//! Timer state structures. //! //! This module contains the heart of the intrusive timer implementation, and as //! such the structures inside are full of tricky concurrency and unsafe code. //! //! # Ground rules //! //! The heart of the timer implementation here is the [`TimerShared`] structure, //! shared between the [`TimerEntry`] and the driver. Generally, we permit access //! to [`TimerShared`] ONLY via either 1) a mutable reference to [`TimerEntry`] or //! 2) a held driver lock. //! //! It follows from this that any changes made while holding BOTH 1 and 2 will //! be reliably visible, regardless of ordering. This is because of the `acq/rel` //! fences on the driver lock ensuring ordering with 2, and rust mutable //! reference rules for 1 (a mutable reference to an object can't be passed //! between threads without an `acq/rel` barrier, and same-thread we have local //! happens-before ordering). //! //! # State field //! //! Each timer has a state field associated with it. This field contains either //! the current scheduled time, or a special flag value indicating its state. //! This state can either indicate that the timer is on the 'pending' queue (and //! thus will be fired with an `Ok(())` result soon) or that it has already been //! fired/deregistered. //! //! This single state field allows for code that is firing the timer to //! synchronize with any racing `reset` calls reliably. //! //! # Cached vs true timeouts //! //! To allow for the use case of a timeout that is periodically reset before //! expiration to be as lightweight as possible, we support optimistically //! lock-free timer resets, in the case where a timer is rescheduled to a later //! point than it was originally scheduled for. //! //! This is accomplished by lazily rescheduling timers. That is, we update the //! state field with the true expiration of the timer from the holder of //! the [`TimerEntry`]. When the driver services timers (ie, whenever it's //! walking lists of timers), it checks this "true when" value, and reschedules //! based on it. //! //! We do, however, also need to track what the expiration time was when we //! originally registered the timer; this is used to locate the right linked //! list when the timer is being cancelled. This is referred to as the "cached //! when" internally. //! //! There is of course a race condition between timer reset and timer //! expiration. If the driver fails to observe the updated expiration time, it //! could trigger expiration of the timer too early. However, because //! [`mark_pending`][mark_pending] performs a compare-and-swap, it will identify this race and //! refuse to mark the timer as pending. //! //! [mark_pending]: TimerHandle::mark_pending
use std::cell::UnsafeCell as StdUnsafeCell; use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker}; use std::{marker::PhantomPinned, pin::Pin, ptr::NonNull};
type TimerResult = Result<(), crate::time::error::Error>;
const STATE_DEREGISTERED: u64 = u64::MAX; const STATE_PENDING_FIRE: u64 = STATE_DEREGISTERED - 1; const STATE_MIN_VALUE: u64 = STATE_PENDING_FIRE; /// The largest safe integer to use for ticks. /// /// This value should be updated if any other signal values are added above. pub(super) const MAX_SAFE_MILLIS_DURATION: u64 = STATE_MIN_VALUE - 1;
/// This structure holds the current shared state of the timer - its scheduled /// time (if registered), or otherwise the result of the timer completing, as /// well as the registered waker. /// /// Generally, the `StateCell` is only permitted to be accessed from two contexts: /// Either a thread holding the corresponding `&mut TimerEntry`, or a thread /// holding the timer driver lock. The write actions on the `StateCell` amount to /// passing "ownership" of the `StateCell` between these contexts; moving a timer /// from the `TimerEntry` to the driver requires _both_ holding the `&mut /// TimerEntry` and the driver lock, while moving it back (firing the timer) /// requires only the driver lock. pub(super) struct StateCell { /// Holds either the scheduled expiration time for this timer, or (if the /// timer has been fired and is unregistered), `u64::MAX`.
state: AtomicU64, /// If the timer is fired (an Acquire order read on state shows /// `u64::MAX`), holds the result that should be returned from /// polling the timer. Otherwise, the contents are unspecified and reading /// without holding the driver lock is undefined behavior.
