/// A typed reference derived from a byte slice. /// /// A `Ref<B, T>` is a reference to a `T` which is stored in a byte slice, `B`. /// Unlike a native reference (`&T` or `&mut T`), `Ref<B, T>` has the same /// mutability as the byte slice it was constructed from (`B`). /// /// # Examples /// /// `Ref` can be used to treat a sequence of bytes as a structured type, and /// to read and write the fields of that type as if the byte slice reference /// were simply a reference to that type. /// /// ```rust /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(FromBytes, IntoBytes, KnownLayout, Immutable, Unaligned)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct UdpHeader { /// src_port: [u8; 2], /// dst_port: [u8; 2], /// length: [u8; 2], /// checksum: [u8; 2], /// } /// /// #[derive(FromBytes, IntoBytes, KnownLayout, Immutable, Unaligned)] /// #[repr(C, packed)] /// struct UdpPacket { /// header: UdpHeader, /// body: [u8], /// } /// /// impl UdpPacket { /// pub fn parse<B: ByteSlice>(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, UdpPacket>> { /// Ref::from_bytes(bytes).ok() /// } /// } /// ``` pubstructRef<B, T: ?Sized>( // INVARIANTS: The referent (via `.deref`, `.deref_mut`, `.into`) byte // slice is aligned to `T`'s alignment and its size corresponds to a // valid size for `T`.
B,
PhantomData<T>,
);
impl<B, T: ?Sized> Ref<B, T> { /// Constructs a new `Ref`. /// /// # Safety /// /// `bytes` dereferences (via [`deref`], [`deref_mut`], and [`into`]) to /// a byte slice which is aligned to `T`'s alignment and whose size is a /// valid size for `T`. /// /// [`deref`]: core::ops::Deref::deref /// [`deref_mut`]: core::ops::DerefMut::deref_mut /// [`into`]: core::convert::Into::into pub(crate) unsafefn new_unchecked(bytes: B) -> Ref<B, T> { // INVARIANTS: The caller has promised that `bytes`'s referent is // validly-aligned and has a valid size. Ref(bytes, PhantomData)
}
}
impl<B: ByteSlice, T: ?Sized> Ref<B, T> { /// Access the byte slice as a [`ByteSlice`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises not to call methods on the returned /// [`ByteSlice`] other than `ByteSlice` methods (for example, via /// `Any::downcast_ref`). /// /// `as_byte_slice` promises to return a `ByteSlice` whose referent is /// validly-aligned for `T` and has a valid size for `T`. pub(crate) unsafefn as_byte_slice(&self) -> &impl ByteSlice { // INVARIANTS: The caller promises not to call methods other than // those on `ByteSlice`. Since `B: ByteSlice`, dereference stability // guarantees that calling `ByteSlice` methods will not change the // address or length of `self.0`'s referent. // // SAFETY: By invariant on `self.0`, the alignment and size // post-conditions are upheld.
&self.0
}
}
impl<B: ByteSliceMut, T: ?Sized> Ref<B, T> { /// Access the byte slice as a [`ByteSliceMut`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises not to call methods on the returned /// [`ByteSliceMut`] other than `ByteSliceMut` methods (for example, via /// `Any::downcast_mut`). /// /// `as_byte_slice` promises to return a `ByteSlice` whose referent is /// validly-aligned for `T` and has a valid size for `T`. pub(crate) unsafefn as_byte_slice_mut(&mutself) -> &mutimpl ByteSliceMut { // INVARIANTS: The caller promises not to call methods other than // those on `ByteSliceMut`. Since `B: ByteSlice`, dereference // stability guarantees that calling `ByteSlice` methods will not // change the address or length of `self.0`'s referent. // // SAFETY: By invariant on `self.0`, the alignment and size // post-conditions are upheld.
