//! Futures //! //! This module contains a number of functions for working with `Future`s, //! including the `FutureExt` trait which adds methods to `Future` types.
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::boxed::Box; use core::pin::Pin;
usecrate::fns::{inspect_fn, into_fn, ok_fn, InspectFn, IntoFn, OkFn}; usecrate::future::{assert_future, Either}; usecrate::never::Never; usecrate::stream::assert_stream; #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use futures_core::future::{BoxFuture, LocalBoxFuture}; use futures_core::{
future::Future,
stream::Stream,
task::{Context, Poll},
}; use pin_utils::pin_mut;
// Combinators
mod flatten; mod fuse; mod map;
delegate_all!( /// Future for the [`flatten`](super::FutureExt::flatten) method.
Flatten<F>(
flatten::Flatten<F, <F as Future>::Output>
): Debug + Future + FusedFuture + New[|x: F| flatten::Flatten::new(x)] where F: Future
);
delegate_all!( /// Stream for the [`flatten_stream`](FutureExt::flatten_stream) method.
FlattenStream<F>(
flatten::Flatten<F, <F as Future>::Output>
): Debug + Sink + Stream + FusedStream + New[|x: F| flatten::Flatten::new(x)] where F: Future
);
impl<T: ?Sized> FutureExt for T where T: Future {}
/// An extension trait for `Future`s that provides a variety of convenient /// adapters. pubtrait FutureExt: Future { /// Map this future's output to a different type, returning a new future of /// the resulting type. /// /// This function is similar to the `Option::map` or `Iterator::map` where /// it will change the type of the underlying future. This is useful to /// chain along a computation once a future has been resolved. /// /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a /// wrapped version of it, similar to the existing `map` methods in the /// standard library. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let future = async { 1 }; /// let new_future = future.map(|x| x + 3); /// assert_eq!(new_future.await, 4); /// # }); /// ``` fn map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Map<Self, F> where
F: FnOnce(Self::Output) -> U, Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<U, _>(Map::new(self, f))
}
/// Map this future's output to a different type, returning a new future of /// the resulting type. /// /// This function is equivalent to calling `map(Into::into)` but allows naming /// the return type. fn map_into<U>(self) -> MapInto<Self, U> where Self::Output: Into<U>, Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<U, _>(MapInto::new(self))
}
/// Chain on a computation for when a future finished, passing the result of /// the future to the provided closure `f`. /// /// The returned value of the closure must implement the `Future` trait /// and can represent some more work to be done before the composed future /// is finished. /// /// The closure `f` is only run *after* successful completion of the `self` /// future. /// /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a /// wrapped version of it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let future_of_1 = async { 1 }; /// let future_of_4 = future_of_1.then(|x| async move { x + 3 }); /// assert_eq!(future_of_4.await, 4); /// # }); /// ``` fn then<Fut, F>(self, f: F) -> Then<Self, Fut, F> where
F: FnOnce(Self::Output) -> Fut,
Fut: Future, Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Fut::Output, _>(Then::new(self, f))
}
/// Wrap this future in an `Either` future, making it the left-hand variant /// of that `Either`. /// /// This can be used in combination with the `right_future` method to write `if` /// statements that evaluate to different futures in different branches. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let x = 6; /// let future = if x < 10 { /// async { true }.left_future() /// } else { /// async { false }.right_future() /// }; /// /// assert_eq!(future.await, true); /// # }); /// ``` fn left_future<B>(self) -> Either<Self, B> where
B: Future<Output = Self::Output>, Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Either::Left(self))
}
/// Wrap this future in an `Either` future, making it the right-hand variant /// of that `Either`. /// /// This can be used in combination with the `left_future` method to write `if` /// statements that evaluate to different futures in different branches. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let x = 6; /// let future = if x > 10 { /// async { true }.left_future() /// } else { /// async { false }.right_future() /// }; /// /// assert_eq!(future.await, false); /// # }); /// ``` fn right_future<A>(self) -> Either<A, Self> where
A: Future<Output = Self::Output>, Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Either::Right(self))
}
/// Convert this future into a single element stream. /// /// The returned stream contains single success if this future resolves to /// success or single error if this future resolves into error. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// use futures::stream::StreamExt; /// /// let future = async { 17 }; /// let stream = future.into_stream(); /// let collected: Vec<_> = stream.collect().await; /// assert_eq!(collected, vec![17]); /// # }); /// ``` fn into_stream(self) -> IntoStream<Self> where Self: Sized,