result: UnsafeCell<TimerResult>, /// The currently-registered waker
waker: AtomicWaker,
}
/// Returns the current expiration time, or None if not currently scheduled. fn when(&self) -> Option<u64> { let cur_state = self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
/// If the timer is completed, returns the result of the timer. Otherwise, /// returns None and registers the waker. fn poll(&self, waker: &Waker) -> Poll<TimerResult> { // We must register first. This ensures that either `fire` will // observe the new waker, or we will observe a racing fire to have set // the state, or both. self.waker.register_by_ref(waker);
self.read_state()
}
fn read_state(&self) -> Poll<TimerResult> { let cur_state = self.state.load(Ordering::Acquire);
if cur_state == STATE_DEREGISTERED { // SAFETY: The driver has fired this timer; this involves writing // the result, and then writing (with release ordering) the state // field.
Poll::Ready(unsafe { self.result.with(|p| *p) })
} else {
Poll::Pending
}
}
/// Marks this timer as being moved to the pending list, if its scheduled /// time is not after `not_after`. /// /// If the timer is scheduled for a time after `not_after`, returns an Err /// containing the current scheduled time. /// /// SAFETY: Must hold the driver lock. unsafefn mark_pending(&self, not_after: u64) -> Result<(), u64> { // Quick initial debug check to see if the timer is already fired. Since // firing the timer can only happen with the driver lock held, we know // we shouldn't be able to "miss" a transition to a fired state, even // with relaxed ordering. letmut cur_state = self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
loop { // improve the error message for things like // https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/issues/3675
assert!(
cur_state < STATE_MIN_VALUE, "mark_pending called when the timer entry is in an invalid state"
);
if cur_state > not_after { break Err(cur_state);
}
/// Fires the timer, setting the result to the provided result. /// /// Returns: /// * `Some(waker)` - if fired and a waker needs to be invoked once the /// driver lock is released /// * `None` - if fired and a waker does not need to be invoked, or if /// already fired /// /// SAFETY: The driver lock must be held. unsafefn fire(&self, result: TimerResult) -> Option<Waker> { // Quick initial check to see if the timer is already fired. Since // firing the timer can only happen with the driver lock held, we know // we shouldn't be able to "miss" a transition to a fired state, even // with relaxed ordering. let cur_state = self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed); if cur_state == STATE_DEREGISTERED { return None;
}
// SAFETY: We assume the driver lock is held and the timer is not // fired, so only the driver is accessing this field. // // We perform a release-ordered store to state below, to ensure this // write is visible before the state update is visible. unsafe { self.result.with_mut(|p| *p = result) };
/// Marks the timer as registered (poll will return None) and sets the /// expiration time. /// /// While this function is memory-safe, it should only be called from a /// context holding both `&mut TimerEntry` and the driver lock. fn set_expiration(&self, timestamp: u64) {
debug_assert!(timestamp < STATE_MIN_VALUE);
// We can use relaxed ordering because we hold the driver lock and will // fence when we release the lock. self.state.store(timestamp, Ordering::Relaxed);
}
/// Attempts to adjust the timer to a new timestamp. /// /// If the timer has already been fired, is pending firing, or the new /// timestamp is earlier than the old timestamp, (or occasionally /// spuriously) returns Err without changing the timer's state. In this /// case, the timer must be deregistered and re-registered. fn extend_expiration(&self, new_timestamp: u64) -> Result<(), ()> { letmut prior = self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed); loop { if new_timestamp < prior || prior >= STATE_MIN_VALUE { return Err(());
}
/// Returns true if the state of this timer indicates that the timer might /// be registered with the driver. This check is performed with relaxed /// ordering, but is conservative - if it returns false, the timer is /// definitely _not_ registered. pub(super) fn might_be_registered(&self) -> bool { self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed) != u64::MAX
}
}
/// A timer entry. /// /// This is the handle to a timer that is controlled by the requester of the /// timer. As this participates in intrusive data structures, it must be pinned /// before polling. #[derive(Debug)] pub(crate) struct TimerEntry { /// Arc reference to the runtime handle. We can only free the driver after /// deregistering everything from their respective timer wheels.