&mutself.0
}
}
impl<'a, B: IntoByteSlice<'a>, T: ?Sized> Ref<B, T> { /// Access the byte slice as an [`IntoByteSlice`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises not to call methods on the returned /// [`IntoByteSlice`] other than `IntoByteSlice` methods (for example, /// via `Any::downcast_ref`). /// /// `as_byte_slice` promises to return a `ByteSlice` whose referent is /// validly-aligned for `T` and has a valid size for `T`. pub(crate) unsafefn into_byte_slice(self) -> impl IntoByteSlice<'a> { // INVARIANTS: The caller promises not to call methods other than // those on `IntoByteSlice`. Since `B: ByteSlice`, dereference // stability guarantees that calling `ByteSlice` methods will not // change the address or length of `self.0`'s referent. // // SAFETY: By invariant on `self.0`, the alignment and size // post-conditions are upheld. self.0
}
}
impl<'a, B: IntoByteSliceMut<'a>, T: ?Sized> Ref<B, T> { /// Access the byte slice as an [`IntoByteSliceMut`]. /// /// # Safety /// /// The caller promises not to call methods on the returned /// [`IntoByteSliceMut`] other than `IntoByteSliceMut` methods (for /// example, via `Any::downcast_mut`). /// /// `as_byte_slice` promises to return a `ByteSlice` whose referent is /// validly-aligned for `T` and has a valid size for `T`. pub(crate) unsafefn into_byte_slice_mut(self) -> impl IntoByteSliceMut<'a> { // INVARIANTS: The caller promises not to call methods other than // those on `IntoByteSliceMut`. Since `B: ByteSlice`, dereference // stability guarantees that calling `ByteSlice` methods will not // change the address or length of `self.0`'s referent. // // SAFETY: By invariant on `self.0`, the alignment and size // post-conditions are upheld. self.0
}
}
impl<B: CloneableByteSlice + Clone, T: ?Sized> Clone forRef<B, T> { #[inline] fn clone(&self) -> Ref<B, T> { // INVARIANTS: Since `B: CloneableByteSlice`, `self.0.clone()` has // the same address and length as `self.0`. Since `self.0` upholds // the field invariants, so does `self.0.clone()`. Ref(self.0.clone(), PhantomData)
}
}
// INVARIANTS: Since `B: CopyableByteSlice`, the copied `Ref`'s `.0` has the // same address and length as the original `Ref`'s `.0`. Since the original // upholds the field invariants, so does the copy. impl<B: CopyableByteSlice + Copy, T: ?Sized> Copy forRef<B, T> {}
}
#[allow(unreachable_pub)] // This is a false positive on our MSRV toolchain. pubuse def::Ref;
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
{ #[must_use = "has no side effects"] pub(crate) fn sized_from(bytes: B) -> Result<Ref<B, T>, CastError<B, T>> { if bytes.len() != mem::size_of::<T>() { return Err(SizeError::new(bytes).into());
} iflet Err(err) = util::validate_aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) { return Err(err.with_src(bytes).into());
}
// SAFETY: We just validated size and alignment.
