//! # Internal layout of ZeroTrie //! //! A ZeroTrie is composed of a series of nodes stored in sequence in a byte slice. //! //! There are 4 types of nodes: //! //! 1. ASCII (`0xxxxxxx`): matches a literal ASCII byte. //! 2. Span (`101xxxxx`): matches a span of non-ASCII bytes. //! 3. Value (`100xxxxx`): associates a value with a string //! 4. Branch (`11xxxxxx`): matches one of a set of bytes. //! //! Span, Value, and Branch nodes contain a varint, which has different semantics for each: //! //! - Span varint: length of the span //! - Value varint: value associated with the string //! - Branch varint: number of edges in the branch and width of the offset table //! //! If reading an ASCII, Span, or Branch node, one or more bytes are consumed from the input //! string. If the next byte(s) in the input string do not match the node, we return `None`. //! If reading a Value node, if the string is empty, return `Some(value)`; otherwise, we skip //! the Value node and continue on to the next node. //! //! When a node is consumed, a shorter, well-formed ZeroTrie remains. //! //! ### Basic Example //! //! Here is an example ZeroTrie without branch nodes: //! //! ``` //! use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash; //! //! let bytes = [ //! b'a', // ASCII literal //! 0b10001010, // value 10 //! b'b', // ASCII literal //! 0b10100011, // span of 3 //! 0x81, // first byte in span //! 0x91, // second byte in span //! 0xA1, // third and final byte in span //! 0b10000100, // value 4 //! ]; //! //! let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(&bytes); //! //! // First value: "a" → 10 //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), Some(10)); //! //! // Second value: "ab\x81\x91\xA1" → 4 //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ab\x81\x91\xA1"), Some(4)); //! //! // A few examples of strings that do NOT have values in the trie: //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ab"), None); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"b"), None); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"b\x81\x91\xA1"), None); //! ``` //! //! ## Branch Nodes //! //! There are two types of branch nodes: binary search and perfect hash. `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii` //! contains only binary search nodes, whereas `ZeroTriePerfectHash` can contain either. //! //! The head node of the branch has a varint that encodes two things: //! //! - Bottom 8 bits: number of edges in the branch (`N`); if N = 0, set N to 256 //! - Bits 9 and 10: width of the offset table (`W`) //! //! Note that N is always in the range [1, 256]. There can't be more than 256 edges because //! there are only 256 unique u8 values. //! //! A few examples of the head node of the branch: //! //! - `0b11000000`: varint bits `0`: N = 0 which means N = 256; W = 0 //! - `0b11000110`: varint bits `110`: N = 6; W = 0 //! - `0b11100000 0b00000101`: varint bits `1000101`: N = 69; W = 0 //! - `0b11100010 0b00000000`: varint bits `101000000`: N = 64; W = 1 //! //! In `ZeroTriePerfectHash`, if N <= 15, the branch is assumed to be a binary search, and if //! N > 15, the branch is assumed to be a perfect hash. //! //! ### Binary Search Branch Nodes //! //! A binary search branch node is used when: //! //! 1. The trie is a `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`, OR //! 2. There are 15 or fewer items in the branch. //! //! The head branch node is followed by N sorted bytes. When evaluating a branch node, one byte //! is consumed from the input. If it is one of the N sorted bytes (scanned using binary search), //! the index `i` of the byte within the list is used to index into the offset table (described //! below). If the byte is not in the list, the string is not in the trie, so return `None`. //! //! ### Perfect Hash Branch Nodes //! //! A perfect hash branch node is used when: //! //! 1. The trie is NOT a `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`, AND //! 2. There are 16 or more items in the branch. //! //! The head branch node is followed by 1 byte containing parameter `p`, N bytes containing //! parameters `q`, and N bytes containing the bytes to match. From these parameters, either an //! index within the hash table `i` is resolved and used as input to index into the offset //! table (described below), or the value is determined to not be present and `None` is //! returned. For more detail on resolving the perfect hash function, see [`crate::byte_phf`]. //! //! ### Offset Tables //! //! The _offset table_ encodes the range of the remaining buffer containing the trie reachable //! from the byte matched in the branch node. Both types of branch nodes include an offset //! table followig the key lookup. Given the index `i` from the first step, the range //! `[s_i, s_(i+1))` brackets the next step in the trie. //! //! Offset tables utilize the `W` parameter stored in the branch head node. The special case //! when `W == 0`, with `N - 1` bytes, is easiest to understand: //! //! **Offset table, W = 0:** `[s_1, s_2, ..., s_(N-1)]` //! //! Note that `s_0` is always 0 and `s_N` is always the length of the remaining slice, so those //! values are not explicitly included in the offset table. //! //! When W > 0, the high and low bits of the offsets are in separate bytes, arranged as follows: //! //! **Generalized offset table:** `[a_1, a_2, ..., a_(N-1), b_1, b_2, ..., b_(N-1), c_1, ...]