driver: scheduler::Handle, /// Shared inner structure; this is part of an intrusive linked list, and /// therefore other references can exist to it while mutable references to /// Entry exist. /// /// This is manipulated only under the inner mutex. TODO: Can we use loom /// cells for this?
inner: StdUnsafeCell<Option<TimerShared>>, /// Deadline for the timer. This is used to register on the first /// poll, as we can't register prior to being pinned.
deadline: Instant, /// Whether the deadline has been registered.
registered: bool, /// Ensure the type is !Unpin
_m: std::marker::PhantomPinned,
}
unsafeimpl Send for TimerEntry {} unsafeimpl Sync for TimerEntry {}
/// An `TimerHandle` is the (non-enforced) "unique" pointer from the driver to the /// timer entry. Generally, at most one `TimerHandle` exists for a timer at a time /// (enforced by the timer state machine). /// /// SAFETY: An `TimerHandle` is essentially a raw pointer, and the usual caveats /// of pointer safety apply. In particular, `TimerHandle` does not itself enforce /// that the timer does still exist; however, normally an `TimerHandle` is created /// immediately before registering the timer, and is consumed when firing the /// timer, to help minimize mistakes. Still, because `TimerHandle` cannot enforce /// memory safety, all operations are unsafe. #[derive(Debug)] pub(crate) struct TimerHandle {
inner: NonNull<TimerShared>,
}
pub(super) type EntryList = crate::util::linked_list::LinkedList<TimerShared, TimerShared>;
/// The shared state structure of a timer. This structure is shared between the /// frontend (`Entry`) and driver backend. /// /// Note that this structure is located inside the `TimerEntry` structure. pub(crate) struct TimerShared { /// The shard id. We should never change it.
shard_id: u32, /// A link within the doubly-linked list of timers on a particular level and /// slot. Valid only if state is equal to Registered. /// /// Only accessed under the entry lock.
pointers: linked_list::Pointers<TimerShared>,
/// The expiration time for which this entry is currently registered. /// Generally owned by the driver, but is accessed by the entry when not /// registered.
cached_when: AtomicU64,
/// Current state. This records whether the timer entry is currently under /// the ownership of the driver, and if not, its current state (not /// complete, fired, error, etc).
state: StateCell,
_p: PhantomPinned,
}
unsafeimpl Send for TimerShared {} unsafeimpl Sync for TimerShared {}
/// Gets the cached time-of-expiration value. pub(super) fn cached_when(&self) -> u64 { // Cached-when is only accessed under the driver lock, so we can use relaxed self.cached_when.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
}
/// Gets the true time-of-expiration value, and copies it into the cached /// time-of-expiration value. /// /// SAFETY: Must be called with the driver lock held, and when this entry is /// not in any timer wheel lists. pub(super) unsafefn sync_when(&self) -> u64 { let true_when = self.true_when();
/// Sets the cached time-of-expiration value. /// /// SAFETY: Must be called with the driver lock held, and when this entry is /// not in any timer wheel lists. unsafefn set_cached_when(&self, when: u64) { self.cached_when.store(when, Ordering::Relaxed);
}
/// Returns the true time-of-expiration value, with relaxed memory ordering. pub(super) fn true_when(&self) -> u64 { self.state.when().expect("Timer already fired")
}
/// Sets the true time-of-expiration value, even if it is less than the /// current expiration or the timer is deregistered. /// /// SAFETY: Must only be called with the driver lock held and the entry not /// in the timer wheel. pub(super) unsafefn set_expiration(&self, t: u64) { self.state.set_expiration(t); self.cached_when.store(t, Ordering::Relaxed);
}
/// Sets the true time-of-expiration only if it is after the current. pub(super) fn extend_expiration(&self, t: u64) -> Result<(), ()> { self.state.extend_expiration(t)
}
/// Returns a `TimerHandle` for this timer. pub(super) fn handle(&self) -> TimerHandle {
TimerHandle {
inner: NonNull::from(self),
}
}
/// Returns true if the state of this timer indicates that the timer might /// be registered with the driver. This check is performed with relaxed /// ordering, but is conservative - if it returns false, the timer is /// definitely _not_ registered. pub(super) fn might_be_registered(&self) -> bool { self.state.might_be_registered()