Ok(unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(bytes) })
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: SplitByteSlice,
{ #[must_use = "has no side effects"] pub(crate) fn sized_from_prefix(bytes: B) -> Result<(Ref<B, T>, B), CastError<B, T>> { if bytes.len() < mem::size_of::<T>() { return Err(SizeError::new(bytes).into());
} iflet Err(err) = util::validate_aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) { return Err(err.with_src(bytes).into());
} let (bytes, suffix) =
bytes.split_at(mem::size_of::<T>()).map_err(|b| SizeError::new(b).into())?; // SAFETY: We just validated alignment and that `bytes` is at least as // large as `T`. `bytes.split_at(mem::size_of::<T>())?` ensures that the // new `bytes` is exactly the size of `T`. By safety postcondition on // `SplitByteSlice::split_at` we can rely on `split_at` to produce the // correct `bytes` and `suffix`. let r = unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(bytes) };
Ok((r, suffix))
}
#[must_use = "has no side effects"] pub(crate) fn sized_from_suffix(bytes: B) -> Result<(B, Ref<B, T>), CastError<B, T>> { let bytes_len = bytes.len(); let split_at = iflet Some(split_at) = bytes_len.checked_sub(mem::size_of::<T>()) {
split_at
} else { return Err(SizeError::new(bytes).into());
}; let (prefix, bytes) = bytes.split_at(split_at).map_err(|b| SizeError::new(b).into())?; iflet Err(err) = util::validate_aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) { return Err(err.with_src(bytes).into());
} // SAFETY: Since `split_at` is defined as `bytes_len - size_of::<T>()`, // the `bytes` which results from `let (prefix, bytes) = // bytes.split_at(split_at)?` has length `size_of::<T>()`. After // constructing `bytes`, we validate that it has the proper alignment. // By safety postcondition on `SplitByteSlice::split_at` we can rely on // `split_at` to produce the correct `prefix` and `bytes`. let r = unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(bytes) };
Ok((prefix, r))
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
T: KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ref` from a byte slice. /// /// If the length of `source` is not a [valid size of `T`][valid-size], or /// if `source` is not appropriately aligned for `T`, this returns `Err`. If /// [`T: Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can [infallibly discard the alignment /// error][size-error-from]. /// /// `T` may be a sized type, a slice, or a [slice DST][slice-dst]. /// /// [valid-size]: crate::KnownLayout#what-is-a-valid-size /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// [slice-dst]: KnownLayout#dynamically-sized-types /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_bytes(&b"UU"[..]); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline] pubfn from_bytes(source: B) -> Result<Ref<B, T>, CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); iflet Err(e) =
Ptr::from_ref(source.deref()).try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseImmutable>(None)
{ return Err(e.with_src(()).with_src(source));
} // SAFETY: `try_cast_into_no_leftover` validates size and alignment.
Ok(unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(source) })
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: SplitByteSlice,
T: KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ref` from the prefix of a byte slice. /// /// This method computes the [largest possible size of `T`][valid-size] that /// can fit in the leading bytes of `source`, then attempts to return both a /// `Ref` to those bytes, and a reference to the remaining bytes. If there /// are insufficient bytes, or if `source` is not appropriately aligned, /// this returns `Err`. If [`T: Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can /// [infallibly discard the alignment error][size-error-from]. /// /// `T` may be a sized type, a slice, or a [slice DST][slice-dst]. /// /// [valid-size]: crate::KnownLayout#what-is-a-valid-size /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// [slice-dst]: KnownLayout#dynamically-sized-types /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_prefix(&b"UU"[..]); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline] pubfn from_prefix(source: B) -> Result<(Ref<B, T>, B), CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); let remainder = match Ptr::from_ref(source.deref())
.try_cast_into::<T, BecauseImmutable>(CastType::Prefix, None)
{
Ok((_, remainder)) => remainder,
Err(e) => { return Err(e.with_src(()).with_src(source));
}
};
