//! **Why bother writing similar code twice for blocking and async code?** //! //! [](https://github.com/fMeow/maybe-async-rs/actions) //! [](./LICENSE) //! [](https://crates.io/crates/maybe-async) //! [](https://docs.rs/maybe-async) //! //! When implementing both sync and async versions of API in a crate, most API //! of the two version are almost the same except for some async/await keyword. //! //! `maybe-async` help unifying async and sync implementation by **procedural //! macro**. //! - Write async code with normal `async`, `await`, and let `maybe_async` //! handles //! those `async` and `await` when you need a blocking code. //! - Switch between sync and async by toggling `is_sync` feature gate in //! `Cargo.toml`. //! - use `must_be_async` and `must_be_sync` to keep code in specified version //! - use `async_impl` and `sync_impl` to only compile code block on specified //! version //! - A handy macro to unify unit test code is also provided. //! //! These procedural macros can be applied to the following codes: //! - trait item declaration //! - trait implementation //! - function definition //! - struct definition //! //! **RECOMMENDATION**: Enable **resolver ver2** in your crate, which is //! introduced in Rust 1.51. If not, two crates in dependency with conflict //! version (one async and another blocking) can fail compilation. //! //! //! ## Motivation //! //! The async/await language feature alters the async world of rust. //! Comparing with the map/and_then style, now the async code really resembles //! sync version code. //! //! In many crates, the async and sync version of crates shares the same API, //! but the minor difference that all async code must be awaited prevent the //! unification of async and sync code. In other words, we are forced to write //! an async and a sync implementation respectively. //! //! ## Macros in Detail //! //! `maybe-async` offers 4 set of attribute macros: `maybe_async`, //! `sync_impl`/`async_impl`, `must_be_sync`/`must_be_async`, and `test`. //! //! To use `maybe-async`, we must know which block of codes is only used on //! blocking implementation, and which on async. These two implementation should //! share the same function signatures except for async/await keywords, and use //! `sync_impl` and `async_impl` to mark these implementation. //! //! Use `maybe_async` macro on codes that share the same API on both async and //! blocking code except for async/await keywords. And use feature gate //! `is_sync` in `Cargo.toml` to toggle between async and blocking code. //! //! - `maybe_async` //! //! Offers a unified feature gate to provide sync and async conversion on //! demand by feature gate `is_sync`, with **async first** policy. //! //! Want to keep async code? add `maybe_async` in dependencies with default //! features, which means `maybe_async` is the same as `must_be_async`: //! //! ```toml //! [dependencies] //! maybe_async = "0.2" //! ``` //! //! Want to convert async code to sync? Add `maybe_async` to dependencies with //! an `is_sync` feature gate. In this way, `maybe_async` is the same as //! `must_be_sync`: //! //! ```toml //! [dependencies] //! maybe_async = { version = "0.2", features = ["is_sync"] } //! ``` //! //! There are three usage variants for `maybe_async` attribute usage: //! - `#[maybe_async]` or `#[maybe_async(Send)]` //! //! In this mode, `#[async_trait::async_trait]` is added to trait declarations and trait implementations //! to support async fn in traits. //! //! - `#[maybe_async(?Send)]` //! //! Not all async traits need futures that are `dyn Future + Send`. //! In this mode, `#[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]` is added to trait declarations and trait implementations, //! to avoid having "Send" and "Sync" bounds placed on the async trait //! methods. //! //! - `#[maybe_async(AFIT)]` //! //! AFIT is acronym for **a**sync **f**unction **i**n **t**rait, stabilized from rust 1.74 //! //! For compatibility reasons, the `async fn` in traits is supported via a verbose `AFIT` flag. This will become //! the default mode for the next major release. //! //! - `must_be_async` //! //! **Keep async**. //! //! There are three usage variants for `must_be_async` attribute usage: //! - `#[must_be_async]` or `#[must_be_async(Send)]` //! - `#[must_be_async(?Send)]` //! - `#[must_be_async(AFIT)]` //! //! - `must_be_sync` //! //! **Convert to sync code**. Convert the async code into sync code by //! removing all `async move`, `async` and `await` keyword //! //! //! - `sync_impl` //! //! A sync implementation should compile on blocking implementation and //! must simply disappear when we want async version. //! //! Although most of the API are almost the same, there definitely come to a //! point when the async and sync version should differ greatly. For //! example, a MongoDB client may use the same API for async and sync //! version, but the code to actually send reqeust are quite different. //! //! Here, we can use `sync_impl` to mark a synchronous implementation, and a //! sync implementation should disappear when we want async version. //! //! - `async_impl` //! //! An async implementation should on compile on async implementation and //! must simply disappear when we want sync version. //! //! There are three usage variants for `async_impl` attribute usage: //! - `#[async_impl]` or `#[async_impl(Send)]` //! - `#[async_impl(?Send)]` //! - `#[async_impl(AFIT)]` //! //! - `test` //! //! Handy macro to unify async and sync **unit and e2e test** code. //! //! You can specify the condition to compile to sync test code //! and also the conditions to compile to async test code with given test //! macro, e.x. `tokio::test`, `async_std::test`, etc. When only sync //! condition is specified,the test code only compiles when sync condition //! is met. //! //! ```rust //! # #[maybe_async::maybe_async] //! # async fn async_fn() -> bool { //! # true //! # } //! //! ##[maybe_async::test( //! feature="is_sync", //! async( //! all(not(feature="is_sync"), feature="async_std"), //! async_std::test //! ), //! async( //! all(not(feature="is_sync"), feature="tokio"), //! tokio::test //! ) //! )] //! async fn test_async_fn() { //! let res = async_fn().await; //! assert_eq!(res, true); //! } //! ``` //! //! ## What's Under the Hook //! //! `maybe-async` compiles your code in different way with the `is_sync` feature //! gate. It removes all `await` and `async` keywords in your code under //! `maybe_async` macro and conditionally compiles codes under `async_impl` and //! `sync_impl`. //! //! Here is a detailed example on what's going on whe the `is_sync` feature //! gate set or not. //! //! ```rust //! #[maybe_async::maybe_async(AFIT)] //! trait A { //! async fn async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! struct Foo; //! //! #[maybe_async::maybe_async(AFIT)] //! impl A for Foo { //! async fn async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! #[maybe_async::maybe_async] //! async fn maybe_async_fn() -> Result<(), ()> { //! let a = Foo::async_fn_name().await?; //! //! let b = Foo::sync_fn_name()?; //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! When `maybe-async` feature gate `is_sync` is **NOT** set, the generated code //! is async code: //! //! ```rust //! // Compiled code when `is_sync` is toggled off. //! trait A { //! async fn maybe_async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! struct Foo; //! //! impl A for Foo { //! async fn maybe_async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! async fn maybe_async_fn() -> Result<(), ()> { //! let a = Foo::maybe_async_fn_name().await?; //! let b = Foo::sync_fn_name()?; //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! When `maybe-async` feature gate `is_sync` is set, all async keyword is //! ignored and yields a sync version code: //! //! ```rust //! // Compiled code when `is_sync` is toggled on. //! trait A { //! fn maybe_async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! struct Foo; //! //! impl A for Foo { //! fn maybe_async_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! fn sync_fn_name() -> Result<(), ()> { //! Ok(()) //! } //! } //! //! fn maybe_async_fn() -> Result<(), ()> { //! let a = Foo::maybe_async_fn_name()?; //! let b = Foo::sync_fn_name()?; //! Ok(()) //! } //! ``` //! //! ## Examples //! //! ### rust client for services //! //! When implementing rust client for any services, like awz3. The higher level //! API of async and sync version is almost the same, such as creating or //! deleting a bucket, retrieving an object, etc. //! //! The example `service_client` is a proof of concept that `maybe_async` can //! actually free us from writing almost the same code for sync and async. We //! can toggle between a sync AWZ3 client and async one by `is_sync` feature //! gate when we add `maybe-async` to dependency. //! //! //! # License //! MIT
