//! The global data and participant for garbage collection. //! //! # Registration //! //! In order to track all participants in one place, we need some form of participant //! registration. When a participant is created, it is registered to a global lock-free //! singly-linked list of registries; and when a participant is leaving, it is unregistered from the //! list. //! //! # Pinning //! //! Every participant contains an integer that tells whether the participant is pinned and if so, //! what was the global epoch at the time it was pinned. Participants also hold a pin counter that //! aids in periodic global epoch advancement. //! //! When a participant is pinned, a `Guard` is returned as a witness that the participant is pinned. //! Guards are necessary for performing atomic operations, and for freeing/dropping locations. //! //! # Thread-local bag //! //! Objects that get unlinked from concurrent data structures must be stashed away until the global //! epoch sufficiently advances so that they become safe for destruction. Pointers to such objects //! are pushed into a thread-local bag, and when it becomes full, the bag is marked with the current //! global epoch and pushed into the global queue of bags. We store objects in thread-local storages //! for amortizing the synchronization cost of pushing the garbages to a global queue. //! //! # Global queue //! //! Whenever a bag is pushed into a queue, the objects in some bags in the queue are collected and //! destroyed along the way. This design reduces contention on data structures. The global queue //! cannot be explicitly accessed: the only way to interact with it is by calling functions //! `defer()` that adds an object to the thread-local bag, or `collect()` that manually triggers //! garbage collection. //! //! Ideally each instance of concurrent data structure may have its own queue that gets fully //! destroyed as soon as the data structure gets dropped.
usecrate::primitive::cell::UnsafeCell; usecrate::primitive::sync::atomic; use core::cell::Cell; use core::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop}; use core::num::Wrapping; use core::sync::atomic::Ordering; use core::{fmt, ptr};
use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded; use memoffset::offset_of;
/// Maximum number of objects a bag can contain. #[cfg(not(any(crossbeam_sanitize, miri)))] const MAX_OBJECTS: usize = 64; // Makes it more likely to trigger any potential data races. #[cfg(any(crossbeam_sanitize, miri))] const MAX_OBJECTS: usize = 4;
/// A bag of deferred functions. pub(crate) struct Bag { /// Stashed objects.
deferreds: [Deferred; MAX_OBJECTS],
len: usize,
}
/// `Bag::try_push()` requires that it is safe for another thread to execute the given functions. unsafeimpl Send for Bag {}
impl Bag { /// Returns a new, empty bag. pub(crate) fn new() -> Self { Self::default()
}
/// Returns `true` if the bag is empty. pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len == 0
}
/// Attempts to insert a deferred function into the bag. /// /// Returns `Ok(())` if successful, and `Err(deferred)` for the given `deferred` if the bag is /// full. /// /// # Safety /// /// It should be safe for another thread to execute the given function. pub(crate) unsafefn try_push(&mutself, deferred: Deferred) -> Result<(), Deferred> { ifself.len < MAX_OBJECTS { self.deferreds[self.len] = deferred; self.len += 1;
Ok(())
} else {
Err(deferred)
}
}
/// Seals the bag with the given epoch. fn seal(self, epoch: Epoch) -> SealedBag {
SealedBag { epoch, _bag: self }
}
}
impl Default for Bag { fn default() -> Self {
Bag {
len: 0,
deferreds: [Deferred::NO_OP; MAX_OBJECTS],
}
}
}
impl Drop for Bag { fn drop(&mutself) { // Call all deferred functions. for deferred in &mutself.deferreds[..self.len] { let no_op = Deferred::NO_OP; let owned_deferred = mem::replace(deferred, no_op);
owned_deferred.call();
}
}
}
// can't #[derive(Debug)] because Debug is not implemented for arrays 64 items long impl fmt::Debug for Bag { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Bag")
.field("deferreds", &&self.deferreds[..self.len])
.finish()
}
}
/// A pair of an epoch and a bag. #[derive(Default, Debug)] struct SealedBag {
epoch: Epoch,
_bag: Bag,
}
/// It is safe to share `SealedBag` because `is_expired` only inspects the epoch. unsafeimpl Sync for SealedBag {}
impl SealedBag { /// Checks if it is safe to drop the bag w.r.t. the given global epoch. fn is_expired(&self, global_epoch: Epoch) -> bool { // A pinned participant can witness at most one epoch advancement. Therefore, any bag that // is within one epoch of the current one cannot be destroyed yet.
global_epoch.wrapping_sub(self.epoch) >= 2
}
}
/// The global data for a garbage collector. pub(crate) struct Global { /// The intrusive linked list of `Local`s.
locals: List<Local>,
/// The global queue of bags of deferred functions.
