// Copyright 2013-2016 The rust-url developers. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
//! URLs use special characters to indicate the parts of the request. //! For example, a `?` question mark marks the end of a path and the start of a query string. //! In order for that character to exist inside a path, it needs to be encoded differently. //! //! Percent encoding replaces reserved characters with the `%` escape character //! followed by a byte value as two hexadecimal digits. //! For example, an ASCII space is replaced with `%20`. //! //! When encoding, the set of characters that can (and should, for readability) be left alone //! depends on the context. //! The `?` question mark mentioned above is not a separator when used literally //! inside of a query string, and therefore does not need to be encoded. //! The [`AsciiSet`] parameter of [`percent_encode`] and [`utf8_percent_encode`] //! lets callers configure this. //! //! This crate deliberately does not provide many different sets. //! Users should consider in what context the encoded string will be used, //! read relevant specifications, and define their own set. //! This is done by using the `add` method of an existing set. //! //! # Examples //! //! ``` //! use percent_encoding::{utf8_percent_encode, AsciiSet, CONTROLS}; //! //! /// https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#fragment-percent-encode-set //! const FRAGMENT: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS.add(b' ').add(b'"').add(b'<').add(b'>').add(b'`'); //! //! assert_eq!(utf8_percent_encode("foo <bar>", FRAGMENT).to_string(), "foo%20%3Cbar%3E"); //! ``` #![no_std]
// For forwards compatibility #[cfg(feature = "std")] externcrate std as _;
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] externcrate alloc;
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::{
borrow::{Cow, ToOwned},
string::String,
vec::Vec,
}; use core::{fmt, mem, slice, str};
/// Represents a set of characters or bytes in the ASCII range. /// /// This is used in [`percent_encode`] and [`utf8_percent_encode`]. /// This is similar to [percent-encode sets](https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encoded-bytes). /// /// Use the `add` method of an existing set to define a new set. For example: /// /// ``` /// use percent_encoding::{AsciiSet, CONTROLS}; /// /// /// https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#fragment-percent-encode-set /// const FRAGMENT: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS.add(b' ').add(b'"').add(b'<').add(b'>').add(b'`'); /// ``` pubstruct AsciiSet {
mask: [Chunk; ASCII_RANGE_LEN / BITS_PER_CHUNK],
}
impl AsciiSet { /// Called with UTF-8 bytes rather than code points. /// Not used for non-ASCII bytes. constfn contains(&self, byte: u8) -> bool { let chunk = self.mask[byte as usize / BITS_PER_CHUNK]; let mask = 1 << (byte as usize % BITS_PER_CHUNK);
(chunk & mask) != 0
}
/// The set of 0x00 to 0x1F (C0 controls), and 0x7F (DEL). /// /// Note that this includes the newline and tab characters, but not the space 0x20. /// /// <https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#c0-control-percent-encode-set> pubconst CONTROLS: &AsciiSet = &AsciiSet {
mask: [
!0_u32, // C0: 0x00 to 0x1F (32 bits set) 0, 0, 1 << (0x7F_u32 % 32), // DEL: 0x7F (one bit set)
],
};
/// Everything that is not an ASCII letter or digit. /// /// This is probably more eager than necessary in any context. pubconst NON_ALPHANUMERIC: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS
.add(b' ')
.add(b'!')
.add(b'"')
.add(b'#')
.add(b'$')
.add(b'%')
.add(b'&')
.add(b'\'')
.add(b'(')
.add(b')')
.add(b'*')
.add(b'+')
.add(b',')
.add(b'-')
.add(b'.')
.add(b'/')
.add(b':')
.add(b';')
.add(b'<')
.add(b'=')
.add(b'>')
.add(b'?')