// SAFETY: `remainder` is constructed as a subset of `source`, and so it // cannot have a larger size than `source`. Both of their `len` methods // measure bytes (`source` deref's to `[u8]`, and `remainder` is a // `Ptr<[u8]>`), so `source.len() >= remainder.len()`. Thus, this cannot // underflow. #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)] let split_at = unsafe { source.len().unchecked_sub(remainder.len()) }; let (bytes, suffix) = source.split_at(split_at).map_err(|b| SizeError::new(b).into())?; // SAFETY: `try_cast_into` validates size and alignment, and returns a // `split_at` that indicates how many bytes of `source` correspond to a // valid `T`. By safety postcondition on `SplitByteSlice::split_at` we // can rely on `split_at` to produce the correct `source` and `suffix`. let r = unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(bytes) };
Ok((r, suffix))
}
/// Constructs a `Ref` from the suffix of a byte slice. /// /// This method computes the [largest possible size of `T`][valid-size] that /// can fit in the trailing bytes of `source`, then attempts to return both /// a `Ref` to those bytes, and a reference to the preceding bytes. If there /// are insufficient bytes, or if that suffix of `source` is not /// appropriately aligned, this returns `Err`. If [`T: /// Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can [infallibly discard the alignment /// error][size-error-from]. /// /// `T` may be a sized type, a slice, or a [slice DST][slice-dst]. /// /// [valid-size]: crate::KnownLayout#what-is-a-valid-size /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// [slice-dst]: KnownLayout#dynamically-sized-types /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_suffix(&b"UU"[..]); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline] pubfn from_suffix(source: B) -> Result<(B, Ref<B, T>), CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); let remainder = match Ptr::from_ref(source.deref())
.try_cast_into::<T, BecauseImmutable>(CastType::Suffix, None)
{
Ok((_, remainder)) => remainder,
Err(e) => { let e = e.with_src(()); return Err(e.with_src(source));
}
};
let split_at = remainder.len(); let (prefix, bytes) = source.split_at(split_at).map_err(|b| SizeError::new(b).into())?; // SAFETY: `try_cast_into` validates size and alignment, and returns a // `split_at` that indicates how many bytes of `source` correspond to a // valid `T`. By safety postcondition on `SplitByteSlice::split_at` we // can rely on `split_at` to produce the correct `prefix` and `bytes`. let r = unsafe { Ref::new_unchecked(bytes) };
Ok((prefix, r))
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
T: KnownLayout<PointerMetadata = usize> + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ref` from the given bytes with DST length equal to `count` /// without copying. /// /// This method attempts to return a `Ref` to the prefix of `source` /// interpreted as a `T` with `count` trailing elements, and a reference to /// the remaining bytes. If the length of `source` is not equal to the size /// of `Self` with `count` elements, or if `source` is not appropriately /// aligned, this returns `Err`. If [`T: Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can /// [infallibly discard the alignment error][size-error-from]. /// /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_bytes_with_elems(&b"UU"[..], 42); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[inline] pubfn from_bytes_with_elems(source: B, count: usize) -> Result<Ref<B, T>, CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); let expected_len = match T::size_for_metadata(count) {
Some(len) => len,
None => return Err(SizeError::new(source).into()),
}; if source.len() != expected_len { return Err(SizeError::new(source).into());
} Self::from_bytes(source)
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: SplitByteSlice,
T: KnownLayout<PointerMetadata = usize> + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ /// Constructs a `Ref` from the prefix of the given bytes with DST /// length equal to `count` without copying. /// /// This method attempts to return a `Ref` to the prefix of `source` /// interpreted as a `T` with `count` trailing elements, and a reference to /// the remaining bytes. If there are insufficient bytes, or if `source` is /// not appropriately aligned, this returns `Err`. If [`T: /// Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can [infallibly discard the alignment /// error][size-error-from]. /// /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_prefix_with_elems(&b"UU"[..], 42); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[inline] pubfn from_prefix_with_elems(
source: B,
count: usize,
) -> Result<(Ref<B, T>, B), CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); let expected_len = match T::size_for_metadata(count) {
Some(len) => len,
None => return Err(SizeError::new(source).into()),
}; let (prefix, bytes) = source.split_at(expected_len).map_err(SizeError::new)?; Self::from_bytes(prefix).map(move |l| (l, bytes))