{
assert_stream::<Self::Output, _>(IntoStream::new(self))
}
/// Flatten the execution of this future when the output of this /// future is itself another future. /// /// This can be useful when combining futures together to flatten the /// computation out the final result. /// /// This method is roughly equivalent to `self.then(|x| x)`. /// /// Note that this function consumes the receiving future and returns a /// wrapped version of it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let nested_future = async { async { 1 } }; /// let future = nested_future.flatten(); /// assert_eq!(future.await, 1); /// # }); /// ``` fn flatten(self) -> Flatten<Self> where Self::Output: Future, Self: Sized,
{ let f = Flatten::new(self);
assert_future::<<<Selfas Future>::Output as Future>::Output, _>(f)
}
/// Flatten the execution of this future when the successful result of this /// future is a stream. /// /// This can be useful when stream initialization is deferred, and it is /// convenient to work with that stream as if stream was available at the /// call site. /// /// Note that this function consumes this future and returns a wrapped /// version of it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// use futures::stream::{self, StreamExt}; /// /// let stream_items = vec![17, 18, 19]; /// let future_of_a_stream = async { stream::iter(stream_items) }; /// /// let stream = future_of_a_stream.flatten_stream(); /// let list: Vec<_> = stream.collect().await; /// assert_eq!(list, vec![17, 18, 19]); /// # }); /// ``` fn flatten_stream(self) -> FlattenStream<Self> where Self::Output: Stream, Self: Sized,
{
assert_stream::<<Self::Output as Stream>::Item, _>(FlattenStream::new(self))
}
/// Fuse a future such that `poll` will never again be called once it has /// completed. This method can be used to turn any `Future` into a /// `FusedFuture`. /// /// Normally, once a future has returned `Poll::Ready` from `poll`, /// any further calls could exhibit bad behavior such as blocking /// forever, panicking, never returning, etc. If it is known that `poll` /// may be called too often then this method can be used to ensure that it /// has defined semantics. /// /// If a `fuse`d future is `poll`ed after having returned `Poll::Ready` /// previously, it will return `Poll::Pending`, from `poll` again (and will /// continue to do so for all future calls to `poll`). /// /// This combinator will drop the underlying future as soon as it has been /// completed to ensure resources are reclaimed as soon as possible. fn fuse(self) -> Fuse<Self> where Self: Sized,
{ let f = Fuse::new(self);
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(f)
}
/// Do something with the output of a future before passing it on. /// /// When using futures, you'll often chain several of them together. While /// working on such code, you might want to check out what's happening at /// various parts in the pipeline, without consuming the intermediate /// value. To do that, insert a call to `inspect`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let future = async { 1 }; /// let new_future = future.inspect(|&x| println!("about to resolve: {}", x)); /// assert_eq!(new_future.await, 1); /// # }); /// ``` fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Inspect<Self, F> where
F: FnOnce(&Self::Output), Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Inspect::new(self, f))
}
/// Catches unwinding panics while polling the future. /// /// In general, panics within a future can propagate all the way out to the /// task level. This combinator makes it possible to halt unwinding within /// the future itself. It's most commonly used within task executors. It's /// not recommended to use this for error handling. /// /// Note that this method requires the `UnwindSafe` bound from the standard /// library. This isn't always applied automatically, and the standard /// library provides an `AssertUnwindSafe` wrapper type to apply it /// after-the fact. To assist using this method, the `Future` trait is also /// implemented for `AssertUnwindSafe<F>` where `F` implements `Future`. /// /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this /// library is activated, and it is activated by default. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::{self, FutureExt, Ready}; /// /// let future = future::ready(2); /// assert!(future.catch_unwind().await.is_ok()); /// /// let future = future::lazy(|_| -> Ready<i32> { /// unimplemented!() /// }); /// assert!(future.catch_unwind().await.is_err()); /// # }); /// ``` #[cfg(feature = "std")] fn catch_unwind(self) -> CatchUnwind<Self> where Self: Sized + ::std::panic::UnwindSafe,
{
assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>>, _>(CatchUnwind::new( self,
))
}