.add(b'@')
.add(b'[')
.add(b'\\')
.add(b']')
.add(b'^')
.add(b'_')
.add(b'`')
.add(b'{')
.add(b'|')
.add(b'}')
.add(b'~');
/// Return the percent-encoding of the given byte. /// /// This is unconditional, unlike `percent_encode()` which has an `AsciiSet` parameter. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use percent_encoding::percent_encode_byte; /// /// assert_eq!("foo bar".bytes().map(percent_encode_byte).collect::<String>(), /// "%66%6F%6F%20%62%61%72"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn percent_encode_byte(byte: u8) -> &'static str { static ENC_TABLE: &[u8; 768] = b"\
%00%01%02%03%04%05%06%07%08%09%0A%0B%0C%0D%0E%0F\
%10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%1A%1B%1C%1D%1E%1F\
%20%21%22%23%24%25%26%27%28%29%2A%2B%2C%2D%2E%2F\
%30%31%32%33%34%35%36%37%38%39%3A%3B%3C%3D%3E%3F\
%40%41%42%43%44%45%46%47%48%49%4A%4B%4C%4D%4E%4F\
%50%51%52%53%54%55%56%57%58%59%5A%5B%5C%5D%5E%5F\
%60%61%62%63%64%65%66%67%68%69%6A%6B%6C%6D%6E%6F\
%70%71%72%73%74%75%76%77%78%79%7A%7B%7C%7D%7E%7F\
%80%81%82%83%84%85%86%87%88%89%8A%8B%8C%8D%8E%8F\
%90%91%92%93%94%95%96%97%98%99%9A%9B%9C%9D%9E%9F\
%A0%A1%A2%A3%A4%A5%A6%A7%A8%A9%AA%AB%AC%AD%AE%AF\
%B0%B1%B2%B3%B4%B5%B6%B7%B8%B9%BA%BB%BC%BD%BE%BF\
%C0%C1%C2%C3%C4%C5%C6%C7%C8%C9%CA%CB%CC%CD%CE%CF\
%D0%D1%D2%D3%D4%D5%D6%D7%D8%D9%DA%DB%DC%DD%DE%DF\
%E0%E1%E2%E3%E4%E5%E6%E7%E8%E9%EA%EB%EC%ED%EE%EF\
%F0%F1%F2%F3%F4%F5%F6%F7%F8%F9%FA%FB%FC%FD%FE%FF\ ";
let index = usize::from(byte) * 3; // SAFETY: ENC_TABLE is ascii-only, so any subset if it should be // ascii-only too, which is valid utf8. unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&ENC_TABLE[index..index + 3]) }
}
/// Percent-encode the given bytes with the given set. /// /// Non-ASCII bytes and bytes in `ascii_set` are encoded. /// /// The return type: /// /// * Implements `Iterator<Item = &str>` and therefore has a `.collect::<String>()` method, /// * Implements `Display` and therefore has a `.to_string()` method, /// * Implements `Into<Cow<str>>` borrowing `input` when none of its bytes are encoded. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use percent_encoding::{percent_encode, NON_ALPHANUMERIC}; /// /// assert_eq!(percent_encode(b"foo bar?", NON_ALPHANUMERIC).to_string(), "foo%20bar%3F"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn percent_encode<'a>(input: &'a [u8], ascii_set: &'static AsciiSet) -> PercentEncode<'a> {
PercentEncode {
bytes: input,
ascii_set,
}
}
/// Percent-encode the UTF-8 encoding of the given string. /// /// See [`percent_encode`] regarding the return type. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use percent_encoding::{utf8_percent_encode, NON_ALPHANUMERIC}; /// /// assert_eq!(utf8_percent_encode("foo bar?", NON_ALPHANUMERIC).to_string(), "foo%20bar%3F"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn utf8_percent_encode<'a>(input: &'a str, ascii_set: &'static AsciiSet) -> PercentEncode<'a> {
percent_encode(input.as_bytes(), ascii_set)
}
/// The return type of [`percent_encode`] and [`utf8_percent_encode`]. #[derive(Clone)] pubstruct PercentEncode<'a> {
bytes: &'a [u8],
ascii_set: &'static AsciiSet,
}
impl<'a> Iterator for PercentEncode<'a> { type Item = &'a str;
fn next(&mutself) -> Option<&'a str> { iflet Some((&first_byte, remaining)) = self.bytes.split_first() { ifself.ascii_set.should_percent_encode(first_byte) { self.bytes = remaining;
Some(percent_encode_byte(first_byte))
} else { // The unsafe blocks here are appropriate because the bytes are // confirmed as a subset of UTF-8 in should_percent_encode. for (i, &byte) in remaining.iter().enumerate() { ifself.ascii_set.should_percent_encode(byte) { // 1 for first_byte + i for previous iterations of this loop let (unchanged_slice, remaining) = self.bytes.split_at(1 + i); self.bytes = remaining; return Some(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(unchanged_slice) });
}
} let unchanged_slice = self.bytes; self.bytes = &[][..];
Some(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(unchanged_slice) })
}
} else {
None
}
}