}
/// Constructs a `Ref` from the suffix of the given bytes with DST length /// equal to `count` without copying. /// /// This method attempts to return a `Ref` to the suffix of `source` /// interpreted as a `T` with `count` trailing elements, and a reference to /// the preceding bytes. If there are insufficient bytes, or if that suffix /// of `source` is not appropriately aligned, this returns `Err`. If [`T: /// Unaligned`][t-unaligned], you can [infallibly discard the alignment /// error][size-error-from]. /// /// [t-unaligned]: Unaligned /// [size-error-from]: error/struct.SizeError.html#method.from-1 /// /// # Compile-Time Assertions /// /// This method cannot yet be used on unsized types whose dynamically-sized /// component is zero-sized. Attempting to use this method on such types /// results in a compile-time assertion error; e.g.: /// /// ```compile_fail,E0080 /// use zerocopy::*; /// # use zerocopy_derive::*; /// /// #[derive(Immutable, KnownLayout)] /// #[repr(C)] /// struct ZSTy { /// leading_sized: u16, /// trailing_dst: [()], /// } /// /// let _ = Ref::<_, ZSTy>::from_suffix_with_elems(&b"UU"[..], 42); // ⚠ Compile Error! /// ``` #[inline] pubfn from_suffix_with_elems(
source: B,
count: usize,
) -> Result<(B, Ref<B, T>), CastError<B, T>> {
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T); let expected_len = match T::size_for_metadata(count) {
Some(len) => len,
None => return Err(SizeError::new(source).into()),
}; let split_at = iflet Some(split_at) = source.len().checked_sub(expected_len) {
split_at
} else { return Err(SizeError::new(source).into());
}; // SAFETY: The preceding `source.len().checked_sub(expected_len)` // guarantees that `split_at` is in-bounds. let (bytes, suffix) = unsafe { source.split_at_unchecked(split_at) }; Self::from_bytes(suffix).map(move |l| (bytes, l))
}
}
impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: 'a + IntoByteSlice<'a>,
T: FromBytes + KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ /// Converts this `Ref` into a reference. /// /// `into_ref` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a reference to `T`. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::into_ref(r)` instead of `r.into_ref()`. This is so that /// there is no conflict with a method on the inner type. #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline(always)] pubfn into_ref(r: Self) -> &'a T { // Presumably unreachable, since we've guarded each constructor of `Ref`.
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T);
// SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `IntoByteSlice`. let b = unsafe { r.into_byte_slice() };
// PANICS: By post-condition on `into_byte_slice`, `b`'s size and // alignment are valid for `T`. By post-condition, `b.into_byte_slice()` // produces a byte slice with identical address and length to that // produced by `b.deref()`. let ptr = Ptr::from_ref(b.into_byte_slice())
.try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseImmutable>(None)
.expect("zerocopy internal error: into_ref should be infallible"); let ptr = ptr.recall_validity();
ptr.as_ref()
}
}
impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: 'a + IntoByteSliceMut<'a>,
T: FromBytes + IntoBytes + KnownLayout + ?Sized,
{ /// Converts this `Ref` into a mutable reference. /// /// `into_mut` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a mutable reference to `T`. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::into_mut(r)` instead of `r.into_mut()`. This is so that /// there is no conflict with a method on the inner type. #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline(always)] pubfn into_mut(r: Self) -> &'a mut T { // Presumably unreachable, since we've guarded each constructor of `Ref`.
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T);
// SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `IntoByteSliceMut`. let b = unsafe { r.into_byte_slice_mut() };
// PANICS: By post-condition on `into_byte_slice_mut`, `b`'s size and // alignment are valid for `T`. By post-condition, // `b.into_byte_slice_mut()` produces a byte slice with identical // address and length to that produced by `b.deref_mut()`. let ptr = Ptr::from_mut(b.into_byte_slice_mut())
.try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseExclusive>(None)
.expect("zerocopy internal error: into_ref should be infallible"); let ptr = ptr.recall_validity::<_, (_, (_, _))>();
ptr.as_mut()
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
T: ?Sized,
{ /// Gets the underlying bytes. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::bytes(r)` instead of `r.bytes()`. This is so that there is /// no conflict with a method on the inner type. #[inline] pubfn bytes(r: &Self) -> &[u8] { // SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSlice`. unsafe { r.as_byte_slice().deref() }
