//! Generic data structure serialization framework. //! //! The two most important traits in this module are [`Serialize`] and //! [`Serializer`]. //! //! - **A type that implements `Serialize` is a data structure** that can be //! serialized to any data format supported by Serde, and conversely //! - **A type that implements `Serializer` is a data format** that can //! serialize any data structure supported by Serde. //! //! # The Serialize trait //! //! Serde provides [`Serialize`] implementations for many Rust primitive and //! standard library types. The complete list is below. All of these can be //! serialized using Serde out of the box. //! //! Additionally, Serde provides a procedural macro called [`serde_derive`] to //! automatically generate [`Serialize`] implementations for structs and enums //! in your program. See the [derive section of the manual] for how to use this. //! //! In rare cases it may be necessary to implement [`Serialize`] manually for //! some type in your program. See the [Implementing `Serialize`] section of the //! manual for more about this. //! //! Third-party crates may provide [`Serialize`] implementations for types that //! they expose. For example the [`linked-hash-map`] crate provides a //! [`LinkedHashMap<K, V>`] type that is serializable by Serde because the crate //! provides an implementation of [`Serialize`] for it. //! //! # The Serializer trait //! //! [`Serializer`] implementations are provided by third-party crates, for //! example [`serde_json`], [`serde_yaml`] and [`postcard`]. //! //! A partial list of well-maintained formats is given on the [Serde //! website][data formats]. //! //! # Implementations of Serialize provided by Serde //! //! - **Primitive types**: //! - bool //! - i8, i16, i32, i64, i128, isize //! - u8, u16, u32, u64, u128, usize //! - f32, f64 //! - char //! - str //! - &T and &mut T //! - **Compound types**: //! - \[T\] //! - \[T; 0\] through \[T; 32\] //! - tuples up to size 16 //! - **Common standard library types**: //! - String //! - Option\<T\> //! - Result\<T, E\> //! - PhantomData\<T\> //! - **Wrapper types**: //! - Box\<T\> //! - Cow\<'a, T\> //! - Cell\<T\> //! - RefCell\<T\> //! - Mutex\<T\> //! - RwLock\<T\> //! - Rc\<T\> *(if* features = \["rc"\] *is enabled)* //! - Arc\<T\> *(if* features = \["rc"\] *is enabled)* //! - **Collection types**: //! - BTreeMap\<K, V\> //! - BTreeSet\<T\> //! - BinaryHeap\<T\> //! - HashMap\<K, V, H\> //! - HashSet\<T, H\> //! - LinkedList\<T\> //! - VecDeque\<T\> //! - Vec\<T\> //! - **FFI types**: //! - CStr //! - CString //! - OsStr //! - OsString //! - **Miscellaneous standard library types**: //! - Duration //! - SystemTime //! - Path //! - PathBuf //! - Range\<T\> //! - RangeInclusive\<T\> //! - Bound\<T\> //! - num::NonZero* //! - `!` *(unstable)* //! - **Net types**: //! - IpAddr //! - Ipv4Addr //! - Ipv6Addr //! - SocketAddr //! - SocketAddrV4 //! - SocketAddrV6 //! //! [Implementing `Serialize`]: https://serde.rs/impl-serialize.html //! [`LinkedHashMap<K, V>`]: https://docs.rs/linked-hash-map/*/linked_hash_map/struct.LinkedHashMap.html //! [`Serialize`]: ../trait.Serialize.html //! [`Serializer`]: ../trait.Serializer.html //! [`postcard`]: https://github.com/jamesmunns/postcard //! [`linked-hash-map`]: https://crates.io/crates/linked-hash-map //! [`serde_derive`]: https://crates.io/crates/serde_derive //! [`serde_json`]: https://github.com/serde-rs/json //! [`serde_yaml`]: https://github.com/dtolnay/serde-yaml //! [derive section of the manual]: https://serde.rs/derive.html //! [data formats]: https://serde.rs/#data-formats
usecrate::lib::*;
mod fmt; mod impls; mod impossible;
pubuseself::impossible::Impossible;
#[cfg(all(not(feature = "std"), no_core_error))] #[doc(no_inline)] pubusecrate::std_error::Error as StdError; #[cfg(not(any(feature = "std", no_core_error)))] #[doc(no_inline)] pubuse core::error::Error as StdError; #[cfg(feature = "std")] #[doc(no_inline)] pubuse std::error::Error as StdError;
macro_rules! declare_error_trait {
(Error: Sized $(+ $($supertrait:ident)::+)*) => { /// Trait used by `Serialize` implementations to generically construct /// errors belonging to the `Serializer` against which they are /// currently running. /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website shows an error /// type appropriate for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait Error: Sized $(+ $($supertrait)::+)* { /// Used when a [`Serialize`] implementation encounters any error /// while serializing a type. /// /// The message should not be capitalized and should not end with a /// period. /// /// For example, a filesystem [`Path`] may refuse to serialize /// itself if it contains invalid UTF-8 data. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # struct Path; /// # /// # impl Path { /// # fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str> { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::ser::{self, Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// impl Serialize for Path { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match self.to_str() { /// Some(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s), /// None => Err(ser::Error::custom("path contains invalid UTF-8 characters")), /// } /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// [`Path`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/path/struct.Path.html /// [`Serialize`]: ../trait.Serialize.html fn custom<T>(msg: T) -> Self where