queue: Queue<SealedBag>,
/// The global epoch. pub(crate) epoch: CachePadded<AtomicEpoch>,
}
impl Global { /// Number of bags to destroy. const COLLECT_STEPS: usize = 8;
/// Creates a new global data for garbage collection. #[inline] pub(crate) fn new() -> Self { Self {
locals: List::new(),
queue: Queue::new(),
epoch: CachePadded::new(AtomicEpoch::new(Epoch::starting())),
}
}
/// Pushes the bag into the global queue and replaces the bag with a new empty bag. pub(crate) fn push_bag(&self, bag: &mut Bag, guard: &Guard) { let bag = mem::replace(bag, Bag::new());
atomic::fence(Ordering::SeqCst);
let epoch = self.epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed); self.queue.push(bag.seal(epoch), guard);
}
/// Collects several bags from the global queue and executes deferred functions in them. /// /// Note: This may itself produce garbage and in turn allocate new bags. /// /// `pin()` rarely calls `collect()`, so we want the compiler to place that call on a cold /// path. In other words, we want the compiler to optimize branching for the case when /// `collect()` is not called. #[cold] pub(crate) fn collect(&self, guard: &Guard) { let global_epoch = self.try_advance(guard);
let steps = if cfg!(crossbeam_sanitize) {
usize::max_value()
} else { Self::COLLECT_STEPS
};
/// Attempts to advance the global epoch. /// /// The global epoch can advance only if all currently pinned participants have been pinned in /// the current epoch. /// /// Returns the current global epoch. /// /// `try_advance()` is annotated `#[cold]` because it is rarely called. #[cold] pub(crate) fn try_advance(&self, guard: &Guard) -> Epoch { let global_epoch = self.epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
atomic::fence(Ordering::SeqCst);
// TODO(stjepang): `Local`s are stored in a linked list because linked lists are fairly // easy to implement in a lock-free manner. However, traversal can be slow due to cache // misses and data dependencies. We should experiment with other data structures as well. for local inself.locals.iter(guard) { match local {
Err(IterError::Stalled) => { // A concurrent thread stalled this iteration. That thread might also try to // advance the epoch, in which case we leave the job to it. Otherwise, the // epoch will not be advanced. return global_epoch;
}
Ok(local) => { let local_epoch = local.epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
// If the participant was pinned in a different epoch, we cannot advance the // global epoch just yet. if local_epoch.is_pinned() && local_epoch.unpinned() != global_epoch { return global_epoch;
}
}
}
}
atomic::fence(Ordering::Acquire);
// All pinned participants were pinned in the current global epoch. // Now let's advance the global epoch... // // Note that if another thread already advanced it before us, this store will simply // overwrite the global epoch with the same value. This is true because `try_advance` was // called from a thread that was pinned in `global_epoch`, and the global epoch cannot be // advanced two steps ahead of it. let new_epoch = global_epoch.successor(); self.epoch.store(new_epoch, Ordering::Release);
new_epoch
}
}
/// Participant for garbage collection. pub(crate) struct Local { /// A node in the intrusive linked list of `Local`s.
entry: Entry,
/// The local epoch.
epoch: AtomicEpoch,
/// A reference to the global data. /// /// When all guards and handles get dropped, this reference is destroyed.
collector: UnsafeCell<ManuallyDrop<Collector>>,
/// The local bag of deferred functions. pub(crate) bag: UnsafeCell<Bag>,
/// The number of guards keeping this participant pinned.
guard_count: Cell<usize>,
/// The number of active handles.
handle_count: Cell<usize>,
/// Total number of pinnings performed. /// /// This is just an auxiliary counter that sometimes kicks off collection.
pin_count: Cell<Wrapping<usize>>,
}
// Make sure `Local` is less than or equal to 2048 bytes. // https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/issues/551 #[cfg(not(any(crossbeam_sanitize, miri)))] // `crossbeam_sanitize` and `miri` reduce the size of `Local` #[test] fn local_size() { // TODO: https://github.com/crossbeam-rs/crossbeam/issues/869 // assert!( // core::mem::size_of::<Local>() <= 2048, // "An allocation of `Local` should be <= 2048 bytes." // );
}
impl Local { /// Number of pinnings after which a participant will execute some deferred functions from the /// global queue. const PINNINGS_BETWEEN_COLLECT: usize = 128;
/// Registers a new `Local` in the provided `Global`. pub(crate) fn register(collector: &Collector) -> LocalHandle { unsafe { // Since we dereference no pointers in this block, it is safe to use `unprotected`.