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSliceMut,
T: ?Sized,
{ /// Gets the underlying bytes mutably. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::bytes_mut(r)` instead of `r.bytes_mut()`. This is so that /// there is no conflict with a method on the inner type. #[inline] pubfn bytes_mut(r: &mutSelf) -> &mut [u8] { // SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSliceMut`. unsafe { r.as_byte_slice_mut().deref_mut() }
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
T: FromBytes,
{ /// Reads a copy of `T`. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::read(r)` instead of `r.read()`. This is so that there is no /// conflict with a method on the inner type. #[must_use = "has no side effects"] #[inline] pubfn read(r: &Self) -> T { // SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSlice`. let b = unsafe { r.as_byte_slice() };
// SAFETY: By postcondition on `as_byte_slice`, we know that `b` is a // valid size and ailgnment for `T`. By safety invariant on `ByteSlice`, // we know that this is preserved via `.deref()`. Because `T: // FromBytes`, it is sound to interpret these bytes as a `T`. unsafe { ptr::read(b.deref().as_ptr().cast::<T>()) }
}
}
impl<B, T> Ref<B, T> where
B: ByteSliceMut,
T: IntoBytes,
{ /// Writes the bytes of `t` and then forgets `t`. /// /// Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call /// it as `Ref::write(r, t)` instead of `r.write(t)`. This is so that there /// is no conflict with a method on the inner type. #[inline] pubfn write(r: &mutSelf, t: T) { // SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSliceMut`. let b = unsafe { r.as_byte_slice_mut() };
// SAFETY: By postcondition on `as_byte_slice_mut`, we know that `b` is // a valid size and ailgnment for `T`. By safety invariant on // `ByteSlice`, we know that this is preserved via `.deref()`. Writing // `t` to the buffer will allow all of the bytes of `t` to be accessed // as a `[u8]`, but because `T: IntoBytes`, we know that this is sound. unsafe { ptr::write(b.deref_mut().as_mut_ptr().cast::<T>(), t) }
}
}
impl<B, T> Deref forRef<B, T> where
B: ByteSlice,
T: FromBytes + KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ type Target = T; #[inline] fn deref(&self) -> &T { // Presumably unreachable, since we've guarded each constructor of `Ref`.
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T);
// SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSlice`. let b = unsafe { self.as_byte_slice() };
// PANICS: By postcondition on `as_byte_slice`, `b`'s size and alignment // are valid for `T`, and by invariant on `ByteSlice`, these are // preserved through `.deref()`, so this `unwrap` will not panic. let ptr = Ptr::from_ref(b.deref())
.try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseImmutable>(None)
.expect("zerocopy internal error: Deref::deref should be infallible"); let ptr = ptr.recall_validity();
ptr.as_ref()
}
}
impl<B, T> DerefMut forRef<B, T> where
B: ByteSliceMut, // FIXME(#251): We can't remove `Immutable` here because it's required by // the impl of `Deref`, which is a super-trait of `DerefMut`. Maybe we can // add a separate inherent method for this?
T: FromBytes + IntoBytes + KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,
{ #[inline] fn deref_mut(&mutself) -> &mut T { // Presumably unreachable, since we've guarded each constructor of `Ref`.
static_assert_dst_is_not_zst!(T);
// SAFETY: We don't call any methods on `b` other than those provided by // `ByteSliceMut`. let b = unsafe { self.as_byte_slice_mut() };
// PANICS: By postcondition on `as_byte_slice_mut`, `b`'s size and // alignment are valid for `T`, and by invariant on `ByteSlice`, these // are preserved through `.deref_mut()`, so this `unwrap` will not // panic. let ptr = Ptr::from_mut(b.deref_mut())
.try_cast_into_no_leftover::<T, BecauseExclusive>(None)
.expect("zerocopy internal error: DerefMut::deref_mut should be infallible"); let ptr = ptr.recall_validity::<_, (_, (_, (BecauseExclusive, BecauseExclusive)))>();
ptr.as_mut()
}
}
#[cfg(test)] #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_result_states)] mod tests { use core::convert::TryInto as _;
usesuper::*; usecrate::util::testutil::*;
#[test] fn test_mut_slice_into_ref() { // Prior to #1260/#1299, calling `into_ref` on a `&mut [u8]`-backed // `Ref` was not supported. letmut buf = [0u8]; let r = Ref::<&mut [u8], u8>::from_bytes(&mut buf).unwrap();
assert_eq!(Ref::into_ref(r), &0);
}
#[test] fn test_address() { // Test that the `Deref` and `DerefMut` implementations return a // reference which points to the right region of memory.