T: Display;
}
}
}
/// A **data structure** that can be serialized into any data format supported /// by Serde. /// /// Serde provides `Serialize` implementations for many Rust primitive and /// standard library types. The complete list is [here][crate::ser]. All of /// these can be serialized using Serde out of the box. /// /// Additionally, Serde provides a procedural macro called [`serde_derive`] to /// automatically generate `Serialize` implementations for structs and enums in /// your program. See the [derive section of the manual] for how to use this. /// /// In rare cases it may be necessary to implement `Serialize` manually for some /// type in your program. See the [Implementing `Serialize`] section of the /// manual for more about this. /// /// Third-party crates may provide `Serialize` implementations for types that /// they expose. For example the [`linked-hash-map`] crate provides a /// [`LinkedHashMap<K, V>`] type that is serializable by Serde because the crate /// provides an implementation of `Serialize` for it. /// /// [Implementing `Serialize`]: https://serde.rs/impl-serialize.html /// [`LinkedHashMap<K, V>`]: https://docs.rs/linked-hash-map/*/linked_hash_map/struct.LinkedHashMap.html /// [`linked-hash-map`]: https://crates.io/crates/linked-hash-map /// [`serde_derive`]: https://crates.io/crates/serde_derive /// [derive section of the manual]: https://serde.rs/derive.html #[cfg_attr(
not(no_diagnostic_namespace),
diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
note = "for local types consider adding `#[derive(serde::Serialize)]` to your `{Self}` type",
note = "for types from other crates check whether the crate offers a `serde` feature flag",
)
)] pubtrait Serialize { /// Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer. /// /// See the [Implementing `Serialize`] section of the manual for more /// information about how to implement this method. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeStruct, Serializer}; /// /// struct Person { /// name: String, /// age: u8, /// phones: Vec<String>, /// } /// /// // This is what #[derive(Serialize)] would generate. /// impl Serialize for Person { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut s = serializer.serialize_struct("Person", 3)?; /// s.serialize_field("name", &self.name)?; /// s.serialize_field("age", &self.age)?; /// s.serialize_field("phones", &self.phones)?; /// s.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// [Implementing `Serialize`]: https://serde.rs/impl-serialize.html fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> where
S: Serializer;
}
/// A **data format** that can serialize any data structure supported by Serde. /// /// The role of this trait is to define the serialization half of the [Serde /// data model], which is a way to categorize every Rust data structure into one /// of 29 possible types. Each method of the `Serializer` trait corresponds to /// one of the types of the data model. /// /// Implementations of `Serialize` map themselves into this data model by /// invoking exactly one of the `Serializer` methods. /// /// The types that make up the Serde data model are: /// /// - **14 primitive types** /// - bool /// - i8, i16, i32, i64, i128 /// - u8, u16, u32, u64, u128 /// - f32, f64 /// - char /// - **string** /// - UTF-8 bytes with a length and no null terminator. /// - When serializing, all strings are handled equally. When deserializing, /// there are three flavors of strings: transient, owned, and borrowed. /// - **byte array** - \[u8\] /// - Similar to strings, during deserialization byte arrays can be /// transient, owned, or borrowed. /// - **option** /// - Either none or some value. /// - **unit** /// - The type of `()` in Rust. It represents an anonymous value containing /// no data. /// - **unit_struct** /// - For example `struct Unit` or `PhantomData<T>`. It represents a named /// value containing no data. /// - **unit_variant** /// - For example the `E::A` and `E::B` in `enum E { A, B }`. /// - **newtype_struct** /// - For example `struct Millimeters(u8)`. /// - **newtype_variant** /// - For example the `E::N` in `enum E { N(u8) }`. /// - **seq** /// - A variably sized heterogeneous sequence of values, for example /// `Vec<T>` or `HashSet<T>`. When serializing, the length may or may not /// be known before iterating through all the data. When deserializing, /// the length is determined by looking at the serialized data. /// - **tuple** /// - A statically sized heterogeneous sequence of values for which the /// length will be known at deserialization time without looking at the /// serialized data, for example `(u8,)` or `(String, u64, Vec<T>)` or /// `[u64; 10]`. /// - **tuple_struct** /// - A named tuple, for example `struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8)`. /// - **tuple_variant** /// - For example the `E::T` in `enum E { T(u8, u8) }`. /// - **map** /// - A heterogeneous key-value pairing, for example `BTreeMap<K, V>`. /// - **struct** /// - A heterogeneous key-value pairing in which the keys are strings and /// will be known at deserialization time without looking at the /// serialized data, for example `struct S { r: u8, g: u8, b: u8 }`. /// - **struct_variant** /// - For example the `E::S` in `enum E { S { r: u8, g: u8, b: u8 } }`. /// /// Many Serde serializers produce text or binary data as output, for example /// JSON or Postcard. This is not a requirement of the `Serializer` trait, and /// there are serializers that do not produce text or binary output. One example /// is the `serde_json::value::Serializer` (distinct from the main `serde_json` /// serializer) that produces a `serde_json::Value` data structure in memory as /// output. /// /// [Serde data model]: https://serde.rs/data-model.html /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website contains example code for /// a basic JSON `Serializer`. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait Serializer: Sized { /// The output type produced by this `Serializer` during successful /// serialization. Most serializers that produce text or binary output /// should set `Ok = ()` and serialize into an [`io::Write`] or buffer /// contained within the `Serializer` instance. Serializers that build /// in-memory data structures may be simplified by using `Ok` to propagate /// the data structure around. /// /// [`io::Write`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html type Ok;
/// The error type when some error occurs during serialization. type Error: Error;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_seq`] for serializing the content of the /// sequence. /// /// [`serialize_seq`]: #tymethod.serialize_seq type SerializeSeq: SerializeSeq<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_tuple`] for serializing the content of /// the tuple. /// /// [`serialize_tuple`]: #tymethod.serialize_tuple type SerializeTuple: SerializeTuple<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_tuple_struct`] for serializing the /// content of the tuple struct. /// /// [`serialize_tuple_struct`]: #tymethod.serialize_tuple_struct type SerializeTupleStruct: SerializeTupleStruct<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_tuple_variant`] for serializing the /// content of the tuple variant. /// /// [`serialize_tuple_variant`]: #tymethod.serialize_tuple_variant type SerializeTupleVariant: SerializeTupleVariant<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_map`] for serializing the content of the /// map. /// /// [`serialize_map`]: #tymethod.serialize_map type SerializeMap: SerializeMap<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_struct`] for serializing the content of /// the struct. /// /// [`serialize_struct`]: #tymethod.serialize_struct type SerializeStruct: SerializeStruct<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Type returned from [`serialize_struct_variant`] for serializing the /// content of the struct variant. /// /// [`serialize_struct_variant`]: #tymethod.serialize_struct_variant type SerializeStructVariant: SerializeStructVariant<Ok = Self::Ok, Error = Self::Error>;
/// Serialize an `i8` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `i8` and `i64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `i64` and /// forward to `serialize_i64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for i8 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_i8(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_i8(self, v: i8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize an `i16` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `i16` and `i64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `i64` and /// forward to `serialize_i64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for i16 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_i16(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_i16(self, v: i16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize an `i32` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `i32` and `i64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `i64` and /// forward to `serialize_i64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for i32 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_i32(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_i32(self, v: i32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize an `i128` value. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for i128 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_i128(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// The default behavior unconditionally returns an error. fn serialize_i128(self, v: i128) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> { let _ = v;
Err(Error::custom("i128 is not supported"))
}
/// Serialize a `u8` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `u8` and `u64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `u64` and /// forward to `serialize_u64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for u8 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_u8(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_u8(self, v: u8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a `u16` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `u16` and `u64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `u64` and /// forward to `serialize_u64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for u16 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_u16(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_u16(self, v: u16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a `u32` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `u32` and `u64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `u64` and /// forward to `serialize_u64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for u32 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_u32(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_u32(self, v: u32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a `u128` value. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for u128 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_u128(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// The default behavior unconditionally returns an error. fn serialize_u128(self, v: u128) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> { let _ = v;