/// Returns a reference to the `Global` in which this `Local` resides. #[inline] pub(crate) fn global(&self) -> &Global {
&self.collector().global
}
/// Returns a reference to the `Collector` in which this `Local` resides. #[inline] pub(crate) fn collector(&self) -> &Collector { self.collector.with(|c| unsafe { &**c })
}
/// Returns `true` if the current participant is pinned. #[inline] pub(crate) fn is_pinned(&self) -> bool { self.guard_count.get() > 0
}
/// Adds `deferred` to the thread-local bag. /// /// # Safety /// /// It should be safe for another thread to execute the given function. pub(crate) unsafefn defer(&self, mut deferred: Deferred, guard: &Guard) { let bag = self.bag.with_mut(|b| &mut *b);
pub(crate) fn flush(&self, guard: &Guard) { let bag = self.bag.with_mut(|b| unsafe { &mut *b });
if !bag.is_empty() { self.global().push_bag(bag, guard);
}
self.global().collect(guard);
}
/// Pins the `Local`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn pin(&self) -> Guard { let guard = Guard { local: self };
let guard_count = self.guard_count.get(); self.guard_count.set(guard_count.checked_add(1).unwrap());
if guard_count == 0 { let global_epoch = self.global().epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed); let new_epoch = global_epoch.pinned();
// Now we must store `new_epoch` into `self.epoch` and execute a `SeqCst` fence. // The fence makes sure that any future loads from `Atomic`s will not happen before // this store. if cfg!(all(
any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64"),
not(miri)
)) { // HACK(stjepang): On x86 architectures there are two different ways of executing // a `SeqCst` fence. // // 1. `atomic::fence(SeqCst)`, which compiles into a `mfence` instruction. // 2. `_.compare_exchange(_, _, SeqCst, SeqCst)`, which compiles into a `lock cmpxchg` // instruction. // // Both instructions have the effect of a full barrier, but benchmarks have shown // that the second one makes pinning faster in this particular case. It is not // clear that this is permitted by the C++ memory model (SC fences work very // differently from SC accesses), but experimental evidence suggests that this // works fine. Using inline assembly would be a viable (and correct) alternative, // but alas, that is not possible on stable Rust. let current = Epoch::starting(); let res = self.epoch.compare_exchange(
current,
new_epoch,
Ordering::SeqCst,
Ordering::SeqCst,
);
debug_assert!(res.is_ok(), "participant was expected to be unpinned"); // We add a compiler fence to make it less likely for LLVM to do something wrong // here. Formally, this is not enough to get rid of data races; practically, // it should go a long way.
atomic::compiler_fence(Ordering::SeqCst);
} else { self.epoch.store(new_epoch, Ordering::Relaxed);
atomic::fence(Ordering::SeqCst);
}
// Increment the pin counter. let count = self.pin_count.get(); self.pin_count.set(count + Wrapping(1));
// After every `PINNINGS_BETWEEN_COLLECT` try advancing the epoch and collecting // some garbage. if count.0 % Self::PINNINGS_BETWEEN_COLLECT == 0 { self.global().collect(&guard);
}
}
guard
}
/// Unpins the `Local`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn unpin(&self) { let guard_count = self.guard_count.get(); self.guard_count.set(guard_count - 1);
if guard_count == 1 { self.epoch.store(Epoch::starting(), Ordering::Release);
/// Unpins and then pins the `Local`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn repin(&self) { let guard_count = self.guard_count.get();
// Update the local epoch only if there's only one guard. if guard_count == 1 { let epoch = self.epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed); let global_epoch = self.global().epoch.load(Ordering::Relaxed).pinned();
// Update the local epoch only if the global epoch is greater than the local epoch. if epoch != global_epoch { // We store the new epoch with `Release` because we need to ensure any memory // accesses from the previous epoch do not leak into the new one. self.epoch.store(global_epoch, Ordering::Release);
// However, we don't need a following `SeqCst` fence, because it is safe for memory // accesses from the new epoch to be executed before updating the local epoch. At // worse, other threads will see the new epoch late and delay GC slightly.
}
}
}
/// Removes the `Local` from the global linked list. #[cold] fn finalize(&self) {
debug_assert_eq!(self.guard_count.get(), 0);
debug_assert_eq!(self.handle_count.get(), 0);
// Temporarily increment handle count. This is required so that the following call to `pin` // doesn't call `finalize` again. self.handle_count.set(1); unsafe { // Pin and move the local bag into the global queue. It's important that `push_bag` // doesn't defer destruction on any new garbage. let guard = &self.pin(); self.global()
.push_bag(self.bag.with_mut(|b| &mut *b), guard);
} // Revert the handle count back to zero. self.handle_count.set(0);
unsafe { // Take the reference to the `Global` out of this `Local`. Since we're not protected // by a guard at this time, it's crucial that the reference is read before marking the // `Local` as deleted. let collector: Collector = ptr::read(self.collector.with(|c| &*(*c)));
// Mark this node in the linked list as deleted. self.entry.delete(unprotected());
// Finally, drop the reference to the global. Note that this might be the last reference // to the `Global`. If so, the global data will be destroyed and all deferred functions // in its queue will be executed.
drop(collector);
}
}
}
impl IsElement<Local> for Local { fn entry_of(local: &Local) -> &Entry { let entry_ptr = (local as *const Local as usize + offset_of!(Local, entry)) as *const Entry; unsafe { &*entry_ptr }
}
unsafefn element_of(entry: &Entry) -> &Local { // offset_of! macro uses unsafe, but it's unnecessary in this context. #[allow(unused_unsafe)] let local_ptr = (entry as *const Entry as usize - offset_of!(Local, entry)) as *const Local;
&*local_ptr
}
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