usecrate::alloc::{flags::*, AllocError, KVec}; usecrate::fmt::{self, Write}; use core::ops::{self, Deref, DerefMut, Index};
usecrate::prelude::*;
/// Byte string without UTF-8 validity guarantee. #[repr(transparent)] pubstruct BStr([u8]);
impl BStr { /// Returns the length of this string. #[inline] pubconstfn len(&self) -> usize { self.0.len()
}
/// Returns `true` if the string is empty. #[inline] pubconstfn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0
}
/// Creates a [`BStr`] from a `[u8]`. #[inline] pubconstfn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self { // SAFETY: `BStr` is transparent to `[u8]`. unsafe { &*(core::ptr::from_ref(bytes) as *const BStr) }
}
/// Creates a new [`BStr`] from a string literal. /// /// `b_str!` converts the supplied string literal to byte string, so non-ASCII /// characters can be included. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use kernel::b_str; /// # use kernel::str::BStr; /// const MY_BSTR: &BStr = b_str!("My awesome BStr!"); /// ``` #[macro_export]
macro_rules! b_str {
($str:literal) => {{ const S: &'static str = $str; const C: &'static $crate::str::BStr = $crate::str::BStr::from_bytes(S.as_bytes());
C
}};
}
/// Returns a C pointer to the string. // It is a free function rather than a method on an extension trait because: // // - error[E0379]: functions in trait impls cannot be declared const #[inline] pubconstfn as_char_ptr_in_const_context(c_str: &CStr) -> *const c_char {
c_str.0.as_ptr()
}
/// Possible errors when using conversion functions in [`CStr`]. #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)] pubenum CStrConvertError { /// Supplied bytes contain an interior `NUL`.
InteriorNul,
/// Supplied bytes are not terminated by `NUL`.
NotNulTerminated,
}
/// A string that is guaranteed to have exactly one `NUL` byte, which is at the /// end. /// /// Used for interoperability with kernel APIs that take C strings. #[repr(transparent)] pubstruct CStr([u8]);
impl CStr { /// Returns the length of this string excluding `NUL`. #[inline] pubconstfn len(&self) -> usize { self.len_with_nul() - 1
}
/// Returns the length of this string with `NUL`. #[inline] pubconstfn len_with_nul(&self) -> usize { ifself.0.is_empty() { // SAFETY: This is one of the invariant of `CStr`. // We add a `unreachable_unchecked` here to hint the optimizer that // the value returned from this function is non-zero. unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() };
} self.0.len()
}
/// Returns `true` if the string only includes `NUL`. #[inline] pubconstfn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0
}
/// Wraps a raw C string pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// `ptr` must be a valid pointer to a `NUL`-terminated C string, and it must /// last at least `'a`. When `CStr` is alive, the memory pointed by `ptr` /// must not be mutated. #[inline] pubunsafefn from_char_ptr<'a>(ptr: *const c_char) -> &'a Self { // SAFETY: The safety precondition guarantees `ptr` is a valid pointer // to a `NUL`-terminated C string. let len = unsafe { bindings::strlen(ptr) } + 1; // SAFETY: Lifetime guaranteed by the safety precondition. let bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr.cast(), len) }; // SAFETY: As `len` is returned by `strlen`, `bytes` does not contain interior `NUL`. // As we have added 1 to `len`, the last byte is known to be `NUL`. unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes) }
}
/// Creates a [`CStr`] from a `[u8]`. /// /// The provided slice must be `NUL`-terminated, does not contain any /// interior `NUL` bytes. pubconstfn from_bytes_with_nul(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<&Self, CStrConvertError> { if bytes.is_empty() { return Err(CStrConvertError::NotNulTerminated);
} if bytes[bytes.len() - 1] != 0 { return Err(CStrConvertError::NotNulTerminated);
} letmut i = 0; // `i + 1 < bytes.len()` allows LLVM to optimize away bounds checking, // while it couldn't optimize away bounds checks for `i < bytes.len() - 1`. while i + 1 < bytes.len() { if bytes[i] == 0 { return Err(CStrConvertError::InteriorNul);
}
i += 1;
} // SAFETY: We just checked that all properties hold.