externcrate proc_macro;
use proc_macro::TokenStream;
use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream as TokenStream2}; use syn::{
ext::IdentExt,
parenthesized,
parse::{ParseStream, Parser},
parse_macro_input, token, Ident, ImplItem, LitStr, Meta, Result, Token, TraitItem,
};
fn convert_sync(input: &mut Item) -> TokenStream2 { match input {
Item::Impl(item) => { for inner in &mut item.items { iflet ImplItem::Fn(refmut method) = inner { if method.sig.asyncness.is_some() {
method.sig.asyncness = None;
}
}
}
AsyncAwaitRemoval.remove_async_await(quote!(#item))
}
Item::Trait(item) => { for inner in &mut item.items { iflet TraitItem::Fn(refmut method) = inner { if method.sig.asyncness.is_some() {
method.sig.asyncness = None;
}
}
}
AsyncAwaitRemoval.remove_async_await(quote!(#item))
}
Item::Fn(item) => { if item.sig.asyncness.is_some() {
item.sig.asyncness = None;
}
AsyncAwaitRemoval.remove_async_await(quote!(#item))
}
Item::Static(item) => AsyncAwaitRemoval.remove_async_await(quote!(#item)),
}
}
fn async_mode(arg: &str) -> Result<AsyncTraitMode> { match arg { "" | "Send" => Ok(AsyncTraitMode::Send), "?Send" => Ok(AsyncTraitMode::NotSend), // acronym for Async Function in Trait, // TODO make AFIT as default in future release "AFIT" => Ok(AsyncTraitMode::Off),
_ => Err(syn::Error::new(
Span::call_site(), "Only accepts `Send`, `?Send` or `AFIT` (native async function in trait)",
)),
}
}
/// maybe_async attribute macro /// /// Can be applied to trait item, trait impl, functions and struct impls. #[proc_macro_attribute] pubfn maybe_async(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { let mode = match async_mode(args.to_string().replace(" ", "").as_str()) {
Ok(m) => m,
Err(e) => return e.to_compile_error().into(),
}; letmut item = parse_macro_input!(input as Item);
let token = if cfg!(feature = "is_sync") {
convert_sync(&mut item)
} else {
convert_async(&mut item, mode)
};
token.into()
}
/// convert marked async code to async code with `async-trait` #[proc_macro_attribute] pubfn must_be_async(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { let mode = match async_mode(args.to_string().replace(" ", "").as_str()) {
Ok(m) => m,
Err(e) => return e.to_compile_error().into(),
}; letmut item = parse_macro_input!(input as Item);
convert_async(&mut item, mode).into()
}
/// mark sync implementation /// /// only compiled when `is_sync` feature gate is set. /// When `is_sync` is not set, marked code is removed. #[proc_macro_attribute] pubfn sync_impl(_args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { let input = TokenStream2::from(input); let token = if cfg!(feature = "is_sync") {
quote!(#input)
} else {
quote!()
};
token.into()
}
/// mark async implementation /// /// only compiled when `is_sync` feature gate is not set. /// When `is_sync` is set, marked code is removed. #[proc_macro_attribute] pubfn async_impl(args: TokenStream, _input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { let mode = match async_mode(args.to_string().replace(" ", "").as_str()) {
Ok(m) => m,
Err(e) => return e.to_compile_error().into(),
}; let token = if cfg!(feature = "is_sync") {
quote!()
} else { letmut item = parse_macro_input!(_input as Item);
convert_async(&mut item, mode)
};
token.into()
}
fn parse_nested_meta_or_str(input: ParseStream) -> Result<TokenStream2> { iflet Some(s) = input.parse::<Option<LitStr>>()? { let tokens = s.value().parse()?;
Ok(tokens)
} else { let meta: Meta = input.parse()?;
Ok(quote!(#meta))
}
}