` //! //! where `s_i = (a_i << 8 + b_i) << 8 + c_i ...` (high bits first, low bits last) //! //! ### Advanced Example //! //! The following trie encodes the following map. It has multiple varints and branch nodes, which //! are all binary search with W = 0. Note that there is a value for the empty string. //! //! - "" → 0 //! - "axb" → 100 //! - "ayc" → 2 //! - "azd" → 3 //! - "bxe" → 4 //! - "bxefg" → 500 //! - "bxefh" → 6 //! - "bxei" → 7 //! - "bxeikl" → 8 //! //! ``` //! use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii; //! //! let bytes = [ //! 0b10000000, // value 0 //! 0b11000010, // branch of 2 //! b'a', // //! b'b', // //! 13, // //! 0b11000011, // start of 'a' subtree: branch of 3 //! b'x', // //! b'y', // //! b'z', // //! 3, // //! 5, // //! b'b', // //! 0b10010000, // value 100 (lead) //! 0x54, // value 100 (trail) //! b'c', // //! 0b10000010, // value 2 //! b'd', // //! 0b10000011, // value 3 //! b'x', // start of 'b' subtree //! b'e', // //! 0b10000100, // value 4 //! 0b11000010, // branch of 2 //! b'f', // //! b'i', // //! 7, // //! 0b11000010, // branch of 2 //! b'g', // //! b'h', // //! 2, // //! 0b10010011, // value 500 (lead) //! 0x64, // value 500 (trail) //! 0b10000110, // value 6 //! 0b10000111, // value 7 //! b'k', // //! b'l', // //! 0b10001000, // value 8 //! ]; //! //! let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(&bytes); //! //! // Assert that the specified items are in the map //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), Some(0)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"axb"), Some(100)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ayc"), Some(2)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"azd"), Some(3)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxe"), Some(4)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxefg"), Some(500)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxefh"), Some(6)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxei"), Some(7)); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxeikl"), Some(8)); //! //! // Assert that some other items are not in the map //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), None); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bx"), None); //! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xba"), None); //! ```
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::string::String;
/// Given a slice starting with an offset table, returns the trie for the given index. /// /// Arguments: /// - `trie` = a trie pointing at an offset table (after the branch node and search table) /// - `i` = the desired index within the offset table /// - `n` = the number of items in the offset table /// - `w` = the width of the offset table items minus one #[inline] fn get_branch(mut trie: &[u8], i: usize, n: usize, mut w: usize) -> &[u8] { letmut p = 0usize; letmut q = 0usize; loop { let indices;
(indices, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(n - 1);
p = (p << 8)
+ if i == 0 { 0
} else {
*indices.get(i - 1).debug_unwrap_or(&0) as usize
};
q = match indices.get(i) {
Some(x) => (q << 8) + *x as usize,
None => trie.len(),
}; if w == 0 { break;
}
w -= 1;
}
trie.get(p..q).debug_unwrap_or(&[])
}
/// Version of [`get_branch()`] specialized for the case `w == 0` for performance #[inline] fn get_branch_w0(mut trie: &[u8], i: usize, n: usize) -> &[u8] { let indices;
(indices, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(n - 1); let p = if i == 0 { 0
} else {
*indices.get(i - 1).debug_unwrap_or(&0) as usize
}; let q = match indices.get(i) {
Some(x) => *x as usize,
None => trie.len(),
};
trie.get(p..q).debug_unwrap_or(&[])
}
/// The node type. See the module-level docs for more explanation of the four node types. enum NodeType { /// An ASCII node. Contains a single literal ASCII byte and no varint.
Ascii, /// A span node. Contains a varint indicating how big the span is.
Span, /// A value node. Contains a varint representing the value.
Value, /// A branch node. Contains a varint of the number of output nodes, plus W in the high bits.