Ok(unsafe { Self::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes) })
}
/// Creates a [`CStr`] from a `[u8]` without performing any additional /// checks. /// /// # Safety /// /// `bytes` *must* end with a `NUL` byte, and should only have a single /// `NUL` byte (or the string will be truncated). #[inline] pubconstunsafefn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(bytes: &[u8]) -> &CStr { // SAFETY: Properties of `bytes` guaranteed by the safety precondition. unsafe { core::mem::transmute(bytes) }
}
/// Creates a mutable [`CStr`] from a `[u8]` without performing any /// additional checks. /// /// # Safety /// /// `bytes` *must* end with a `NUL` byte, and should only have a single /// `NUL` byte (or the string will be truncated). #[inline] pubunsafefn from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked_mut(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> &mut CStr { // SAFETY: Properties of `bytes` guaranteed by the safety precondition. unsafe { &mut *(core::ptr::from_mut(bytes) as *mut CStr) }
}
/// Returns a C pointer to the string. /// /// Using this function in a const context is deprecated in favor of /// [`as_char_ptr_in_const_context`] in preparation for replacing `CStr` with `core::ffi::CStr` /// which does not have this method. #[inline] pubconstfn as_char_ptr(&self) -> *const c_char {
as_char_ptr_in_const_context(self)
}
/// Convert the string to a byte slice without the trailing `NUL` byte. #[inline] pubfn to_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.0[..self.len()]
}
/// Convert the string to a byte slice without the trailing `NUL` byte. /// /// This function is deprecated in favor of [`Self::to_bytes`] in preparation for replacing /// `CStr` with `core::ffi::CStr` which does not have this method. #[inline] pubfn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] { self.to_bytes()
}
/// Convert the string to a byte slice containing the trailing `NUL` byte. #[inline] pubconstfn to_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.0
}
/// Convert the string to a byte slice containing the trailing `NUL` byte. /// /// This function is deprecated in favor of [`Self::to_bytes_with_nul`] in preparation for /// replacing `CStr` with `core::ffi::CStr` which does not have this method. #[inline] pubconstfn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] { self.to_bytes_with_nul()
}
/// Yields a [`&str`] slice if the [`CStr`] contains valid UTF-8. /// /// If the contents of the [`CStr`] are valid UTF-8 data, this /// function will return the corresponding [`&str`] slice. Otherwise, /// it will return an error with details of where UTF-8 validation failed. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use kernel::str::CStr; /// let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0")?; /// assert_eq!(cstr.to_str(), Ok("foo")); /// # Ok::<(), kernel::error::Error>(()) /// ``` #[inline] pubfn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, core::str::Utf8Error> {
core::str::from_utf8(self.as_bytes())
}
/// Unsafely convert this [`CStr`] into a [`&str`], without checking for /// valid UTF-8. /// /// # Safety /// /// The contents must be valid UTF-8. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// # use kernel::c_str; /// # use kernel::str::CStr; /// let bar = c_str!("ツ"); /// // SAFETY: String literals are guaranteed to be valid UTF-8 /// // by the Rust compiler. /// assert_eq!(unsafe { bar.as_str_unchecked() }, "ツ"); /// ``` #[inline] pubunsafefn as_str_unchecked(&self) -> &str { // SAFETY: TODO. unsafe { core::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.as_bytes()) }
}
/// Convert this [`CStr`] into a [`CString`] by allocating memory and /// copying over the string data. pubfn to_cstring(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> {
CString::try_from(self)
}
/// Converts this [`CStr`] to its ASCII lower case equivalent in-place. /// /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z', /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged. /// /// To return a new lowercased value without modifying the existing one, use /// [`to_ascii_lowercase()`]. /// /// [`to_ascii_lowercase()`]: #method.to_ascii_lowercase pubfn make_ascii_lowercase(&mutself) { // INVARIANT: This doesn't introduce or remove NUL bytes in the C // string. self.0.make_ascii_lowercase();
}
/// Converts this [`CStr`] to its ASCII upper case equivalent in-place. /// /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z', /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged. /// /// To return a new uppercased value without modifying the existing one, use /// [`to_ascii_uppercase()`]. /// /// [`to_ascii_uppercase()`]: #method.to_ascii_uppercase pubfn make_ascii_uppercase(&mutself) { // INVARIANT: This doesn't introduce or remove NUL bytes in the C // string. self.0.make_ascii_uppercase();