/// Handy macro to unify test code of sync and async code /// /// Since the API of both sync and async code are the same, /// with only difference that async functions must be awaited. /// So it's tedious to write unit sync and async respectively. /// /// This macro helps unify the sync and async unit test code. /// Pass the condition to treat test code as sync as the first /// argument. And specify the condition when to treat test code /// as async and the lib to run async test, e.x. `async-std::test`, /// `tokio::test`, or any valid attribute macro. /// /// **ATTENTION**: do not write await inside a assert macro /// /// - Examples /// /// ```rust /// #[maybe_async::maybe_async] /// async fn async_fn() -> bool { /// true /// } /// /// #[maybe_async::test( /// // when to treat the test code as sync version /// feature="is_sync", /// // when to run async test /// async(all(not(feature="is_sync"), feature="async_std"), async_std::test), /// // you can specify multiple conditions for different async runtime /// async(all(not(feature="is_sync"), feature="tokio"), tokio::test) /// )] /// async fn test_async_fn() { /// let res = async_fn().await; /// assert_eq!(res, true); /// } /// /// // Only run test in sync version /// #[maybe_async::test(feature = "is_sync")] /// async fn test_sync_fn() { /// let res = async_fn().await; /// assert_eq!(res, true); /// } /// ``` /// /// The above code is transcripted to the following code: /// /// ```rust /// # use maybe_async::{must_be_async, must_be_sync, sync_impl}; /// # #[maybe_async::maybe_async] /// # async fn async_fn() -> bool { true } /// /// // convert to sync version when sync condition is met, keep in async version when corresponding /// // condition is met /// #[cfg_attr(feature = "is_sync", must_be_sync, test)] /// #[cfg_attr( /// all(not(feature = "is_sync"), feature = "async_std"), /// must_be_async, /// async_std::test /// )] /// #[cfg_attr( /// all(not(feature = "is_sync"), feature = "tokio"), /// must_be_async, /// tokio::test /// )] /// async fn test_async_fn() { /// let res = async_fn().await; /// assert_eq!(res, true); /// } /// /// // force converted to sync function, and only compile on sync condition /// #[cfg(feature = "is_sync")] /// #[test] /// fn test_sync_fn() { /// let res = async_fn(); /// assert_eq!(res, true); /// } /// ``` #[proc_macro_attribute] pubfn test(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream { match parse_test_cfg.parse(args) {
Ok(test_cfg) => [test_cfg.into(), input].into_iter().collect(),
Err(err) => err.to_compile_error().into(),
}
}
fn parse_test_cfg(input: ParseStream) -> Result<TokenStream2> { if input.is_empty() { return Err(syn::Error::new(
Span::call_site(), "Arguments cannot be empty, at least specify the condition for sync code",
));
}
// The first attributes indicates sync condition let sync_cond = input.call(parse_nested_meta_or_str)?; letmut ts = quote!(#[cfg_attr(#sync_cond, maybe_async::must_be_sync, test)]);
// The rest attributes indicates async condition and async test macro // only accepts in the forms of `async(cond, test_macro)`, but `cond` and // `test_macro` can be either meta attributes or string literal letmut async_conditions = Vec::new(); while !input.is_empty() {
input.parse::<Token![,]>()?; if input.is_empty() { break;
}
if !input.peek(Ident::peek_any) { return Err(
input.error("Must be list of metas like: `async(condition, async_test_macro)`")
);
} let name = input.call(Ident::parse_any)?; if name != "async" { return Err(syn::Error::new(
name.span(),
format!("Unknown path: `{}`, must be `async`", name),
));
}
if !input.peek(token::Paren) { return Err(
input.error("Must be list of metas like: `async(condition, async_test_macro)`")
);
}
let nested;
parenthesized!(nested in input); let list = nested.parse_terminated(parse_nested_meta_or_str, Token![,])?; let len = list.len(); letmut iter = list.into_iter(); let (Some(async_cond), Some(async_test), None) = (iter.next(), iter.next(), iter.next()) else { let msg = format!( "Must pass two metas or string literals like `async(condition, \
async_test_macro)`, you passed {len} metas.",
); return Err(syn::Error::new(name.span(), msg));
};
¤ Diese beiden folgenden Angebotsgruppen bietet das Unternehmen0.26Angebot
(Wie Sie bei der Firma Beratungs- und Dienstleistungen beauftragen können 2026-06-18)
¤
Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.
Bemerkung:
Die farbliche Syntaxdarstellung und die Messung sind noch experimentell.