let buf = [0]; let r = Ref::<_, u8>::from_bytes(&buf[..]).unwrap(); let buf_ptr = buf.as_ptr(); let deref_ptr: *const u8 = r.deref();
assert_eq!(buf_ptr, deref_ptr);
let buf = [0]; let r = Ref::<_, [u8]>::from_bytes(&buf[..]).unwrap(); let buf_ptr = buf.as_ptr(); let deref_ptr = r.deref().as_ptr();
assert_eq!(buf_ptr, deref_ptr);
}
// Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the // typed and untyped representations, that reads via `deref` and `read` // behave the same, and that writes via `deref_mut` and `write` behave the // same. fn test_new_helper(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], AU64>) { // assert that the value starts at 0
assert_eq!(*r, AU64(0));
assert_eq!(Ref::read(&r), AU64(0));
// Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the // byte slice. const VAL1: AU64 = AU64(0xFF00FF00FF00FF00);
*r = VAL1;
assert_eq!(Ref::bytes(&r), &VAL1.to_bytes());
*r = AU64(0); Ref::write(&mut r, VAL1);
assert_eq!(Ref::bytes(&r), &VAL1.to_bytes());
// Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the // typed value. const VAL2: AU64 = AU64(!VAL1.0); // different from `VAL1` Ref::bytes_mut(&mut r).copy_from_slice(&VAL2.to_bytes()[..]);
assert_eq!(*r, VAL2);
assert_eq!(Ref::read(&r), VAL2);
}
// Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the // typed and untyped representations; pass a value with `typed_len` `AU64`s // backed by an array of `typed_len * 8` bytes. fn test_new_helper_slice(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], [AU64]>, typed_len: usize) { // Assert that the value starts out zeroed.
assert_eq!(&*r, vec![AU64(0); typed_len].as_slice());
// Check the backing storage is the exact same slice. let untyped_len = typed_len * 8;
assert_eq!(Ref::bytes(&r).len(), untyped_len);
assert_eq!(Ref::bytes(&r).as_ptr(), r.as_ptr().cast::<u8>());
// Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the // byte slice. const VAL1: AU64 = AU64(0xFF00FF00FF00FF00); for typed in &mut *r {
*typed = VAL1;
}
assert_eq!(Ref::bytes(&r), VAL1.0.to_ne_bytes().repeat(typed_len).as_slice());
// Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the // typed value. const VAL2: AU64 = AU64(!VAL1.0); // different from VAL1 Ref::bytes_mut(&mut r).copy_from_slice(&VAL2.0.to_ne_bytes().repeat(typed_len));
assert!(r.iter().copied().all(|x| x == VAL2));
}
#[test] fn test_new_aligned_sized() { // Test that a properly-aligned, properly-sized buffer works for new, // new_from_prefix, and new_from_suffix, and that new_from_prefix and // new_from_suffix return empty slices. Test that a properly-aligned // buffer whose length is a multiple of the element size works for // new_slice.
// A buffer with an alignment of 8. letmut buf = Align::<[u8; 8], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
test_new_helper(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_bytes(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap());
{ // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long.
buf.set_default(); let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert!(suffix.is_empty());
test_new_helper(r);
}
{
buf.set_default(); let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert!(prefix.is_empty());
test_new_helper(r);
}
// A buffer with alignment 8 and length 24. We choose this length very // intentionally: if we instead used length 16, then the prefix and // suffix lengths would be identical. In the past, we used length 16, // which resulted in this test failing to discover the bug uncovered in // #506. letmut buf = Align::<[u8; 24], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8 and have a length which is a multiple // of `size_of::<AU64>()`, so this should always succeed.
test_new_helper_slice(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap(), 3);
buf.set_default(); let r = Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes_with_elems(&mut buf.t[..], 3).unwrap();
test_new_helper_slice(r, 3);
#[test] fn test_new_oversized() { // Test that a properly-aligned, overly-sized buffer works for // `new_from_prefix` and `new_from_suffix`, and that they return the // remainder and prefix of the slice respectively.
letmut buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default();
{ // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long. `buf.t` // should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed. let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(suffix.len(), 8);
test_new_helper(r);
}
{
buf.set_default(); // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed. let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(prefix.len(), 8);
test_new_helper(r);
}
}
#[test] #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)] fn test_new_error() { // Fail because the buffer is too large.