}
/// Returns a copy of this [`CString`] where each character is mapped to its /// ASCII lower case equivalent. /// /// ASCII letters 'A' to 'Z' are mapped to 'a' to 'z', /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged. /// /// To lowercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_lowercase`]. /// /// [`make_ascii_lowercase`]: str::make_ascii_lowercase pubfn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> { letmut s = self.to_cstring()?;
s.make_ascii_lowercase();
Ok(s)
}
/// Returns a copy of this [`CString`] where each character is mapped to its /// ASCII upper case equivalent. /// /// ASCII letters 'a' to 'z' are mapped to 'A' to 'Z', /// but non-ASCII letters are unchanged. /// /// To uppercase the value in-place, use [`make_ascii_uppercase`]. /// /// [`make_ascii_uppercase`]: str::make_ascii_uppercase pubfn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Result<CString, AllocError> { letmut s = self.to_cstring()?;
s.make_ascii_uppercase();
Ok(s)
}
}
impl fmt::Display for CStr { /// Formats printable ASCII characters, escaping the rest. /// /// ``` /// # use kernel::c_str; /// # use kernel::prelude::fmt; /// # use kernel::str::CStr; /// # use kernel::str::CString; /// let penguin = c_str!(""); /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{penguin}"))?; /// assert_eq!(s.to_bytes_with_nul(), "\\xf0\\x9f\\x90\\xa7\0".as_bytes()); /// /// let ascii = c_str!("so \"cool\""); /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{ascii}"))?; /// assert_eq!(s.to_bytes_with_nul(), "so \"cool\"\0".as_bytes()); /// # Ok::<(), kernel::error::Error>(()) /// ``` fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { for &c inself.to_bytes() { if (0x20..0x7f).contains(&c) { // Printable character.
f.write_char(c as char)?;
} else {
write!(f, "\\x{c:02x}")?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for CStr { /// Formats printable ASCII characters with a double quote on either end, escaping the rest. /// /// ``` /// # use kernel::c_str; /// # use kernel::prelude::fmt; /// # use kernel::str::CStr; /// # use kernel::str::CString; /// let penguin = c_str!(""); /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{penguin:?}"))?; /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\x90\\xa7\"\0".as_bytes()); /// /// // Embedded double quotes are escaped. /// let ascii = c_str!("so \"cool\""); /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{ascii:?}"))?; /// assert_eq!(s.as_bytes_with_nul(), "\"so \\\"cool\\\"\"\0".as_bytes()); /// # Ok::<(), kernel::error::Error>(()) /// ``` fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.write_str("\"")?; for &c inself.as_bytes() { match c { // Printable characters.
b'\"' => f.write_str("\\\"")?, 0x20..=0x7e => f.write_char(c as char)?,
_ => write!(f, "\\x{c:02x}")?,
}
}
f.write_str("\"")
}
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_to_str() -> Result { let good_bytes = b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0"; let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(good_bytes)?; let checked_str = checked_cstr.to_str()?;
assert_eq!(checked_str, "");
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_to_str_invalid_utf8() -> Result { let bad_bytes = b"\xc3\x28\0"; let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(bad_bytes)?;
assert!(checked_cstr.to_str().is_err());
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_as_str_unchecked() -> Result { let good_bytes = b"\xf0\x9f\x90\xA7\0"; let checked_cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(good_bytes)?; // SAFETY: The contents come from a string literal which contains valid UTF-8. let unchecked_str = unsafe { checked_cstr.as_str_unchecked() };
assert_eq!(unchecked_str, "");
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_display() -> Result { let hello_world = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello, world!\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{hello_world}"), "hello, world!"); let non_printables = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\x01\x09\x0a\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{non_printables}"), "\\x01\\x09\\x0a"); let non_ascii = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{non_ascii}"), "d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu"); let good_bytes = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{good_bytes}"), "\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80");