}
impl TimerEntry { #[track_caller] pub(crate) fn new(handle: scheduler::Handle, deadline: Instant) -> Self { // Panic if the time driver is not enabled let _ = handle.driver().time();
/// Cancels and deregisters the timer. This operation is irreversible. pub(crate) fn cancel(self: Pin<&mutSelf>) { // Avoid calling the `clear_entry` method, because it has not been initialized yet. if !self.is_inner_init() { return;
} // We need to perform an acq/rel fence with the driver thread, and the // simplest way to do so is to grab the driver lock. // // Why is this necessary? We're about to release this timer's memory for // some other non-timer use. However, we've been doing a bunch of // relaxed (or even non-atomic) writes from the driver thread, and we'll // be doing more from _this thread_ (as this memory is interpreted as // something else). // // It is critical to ensure that, from the point of view of the driver, // those future non-timer writes happen-after the timer is fully fired, // and from the purpose of this thread, the driver's writes all // happen-before we drop the timer. This in turn requires us to perform // an acquire-release barrier in _both_ directions between the driver // and dropping thread. // // The lock acquisition in clear_entry serves this purpose. All of the // driver manipulations happen with the lock held, so we can just take // the lock and be sure that this drop happens-after everything the // driver did so far and happens-before everything the driver does in // the future. While we have the lock held, we also go ahead and // deregister the entry if necessary. unsafe { self.driver().clear_entry(NonNull::from(self.inner())) };
}
/// Forcibly sets the true and cached expiration times to the given tick. /// /// SAFETY: The caller must ensure that the handle remains valid, the driver /// lock is held, and that the timer is not in any wheel linked lists. pub(super) unsafefn set_expiration(&self, tick: u64) { self.inner.as_ref().set_expiration(tick);
}
/// Attempts to mark this entry as pending. If the expiration time is after /// `not_after`, however, returns an Err with the current expiration time. /// /// If an `Err` is returned, the `cached_when` value will be updated to this /// new expiration time. /// /// SAFETY: The caller must ensure that the handle remains valid, the driver /// lock is held, and that the timer is not in any wheel linked lists. /// After returning Ok, the entry must be added to the pending list. pub(super) unsafefn mark_pending(&self, not_after: u64) -> Result<(), u64> { matchself.inner.as_ref().state.mark_pending(not_after) {
Ok(()) => { // mark this as being on the pending queue in cached_when self.inner.as_ref().set_cached_when(u64::MAX);
Ok(())
}
Err(tick) => { self.inner.as_ref().set_cached_when(tick);
Err(tick)
}
}
}
/// Attempts to transition to a terminal state. If the state is already a /// terminal state, does nothing. /// /// Because the entry might be dropped after the state is moved to a /// terminal state, this function consumes the handle to ensure we don't /// access the entry afterwards. /// /// Returns the last-registered waker, if any. /// /// SAFETY: The driver lock must be held while invoking this function, and /// the entry must not be in any wheel linked lists. pub(super) unsafefn fire(self, completed_state: TimerResult) -> Option<Waker> { self.inner.as_ref().state.fire(completed_state)
}
}
impl Drop for TimerEntry { fn drop(&mutself) { unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(self) }.as_mut().cancel();
}
}
// Generates a shard id. If current thread is a worker thread, we use its worker index as a shard id. // Otherwise, we use a random number generator to obtain the shard id.
cfg_rt! { fn generate_shard_id(shard_size: u32) -> u32 { let id = context::with_scheduler(|ctx| match ctx {
Some(scheduler::Context::CurrentThread(_ctx)) => 0, #[cfg(feature = "rt-multi-thread")]
Some(scheduler::Context::MultiThread(ctx)) => ctx.get_worker_index() as u32, #[cfg(all(tokio_unstable, feature = "rt-multi-thread"))]
Some(scheduler::Context::MultiThreadAlt(ctx)) => ctx.get_worker_index() as u32,
None => context::thread_rng_n(shard_size),
});
id % shard_size
}
}
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