Branch,
}
#[inline] pub(crate) fn get_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>( mut trie: &[u8], mut ascii: &[u8],
) -> Option<usize> { loop { let (b, x, i, search);
(b, trie) = trie.split_first()?; let byte_type = byte_type(*b);
(x, trie) = match byte_type {
NodeType::Ascii => (0, trie),
NodeType::Span => { if matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::BinarySpans) {
read_varint_meta3(*b, trie)
} else {
debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!"); return None;
}
}
NodeType::Value => read_varint_meta3(*b, trie),
NodeType::Branch => read_varint_meta2(*b, trie),
}; iflet Some((c, temp)) = ascii.split_first() { if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Ascii) { let is_match = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase)
{
b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(c)
} else {
b == c
}; if is_match { // Matched a byte
ascii = temp; continue;
} else { // Byte that doesn't match return None;
}
} if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) { // Value node, but not at end of string continue;
} if matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::BinarySpans)
&& matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Span)
{ let (trie_span, ascii_span);
(trie_span, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
(ascii_span, ascii) = ascii.split_at_checked(x)?; if trie_span == ascii_span { // Matched a byte span continue;
} else { // Byte span that doesn't match return None;
}
} // Branch node let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) }; let w = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Extended) {
w
} else { // See the table below regarding this assertion
debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3");
w & 0x3
}; let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x }; if matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly) || x < 16 { // binary search
(search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x); let bsearch_result = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
search.binary_search_by_key(&c.to_ascii_lowercase(), |x| {
x.to_ascii_lowercase()
})
} else {
search.binary_search(c)
};
i = bsearch_result.ok()?;
} else { // phf
(search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x * 2 + 1);
i = PerfectByteHashMap::from_store(search).get(*c)?;
}
trie = if w == 0 {
get_branch_w0(trie, i, x)
} else {
get_branch(trie, i, x, w)
};
ascii = temp; continue;
} else { if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) { // Value node at end of string return Some(x);
} return None;
}
}
}
// DISCUSS: This function is 7% faster *on aarch64* if we assert a max on w. // // | Bench | No Assert, x86_64 | No Assert, aarch64 | Assertion, x86_64 | Assertion, aarch64 | // |---------------|-------------------|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------| // | basic | ~187.51 ns | ~97.586 ns | ~199.11 ns | ~99.236 ns | // | subtags_10pct | ~9.5557 µs | ~4.8696 µs | ~9.5779 µs | ~4.5649 µs | // | subtags_full | ~137.75 µs | ~76.016 µs | ~142.02 µs | ~70.254 µs |
/// Steps one node into the trie assuming all branch nodes are binary search and that /// there are no span nodes. /// /// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to /// the sub-trie reachable by `c`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn step_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>(
trie: &mut &[u8],
c: u8,
) -> Option<u8> { // Currently, the only option `step_parameterized` supports is `CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase`. // `AsciiMode::BinarySpans` is tricky because the state can no longer be simply a trie. // If a span node is encountered, `None` is returned later in this function.
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::AsciiOnly), "Spans not yet implemented in step function"
); // PHF can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly), "PHF not yet implemented in step function"
); // Extended Capacity can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Normal), "Extended capacity not yet implemented in step function"
); let (mut b, x, search); loop {
(b, *trie) = match trie.split_first() {
Some(v) => v,
None => { // Empty trie or only a value node return None;
}
}; match byte_type(*b) {
NodeType::Ascii => { let is_match = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase)
{
b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&c)
} else {
*b == c
}; if is_match { // Matched a byte return Some(*b);
} else { // Byte that doesn't match
*trie = &[]; return None;
}
}
NodeType::Branch => { // Proceed to the branch node logic below
(x, *trie) = read_varint_meta2(*b, trie); break;
}
NodeType::Span => { // Question: Should we put the trie back into a valid state? // Currently this code is unreachable so let's not worry about it.
debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!"); return None;
}
NodeType::Value => { // Skip the value node and go to the next node
(_, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, trie); continue;
}
};
} // Branch node let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) }; // See comment above regarding this assertion
debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3"); let w = w & 0x3; let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x }; // Always use binary search
(search, *trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x); let bsearch_result = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
search.binary_search_by_key(&c.to_ascii_lowercase(), |x| x.to_ascii_lowercase())
} else {
search.binary_search(&c)
}; match bsearch_result {
Ok(i) => { // Matched a byte
*trie = if w == 0 {
get_branch_w0(trie, i, x)
} else {
get_branch(trie, i, x, w)
};
Some(search[i])
}
Err(_) => { // Byte that doesn't match
*trie = &[];
None
}
}
}
/// Steps one node into the trie, assuming all branch nodes are binary search and that /// there are no span nodes, using an index. /// /// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to /// the sub-trie indexed by `index`. #[inline] pub(crate) fn probe_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>(
trie: &mut &[u8],
index: usize,
) -> Option<AsciiProbeResult> { // Currently, the only option `step_parameterized` supports is `CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase`. // `AsciiMode::BinarySpans` is tricky because the state can no longer be simply a trie. // If a span node is encountered, `None` is returned later in this function.