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_display_all_bytes() -> Result { letmut bytes: [u8; 256] = [0; 256]; // fill `bytes` with [1..=255] + [0] for i in u8::MIN..=u8::MAX {
bytes[i as usize] = i.wrapping_add(1);
} let cstr = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(&bytes)?;
assert_eq!(format!("{cstr}"), ALL_ASCII_CHARS);
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_cstr_debug() -> Result { let hello_world = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"hello, world!\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{hello_world:?}"), "\"hello, world!\""); let non_printables = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\x01\x09\x0a\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{non_printables:?}"), "\"\\x01\\x09\\x0a\""); let non_ascii = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{non_ascii:?}"), "\"d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu\""); let good_bytes = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\0")?;
assert_eq!(format!("{good_bytes:?}"), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80\"");
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_bstr_display() -> Result { let hello_world = BStr::from_bytes(b"hello, world!");
assert_eq!(format!("{hello_world}"), "hello, world!"); let escapes = BStr::from_bytes(b"_\t_\n_\r_\\_\'_\"_");
assert_eq!(format!("{escapes}"), "_\\t_\\n_\\r_\\_'_\"_"); let others = BStr::from_bytes(b"\x01");
assert_eq!(format!("{others}"), "\\x01"); let non_ascii = BStr::from_bytes(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu");
assert_eq!(format!("{non_ascii}"), "d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu"); let good_bytes = BStr::from_bytes(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80");
assert_eq!(format!("{good_bytes}"), "\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80");
Ok(())
}
#[test] fn test_bstr_debug() -> Result { let hello_world = BStr::from_bytes(b"hello, world!");
assert_eq!(format!("{hello_world:?}"), "\"hello, world!\""); let escapes = BStr::from_bytes(b"_\t_\n_\r_\\_\'_\"_");
assert_eq!(format!("{escapes:?}"), "\"_\\t_\\n_\\r_\\\\_'_\\\"_\""); let others = BStr::from_bytes(b"\x01");
assert_eq!(format!("{others:?}"), "\"\\x01\""); let non_ascii = BStr::from_bytes(b"d\xe9j\xe0 vu");
assert_eq!(format!("{non_ascii:?}"), "\"d\\xe9j\\xe0 vu\""); let good_bytes = BStr::from_bytes(b"\xf0\x9f\xa6\x80");
assert_eq!(format!("{good_bytes:?}"), "\"\\xf0\\x9f\\xa6\\x80\"");
Ok(())
}
}
/// Allows formatting of [`fmt::Arguments`] into a raw buffer. /// /// It does not fail if callers write past the end of the buffer so that they can calculate the /// size required to fit everything. /// /// # Invariants /// /// The memory region between `pos` (inclusive) and `end` (exclusive) is valid for writes if `pos` /// is less than `end`. pub(crate) struct RawFormatter { // Use `usize` to use `saturating_*` functions.
beg: usize,
pos: usize,
end: usize,
}
impl RawFormatter { /// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with an empty buffer. fn new() -> Self { // INVARIANT: The buffer is empty, so the region that needs to be writable is empty. Self {
beg: 0,
pos: 0,
end: 0,
}
}
/// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with the given buffer pointers. /// /// # Safety /// /// If `pos` is less than `end`, then the region between `pos` (inclusive) and `end` /// (exclusive) must be valid for writes for the lifetime of the returned [`RawFormatter`]. pub(crate) unsafefn from_ptrs(pos: *mut u8, end: *mut u8) -> Self { // INVARIANT: The safety requirements guarantee the type invariants. Self {
beg: pos as usize,
pos: pos as usize,
end: end as usize,
}
}
/// Creates a new instance of [`RawFormatter`] with the given buffer. /// /// # Safety /// /// The memory region starting at `buf` and extending for `len` bytes must be valid for writes /// for the lifetime of the returned [`RawFormatter`]. pub(crate) unsafefn from_buffer(buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> Self { let pos = buf as usize; // INVARIANT: We ensure that `end` is never less than `buf`, and the safety requirements // guarantees that the memory region is valid for writes. Self {
pos,
beg: pos,
end: pos.saturating_add(len),
}
}
/// Returns the current insert position. /// /// N.B. It may point to invalid memory. pub(crate) fn pos(&self) -> *mut u8 { self.pos as *mut u8
}
/// Returns the number of bytes written to the formatter. pub(crate) fn bytes_written(&self) -> usize { self.pos - self.beg
}
}