Err(Error::custom("u128 is not supported"))
}
/// Serialize an `f32` value. /// /// If the format does not differentiate between `f32` and `f64`, a /// reasonable implementation would be to cast the value to `f64` and /// forward to `serialize_f64`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for f32 { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_f32(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_f32(self, v: f32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a character. /// /// If the format does not support characters, it is reasonable to serialize /// it as a single element `str` or a `u32`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::Serializer; /// # /// # serde::__private_serialize!(); /// # /// impl Serialize for char { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_char(*self) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_char(self, v: char) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a chunk of raw byte data. /// /// Enables serializers to serialize byte slices more compactly or more /// efficiently than other types of slices. If no efficient implementation /// is available, a reasonable implementation would be to forward to /// `serialize_seq`. If forwarded, the implementation looks usually just /// like this: /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use serde::ser::{Serializer, SerializeSeq}; /// # use serde::__private::doc::Error; /// # /// # struct MySerializer; /// # /// # impl Serializer for MySerializer { /// # type Ok = (); /// # type Error = Error; /// # /// fn serialize_bytes(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> { /// let mut seq = self.serialize_seq(Some(v.len()))?; /// for b in v { /// seq.serialize_element(b)?; /// } /// seq.end() /// } /// # /// # serde::__serialize_unimplemented! { /// # bool i8 i16 i32 i64 u8 u16 u32 u64 f32 f64 char str none some /// # unit unit_struct unit_variant newtype_struct newtype_variant /// # seq tuple tuple_struct tuple_variant map struct struct_variant /// # } /// # } /// ``` fn serialize_bytes(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a unit struct like `struct Unit` or `PhantomData<T>`. /// /// A reasonable implementation would be to forward to `serialize_unit`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// struct Nothing; /// /// impl Serialize for Nothing { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_unit_struct("Nothing") /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_unit_struct(self, name: &'static str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a unit variant like `E::A` in `enum E { A, B }`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the enum, the `variant_index` is the index of /// this variant within the enum, and the `variant` is the name of the /// variant. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// enum E { /// A, /// B, /// } /// /// impl Serialize for E { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match *self { /// E::A => serializer.serialize_unit_variant("E", 0, "A"), /// E::B => serializer.serialize_unit_variant("E", 1, "B"), /// } /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_unit_variant( self,
name: &'static str,
variant_index: u32,
variant: &'static str,
) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>;
/// Serialize a newtype struct like `struct Millimeters(u8)`. /// /// Serializers are encouraged to treat newtype structs as insignificant /// wrappers around the data they contain. A reasonable implementation would /// be to forward to `value.serialize(self)`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// struct Millimeters(u8); /// /// impl Serialize for Millimeters { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.serialize_newtype_struct("Millimeters", &self.0) /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_newtype_struct<T>( self,
name: &'static str,
value: &T,
) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Serialize a newtype variant like `E::N` in `enum E { N(u8) }`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the enum, the `variant_index` is the index of /// this variant within the enum, and the `variant` is the name of the /// variant. The `value` is the data contained within this newtype variant. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// enum E { /// M(String), /// N(u8), /// } /// /// impl Serialize for E { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match *self { /// E::M(ref s) => serializer.serialize_newtype_variant("E", 0, "M", s), /// E::N(n) => serializer.serialize_newtype_variant("E", 1, "N", &n), /// } /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_newtype_variant<T>( self,
name: &'static str,
variant_index: u32,
variant: &'static str,
value: &T,
) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Begin to serialize a variably sized sequence. This call must be /// followed by zero or more calls to `serialize_element`, then a call to /// `end`. /// /// The argument is the number of elements in the sequence, which may or may /// not be computable before the sequence is iterated. Some serializers only /// support sequences whose length is known up front. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use std::marker::PhantomData; /// # /// # struct Vec<T>(PhantomData<T>); /// # /// # impl<T> Vec<T> { /// # fn len(&self) -> usize { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// # impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a Vec<T> { /// # type Item = &'a T; /// # type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &'a T>>; /// # /// # fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeSeq, Serializer}; /// /// impl<T> Serialize for Vec<T> /// where /// T: Serialize, /// { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.len()))?; /// for element in self { /// seq.serialize_element(element)?; /// } /// seq.end() /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_seq(self, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a statically sized sequence whose length will be /// known at deserialization time without looking at the serialized data. /// This call must be followed by zero or more calls to `serialize_element`, /// then a call to `end`. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTuple, Serializer}; /// /// # mod fool { /// # trait Serialize {} /// impl<A, B, C> Serialize for (A, B, C) /// # {} /// # } /// # /// # struct Tuple3<A, B, C>(A, B, C); /// # /// # impl<A, B, C> Serialize for Tuple3<A, B, C> /// where /// A: Serialize, /// B: Serialize, /// C: Serialize, /// { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut tup = serializer.serialize_tuple(3)?; /// tup.serialize_element(&self.0)?; /// tup.serialize_element(&self.1)?; /// tup.serialize_element(&self.2)?; /// tup.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTuple, Serializer}; /// /// const VRAM_SIZE: usize = 386; /// struct Vram([u16; VRAM_SIZE]); /// /// impl Serialize for Vram { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut seq = serializer.serialize_tuple(VRAM_SIZE)?; /// for element in &self.0[..] { /// seq.serialize_element(element)?; /// } /// seq.end() /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_tuple(self, len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a tuple struct like `struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8)`. This /// call must be followed by zero or more calls to `serialize_field`, then a /// call to `end`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the tuple struct and the `len` is the number /// of data fields that will be serialized. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTupleStruct, Serializer}; /// /// struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8); /// /// impl Serialize for Rgb { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut ts = serializer.serialize_tuple_struct("Rgb", 3)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.0)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.1)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.2)?; /// ts.end() /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_tuple_struct( self,
name: &'static str,
len: usize,
) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a tuple variant like `E::T` in `enum E { T(u8, u8) /// }`. This call must be followed by zero or more calls to /// `serialize_field`, then a call to `end`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the enum, the `variant_index` is the index of /// this variant within the enum, the `variant` is the name of the variant, /// and the `len` is the number of data fields that will be serialized. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTupleVariant, Serializer}; /// /// enum E { /// T(u8, u8), /// U(String, u32, u32), /// } /// /// impl Serialize for E { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match *self { /// E::T(ref a, ref b) => { /// let mut tv = serializer.serialize_tuple_variant("E", 0, "T", 2)?; /// tv.serialize_field(a)?; /// tv.serialize_field(b)?; /// tv.end() /// } /// E::U(ref a, ref b, ref c) => { /// let mut tv = serializer.serialize_tuple_variant("E", 1, "U", 3)?; /// tv.serialize_field(a)?; /// tv.serialize_field(b)?; /// tv.serialize_field(c)?; /// tv.end() /// } /// } /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_tuple_variant( self,
name: &'static str,
variant_index: u32,
variant: &'static str,
len: usize,
) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a map. This call must be followed by zero or more /// calls to `serialize_key` and `serialize_value`, then a call to `end`. /// /// The argument is the number of elements in the map, which may or may not /// be computable before the map is iterated. Some serializers only support /// maps whose length is known up front. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use std::marker::PhantomData; /// # /// # struct HashMap<K, V>(PhantomData<K>, PhantomData<V>); /// # /// # impl<K, V> HashMap<K, V> { /// # fn len(&self) -> usize { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// # impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for &'a HashMap<K, V> { /// # type Item = (&'a K, &'a V); /// # type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = (&'a K, &'a V)>>; /// # /// # fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeMap, Serializer}; /// /// impl<K, V> Serialize for HashMap<K, V> /// where /// K: Serialize, /// V: Serialize, /// { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(self.len()))?; /// for (k, v) in self { /// map.serialize_entry(k, v)?; /// } /// map.end() /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_map(self, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a struct like `struct Rgb { r: u8, g: u8, b: u8 }`. /// This call must be followed by zero or more calls to `serialize_field`, /// then a call to `end`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the struct and the `len` is the number of /// data fields that will be serialized. `len` does not include fields /// which are skipped with [`SerializeStruct::skip_field`]. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeStruct, Serializer}; /// /// struct Rgb { /// r: u8, /// g: u8, /// b: u8, /// } /// /// impl Serialize for Rgb { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut rgb = serializer.serialize_struct("Rgb", 3)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("r", &self.r)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("g", &self.g)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("b", &self.b)?; /// rgb.end() /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_struct( self,
name: &'static str,
len: usize,
) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Self::Error>;
/// Begin to serialize a struct variant like `E::S` in `enum E { S { r: u8, /// g: u8, b: u8 } }`. This call must be followed by zero or more calls to /// `serialize_field`, then a call to `end`. /// /// The `name` is the name of the enum, the `variant_index` is the index of /// this variant within the enum, the `variant` is the name of the variant, /// and the `len` is the number of data fields that will be serialized. /// `len` does not include fields which are skipped with /// [`SerializeStructVariant::skip_field`]. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeStructVariant, Serializer}; /// /// enum E { /// S { r: u8, g: u8, b: u8 }, /// } /// /// impl Serialize for E { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match *self { /// E::S { /// ref r, /// ref g, /// ref b, /// } => { /// let mut sv = serializer.serialize_struct_variant("E", 0, "S", 3)?; /// sv.serialize_field("r", r)?; /// sv.serialize_field("g", g)?; /// sv.serialize_field("b", b)?; /// sv.end() /// } /// } /// } /// } /// ``` fn serialize_struct_variant( self,
name: &'static str,
variant_index: u32,
variant: &'static str,
len: usize,
) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error>;
/// Collect an iterator as a sequence. /// /// The default implementation serializes each item yielded by the iterator /// using [`serialize_seq`]. Implementors should not need to override this /// method. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// struct SecretlyOneHigher { /// data: Vec<i32>, /// } /// /// impl Serialize for SecretlyOneHigher { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.collect_seq(self.data.iter().map(|x| x + 1)) /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// [`serialize_seq`]: #tymethod.serialize_seq fn collect_seq<I>(self, iter: I) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
I: IntoIterator,
<I as IntoIterator>::Item: Serialize,
{ letmut iter = iter.into_iter(); letmut serializer = tri!(self.serialize_seq(iterator_len_hint(&iter)));
tri!(iter.try_for_each(|item| serializer.serialize_element(&item)));
serializer.end()
}
/// Collect an iterator as a map. /// /// The default implementation serializes each pair yielded by the iterator /// using [`serialize_map`]. Implementors should not need to override this /// method. /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// use std::collections::BTreeSet; /// /// struct MapToUnit { /// keys: BTreeSet<i32>, /// } /// /// // Serializes as a map in which the values are all unit. /// impl Serialize for MapToUnit { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.collect_map(self.keys.iter().map(|k| (k, ()))) /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// [`serialize_map`]: #tymethod.serialize_map fn collect_map<K, V, I>(self, iter: I) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
K: Serialize,
V: Serialize,
I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
{ letmut iter = iter.into_iter(); letmut serializer = tri!(self.serialize_map(iterator_len_hint(&iter)));
tri!(iter.try_for_each(|(key, value)| serializer.serialize_entry(&key, &value)));
serializer.end()
}
/// Serialize a string produced by an implementation of `Display`. /// /// The default implementation builds a heap-allocated [`String`] and /// delegates to [`serialize_str`]. Serializers are encouraged to provide a /// more efficient implementation if possible. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # struct DateTime; /// # /// # impl DateTime { /// # fn naive_local(&self) -> () { () } /// # fn offset(&self) -> () { () } /// # } /// # /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// impl Serialize for DateTime { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.collect_str(&format_args!("{:?}{:?}", self.naive_local(), self.offset())) /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// [`String`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html /// [`serialize_str`]: #tymethod.serialize_str #[cfg(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc"))] fn collect_str<T>(self, value: &T) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Display,