/// Percent-decode the given string. /// /// <https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#string-percent-decode> /// /// See [`percent_decode`] regarding the return type. #[inline] pubfn percent_decode_str(input: &str) -> PercentDecode<'_> {
percent_decode(input.as_bytes())
}
/// Percent-decode the given bytes. /// /// <https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-decode> /// /// Any sequence of `%` followed by two hexadecimal digits is decoded. /// The return type: /// /// * Implements `Into<Cow<u8>>` borrowing `input` when it contains no percent-encoded sequence, /// * Implements `Iterator<Item = u8>` and therefore has a `.collect::<Vec<u8>>()` method, /// * Has `decode_utf8()` and `decode_utf8_lossy()` methods. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use percent_encoding::percent_decode; /// /// assert_eq!(percent_decode(b"foo%20bar%3f").decode_utf8().unwrap(), "foo bar?"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn percent_decode(input: &[u8]) -> PercentDecode<'_> {
PercentDecode {
bytes: input.iter(),
}
}
/// The return type of [`percent_decode`]. #[derive(Clone, Debug)] pubstruct PercentDecode<'a> {
bytes: slice::Iter<'a, u8>,
}
fn after_percent_sign(iter: &mut slice::Iter<'_, u8>) -> Option<u8> { letmut cloned_iter = iter.clone(); let h = char::from(*cloned_iter.next()?).to_digit(16)?; let l = char::from(*cloned_iter.next()?).to_digit(16)?;
*iter = cloned_iter;
Some(h as u8 * 0x10 + l as u8)
}
impl<'a> Iterator for PercentDecode<'a> { type Item = u8;
impl<'a> PercentDecode<'a> { /// If the percent-decoding is different from the input, return it as a new bytes vector. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] fn if_any(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> { letmut bytes_iter = self.bytes.clone(); while bytes_iter.any(|&b| b == b'%') { iflet Some(decoded_byte) = after_percent_sign(&mut bytes_iter) { let initial_bytes = self.bytes.as_slice(); let unchanged_bytes_len = initial_bytes.len() - bytes_iter.len() - 3; letmut decoded = initial_bytes[..unchanged_bytes_len].to_owned();
decoded.push(decoded_byte);
decoded.extend(PercentDecode { bytes: bytes_iter }); return Some(decoded);
}
} // Nothing to decode
None
}
/// Decode the result of percent-decoding as UTF-8. /// /// This is return `Err` when the percent-decoded bytes are not well-formed in UTF-8. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] pubfn decode_utf8(self) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>, str::Utf8Error> { matchself.clone().into() {
Cow::Borrowed(bytes) => match str::from_utf8(bytes) {
Ok(s) => Ok(s.into()),
Err(e) => Err(e),
},
Cow::Owned(bytes) => match String::from_utf8(bytes) {
Ok(s) => Ok(s.into()),
Err(e) => Err(e.utf8_error()),
},
}
}
/// Decode the result of percent-decoding as UTF-8, lossily. /// /// Invalid UTF-8 percent-encoded byte sequences will be replaced � U+FFFD, /// the replacement character. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] pubfn decode_utf8_lossy(self) -> Cow<'a, str> {
decode_utf8_lossy(self.clone().into())
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] fn decode_utf8_lossy(input: Cow<'_, [u8]>) -> Cow<'_, str> { // Note: This function is duplicated in `form_urlencoded/src/query_encoding.rs`. match input {
Cow::Borrowed(bytes) => String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes),
Cow::Owned(bytes) => { match String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes) {
Cow::Borrowed(utf8) => { // If from_utf8_lossy returns a Cow::Borrowed, then we can // be sure our original bytes were valid UTF-8. This is because // if the bytes were invalid UTF-8 from_utf8_lossy would have // to allocate a new owned string to back the Cow so it could // replace invalid bytes with a placeholder.
// First we do a debug_assert to confirm our description above. let raw_utf8: *const [u8] = utf8.as_bytes();
debug_assert!(raw_utf8 == &*bytes as *const [u8]);
// Given we know the original input bytes are valid UTF-8, // and we have ownership of those bytes, we re-use them and // return a Cow::Owned here.
Cow::Owned(unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(bytes) })
}
Cow::Owned(s) => Cow::Owned(s),
}
}
}
}
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