//! Virtual memory. //! //! This module deals with managing a single VMA in the address space of a userspace process. Each //! VMA corresponds to a region of memory that the userspace process can access, and the VMA lets //! you control what happens when userspace reads or writes to that region of memory. //! //! The module has several different Rust types that all correspond to the C type called //! `vm_area_struct`. The different structs represent what kind of access you have to the VMA, e.g. //! [`VmaRef`] is used when you hold the mmap or vma read lock. Using the appropriate struct //! ensures that you can't, for example, accidentally call a function that requires holding the //! write lock when you only hold the read lock.
/// A wrapper for the kernel's `struct vm_area_struct` with read access. /// /// It represents an area of virtual memory. /// /// # Invariants /// /// The caller must hold the mmap read lock or the vma read lock. #[repr(transparent)] pubstruct VmaRef {
vma: Opaque<bindings::vm_area_struct>,
}
// Methods you can call when holding the mmap or vma read lock (or stronger). They must be usable // no matter what the vma flags are. impl VmaRef { /// Access a virtual memory area given a raw pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// Callers must ensure that `vma` is valid for the duration of 'a, and that the mmap or vma /// read lock (or stronger) is held for at least the duration of 'a. #[inline] pubunsafefn from_raw<'a>(vma: *const bindings::vm_area_struct) -> &'a Self { // SAFETY: The caller ensures that the invariants are satisfied for the duration of 'a. unsafe { &*vma.cast() }
}
/// Returns a raw pointer to this area. #[inline] pubfn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::vm_area_struct { self.vma.get()
}
/// Access the underlying `mm_struct`. #[inline] pubfn mm(&self) -> &MmWithUser { // SAFETY: By the type invariants, this `vm_area_struct` is valid and we hold the mmap/vma // read lock or stronger. This implies that the underlying mm has a non-zero value of // `mm_users`. unsafe { MmWithUser::from_raw((*self.as_ptr()).vm_mm) }
}
/// Returns the flags associated with the virtual memory area. /// /// The possible flags are a combination of the constants in [`flags`]. #[inline] pubfn flags(&self) -> vm_flags_t { // SAFETY: By the type invariants, the caller holds at least the mmap read lock, so this // access is not a data race. unsafe { (*self.as_ptr()).__bindgen_anon_2.vm_flags }
}
/// Returns the (inclusive) start address of the virtual memory area. #[inline] pubfn start(&self) -> usize { // SAFETY: By the type invariants, the caller holds at least the mmap read lock, so this // access is not a data race. unsafe { (*self.as_ptr()).__bindgen_anon_1.__bindgen_anon_1.vm_start }
}
/// Returns the (exclusive) end address of the virtual memory area. #[inline] pubfn end(&self) -> usize { // SAFETY: By the type invariants, the caller holds at least the mmap read lock, so this // access is not a data race. unsafe { (*self.as_ptr()).__bindgen_anon_1.__bindgen_anon_1.vm_end }
}
/// Zap pages in the given page range. /// /// This clears page table mappings for the range at the leaf level, leaving all other page /// tables intact, and freeing any memory referenced by the VMA in this range. That is, /// anonymous memory is completely freed, file-backed memory has its reference count on page /// cache folio's dropped, any dirty data will still be written back to disk as usual. /// /// It may seem odd that we clear at the leaf level, this is however a product of the page /// table structure used to map physical memory into a virtual address space - each virtual /// address actually consists of a bitmap of array indices into page tables, which form a /// hierarchical page table level structure. /// /// As a result, each page table level maps a multiple of page table levels below, and thus /// span ever increasing ranges of pages. At the leaf or PTE level, we map the actual physical /// memory. /// /// It is here where a zap operates, as it the only place we can be certain of clearing without /// impacting any other virtual mappings. It is an implementation detail as to whether the /// kernel goes further in freeing unused page tables, but for the purposes of this operation /// we must only assume that the leaf level is cleared. #[inline] pubfn zap_page_range_single(&self, address: usize, size: usize) { let (end, did_overflow) = address.overflowing_add(size); if did_overflow || address < self.start() || self.end() < end { // TODO: call WARN_ONCE once Rust version of it is added return;
}
// SAFETY: By the type invariants, the caller has read access to this VMA, which is // sufficient for this method call. This method has no requirements on the vma flags. The // address range is checked to be within the vma. unsafe {
bindings::zap_page_range_single(self.as_ptr(), address, size, core::ptr::null_mut())
};
}
/// If the [`VM_MIXEDMAP`] flag is set, returns a [`VmaMixedMap`] to this VMA, otherwise /// returns `None`. /// /// This can be used to access methods that require [`VM_MIXEDMAP`] to be set. /// /// [`VM_MIXEDMAP`]: flags::MIXEDMAP #[inline] pubfn as_mixedmap_vma(&self) -> Option<&VmaMixedMap> { ifself.flags() & flags::MIXEDMAP != 0 { // SAFETY: We just checked that `VM_MIXEDMAP` is set. All other requirements are // satisfied by the type invariants of `VmaRef`.