/// Create a cloneable handle to this future where all handles will resolve /// to the same result. /// /// The `shared` combinator method provides a method to convert any future /// into a cloneable future. It enables a future to be polled by multiple /// threads. /// /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this /// library is activated, and it is activated by default. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// /// let future = async { 6 }; /// let shared1 = future.shared(); /// let shared2 = shared1.clone(); /// /// assert_eq!(6, shared1.await); /// assert_eq!(6, shared2.await); /// # }); /// ``` /// /// ``` /// // Note, unlike most examples this is written in the context of a /// // synchronous function to better illustrate the cross-thread aspect of /// // the `shared` combinator. /// /// # futures::executor::block_on(async { /// use futures::future::FutureExt; /// use futures::executor::block_on; /// use std::thread; /// /// let future = async { 6 }; /// let shared1 = future.shared(); /// let shared2 = shared1.clone(); /// let join_handle = thread::spawn(move || { /// assert_eq!(6, block_on(shared2)); /// }); /// assert_eq!(6, shared1.await); /// join_handle.join().unwrap(); /// # }); /// ``` #[cfg(feature = "std")] fn shared(self) -> Shared<Self> where Self: Sized, Self::Output: Clone,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Shared::new(self))
}
/// Turn this future into a future that yields `()` on completion and sends /// its output to another future on a separate task. /// /// This can be used with spawning executors to easily retrieve the result /// of a future executing on a separate task or thread. /// /// This method is only available when the `std` feature of this /// library is activated, and it is activated by default. #[cfg(feature = "channel")] #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "channel")))] #[cfg(feature = "std")] fn remote_handle(self) -> (Remote<Self>, RemoteHandle<Self::Output>) where Self: Sized,
{ let (wrapped, handle) = remote_handle::remote_handle(self);
(assert_future::<(), _>(wrapped), handle)
}
/// Wrap the future in a Box, pinning it. /// /// This method is only available when the `std` or `alloc` feature of this /// library is activated, and it is activated by default. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] fn boxed<'a>(self) -> BoxFuture<'a, Self::Output> where Self: Sized + Send + 'a,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Box::pin(self))
}
/// Wrap the future in a Box, pinning it. /// /// Similar to `boxed`, but without the `Send` requirement. /// /// This method is only available when the `std` or `alloc` feature of this /// library is activated, and it is activated by default. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] fn boxed_local<'a>(self) -> LocalBoxFuture<'a, Self::Output> where Self: Sized + 'a,
{
assert_future::<Self::Output, _>(Box::pin(self))
}
/// Turns a [`Future<Output = T>`](Future) into a /// [`TryFuture<Ok = T, Error = ()`>](futures_core::future::TryFuture). fn unit_error(self) -> UnitError<Self> where Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, ()>, _>(UnitError::new(self))
}
/// Turns a [`Future<Output = T>`](Future) into a /// [`TryFuture<Ok = T, Error = Never`>](futures_core::future::TryFuture). fn never_error(self) -> NeverError<Self> where Self: Sized,
{
assert_future::<Result<Self::Output, Never>, _>(NeverError::new(self))
}
/// A convenience for calling `Future::poll` on `Unpin` future types. fn poll_unpin(&mutself, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> where Self: Unpin,
{
Pin::new(self).poll(cx)
}
/// Evaluates and consumes the future, returning the resulting output if /// the future is ready after the first call to `Future::poll`. /// /// If `poll` instead returns `Poll::Pending`, `None` is returned. /// /// This method is useful in cases where immediacy is more important than /// waiting for a result. It is also convenient for quickly obtaining /// the value of a future that is known to always resolve immediately. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use futures::prelude::*; /// use futures::{future::ready, future::pending}; /// let future_ready = ready("foobar"); /// let future_pending = pending::<&'static str>(); /// /// assert_eq!(future_ready.now_or_never(), Some("foobar")); /// assert_eq!(future_pending.now_or_never(), None); /// ``` /// /// In cases where it is absolutely known that a future should always /// resolve immediately and never return `Poll::Pending`, this method can /// be combined with `expect()`: /// /// ``` /// # use futures::{prelude::*, future::ready}; /// let future_ready = ready("foobar"); /// /// assert_eq!(future_ready.now_or_never().expect("Future not ready"), "foobar"); /// ``` fn now_or_never(self) -> Option<Self::Output> where Self: Sized,
{ let noop_waker = crate::task::noop_waker(); letmut cx = Context::from_waker(&noop_waker);
let this = self;
pin_mut!(this); match this.poll(&mut cx) {
Poll::Ready(x) => Some(x),
_ => None,
}
}
}
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