{ self.serialize_str(&value.to_string())
}
/// Serialize a string produced by an implementation of `Display`. /// /// Serializers that use `no_std` are required to provide an implementation /// of this method. If no more sensible behavior is possible, the /// implementation is expected to return an error. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # struct DateTime; /// # /// # impl DateTime { /// # fn naive_local(&self) -> () { () } /// # fn offset(&self) -> () { () } /// # } /// # /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// impl Serialize for DateTime { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// serializer.collect_str(&format_args!("{:?}{:?}", self.naive_local(), self.offset())) /// } /// } /// ``` #[cfg(not(any(feature = "std", feature = "alloc")))] fn collect_str<T>(self, value: &T) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Display;
/// Determine whether `Serialize` implementations should serialize in /// human-readable form. /// /// Some types have a human-readable form that may be somewhat expensive to /// construct, as well as a binary form that is compact and efficient. /// Generally text-based formats like JSON and YAML will prefer to use the /// human-readable one and binary formats like Postcard will prefer the /// compact one. /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use std::fmt::{self, Display}; /// # /// # struct Timestamp; /// # /// # impl Timestamp { /// # fn seconds_since_epoch(&self) -> u64 { unimplemented!() } /// # } /// # /// # impl Display for Timestamp { /// # fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::{Serialize, Serializer}; /// /// impl Serialize for Timestamp { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// if serializer.is_human_readable() { /// // Serialize to a human-readable string "2015-05-15T17:01:00Z". /// self.to_string().serialize(serializer) /// } else { /// // Serialize to a compact binary representation. /// self.seconds_since_epoch().serialize(serializer) /// } /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// The default implementation of this method returns `true`. Data formats /// may override this to `false` to request a compact form for types that /// support one. Note that modifying this method to change a format from /// human-readable to compact or vice versa should be regarded as a breaking /// change, as a value serialized in human-readable mode is not required to /// deserialize from the same data in compact mode. #[inline] fn is_human_readable(&self) -> bool { true
}
}
/// Returned from `Serializer::serialize_seq`. /// /// # Example use /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use std::marker::PhantomData; /// # /// # struct Vec<T>(PhantomData<T>); /// # /// # impl<T> Vec<T> { /// # fn len(&self) -> usize { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// # impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a Vec<T> { /// # type Item = &'a T; /// # type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &'a T>>; /// # fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeSeq, Serializer}; /// /// impl<T> Serialize for Vec<T> /// where /// T: Serialize, /// { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(self.len()))?; /// for element in self { /// seq.serialize_element(element)?; /// } /// seq.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website demonstrates an /// implementation of `SerializeSeq` for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait SerializeSeq { /// Must match the `Ok` type of our `Serializer`. type Ok;
/// Must match the `Error` type of our `Serializer`. type Error: Error;
/// Serialize a sequence element. fn serialize_element<T>(&mutself, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Returned from `Serializer::serialize_tuple_struct`. /// /// # Example use /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTupleStruct, Serializer}; /// /// struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8); /// /// impl Serialize for Rgb { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut ts = serializer.serialize_tuple_struct("Rgb", 3)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.0)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.1)?; /// ts.serialize_field(&self.2)?; /// ts.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website demonstrates an /// implementation of `SerializeTupleStruct` for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait SerializeTupleStruct { /// Must match the `Ok` type of our `Serializer`. type Ok;
/// Must match the `Error` type of our `Serializer`. type Error: Error;
/// Serialize a tuple struct field. fn serialize_field<T>(&mutself, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Returned from `Serializer::serialize_tuple_variant`. /// /// # Example use /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeTupleVariant, Serializer}; /// /// enum E { /// T(u8, u8), /// U(String, u32, u32), /// } /// /// impl Serialize for E { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// match *self { /// E::T(ref a, ref b) => { /// let mut tv = serializer.serialize_tuple_variant("E", 0, "T", 2)?; /// tv.serialize_field(a)?; /// tv.serialize_field(b)?; /// tv.end() /// } /// E::U(ref a, ref b, ref c) => { /// let mut tv = serializer.serialize_tuple_variant("E", 1, "U", 3)?; /// tv.serialize_field(a)?; /// tv.serialize_field(b)?; /// tv.serialize_field(c)?; /// tv.end() /// } /// } /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website demonstrates an /// implementation of `SerializeTupleVariant` for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait SerializeTupleVariant { /// Must match the `Ok` type of our `Serializer`. type Ok;