impl fmt::Write for RawFormatter { fn write_str(&mutself, s: &str) -> fmt::Result { // `pos` value after writing `len` bytes. This does not have to be bounded by `end`, but we // don't want it to wrap around to 0. let pos_new = self.pos.saturating_add(s.len());
// Amount that we can copy. `saturating_sub` ensures we get 0 if `pos` goes past `end`. let len_to_copy = core::cmp::min(pos_new, self.end).saturating_sub(self.pos);
if len_to_copy > 0 { // SAFETY: If `len_to_copy` is non-zero, then we know `pos` has not gone past `end` // yet, so it is valid for write per the type invariants. unsafe {
core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
s.as_bytes().as_ptr(), self.pos as *mut u8,
len_to_copy,
)
};
}
self.pos = pos_new;
Ok(())
}
}
/// Allows formatting of [`fmt::Arguments`] into a raw buffer. /// /// Fails if callers attempt to write more than will fit in the buffer. pub(crate) struct Formatter(RawFormatter);
impl Formatter { /// Creates a new instance of [`Formatter`] with the given buffer. /// /// # Safety /// /// The memory region starting at `buf` and extending for `len` bytes must be valid for writes /// for the lifetime of the returned [`Formatter`]. pub(crate) unsafefn from_buffer(buf: *mut u8, len: usize) -> Self { // SAFETY: The safety requirements of this function satisfy those of the callee. Self(unsafe { RawFormatter::from_buffer(buf, len) })
}
}
impl Deref for Formatter { type Target = RawFormatter;
// Fail the request if we go past the end of the buffer. ifself.0.pos > self.0.end {
Err(fmt::Error)
} else {
Ok(())
}
}
}
/// An owned string that is guaranteed to have exactly one `NUL` byte, which is at the end. /// /// Used for interoperability with kernel APIs that take C strings. /// /// # Invariants /// /// The string is always `NUL`-terminated and contains no other `NUL` bytes. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{str::CString, prelude::fmt}; /// /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{}{}{}", "abc", 10, 20))?; /// assert_eq!(s.to_bytes_with_nul(), "abc1020\0".as_bytes()); /// /// let tmp = "testing"; /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("{tmp}{}", 123))?; /// assert_eq!(s.to_bytes_with_nul(), "testing123\0".as_bytes()); /// /// // This fails because it has an embedded `NUL` byte. /// let s = CString::try_from_fmt(fmt!("a\0b{}", 123)); /// assert_eq!(s.is_ok(), false); /// # Ok::<(), kernel::error::Error>(()) /// ``` pubstruct CString {
buf: KVec<u8>,
}
impl CString { /// Creates an instance of [`CString`] from the given formatted arguments. pubfn try_from_fmt(args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<Self, Error> { // Calculate the size needed (formatted string plus `NUL` terminator). letmut f = RawFormatter::new();
f.write_fmt(args)?;
f.write_str("\0")?; let size = f.bytes_written();
// Allocate a vector with the required number of bytes, and write to it. letmut buf = KVec::with_capacity(size, GFP_KERNEL)?; // SAFETY: The buffer stored in `buf` is at least of size `size` and is valid for writes. letmut f = unsafe { Formatter::from_buffer(buf.as_mut_ptr(), size) };
f.write_fmt(args)?;
f.write_str("\0")?;
// SAFETY: The number of bytes that can be written to `f` is bounded by `size`, which is // `buf`'s capacity. The contents of the buffer have been initialised by writes to `f`. unsafe { buf.inc_len(f.bytes_written()) };
// Check that there are no `NUL` bytes before the end. // SAFETY: The buffer is valid for read because `f.bytes_written()` is bounded by `size` // (which the minimum buffer size) and is non-zero (we wrote at least the `NUL` terminator) // so `f.bytes_written() - 1` doesn't underflow. let ptr = unsafe { bindings::memchr(buf.as_ptr().cast(), 0, f.bytes_written() - 1) }; if !ptr.is_null() { return Err(EINVAL);
}
// INVARIANT: We wrote the `NUL` terminator and checked above that no other `NUL` bytes // exist in the buffer.
Ok(Self { buf })
}
}
impl Deref for CString { type Target = CStr;
fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { // SAFETY: The type invariants guarantee that the string is `NUL`-terminated and that no // other `NUL` bytes exist. unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(self.buf.as_slice()) }
}
}
impl DerefMut for CString { fn deref_mut(&mutself) -> &mutSelf::Target { // SAFETY: A `CString` is always NUL-terminated and contains no other // NUL bytes. unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked_mut(self.buf.as_mut_slice()) }
}
}
impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a CStr> for CString { type Error = AllocError;
// INVARIANT: The `CStr` and `CString` types have the same invariants for // the string data, and we copied it over without changes.
Ok(CString { buf })
}
}
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