// A buffer with an alignment of 8. let buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so only the length check should fail.
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
// Fail because the buffer is too small.
// A buffer with an alignment of 8. let buf = Align::<[u8; 4], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so only the length check should fail.
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
// Fail because the length is not a multiple of the element size.
let buf = Align::<[u8; 12], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` has length 12, but element size is 8.
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
// Fail because the buffer is too short. let buf = Align::<[u8; 12], AU64>::default(); // `buf.t` has length 12, but the element size is 8 (and we're expecting // two of them). For each function, we test with a length that would // cause the size to overflow `usize`, and with a normal length that // will fail thanks to the buffer being too short; these are different // error paths, and while the error types are the same, the distinction // shows up in code coverage metrics. let n = (usize::MAX / mem::size_of::<AU64>()) + 1;
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes_with_elems(&buf.t[..], n).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes_with_elems(&buf.t[..], 2).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_prefix_with_elems(&buf.t[..], n).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_prefix_with_elems(&buf.t[..], 2).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_suffix_with_elems(&buf.t[..], n).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_suffix_with_elems(&buf.t[..], 2).is_err());
// Fail because the alignment is insufficient.
// A buffer with an alignment of 8. An odd buffer size is chosen so that // the last byte of the buffer has odd alignment. let buf = Align::<[u8; 13], AU64>::default(); // Slicing from 1, we get a buffer with size 12 (so the length check // should succeed) but an alignment of only 1, which is insufficient.
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_bytes(&buf.t[1..]).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_prefix(&buf.t[1..]).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes(&buf.t[1..]).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_bytes_with_elems(&buf.t[1..], 1).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_prefix_with_elems(&buf.t[1..], 1).is_err());
assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::from_suffix_with_elems(&buf.t[1..], 1).is_err()); // Slicing is unnecessary here because `new_from_suffix` uses the suffix // of the slice, which has odd alignment.
assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_err());
#[test] #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)] #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)] fn test_into_ref_mut() { #[allow(unused)] usecrate::util::AsAddress as _;
letmut buf = Align::<[u8; 8], u64>::default(); let r = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).unwrap(); let rf = Ref::into_ref(r);
assert_eq!(rf, &0u64); let buf_addr = (&buf.t as *const [u8; 8]).addr();
assert_eq!((rf as *const u64).addr(), buf_addr);
let r = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap(); let rf = Ref::into_mut(r);
assert_eq!(rf, &mut0u64);
assert_eq!((rf as *mut u64).addr(), buf_addr);
*rf = u64::MAX;
assert_eq!(buf.t, [0xFF; 8]);
}
#[test] fn test_display_debug() { let buf = Align::<[u8; 8], u64>::default(); let r = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(format!("{}", r), "0");
assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", r), "Ref(0)");
let buf = Align::<[u8; 8], u64>::default(); let r = Ref::<_, [u64]>::from_bytes(&buf.t[..]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", r), "Ref([0])");
}
#[test] fn test_eq() { let buf1 = 0_u64; let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap(); let buf2 = 0_u64; let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
assert_eq!(r1, r2);
}
#[test] fn test_ne() { let buf1 = 0_u64; let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap(); let buf2 = 1_u64; let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
assert_ne!(r1, r2);
}
#[test] fn test_ord() { let buf1 = 0_u64; let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap(); let buf2 = 1_u64; let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::from_bytes(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
assert!(r1 < r2);
assert_eq!(PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&r1, &r2), Some(Ordering::Less));
assert_eq!(Ord::cmp(&r1, &r2), Ordering::Less);
}
}
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