/// Must match the `Error` type of our `Serializer`. type Error: Error;
/// Serialize a tuple variant field. fn serialize_field<T>(&mutself, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Returned from `Serializer::serialize_map`. /// /// # Example use /// /// ```edition2021 /// # use std::marker::PhantomData; /// # /// # struct HashMap<K, V>(PhantomData<K>, PhantomData<V>); /// # /// # impl<K, V> HashMap<K, V> { /// # fn len(&self) -> usize { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// # impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for &'a HashMap<K, V> { /// # type Item = (&'a K, &'a V); /// # type IntoIter = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = (&'a K, &'a V)>>; /// # /// # fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter { /// # unimplemented!() /// # } /// # } /// # /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeMap, Serializer}; /// /// impl<K, V> Serialize for HashMap<K, V> /// where /// K: Serialize, /// V: Serialize, /// { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(self.len()))?; /// for (k, v) in self { /// map.serialize_entry(k, v)?; /// } /// map.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website demonstrates an /// implementation of `SerializeMap` for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait SerializeMap { /// Must match the `Ok` type of our `Serializer`. type Ok;
/// Must match the `Error` type of our `Serializer`. type Error: Error;
/// Serialize a map key. /// /// If possible, `Serialize` implementations are encouraged to use /// `serialize_entry` instead as it may be implemented more efficiently in /// some formats compared to a pair of calls to `serialize_key` and /// `serialize_value`. fn serialize_key<T>(&mutself, key: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Serialize a map value. /// /// # Panics /// /// Calling `serialize_value` before `serialize_key` is incorrect and is /// allowed to panic or produce bogus results. fn serialize_value<T>(&mutself, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Serialize a map entry consisting of a key and a value. /// /// Some [`Serialize`] types are not able to hold a key and value in memory /// at the same time so `SerializeMap` implementations are required to /// support [`serialize_key`] and [`serialize_value`] individually. The /// `serialize_entry` method allows serializers to optimize for the case /// where key and value are both available. [`Serialize`] implementations /// are encouraged to use `serialize_entry` if possible. /// /// The default implementation delegates to [`serialize_key`] and /// [`serialize_value`]. This is appropriate for serializers that do not /// care about performance or are not able to optimize `serialize_entry` any /// better than this. /// /// [`Serialize`]: ../trait.Serialize.html /// [`serialize_key`]: #tymethod.serialize_key /// [`serialize_value`]: #tymethod.serialize_value fn serialize_entry<K, V>(&mutself, key: &K, value: &V) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
K: ?Sized + Serialize,
V: ?Sized + Serialize,
{
tri!(self.serialize_key(key)); self.serialize_value(value)
}
/// Returned from `Serializer::serialize_struct`. /// /// # Example use /// /// ```edition2021 /// use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeStruct, Serializer}; /// /// struct Rgb { /// r: u8, /// g: u8, /// b: u8, /// } /// /// impl Serialize for Rgb { /// fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> /// where /// S: Serializer, /// { /// let mut rgb = serializer.serialize_struct("Rgb", 3)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("r", &self.r)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("g", &self.g)?; /// rgb.serialize_field("b", &self.b)?; /// rgb.end() /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// # Example implementation /// /// The [example data format] presented on the website demonstrates an /// implementation of `SerializeStruct` for a basic JSON data format. /// /// [example data format]: https://serde.rs/data-format.html pubtrait SerializeStruct { /// Must match the `Ok` type of our `Serializer`. type Ok;
/// Must match the `Error` type of our `Serializer`. type Error: Error;
/// Serialize a struct field. fn serialize_field<T>(&mutself, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> where
T: ?Sized + Serialize;
/// Indicate that a struct field has been skipped. /// /// The default implementation does nothing. #[inline] fn skip_field(&mutself, key: &'static str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> { let _ = key;
Ok(())
}
/// Indicate that a struct variant field has been skipped. /// /// The default implementation does nothing. #[inline] fn skip_field(&mutself, key: &'static str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> { let _ = key;
Ok(())
}
fn iterator_len_hint<I>(iter: &I) -> Option<usize> where
I: Iterator,
{ match iter.size_hint() {
(lo, Some(hi)) if lo == hi => Some(lo),
_ => None,
}
}
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