same time. /// /// The user must know that there are no concurrent accesses towards the object itself. /// /// * Other than the above, all safety concerns of `deref()` applies here. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// /// let mut p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// unsafe { /// assert!(!p.is_null()); /// let b = p.deref_mut(); /// assert_eq!(b, &vec![1, 2, 3, 4]); /// b.push(5); /// assert_eq!(b, &vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]); /// } /// /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// unsafe { /// assert_eq!(p.deref(), &vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]); /// } /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubunsafefn deref_mut(&mutself) -> &'g mut T { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
T::deref_mut(raw)
}
/// Converts the pointer to a reference. /// /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else a reference to the object wrapped in `Some`. /// /// # Safety /// /// Dereferencing a pointer is unsafe because it could be pointing to invalid memory. /// /// Another concern is the possibility of data races due to lack of proper synchronization. /// For example, consider the following scenario: /// /// 1. A thread creates a new object: `a.store(Owned::new(10), Relaxed)` /// 2. Another thread reads it: `*a.load(Relaxed, guard).as_ref().unwrap()` /// /// The problem is that relaxed orderings don't synchronize initialization of the object with /// the read from the second thread. This is a data race. A possible solution would be to use /// `Release` and `Acquire` orderings. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// unsafe { /// assert_eq!(p.as_ref(), Some(&1234)); /// } /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubunsafefn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&'g T> { let (raw, _) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data); if raw == 0 {
None
} else {
Some(T::deref(raw))
}
}
/// Takes ownership of the pointee. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if this pointer is null, but only in debug mode. /// /// # Safety /// /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a /// reference to the same object. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// unsafe { /// let guard = &epoch::unprotected(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// drop(p.into_owned()); /// } /// ``` pubunsafefn into_owned(self) -> Owned<T> {
debug_assert!(!self.is_null(), "converting a null `Shared` into `Owned`");
Owned::from_usize(self.data)
}
/// Takes ownership of the pointee if it is not null. /// /// # Safety /// /// This method may be called only if the pointer is valid and nobody else is holding a /// reference to the same object, or if the pointer is null. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(1234); /// unsafe { /// let guard = &epoch::unprotected(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// if let Some(x) = p.try_into_owned() { /// drop(x); /// } /// } /// ``` pubunsafefn try_into_owned(self) -> Option<Owned<T>> { ifself.is_null() {
None
} else {
Some(Owned::from_usize(self.data))
}
}
/// Returns the tag stored within the pointer. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic, Owned}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::<u64>::from(Owned::new(0u64).with_tag(2)); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// assert_eq!(p.tag(), 2); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn tag(&self) -> usize { let (_, tag) = decompose_tag::<T>(self.data);
tag
}
/// Returns the same pointer, but tagged with `tag`. `tag` is truncated to be fit into the /// unused bits of the pointer to `T`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::{self as epoch, Atomic}; /// use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst; /// /// let a = Atomic::new(0u64); /// let guard = &epoch::pin(); /// let p1 = a.load(SeqCst, guard); /// let p2 = p1.with_tag(2); /// /// assert_eq!(p1.tag(), 0); /// assert_eq!(p2.tag(), 2); /// assert_eq!(p1.as_raw(), p2.as_raw()); /// # unsafe { drop(a.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` pubfn with_tag(&self, tag: usize) -> Shared<'g, T> { unsafe { Self::from_usize(compose_tag::<T>(self.data, tag)) }
}
}
impl<T> From<*const T> for Shared<'_, T> { /// Returns a new pointer pointing to `raw`. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `raw` is not properly aligned. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use crossbeam_epoch::Shared; /// /// let p = Shared::from(Box::into_raw(Box::new(1234)) as *const _); /// assert!(!p.is_null()); /// # unsafe { drop(p.into_owned()); } // avoid leak /// ``` fn from(raw: *const T) -> Self { let raw = raw as usize;
ensure_aligned::<T>(raw); unsafe { Self::from_usize(raw) }
}
}
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