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::AsciiOnly), "Spans not yet implemented in step function"
); // PHF can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly), "PHF not yet implemented in step function"
); // Extended Capacity can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
debug_assert!(
matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Normal), "Extended capacity not yet implemented in step function"
); let (mut b, x, search); loop {
(b, *trie) = match trie.split_first() {
Some(v) => v,
None => { // Empty trie or only a value node return None;
}
}; match byte_type(*b) {
NodeType::Ascii => { if index > 0 {
*trie = &[]; return None;
} return Some(AsciiProbeResult {
byte: *b,
total_siblings: 1,
});
}
NodeType::Branch => { // Proceed to the branch node logic below
(x, *trie) = read_varint_meta2(*b, trie); break;
}
NodeType::Span => { // Question: Should we put the trie back into a valid state? // Currently this code is unreachable so let's not worry about it.
debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!"); return None;
}
NodeType::Value => { // Skip the value node and go to the next node
(_, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, trie); continue;
}
};
} // Branch node let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) };
debug_assert!(u8::try_from(x).is_ok()); let total_siblings = x as u8; // See comment above regarding this assertion
debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3"); let w = w & 0x3; let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x }; if index >= x {
*trie = &[]; return None;
}
(search, *trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
*trie = if w == 0 {
get_branch_w0(trie, index, x)
} else {
get_branch(trie, index, x, w)
};
Some(AsciiProbeResult {
byte: search[index],
total_siblings,
})
}
/// Steps one node into the trie if the head node is a value node, returning the value. /// If the head node is not a value node, no change is made. /// /// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to /// the sub-trie with the value node removed. pub(crate) fn take_value(trie: &mut &[u8]) -> Option<usize> { let (b, new_trie) = trie.split_first()?; match byte_type(*b) {
NodeType::Ascii | NodeType::Span | NodeType::Branch => None,
NodeType::Value => { let x;
(x, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, new_trie);
Some(x)
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] use alloc::vec::Vec;
/// Iterator type for walking the byte sequences contained in a ZeroTrie. #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct ZeroTrieIterator<'a> { /// Whether the PHF is enabled on this trie.
use_phf: bool, /// Intermediate state during iteration: /// 1. A trie (usually a slice of the original, bigger trie) /// 2. The string that leads to the trie /// 3. If the trie's lead node is a branch node, the current index being evaluated
state: Vec<(&'a [u8], Vec<u8>, usize)>,
}
#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] impl Iterator for ZeroTrieIterator<'_> { type Item = (Vec<u8>, usize); fn next(&mutself) -> Option<Self::Item> { let (mut trie, mut string, mut branch_idx);
(trie, string, branch_idx) = self.state.pop()?; loop { let (b, x, span, search); let return_trie = trie;
(b, trie) = match trie.split_first() {
Some(tpl) => tpl,
None => { // At end of current branch; step back to the branch node. // If there are no more branches, we are finished.
(trie, string, branch_idx) = self.state.pop()?; continue;
}
}; let byte_type = byte_type(*b); if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Ascii) {
string.push(*b); continue;
}
(x, trie) = match byte_type {
NodeType::Ascii => (0, trie),
NodeType::Span | NodeType::Value => read_varint_meta3(*b, trie),
NodeType::Branch => read_varint_meta2(*b, trie),
}; if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Span) {
(span, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
string.extend(span); continue;
} if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) { let retval = string.clone(); // Return to this position on the next step self.state.push((trie, string, 0)); return Some((retval, x));
} // Match node let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) }; let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x }; if branch_idx + 1 < x { // Return to this branch node at the next index self.state
.push((return_trie, string.clone(), branch_idx + 1));
} let byte = if x < 16 || !self.use_phf { // binary search
(search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
debug_unwrap!(search.get(branch_idx), return None)
} else { // phf
(search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x * 2 + 1);
debug_unwrap!(search.get(branch_idx + x + 1), return None)
};
string.push(*byte);
trie = if w == 0 {
get_branch_w0(trie, branch_idx, x)
} else {
get_branch(trie, branch_idx, x, w)
};
branch_idx = 0;
}
}
}
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