Some(unsafe { VmaMixedMap::from_raw(self.as_ptr()) })
} else {
None
}
}
}
/// A wrapper for the kernel's `struct vm_area_struct` with read access and [`VM_MIXEDMAP`] set. /// /// It represents an area of virtual memory. /// /// This struct is identical to [`VmaRef`] except that it must only be used when the /// [`VM_MIXEDMAP`] flag is set on the vma. /// /// # Invariants /// /// The caller must hold the mmap read lock or the vma read lock. The `VM_MIXEDMAP` flag must be /// set. /// /// [`VM_MIXEDMAP`]: flags::MIXEDMAP #[repr(transparent)] pubstruct VmaMixedMap {
vma: VmaRef,
}
// Make all `VmaRef` methods available on `VmaMixedMap`. impl Deref for VmaMixedMap { type Target = VmaRef;
impl VmaMixedMap { /// Access a virtual memory area given a raw pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// Callers must ensure that `vma` is valid for the duration of 'a, and that the mmap read lock /// (or stronger) is held for at least the duration of 'a. The `VM_MIXEDMAP` flag must be set. #[inline] pubunsafefn from_raw<'a>(vma: *const bindings::vm_area_struct) -> &'a Self { // SAFETY: The caller ensures that the invariants are satisfied for the duration of 'a. unsafe { &*vma.cast() }
}
/// Maps a single page at the given address within the virtual memory area. /// /// This operation does not take ownership of the page. #[inline] pubfn vm_insert_page(&self, address: usize, page: &Page) -> Result { // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self` caller has read access and has verified that // `VM_MIXEDMAP` is set. By invariant on `Page` the page has order 0.
to_result(unsafe { bindings::vm_insert_page(self.as_ptr(), address, page.as_ptr()) })
}
}
/// A configuration object for setting up a VMA in an `f_ops->mmap()` hook. /// /// The `f_ops->mmap()` hook is called when a new VMA is being created, and the hook is able to /// configure the VMA in various ways to fit the driver that owns it. Using `VmaNew` indicates that /// you are allowed to perform operations on the VMA that can only be performed before the VMA is /// fully initialized. /// /// # Invariants /// /// For the duration of 'a, the referenced vma must be undergoing initialization in an /// `f_ops->mmap()` hook. #[repr(transparent)] pubstruct VmaNew {
vma: VmaRef,
}
// Make all `VmaRef` methods available on `VmaNew`. impl Deref for VmaNew { type Target = VmaRef;
impl VmaNew { /// Access a virtual memory area given a raw pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// Callers must ensure that `vma` is undergoing initial vma setup for the duration of 'a. #[inline] pubunsafefn from_raw<'a>(vma: *mut bindings::vm_area_struct) -> &'a Self { // SAFETY: The caller ensures that the invariants are satisfied for the duration of 'a. unsafe { &*vma.cast() }
}
/// Internal method for updating the vma flags. /// /// # Safety /// /// This must not be used to set the flags to an invalid value. #[inline] unsafefn update_flags(&self, set: vm_flags_t, unset: vm_flags_t) { letmut flags = self.flags();
flags |= set;
flags &= !unset;
// SAFETY: This is not a data race: the vma is undergoing initial setup, so it's not yet // shared. Additionally, `VmaNew` is `!Sync`, so it cannot be used to write in parallel. // The caller promises that this does not set the flags to an invalid value. unsafe { (*self.as_ptr()).__bindgen_anon_2.__vm_flags = flags };
}
/// Set the `VM_MIXEDMAP` flag on this vma. /// /// This enables the vma to contain both `struct page` and pure PFN pages. Returns a reference /// that can be used to call `vm_insert_page` on the vma. #[inline] pubfn set_mixedmap(&self) -> &VmaMixedMap { // SAFETY: We don't yet provide a way to set VM_PFNMAP, so this cannot put the flags in an // invalid state. unsafe { self.update_flags(flags::MIXEDMAP, 0) };
