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Untersuchungsergebnis.lyx Download desShell {Shell[53] Scala[70] Lex[127]}zum Wurzelverzeichnis wechseln #This file was created by <mike> Thu Dec 24 12:02:43 1998 #LyX 1.0 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team \lyxformat 2.15 \textclass book \language default \inputencoding latin1 \fontscheme default \graphics none \paperfontsize default \spacing single \papersize letterpaper \paperpackage a4 \use_geometry 0 \use_amsmath 0 \paperorientation portrait \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 2 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle headings \layout Title The LyX Tutorial \layout Author by Amir Karger and the LyX Team \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents \end_inset \layout Chapter Introduction \layout Section Welcome to LyX! \layout Standard This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't know it very well. Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX. That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface to LaTeX. There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use LyX effectively. \layout Standard Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to put two spaces after a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs. After much frustration, you found you couldn't. In fact, you'll find that most of the little tricks you're accustomed to using in other word processors just won't work in LyX. That's because most word processors you've used before require you to manually put in all spacings, font changes, and so on. So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too. LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus on the important things, like the content of your writing. \layout Standard So, bear with us and read on. Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time. \layout Section What the Tutorial \emph on is \emph default and What it \emph on isn't \layout Standard Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of something. The \emph on Tutorial \emph default uses the notation outlined in the \emph on Introduction \emph default \SpecialChar \@. If you came to this manual first, go read the \emph on Introduction \emph default \SpecialChar \@. Yes, we mean now. \layout Standard Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what this \emph on Tutorial \emph default is for. \layout Subsection Getting the Most out of the Tutorial \layout Standard This tutorial consists of examples and exercises. To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document, typing all the silly little things we're telling you to type and trying out all of the exercises to see if you get them right. For convenience, you might want to print out the PostScript® version of this document. \layout Standard If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise. However, LyX does have idiosyncrasies \begin_float footnote \layout Standard or, more optimistically, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset features \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_float you'll want to learn about. Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the \emph on Tutorial \emph default , you should definitely check out Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexusers} \end_inset , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users. \layout Standard Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} \end_inset is a holdover from an earlier version of the Tutorial, and is a bit pithy. Still it's a nice \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset at-a-distance \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset introduction to LyX, so you might want to glance over it to get a feel for what LyX is all about. \layout Subsection What You \emph on won't \emph default Find: \layout Itemize Spoon-feeding or other dumbing-down. \begin_deeper \layout Standard The trend in computer self-help literature these days \begin_float footnote \end_deeper \layout Standard Note from \noun on John \noun default Weiss: \SpecialChar \ldots{} well, at least in America, where we dumb everything down to the lowest common denominator\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_float seems to be: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Assume the user has the I. Q. of a potato. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset We don't do that. \begin_deeper \layout Standard On the other hand, we do realize that most users go to a manual, especially a tutorial, when they're lost. So, while we'll assume that you, the user, are \emph on not \emph default stupid, we do understand that you might be a tad clueless or confused. \end_deeper \layout Itemize Instructions how to use a mouse or a keyboard. \begin_deeper \layout Standard If you haven't figured out by now how to use your computer, we can't help you, as such things are beyond the scope of the LyX manuals. \begin_float footnote \end_deeper \layout Standard Besides which, if you're using LyX to begin with, you'll probably have more than half a brain in your head. \end_float \layout Itemize Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features. \begin_deeper \layout Standard What, you want the \emph on User's Guide \emph default twice? \layout Standard Seriously, though, we're here to get you up and running so that all you need is the \emph on User's Guide \emph default . If we tried to duplicate all of the information about all of LyX's features in here, the \emph on Tutorial \emph default would be redundant, too long, and forever out of date. All we do here is introduce things; imagine there is a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset at the end of every section. \end_deeper \layout Itemize Detailed explanations of LaTeX. \begin_deeper \layout Standard Unnecessary. If you're really curious about learning some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX, you can always go get a LaTeX book. There are several good ones on the market. No need to reinvent the wheel, after all\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_deeper \layout Standard So, brave soul, it's time to move onward. You can take a brief excursion through the next section, or you can go on to section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:first-doc-ex} \end_inset . \layout Section What is LyX? \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:what-is-lyx} \end_inset \layout Subsection Overview \layout Standard Part of the initial challenge of using LyX comes from the change in thinking that you, the user, must make. At one time, all we had for creating documents were typewriters, so we all learned certain tricks to get around their limitations. Underlining, which is little more than overstriking with the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset _ \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset character, became a way to emphasize text. To create a table, you figured out beforehand how big each column was to be and set the appropriate tab stops. The same applied for letters and other right justified text. Hyphenation at the end of a line required a careful eye and a lot of foresight. \layout Standard In other words, we've all been trained to worry about the little details of which character goes where. \layout Standard Consequently, almost all word processors have this mentality. They still use tab stops for adding whitespace. You still need to worry about exactly where on the page something will appear. Emphasizing text means changing a font, similar to changing the typewriter wheel. You get the idea. \layout Standard This is where LyX differs from an ordinary word processor. You don't concern yourself with what character goes where. You tell LyX \emph on what you're doing \emph default and LyX takes care of the rest, following a set of rules called a \emph on style \emph default . Let's look at a little example: \layout Standard Suppose you're writing a report. To begin your report, you want a section called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction\SpecialChar \@. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset So, you go into whatever menu it is in your word processor that changes font sizes and decide on a new font size. Then you turn on bold face. Then you type, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1.__Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Of course, if you later decide that this section belongs someplace else in the document, or if you insert a new section before it, you need to change the numbering for this and all following sections, as well as any entry in the table of contents. \layout Standard In LyX, you go to the pull-down on the far left of the button bar and select \family sans Section \family default , and type \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction\SpecialChar \@. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \layout Standard Yes, that's all. If you cut and paste the section, it will automatically be renumbered --- everywhere. There's even a way to make LyX automatically update any references to the section inside the file. \layout Standard Then there's the problem of consistency. Five days later, you reopen your report and start section 4. However, you forget that you were using 18pt bold instead of 16pt, so you type in the heading for section 4 in a different font that what you used for section 1. That problem doesn't even exist in LyX. The computer takes care of all that silly bookkeeping about which thing has what size font, not you. After all, that's what a computer is good at. \layout Standard Here's another example. Suppose you're making a list. In other word processors, a list is just a bunch of tab stops and newlines. You need to figure out where to put the label for each list item, what that label should be, how many blank lines to put between each item, and so on. Under LyX, you have only two concerns: what kind of list is this, and what do I want to put in it. That's it. \layout Standard So, the basic idea behind LyX is: specify what you're doing, not how to do it. Instead of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset what you see is what you get, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the LyX model is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset what you see is what you \emph on mean \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (WYSIWYM). \layout Subsection Differences between LyX and Word Processors \begin_float footnote \layout Standard No, we're not trying to start (or win) a word processor holy war here. But we do think it's important to describe LyX's features. And one of LyX's main features, WYSIWYM, is a fundamentally different concept than the one that 99% of people have about word processing. \end_float \layout Standard Here's a list of things you won't find in LyX: \layout Itemize The document ruler \layout Itemize Tab stops \layout Itemize Extra whitespace [i.e. hitting \family sans Enter \family default or \family sans Space \family default two or more times] \layout Standard Tab stops, along with a ruler showing you the position of things on the page, are useless in LyX. The program worries about where things go on the page, not you. Extra whitespace is similar; LyX adds them where necessary, depending on context. Not being able to type two blank lines in a row will be annoying at first, but it makes more sense once you're thinking in WYSIWYM terms. \layout Standard Here are some things that exist in LyX, but aren't used as you might think: \layout Itemize Indenting controls \layout Itemize Page breaks \layout Itemize Line spacing [i.e. single spaced, double spaced, etc.] \layout Itemize Whitespace, horizontal and vertical \layout Itemize Fonts and font sizes \layout Itemize Typefaces [bold, italic, underline, etc.] \layout Standard Although they exist in LyX, you generally don't need them. LyX will take care of these things for you, depending on what you're doing. Different parts of the document are automatically set in a different typeface and font size. Paragraph indenting is context dependent; different types of paragraphs get indented differently. Page breaks get handled automatically, as well. In general, the space between lines, between words, and between paragraphs is variable, set by LyX. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard There are ways to adjust all of these [only some of which require knowledge of LaTeX], either for a whole document or for a specific location in a document. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for details. \end_float \layout Standard Lastly, there are a few areas where LyX [and LaTeX] surpasses many word processors: \layout Itemize Hyphenation \layout Itemize Lists of any type \layout Itemize Mathematics \layout Itemize Tables \layout Itemize Cross-referencing \layout Standard Granted, many modern word processors can handle mathematical symbols, tables, and hyphenation, and some are even moving towards style definitions and the WYSIWYM concept. However, they've only recently been able to do so, whereas LyX is built upon the LaTeX document preparation system. LaTeX has been around for over 10 years, and \emph on works \emph default . All of the bugs have been long since ironed out. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard Okay, we know nothing is perfect, but LaTeX is as close to bug-free as any computer program can get. \end_float \layout Subsection What the heck \emph on is \emph default LaTeX? \layout Standard LaTeX is a document preparation system designed by Leslie Lamport in 1985. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard The source for the info in this section is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on A Guide to LaTeX2e \emph default , \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset by Helmut Kopka and Patrick Daly, which has an entry in the bibliography of the \emph on User's Guide \emph default \SpecialChar \@. \end_float It, in turn, was built up from a typesetting language called TeX, created by Donald Knuth in 1984. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is pronounced like \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset blech! \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset which is how many people feel about it. However, most folks don't understand just what TeX is. TeX takes a sequence of typesetting commands, written in a script in an ASCII file, and executes them. It's a bit more complicated than a typewriter, but not nearly as involved as an actual printing press. In any case, what comes out of TeX is the so-called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset device independent \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset format file, or \family typewriter dvi \family default for short. You can then feed the \family typewriter dvi \family default file to anything that understands \family typewriter dvi \family default , or converts \family typewriter dvi \family default to other formats like PostScript®. \layout Standard If it weren't for one other feature, all TeX would be is a typesetting engine. However, TeX also allows you to define macros. This is where the action begins. \layout Standard Most people who use TeX are actually using a macro package which Knuth created to hide a lot of the typesetting details. This is what most people think of when they think of TeX\SpecialChar \@. Ordinary users don't work with raw TeX, which are the bare-bones typesetting commands. People creating new macro-packages do that. And here's where Leslie Lamport enters our story. He wanted a macro package that was more user-oriented and less typesetter-orien ted, a set of commands that consistently typeset things like sections or tables or math formulae in a uniform, consistent fashion with as little fuss as possible. This is how LaTeX was born. \layout Standard Now, in parallel with the development and growth of LaTeX, other folks were creating their own custom macro packages for TeX, ones to make slides or articles for math journals and so on. Some used the raw TeX to do this, others began modifying LaTeX. To try and unify this mess, a team of LaTeX-nicians, [including Lamport, of course] began to work on LaTeX2e, the current version of LaTeX, during the late 1980's. This new version of LaTeX has commands which provide an easier-to-use interface to TeX's macro-creating commands [remember TeX?], aid in the using of new fonts, and so on. In fact, LaTeX is quite an extensive language in its own right! Users around the world have been creating their own add-ons for LaTeX beyond the standard ones. \layout Standard There are two ways to extend LaTeX: classes and styles. A \emph on class \emph default is a set of LaTeX [and TeX] macros describing a new type of document, like a book, or an article. There are classes for slides, for physics and math journals\SpecialChar \ldots{} some universities even have a class for their thesis format! A \emph on style \emph default differs from a class in that it doesn't define a new type of document, but a different type of \emph on behavior \emph default that any document can use. For example, LyX controls page margins and line spacing using two different LaTeX style-files designed for these purposes. There are style-files for a whole slew of things: printing labels or envelopes, changing indentation behavior, adding new fonts, manipulating graphics, designing fancy page headings, customizing bibliographies, altering the location and appearance of footnotes, tables, and figures, customizing lists, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. \layout Standard Here's a summary: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 TeX: Typesetting language with macro capability. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 LaTeX: Macro package built upon TeX\SpecialChar \@. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 classes: Descriptions of a type of document, using LaTeX\SpecialChar \@. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 styles: Alters the default behavior of LaTeX in some way. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 LyX: Visual, WYSIWYM word-processor that uses LaTeX in all its glory to do its printing. \layout Standard The idea of this section was to try and explain \emph on why \emph default LyX works somewhat differently from other word processors. The reason is simple: LyX uses LaTeX as its printing backend. Just like LaTeX, LyX focuses on the context of your writing --- \emph on what \emph default you are typing. The computer then handles how it should look. \layout Standard Oh --- one last thing. LaTeX is pronounced like TeX is. It rhymes with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset hey blech. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_float footnote \layout Standard or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset ha blech \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , depending on how you pronounce your \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset a \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset s\SpecialChar \ldots{} \end_float Usually. Lamport says in his book, though, that \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on lay \emph default -tecks is also possible \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LyX, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset on the other hand, is pronounced \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset licks. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset lucks, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset looks, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset depending on what country you're from\SpecialChar \ldots{} \layout Chapter Getting Started with LyX \layout Section Your First LyX Document \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:first-doc-ex} \end_inset OK\SpecialChar \@. You're ready to start writing. Before you do, though, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully make the \emph on Tutorial \emph default more instructive, useful, and fun. \layout Standard Because there's lots of information that we won't be giving you, the \series bold first \series medium thing that you need to do is find the \series default other \series medium help files. Luckily, this is very simple. \series default Start up LyX. Choose the \emph on User's Guide \emph default from the \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp \family default menu. You may want to load the \emph on Tutorial \emph default as well (if you're not reading it on screen already). This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file \begin_float footnote \layout Standard They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of LyX. \end_float . Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocuments \family default menu to switch between them. The \emph on Tutorial \emph default will not cover in detail subjects which are described in the other LyX manuals. This may make life a bit harder for you at the beginning, but it will keep the \emph on Tutorial \emph default short. It will also get you in the habit of using the other manuals, which --- in the long run --- will save you a lot of time. \layout Standard In this \emph on Tutorial \emph default , we're going to assume that you have a fully working version of LyX, as well as LaTeX, \family typewriter xdvi \family default or some other dvi viewer, \family typewriter dvips \family default or some other way of converting \family typewriter dvi \family default documents to PostScript® documents, and a working printer. This is a lot to assume. If any of this is not true, you (or a friendly system administrator) will need to set up your system. You can find information on setup in other manuals. \layout Standard Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on. It's called \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default . Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's great features. As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts of \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default . It also contains \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset subtle \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset hints about how to fix things. If you want to cheat (or check what you've done), there's also a file called \family typewriter example_lyxified.lyx \family default which contains the same text as written and typeset by a LyX master. \layout Subsection Typing, Viewing, and Printing \layout Itemize Open a new file with \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under N \bar default ew \layout Itemize Type a sentence like: \family typewriter This is my first LyX document! \begin_float footnote \layout Standard All right. You could actually type anything you want. It really doesn't matter. We'll apologize here for the inanity of this sentence, as well as any thing we ask you to type in the future. \end_float \layout Itemize Save your document with \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->Save \protected_separator \bar under A \bar default s\SpecialChar \@. \layout Itemize Run LaTeX to create a \family typewriter dvi \family default file, with \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->View \protected_separator dvi \family default \SpecialChar \@. You may see things being printed in the window you ran the \family typewriter lyx \family default command from. These are messages from LaTeX, which you can ignore for now. LyX will run \family typewriter xdvi \family default (or some other \family typewriter dvi \family default viewer), which will pop up a new window displaying what your document will look like when printed. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard You can save time by leaving \family typewriter xdvi \family default running in the background. Then, you can use \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under U \bar default pdate \protected_separator dvi \family default and just click on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX finishes running. \end_float \layout Itemize Print by using \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under P \bar default rint \family default and hitting \family sans OK\SpecialChar \@. \layout Standard Congratulations! You've written and printed your first LyX document. All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the rest of the \emph on Tutorial \emph default , the \emph on User's Guide \emph default , and the \emph on Reference \emph default . \layout Subsection Simple Operations \layout Standard LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to doing with a word processor. It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically. Pull down a couple menus now \begin_float footnote \layout Standard If you're like many \noun on unix \noun default users, you did so long before starting to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \end_float and you'll see that most of the simple commands (e.g., \family sans E \bar under x \bar default it, \bar under P \bar default aste, \bar under P \bar default rint) \family default have the name you expect them to have, are in the menu you'd expect them to be in, and work as you expect them to work. Here's a quick description of how to do some other simple actions. \layout Description Undo LyX has \emph on capacity \emph default for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset infinite undo \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which means you can undo everything you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default over and over again. If you undo too much, just select \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to get it back. \emph on Currently---in the beta-version---the undo levels is limited to 100 steps, until the undo mechanism has been thoroughly tested. Undo also doesn't work for \emph default everything \emph on , not for changes to the document layout for instance. \layout Description Cut/Paste/Copy Use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under C \bar default ut \family default , \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under P \bar default aste \family default , and \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit->C \bar under o \bar default py \family default to cut, paste, and copy. Or automatically paste selected text with the \emph on middle button \emph default . \layout Description Find/Replace Use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under F \bar default ind \protected_separator & \protected_separator Replace \family default for a case-sensitive search. In the resulting popup, search with the forward and backward arrows, and use the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eplace \family default button to replace a word you've found. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard Close the window when you'r done. Or leave it open if you find it more convenient. Most popups in LyX --- including the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ind \protected_separator & \protected_separator Replace \family default , \family sans Table \protected_separator of \protected_separator Contents \family default , and \family sans Layout \family default popups, as well as the various math popups --- are windows that may be lowered, rather than closed. A few popups, like \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under O \bar default pen \family default , won't let you type anything in the main LyX window until you actually close the popup. Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type in the main LyX window or give a command in some other LyX popup. \end_float \layout Description Character \protected_separator Formatting You can \emph on emphasize \emph default text (which will generally put characters in italics), put it in \series bold bold face \series default , or in \noun on Noun Style \noun default (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu. \layout Description Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow you to do some of the more popular functions, such as \family sans Paste \family default and \family sans \family default . If you hold the mouse above one of the buttons on the toolbar, a little yellow note will tell you that button's function. \layout Standard Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions useful. As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc. \layout Subsection WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:whitespace} \end_inset One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX handles whitespace. As many times as you hit \family sans Return \family default , you'll only get one blank line. As many times as you hit \family sans Space \family default , you'll only get one space. On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space. The \family sans Tab \family default key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there \emph on are \emph default no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs or margins, either. \layout Standard Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You Get. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You \emph on Mean \emph default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you, so that the output looks nice. A \family sans Return \family default grammatically separates paragraphs, and a \family sans Space \family default grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of them in a row; a \family sans Tab \family default has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it. Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the \emph on content \emph default of your document, and less time worrying about the \emph on format. \emph default See Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:what-is-lyx} \end_inset for more information on the WYSIWYM concept. \layout Standard LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document. After all, LyX might not typeset \emph on exactly \emph default what you mean. The \emph on User's Guide \emph default has information about all that. It includes \family sans HFill \family default s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand. The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end. With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting throughout the writing process. \layout Section Environments \layout Standard Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts \emph on environments \emph default . Most of a document is made up of regular text. Section (chapter, subsection, etc.) titles let the reader know that a new topic or subtopic will be discussed. Certain types of documents have special environments. A journal article will have an abstract, and a title. A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment that gives the writer's address. \layout Standard Environments are a major part of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset What You See Is What You Mean \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset philosophy of LyX. A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting, line spacing, and more. This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and bibliography formats can vary widely. LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles. \layout Standard The \family sans Environment \family default box is located on the left end of the toolbar (just under the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu). It indicates which environment you're currently writing in. While you were writing your first document, it said \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Standard, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset which is the default environment for text. Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that you can see how they work. You'll do so with the \family sans Environment \family default menu, which you open by clicking on the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset down arrow \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset icon just to the right of the \family sans Environment \family default box. \layout Subsection Sections and Subsections \layout Standard Type the word \family typewriter Introduction \family default on the first line of your LyX file, and select \family sans Section \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu \begin_float footnote \layout Standard You don't have to \emph on select \emph default the line. If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in to the selected environment. Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment by selecting them before picking an environment. \end_float . LyX numbers the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font. (Of course, the section heading will also be typeset correctly in the \family typewriter dvi \family default or printed document.) Now hit \family sans Return \family default \SpecialChar \@. Note that the \family sans Environment \family default box changes from \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset back to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Standard \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type \family sans Return \family default \SpecialChar \@. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for ways to write titles with two or more lines. The \family sans Standard \family default environment can of course continue for several paragraphs. The various list environments (see below) also don't end when you hit \family sans Return \family default . You can always tell what environment you're currently in by looking at the \family sans Environment \family default box. \end_float Type the document introduction: \layout LyX-Code This is an introduction to my first LyX document. \layout Standard Hit \family sans Return \family default again, and select \family sans Section \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu again. LyX writes a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and waits for you to type a title. Type \family typewriter More Stuff \family default , and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title. \layout Standard It gets better. Go to the end of section one again (after \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset my first LyX document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ) and hit \family sans Return \family default again, and select \family sans Section \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu again. Again, LyX writes \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and waits for you to type a title. Type \family typewriter About This Document \family default . Section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset More Stuff \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which used to be section 2, has been automatically renumbered to section 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and typesetting them. \layout Standard Hit \family sans Return \family default to get back to the \family sans Standard \family default environment, and type the following five lines: \layout LyX-Code Sections and subsections are described below. \layout LyX-Code Section Description \layout LyX-Code Sections are bigger than subsections. \layout LyX-Code Subsection description \layout LyX-Code Subsections are smaller than sections. \layout Standard Click on the second line and select \family sans Subsection \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu. LyX numbers the subsection \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller than the section title. Change the fourth line \family sans Subsection \family default environment as well. As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . If you put yet another section before section 2, section 2 will be renumbered as section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 3.1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 3.2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \layout Standard Further levels of sectioning include \family sans Subsubsection \family default , \family sans Paragraph \family default , and \family sans Subparagraph \family default . We'll let you play with these on your own. You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default to change this. \family sans Chapter \family default headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above \family sans Section \family default s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (textclasses) of LyX documents (see Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} \end_inset ). \layout Standard Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered. There are environments for this as well. If you change one of your section headings to the \family sans Section* \family default environment (you may have to scroll down in the \family sans Environment \family default menu to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section. There are corresponding \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset starred \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset heading environments for \family sans Subsection \family default and \family sans Subsubsection \family default . Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments, and note how the other sections' numbers are updated. \layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the section and subsection headings in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \family default . You'll find this document in the \family typewriter examples/ \family default directory, which you can get to by selecting \family sans \bar under O \bar default pen-> \bar under F \bar default ile \family default and then clicking on the \family sans Examples \family default button. Open the document, and use \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->Save \bar under A \bar default s \family default to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on. \layout Subsection Lists and sublists \layout Standard LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists. The various list environments free you from hitting \family sans Tab \family default a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list when you want to add a point in the middle of the list, and lets you concentrat e on the list content. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard Yes, we're overemphasizing this point throughout the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . But it \emph on is \emph default the main philosophy of LyX, so please forgive us. \end_float Different types of documents logically require different list environments: \layout Itemize A slide presentation might use the \family sans Itemize \family default environment's bulleted lists to describe different points. \layout Itemize An outline would use the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists). \layout Itemize A document describing several software packages could use the \family sans Description \family default environment, where each item in the list begins with a boldfaced word. \layout Itemize The \family sans List \family default environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of \family sans Description \family default . \layout Standard Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors. Somewhere in your document, type: \layout Standard \family typewriter Lyx is better than other word processors because: \layout Standard and hit \family sans Return \family default . Now select \family sans Itemize \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu. LyX writes a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset bullet \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (actually, an asterisk, which will be converted to a round circle on output) on the line. Type in your reasons: \layout LyX-Code Typesetting is done for you. \layout LyX-Code Math is WYSIWYG \layout LyX-Code Lists are very easy to create! \layout Standard List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type \family sans Return \family default . Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list. The above will therefore result in a three-item list. If you want more than one paragraph within one list \emph on item \emph default , one way is to use the \family sans Protected \protected_separator Return \family default , which you get by typing \family sans C-Return \family default . In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the \family sans Standard \family default environment (or just use the keybinding, \family sans M-p \protected_separator s \family default ). \layout Standard You've got a beautiful itemized list. You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out. But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole list \begin_float footnote \layout Standard LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph \emph on before \emph default the list, which you probably don't want to do. Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title. Don't worry about it. \end_float and choose \family sans Enumerate \family default from the \family sans Environment \family default menu. Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the numbering. \layout Standard While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme nts, \family sans Description \family default and \family sans List \family default , in order to see what they look like. For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of the paragraph (until you hit \family sans Return \family default .) The term is either typeset in boldface ( \family sans Description \family default ) or separated by a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Tab \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_float footnote \layout Standard But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter \family sans Tab \family default . \end_float ( \family sans List \family default ) from the rest of the paragraph. If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate the words with \family sans Protected \protected_separator Space \family default s, which are made by typing \family sans C-Space \family default and show up as small pink \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset u \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset s. \layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Typeset the list in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \layout Standard You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways. An obvious example would be writing outlines. Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting schemes for sublists. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for details on the different sorts of lists, as well as examples which use \emph on a lot \emph default of nesting. \layout Subsection Other Environments: Verses, Quotations, and More \layout Standard There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding text: \family sans Quote \family default for short quotes and \family sans Quotation \family default for longer ones. Computer code (the \family sans LyX-Code \family default environment, also used in the \emph on Tutorial \emph default for the long typing examples) is written in a \family typewriter typewriter \family default font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to use multiple spaces to allow code indenting. You can even write poetry \begin_float footnote \layout Standard \SpecialChar \ldots{} assuming you're creative enough to come up with poetry in the first place. \end_float using the \family sans Verse \family default style, using \family sans Return \family default to separate stanzas, and \family sans C-Return \family default to separate lines within a stanza. See the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments. \layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Correctly typeset the \family sans Quote, LyX-Code, \family default and \family sans Verse \family default in \latex latex \backslash linebreak \latex default \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \layout Chapter Writing Documents \layout Standard The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX. It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the powerful method of writing with environments. Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers, articles, books, manuals, or letters. This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to writing a complete document. It will introduce you to textclasses, which allow you to write different sorts of documents. It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document, such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables of contents. \layout Section Textclasses and Templates: Writing Letters \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:textclasses} \end_inset Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently. For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are single-sided. In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature --- which do not make sense in a book or article. The LyX \emph on textclass \begin_float footnote \layout Standard LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX documentclass \end_float takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents. This \emph on Tutorial \emph default , for example, was written in the \family sans Book \family default textclass. Textclasses are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how. \layout Standard Your document is probably being written in the \family sans Article \family default textclass \begin_float footnote \layout Standard That's usually the default textclass, although you can set it in your \family typewriter lyxrc \family default file. \end_float . Try changing to other textclasses (using the \family sans \bar under C \bar default lass \family default menu in the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout-> \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default popup) to see how they are typeset differently. If you change your document to the \family sans Book \family default textclass and look at the \family sans Environment \family default menu, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same. However, you can now use the \family sans Chapter \family default environment. If you're ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given textclass , just consult the \family sans Environment \family default menu. \layout Standard Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another. As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting electronic submissions, creating LaTeX \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset style files \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles. LyX is set up to support this as well. For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American Mathematics Society journals using the \family sans Article \protected_separator (AMS) \family default textclass. \layout Standard Here's a very quick reference to some of the textclasses. As usual, see the \emph on User's Guide \emph default for details. \layout Standard \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable multicol5 7 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 1 0 "" "" 8 1 1 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" "" Name \newline Notes \newline article \newline one-sided, no chapters \newline article (AMS) \newline layout & environments for American Math Society \newline report \newline longer than article, two-sided \newline book \newline report + front and back matter \newline slides \newline transparencies (also including FoilTeX) \newline letter \newline lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{} \layout Section Templates: Writing a Letter \layout Standard One of the most popular textclasses is \family sans Letter \family default \SpecialChar \@. One way to write a letter would be to open a \family sans \bar under N \bar default ew \family default file, and choose \family sans Letter \family default from the \family sans \bar under C \bar default lass \family default menu in the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout-> \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default popup. While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra work. Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address, the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc. LyX therefore has a \emph on template \emph default for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template, you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time you write a letter. \layout Standard Open a new file with \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->New \protected_separator from \protected_separator \bar under t \bar default emplate \family default . After choosing a new filename, select \family typewriter latex_letter.lyx \family default from the \family sans Choose \protected_separator Template \family default popup. Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset. \layout Standard When you look at the \family sans Environment \family default menu, you'll see several environments, like the \family sans My \protected_separator Address \family default environment, which don't even exist in most other textclasses. Others, like \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Description \family default , are familiar. You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments work. You'll notice for example that the \family sans Signature \family default environment has the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Signature: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset in red before the actual text of the signature. This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you try printing the file. It's just there to let you know where the signature goes. Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the \family sans Signature \family default line is placed. Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the \family sans Signature \family default environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the signature should be at the end. \layout Standard A template is just a regular LyX file. This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file as a new template. From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template to save time. We probably don't have to suggest an actual \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset exercise \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset here; just write a letter to someone \begin_float footnote \layout Standard One warning, if you're writing from a template. If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you erase the whole \family sans My \protected_separator Address \family default field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear. This is because an environment cannot exist without any text in it. Just reselect the environment from the \family sans Environment \family default menu to get it back. \end_float ! \layout Section Document Titles \layout Standard LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title, the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate part of the document. \layout Standard Go back to your \family typewriter newfile.lyx \family default document and make sure it's using the \family sans Article \family default textclass. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard You should not be using the letter any more, since the \family sans Letter \family default textclass doesn't allow titles. \end_float Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the \family sans Title \family default environment. On the next line, type your name and change it to the \family sans Author \family default environment. On the next line, write the date in the \family sans Date \family default environment. Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the \family sans Abstract \family default environment. Now see how it looks when printed. \layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the title, date, and author in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \layout Section Labels and Cross-References \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:labels} \end_inset You can label a section (or subsubsection, or, more rarely, just a random piece of text) in your document. Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document, using cross-references. You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section appears on. As with sections and footnotes, LyX worries about the cross-references for you. Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors. \layout Subsection* Your first label \layout Standard Let's mark our second section, whose title is \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset About This Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Click at the end of the section title line, and select \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert-> \bar under L \bar default abel \family default . A popup asks you for a section name. Type \family typewriter sec:aboutdocument \family default , which seems like a good descriptive label that won't get confused with other labels we might add. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard We write \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sec: \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset because you can also label equations, tables, and figures. \end_float When you click on \family sans OK \family default , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title. \layout Standard By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection whose heading comes before the label. However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps, on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will reference the beginning of the section. \layout Standard So far you haven't done anything --- the \family typewriter dvi \family default file will look exactly the same, since labels don't show up in the printed document. However, now that you've added a label, you can refer to that label with cross-references. We'll do that next. \layout Subsection* Your first cross-references \layout Standard Place the cursor somewhere in section 2 of your document. Type \layout LyX-Code If you want to know more about this document, then see \newline section \protected_separator , which can be found on page \protected_separator . \layout Standard Now --- with the cursor after the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \family typewriter \family default --- choose \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert-> \bar under C \bar default ross-Reference \family default . The \family sans Insert \protected_separator Reference \family default popup pops up. It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference. At the moment, there should be only one, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sec:aboutdocument \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Select it (it may be selected by default) and click on \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \protected_separator Reference \family default . Now put the cursor after the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , and click on \family sans Insert \protected_separator \bar under P \bar default age \protected_separator Number \family default from the \family sans Insert \protected_separator Reference \family default popup. \layout Standard LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was. In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the \family sans Insert \protected_separator Reference \family default popup). Conveniently, a cross-reference acts a hyperlink when you're editing a document in LyX; clicking on it will move the cursor to the referenced label. Use \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under U \bar default pdate \protected_separator dvi \family default , and you'll see that on the last page we refer to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset section 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset page 1 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset (or whatever page section 2's title is on). \layout Subsection* More fun with labels \layout Standard We told you that LyX worries about numbering cross-references; now you can test that. Add a new section before section 2. Now rerun LaTeX, and --- voilà! --- the section cross reference changed to 3! Change \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset About this Document \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference subsection 2.1 instead of section 3. The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before the label, of course. \layout Standard \latex latex \backslash begin{sloppypar} \layout Standard If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a label, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sec:myfirstlabel \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere in the document. If you'll be inserting cross-references often (if, for example, you're writing a journal article), it may be convenient to leave the \family sans Insert \protected_separator Reference \family default window open. \layout Standard \latex latex \backslash end{sloppypar} \layout Standard If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even for larger documents, \family sans \bar under C \bar default opy \family default a couple pages of text from the \emph on User's Guide \emph default to the clipboard, and \family sans \bar under P \bar default aste \family default the stolen text into your document \begin_float footnote \layout Standard By the way, copying a chapter title may cause a LyX error, because chapters aren't allowed in the article class. If this happens, just delete the chapter title. If you want to know why this happens, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:textclasses} \end_inset . \end_float . \layout Standard \series bold Exercise \series default : Fix the references in \family typewriter example_raw.lyx \layout Section Footnotes and Margin Notes \layout Standard Footnotes can be added using the \family sans Insert \protected_separator Footnote \family default button in the toolbar \begin_float footnote \layout Standard The button shows an arrow pointing to red text, which is just below some black text. \end_float or \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert-> \bar under F \bar default ootnote \family default \SpecialChar \@. Click at the end of the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LyX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset somewhere in your document and hit the \family sans Insert \protected_separator Footnote \family default button. A footnote line opens underneath the line you are currently typing on. At the left end of the line, you'll see the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset written in red on a gray background. The rest of the line is outlined in red; that's where you write your footnote. LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the line. Type \layout LyX-Code LyX is a typesetting word processor. \layout Standard Now click on the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The footnote line disappears, leaving the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , superscripted in red, showing where the footnote marker will be in the printed text; this is called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset folding \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the footnote. You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you want --- by clicking on the red \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset foot \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset marker. \layout Standard You may wonder why the footnote marker is a word instead of a number. The answer is that LyX worries about the footnote numbering for you in the printed text. You can see this yourself by looking at the \family typewriter dvi \family default file (or printout). If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes. Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering, there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file. \layout Standard A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text. Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote marker --> -------------------- --> maximum size reached --> -------------------- [ zur Elbe Produktseite wechseln0.207Quellennavigators ] |