// SAFETY: We just set `VM_MIXEDMAP` on the vma. unsafe { VmaMixedMap::from_raw(self.vma.as_ptr()) }
}
/// Set the `VM_IO` flag on this vma. /// /// This is used for memory mapped IO and similar. The flag tells other parts of the kernel to /// avoid looking at the pages. For memory mapped IO this is useful as accesses to the pages /// could have side effects. #[inline] pubfn set_io(&self) { // SAFETY: Setting the VM_IO flag is always okay. unsafe { self.update_flags(flags::IO, 0) };
}
/// Set the `VM_DONTEXPAND` flag on this vma. /// /// This prevents the vma from being expanded with `mremap()`. #[inline] pubfn set_dontexpand(&self) { // SAFETY: Setting the VM_DONTEXPAND flag is always okay. unsafe { self.update_flags(flags::DONTEXPAND, 0) };
}
/// Set the `VM_DONTCOPY` flag on this vma. /// /// This prevents the vma from being copied on fork. This option is only permanent if `VM_IO` /// is set. #[inline] pubfn set_dontcopy(&self) { // SAFETY: Setting the VM_DONTCOPY flag is always okay. unsafe { self.update_flags(flags::DONTCOPY, 0) };
}
/// Set the `VM_DONTDUMP` flag on this vma. /// /// This prevents the vma from being included in core dumps. This option is only permanent if /// `VM_IO` is set. #[inline] pubfn set_dontdump(&self) { // SAFETY: Setting the VM_DONTDUMP flag is always okay. unsafe { self.update_flags(flags::DONTDUMP, 0) };
}
/// Returns whether `VM_READ` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is mapping this vma as readable. #[inline] pubfn readable(&self) -> bool {
(self.flags() & flags::READ) != 0
}
/// Try to clear the `VM_MAYREAD` flag, failing if `VM_READ` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is allowed to make this vma readable with /// `mprotect()`. /// /// Note that this operation is irreversible. Once `VM_MAYREAD` has been cleared, it can never /// be set again. #[inline] pubfn try_clear_mayread(&self) -> Result { ifself.readable() { return Err(EINVAL);
} // SAFETY: Clearing `VM_MAYREAD` is okay when `VM_READ` is not set. unsafe { self.update_flags(0, flags::MAYREAD) };
Ok(())
}
/// Returns whether `VM_WRITE` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is mapping this vma as writable. #[inline] pubfn writable(&self) -> bool {
(self.flags() & flags::WRITE) != 0
}
/// Try to clear the `VM_MAYWRITE` flag, failing if `VM_WRITE` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is allowed to make this vma writable with /// `mprotect()`. /// /// Note that this operation is irreversible. Once `VM_MAYWRITE` has been cleared, it can never /// be set again. #[inline] pubfn try_clear_maywrite(&self) -> Result { ifself.writable() { return Err(EINVAL);
} // SAFETY: Clearing `VM_MAYWRITE` is okay when `VM_WRITE` is not set. unsafe { self.update_flags(0, flags::MAYWRITE) };
Ok(())
}
/// Returns whether `VM_EXEC` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is mapping this vma as executable. #[inline] pubfn executable(&self) -> bool {
(self.flags() & flags::EXEC) != 0
}
/// Try to clear the `VM_MAYEXEC` flag, failing if `VM_EXEC` is set. /// /// This flag indicates whether userspace is allowed to make this vma executable with /// `mprotect()`. /// /// Note that this operation is irreversible. Once `VM_MAYEXEC` has been cleared, it can never /// be set again. #[inline] pubfn try_clear_mayexec(&self) -> Result { ifself.executable() { return Err(EINVAL);
} // SAFETY: Clearing `VM_MAYEXEC` is okay when `VM_EXEC` is not set. unsafe { self.update_flags(0, flags::MAYEXEC) };
Ok(())
}
}
/// The integer type used for vma flags. #[doc(inline)] pubuse bindings::vm_flags_t;
/// All possible flags for [`VmaRef`]. pubmod flags { usesuper::vm_flags_t; usecrate::bindings;
/// No flags are set. pubconst NONE: vm_flags_t = bindings::VM_NONE as vm_flags_t;
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