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Untersuchungsergebnis.lyx Download desIsabelle {Isabelle[154] Fortran[189] CS[240]}zum Wurzelverzeichnis wechseln #This file was created by <mike> Fri Jan 29 00:36:21 1999 #LyX 1.0 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team \lyxformat 2.15 \textclass book \begin_preamble % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! % % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact % the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97 %% Widens the vertical table spacing %% \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.45em} %% Provides certain commands which are missing. %% \DeclareRobustCommand{\textyen}{% {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{msa}\selectfont\char85}% } \DeclareRobustCommand{\textcurrency}{% {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char27}% } \DeclareRobustCommand{\textcent}{% {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char103}% } \DeclareRobustCommand{\textbrokenbar}{% {\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char124}% } %% For some odd reason, this character isn't defined in T1-encoding. %% \DeclareInputText{"0AD}{\textendash} %% Accented characters missing in non-T1 encodings. %% \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotedblbase}{% \raisebox{-1ex}{\textquotedblright} \hspace{-0.7em} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\quotesinglbase}{% \raisebox{-1ex}{\textquoteright} \hspace{-0.7em} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotleft}{% \raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \ll\!\!\!}} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guillemotright}{% \raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle \gg}} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglleft}{% \raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle <\!\!\!}} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\guilsinglright}{% \raisebox{0.27ex}{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle >}} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\DH}{% D\hspace{-0.7em}\rule[0.8ex]{0.30em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.40em} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\dh}{% \ensuremath{\mathrm{\partial}} \hspace{-0.65em}\rule[1.35ex]{0.3em}{0.08ex}\hspace{0.35em} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\TH}{% \textsc{I\hspace{-0.325em}p} } \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\th}{% p\hspace{-0.55em}l } \end_preamble \language default \inputencoding latin1 \fontscheme default \graphics default \paperfontsize default \spacing single \papersize letterpaper \paperpackage a4 \use_geometry 0 \use_amsmath 0 \paperorientation portrait \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 2 \paperpagestyle headings \layout Title The LyX User's Guide \layout Author by the LyX Team \begin_float footnote \layout Standard This file is temporarily maintained by \noun on Mike Ressler \noun default , [email protected]. Please send comments or error corrections to that address. \end_float \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents \end_inset \layout Chapter Introduction \layout Section What Is LyX? \layout Standard LyX is a program that provides a more modern approach to writing documents with a computer, an approach that breaks with the obsolete tradition of the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset typewriter concept. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It is designed for authors who want professional output quickly with a minimum of effort without becoming specialists in typesetting. Compared to common word processors, LyX will increase productivity a lot, since the job of typesetting is done mostly by the computer, not the author. With LyX, the author can concentrate on the contents of her writing, since the computer takes care of the look. \layout Standard Technically this is done by combining the comfortable interface of a word processor with the high quality of a real typesetting system. LyX uses the most popular and, in our opinion, best typesetting system available: LaTeX. LaTeX is used for a wide range of documents, especially in science. For example, it's difficult to find a mathematics or computer science book that is not done with LaTeX. So, some people claim that its main purpose is mathematical typesetting. This isn't true. LaTeX is equally good for writing letters, articles, books, or any other kind of document, and does so much better than common word processors. What prevents some people from using this powerful, free typesetting system, one that is available for almost every computer system, is its difficult usage. With plain LaTeX, you need to enter a series of typesetting commands into the text in order to produce your document. As a result, you get no visual feedback until you feed your document to the LaTeX program. It's also difficult to read these documents before they have been printed. So, online editing isn't very easy. This is where LyX enters the game. \layout Standard LyX provides an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset almost-WYSIWYG \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset view of the document. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Almost \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means that the line- and page-breaks are not displayed exactly as they will appear in the printed document. However, that's not really necessary, since LyX uses a separate typesetter program [here, LaTeX] to perform the final formatting of your text. While LyX contains everything it needs to be a comfortable user interface, the typesetting program contains everything necessary to format text, and do so very, very well. There's no need to reinvent the wheel, after all. Besides, computers are best at following a set of rules, and doing so repeatedl y and consistently. Why should you do extra work remembering which subsubsection in which section in which chapter you're in, what numbering scheme your using, how big the different headings are, what font you used for the different types of headings, and so on, and so on, and so on, \SpecialChar \ldots{} when a computer can do all of that for you? The answer is simple: you shouldn't, and with LyX, you don't have to. So, line- and page-breaks aren't your problem anymore. Remembering which number to use for the next subsection isn't your problem anymore. Recalling what font you used for all of your section headings isn't your problem anymore. With LyX, you simply choose a so-called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset paragraph environment. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset That's it. You're done. \layout Standard This gives you far more power than you may think. No longer do you need to scroll through a 75 page document, changing all of the section numbers because you deleted an old section. You could even pick a section, heading and all, up out of one document and drop it in a new one. LyX does the renumbering for you, adds the section to the Table of Contents, and more! Because you tell LyX [and LaTeX] what \emph on kind \emph default of document you're editing and what \emph on type \emph default of paragraph this-or-that text is, the computer can typeset it accordingly. Cut some paragraphs from an old document [say, an article] and paste them in a completely different one, [say, a letter] and LyX does the rest. Of course you can also still do some low-level formatting for fine-tuning. However, the proper way with LyX is to tell the computer what the text \emph on is \emph default , not what it should look like. So, we like to say that LyX gives you WYSIWYM editing [What You See Is What You \emph on Mean \emph default ]. \layout Standard Some people might be tempted to call LyX a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset frontend to LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset This isn't quite fair. LyX performs some typesetting internally to generate the correct look on the screen. Furthermore, LyX has some extensions to LaTeX specially designed to work with the WYSIWYM-concept. So, it's actually better to call LyX a \emph on High Level Wordprocessor \emph default that uses LaTeX as its backend. \layout Section About This Document \layout Standard If you haven't read the \emph on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \emph default , you need to. Yes, we mean now. \layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes several things, most importantly, the format of all of the manuals. If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual. You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead of this one. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes that, too. \layout Standard A full list of credits, containing of the LyX Documentation Project member, appears at the end of this file. \layout Section Getting Started \layout Subsection Invoking LyX \layout Standard Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX by simply typing \family typewriter lyx \family default at the command line. You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file names. We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've already done that in the \family typewriter man \family default page for LyX. Check there for more info. \layout Standard There are one or two things we'd like to comment on: \layout Itemize If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. More on that in a bit. \layout Itemize Many of you X-perts out there will try, in vain, to use the \family typewriter -geometry \family default option or its cousin, which has the form: \family typewriter -80x24+5+5 \family default . For now, there is a workaround via the options \family typewriter -height \family default , \family typewriter -width \family default , \family typewriter -xpos \family default and \family typewriter -ypos \family default . \layout Subsection How LyX Looks \layout Subsubsection The Main Window \layout Standard Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window. Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing documents. At the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text. This is the \emph on minibuffer \emph default [a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs]. It not only displays status information, but takes input, as well. \layout Standard Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. \layout Standard There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page. The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than the LyX window. That is indeed a problem, one which will be resolved in a future version of LyX. \layout Subsubsection Popups \layout Standard Ever heard of a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset dialog box? \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset We LyXers like to call them popups windows, or popups for short. Almost all of the LyX popups have three basic buttons: \family sans OK \family default , \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default , and \family sans Cancel \family default . The first and last ones are self-explanatory. The \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default button works similarly to the \family sans OK \family default button, in that it activates whatever changes you made in the popup; however, it doesn't close the popup, like \family sans OK \family default does. Actually, pressing the \family sans OK \family default button is exactly the same as pressing \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default to commit the changes and then \family sans Cancel \family default to close the popup. The three buttons also have shortcut keys: \layout Itemize \family sans OK \family default is bound to the \family sans Return \family default key, as in most programs \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default is bound to \family sans M-a \family default [as you might expect] \layout Itemize \family sans Cancel \family default is bound to the \family sans Esc \family default key. \layout Standard There are some popups that have different buttons. Not to worry, they're typically self-explanatory. We just wanted to document somewhere what that \family sans \bar under A \bar default pply \family default does. \layout Subsection HELP! \layout Standard First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as in many commercial applications. Patience. We're working on it. \layout Standard Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read \emph on all \emph default of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp \family default menu. \layout Standard While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals. They're not idiot-proof, not in the least. Here's what one of our authors, \noun on John Weiss \noun default , once said about manuals: \layout Quotation I hate manuals. \layout Quotation Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. They are aggravating. I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating. First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, et cetera, ad nauseum. Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI, then they should sit down and learn \emph on before \emph default they start up a major piece of software. \layout Quotation Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is stupid. Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless and intimidated, not stupid. Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a manual for a piece of computer software can't give. \layout Standard \emph on Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic. As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well, as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch. - jw \layout Section The LyX Interface \layout Subsection Basic File Operations \layout Standard Under the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor: \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under N \bar default ew \layout Itemize \family sans New from \bar under t \bar default emplate \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under O \bar default pen \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default lose \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under S \bar default ave \layout Itemize \family sans Save \protected_separator \bar under A \bar default s \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert to saved \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under P \bar default rint \layout Itemize \family sans E \bar under x \bar default it \layout Standard They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->New from template \family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters [see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset ] \layout Standard Note: There is no \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default file \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or document named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Untitled \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset scratch. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space is just that --- a big, blank space. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert to saved \family default command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_float footnote \layout Standard If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also. Read \emph on Special Tools \emph default \SpecialChar \@. \end_float . It will simply reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. \layout Standard The second matter of note concerns the commands \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile-> \bar under C \bar default lose \family default and \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile->E \bar under x \bar default it \family default . They both feature a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nag box \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to save us all from our own stupidity. That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll be informed that there are unsaved files. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard Some of you will know that previous versions of LyX would crash if you tried to kill the window from the window manager [i.e. double-clicking the upper left corner]. This has been fixed in 0.12, so it's safe to do that now. \end_float \layout Subsection Basic Editing Features \layout Standard Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and can delete whole words as well as individual characters. The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them. We'll start with cut and paste. \layout Standard As you might expect, the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections, such as the \family sans Flo \bar under a \bar default ts \protected_separator & \protected_separator Insets \family default submenu. The basic ones are: \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default ut \layout Itemize \family sans C \bar under o \bar default py \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under P \bar default aste \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under F \bar default ind \protected_separator & \protected_separator Replace \layout Standard The first three are self-explanatory. One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically placed in the clipboard. That is, the \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans Backspace \family default keys also functions as the \family sans Cut \family default command. Also, if you've selected text, be careful. If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed. You'll have to do an \family sans Undo \family default to get back the lost text. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under F \bar default ind \protected_separator & \protected_separator Replace \family default item opens the \family sans Find \protected_separator & \protected_separator Replace \family default popup. LyX does its find and replace work a little bit differently than certain commercial programs. Obviously, the text you want to find goes in the \family sans Fi \bar under n \bar default d \family default box. The two arrow buttons search backward and forward, respectively [it's obvious which does which]. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard These two arrows can be accessed from the keyboard via the shortcuts \family sans M-f \family default and \family sans M-b \family default for forward and back. \end_float Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eplace \family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the \family sans Replace \protected_separator \bar under w \bar default ith \family default box. \layout Standard Let's state that again: you can't do a replace unless you've done a find first. \layout Standard To repeat a replace, click the arrow key to find the next/previous word, then hit the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eplace \family default button. There is no operation to do a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset replace all \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . [At least not yet\SpecialChar \ldots{} ] \layout Standard The \family sans Case sensitive \family default toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter Match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \layout Standard The \family sans Match Word \family default toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. I.e. searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter matches \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \layout Subsection Undo and Redo \layout Standard If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has an infinite-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default to undo some mistake. If you accidently undo too much, use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit-> \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset undo the undo. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \emph on The undo-mechanism has been limited to 100 steps in the beta-version, as this feature has not yet been properly tested out. \layout Standard You can't use \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default beyond the most recent change. Likewise, you can't \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default beyond the first change you made after opening the file. In such situations, the corresponding menu entries are grayed out. Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset changed \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset status of the document is unfortunately not reset. This is a known bug. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default or \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll hopefully appreciate how it works. Also, \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default does not work inside of math mode. Tip: if you enter \family sans Math mode \family default , change an equation, then leave math mode, \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default will revert to the old version of the equation, the one which existed before you entered \family sans Math mode \family default . \layout Subsection Basic Mouse Bindings \layout Standard We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here. Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you can do with the mouse. Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations. \layout Enumerate Motion \begin_deeper \layout Itemize Click the \emph on left mouse button \emph default once anywhere in the edit window. The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. \layout Itemize The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Scroll Bar \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \begin_deeper \layout Standard The scrollbar in LyX works pretty much as any other scrollbar around, except that we've enhanced it a bit. The scrollbar arrow buttons can do more than meets the eye: \layout Itemize Use the \emph on left mouse button \emph default to scroll by one line in the direction of the arrow. \layout Itemize Use the \emph on right mouse button \emph default to scroll a page in the \emph on same \emph default direction as the arrow. \layout Itemize Use the \emph on middle mouse button \emph default to scroll a page in the \emph on opposite \emph default direction of the arrow. \end_deeper \layout Itemize References \begin_deeper \layout Standard Click on the \emph on left mouse button \emph default to jump to the referenced section. \end_deeper \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Selecting Text \begin_deeper \layout Itemize Hold down the \emph on left mouse button \emph default and drag the mouse. LyX selects the text between the old and new mouse positions. This is similar to how other programs work. \layout Itemize Click the \emph on middle mouse button \emph default to paste text. LyX repositions the cursor under the mouse and puts the pasted material into the text at that position. Also, if you've selected any text, LyX copies it into the paste buffer and pastes it. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. \begin_deeper \layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default \emph on the \emph default left mouse button to open or close any of these. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Tables \begin_deeper \layout Standard \emph on Single click the right mouse button \emph default to open a pop-up that will allow you to manipulate the table. \end_deeper \layout Subsection Basic Key Bindings \layout Standard Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings. You should know how to use a keyboard by now. Besides, the \emph on Reference manual \emph default contains a complete list of \emph on all \emph default of the keybindings. \layout Standard Some keys, like \family sans PageUp \family default , \family sans PageDown \family default , \family sans Left \family default , \family sans Right \family default , \family sans Up \family default , and \family sans Down \family default , do exactly what you expect them to do. Other keys don't: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tab \family default There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. If you don't understand this, go read Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments} \end_inset , especially sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists} \end_inset , right now. Yes, right now. If you're still confused, look in the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Esc \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cancel key. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It's used, generically, to cancel operations. Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Home \family default \protected_separator and \protected_separator \family sans End \family default These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Backspace \family default \protected_separator and \protected_separator \family sans Delete \family default \emph on If \emph default you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System, \family sans Backspace \family default works as expected and \family sans Delete \family default deletes the character to the right of the cursor [if no text is selected]. \begin_deeper \layout Standard If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean by that, go read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset immediately. You'll save yourself a lot of headaches. \end_deeper \layout Standard Then there are the modifier keys: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Control- \family default This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used in combination with: \begin_deeper \layout Itemize With \family sans Backspace \family default or \family sans Delete \family default , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. \layout Itemize With \family sans Left \family default and \family sans Right \family default , it moves by words instead of characters. \layout Itemize With \family sans Home \family default and \family sans End \family default , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. \end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Shift- \family default Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Meta- \family default As we noted earlier, this is the \family sans Alt \family default - key on many keyboards. This key does many different things, but it also activated the \emph on menu accelerator keys \emph default . If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. If you use the accelerator key for a menu and then hit \family sans Space \family default , you'll open that menu. \begin_deeper \layout Standard For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-e \protected_separator p \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset pastes text. Typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-f \protected_separator Space \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset opens the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu. \layout Standard There are also other things bound to the \family sans Meta- \family default key, but you'll have to check in the \emph on Reference \emph default \emph on manual \emph default for more info. \end_deeper \layout Standard Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M-p S-A \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Meta-p \family default followed by a capital \family sans A \family default . \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans S-C-S \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Shift-Control-s \family default . \layout Section Using LyX with Other Programs \layout Subsection Importing ASCII files \layout Standard You can import text from an ASCII file using the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert->Import \protected_separator \bar under A \bar default SCII \protected_separator File \family default submenu. It contains two different options: \family sans As \protected_separator \bar under L \bar default ines \family default and \family sans As \protected_separator \bar under P \bar default aragraphs \family default . \layout Standard \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert->Import \protected_separator \bar under A \bar default SCII \protected_separator File->As \protected_separator \bar under L \bar default ines \family default puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph. This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the paragraphs if you use this form of import. \layout Standard \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert->Import \protected_separator \bar under A \bar default SCII \protected_separator File->As \protected_separator \bar under P \bar default aragraphs \family default preserves paragraphs in text files. Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph on one line. You used \family sans Return \family default to break up the paragraph into separate lines. Using the \family sans As \protected_separator \bar under P \bar default aragraphs \family default option, LyX won't mangle such paragraphs. Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph. \emph on But Remember: \emph default you must make sure there is a \emph on completely blank \emph default line between each and every paragraph in your text file. If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs. \layout Standard Use these options wisely. You have been warned! \layout Subsection Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs \layout Standard The \family sans Cut \family default , \family sans Copy \family default , and \family sans Paste \family default operations work only \emph on inside \emph default LyX. At the moment, you can't copy text from LyX to another X-Windows program. Sorry, but this is not implemented yet. \layout Standard The LyX team has managed, however, to get the other direction working. That is, you can copy text from another X-Windows program \emph on into \emph default LyX. This special form of pasting works like the ASCII import feature; you can paste as lines or as paragraphs. Use: \layout Itemize \family sans Paste \protected_separator Primary \protected_separator Selection \protected_separator As \protected_separator \bar under L \bar default ines \layout Itemize \family sans Paste \protected_separator Primary \protected_separator Selection \protected_separator As \protected_separator Para \bar under g \bar default raphs \layout Standard from the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default menu to do this. \layout Chapter LyX Setup and Supporting Applications \layout Section Introduction \layout Standard If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you can safely skip this chapter. It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files distributed with it. \layout Standard If you're installing LyX on your system, \emph on you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then \family sans \emph default Help->LaTeX \protected_separator configuration \family default \emph on . \emph default Do that first. This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful. \end_float \layout Section Requirements \layout Standard The version of LyX distributed as binaries only needs X-Windows (X11R6). But it will compile under X11R5 as well. LyX is quite small (about 1M without XForms) and doesn't even need much memory to store the documents. It's also not that fast, \begin_float footnote \layout Standard It might take while if text in a new font has to be displayed, since the font has to be loaded into the X-server. LyX will not load fonts until they are really needed, so not all fonts are immediately accessible in all possible styles and sizes. \end_float but fast enough to allow working on a 386DX40 with 8MB RAM. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard Note from \noun on Matthias \noun default : \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset I know people who do this. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_float \layout Standard If you want to print and preview, you also need a complete LaTeX2e installation, including \family typewriter dvips \family default and \family typewriter xdvi \family default . LyX will definitely not work with LaTeX2.09 (the changes you would have to do in the LyX-sources are substantially more work than upgrading your LaTeX). \layout Standard If you want to compile your own binary you also need the XForms-library. As of version 1.0 you will need to use one of versions 0.81, 0.86 or 0.88 of the XForms library. We recommend using version 0.88, since that will give you a few extra features. You can obtain it from: \layout Itemize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://bragg.phys.uwm.edu/xforms/} \end_inset \layout Itemize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp/cs.ruu.nl/pub/XFORMS} \end_inset \layout Standard You also need the pixmap library (libXpm). Since this is usually a part of most modern Unixes it shouldn't be a problem. Just make sure you have the right pixmap library for your version of the XForms library. There are some incompatibility issues. As of version 1.0 you will need version 4.7 or 4.8 of libXpm. \layout Standard To compile LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{} well, you wouldn't be reading this document if you hadn't already done so, would you? \begin_float footnote \layout Standard If, by some odd chance, someone has handed you a printed version of this manual and the source files, please feel free to go ask \emph on them \emph default for help. Or, look at the \family typewriter README \family default files that came in the source code distribution. \end_float \layout Section Basic LyX Setup \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} \end_inset Again, you probably wouldn't be reading this file if you didn't already have a working LyX binary, so we won't discuss that here. There are a few things we do want to mention about LyX setup and installation. \layout Standard There are two ways to run LyX. The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system. Of course, you need root privileges to do that. The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset install \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX somewhere in your own account. LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories are put in the correct places. \layout Standard There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, without resorting to configuration files. First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document classes and LaTeX packages are available. It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several variables of \family typewriter lyxrc \family default . Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on you system, you might have some items that you installed locally and which are not seen by LyX. To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use \family sans \bar under O \bar default ptions-> \bar under R \bar default econfigure \family default . You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information about what has been found under \family sans Help->L \bar under a \bar default TeX \protected_separator Configuration \family default . \layout Standard The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the document-level setting that you can change via the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default , \family sans P \bar under a \bar default per \family default , \family sans \bar under Q \bar default uotes \family default and \family sans \bar under L \bar default aTeX \family default \protected_separator \family sans Preamble \family default popups of the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu \begin_float footnote \layout Standard LyX 0.10.x users might remember that these settings used to be accessible in \family typewriter lyxrc \family default . This is not the case anymore. \end_float . To do this, open a (possibly new) scrap document, set all these options according to your taste and save them with \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout-> \bar under S \bar default ave \protected_separator layout \protected_separator as \protected_separator default \family default . This will create a template named \family typewriter default.lyx \family default which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template such that the settings are automatically set up as you defined them. \layout Standard There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX. Upon startup, LyX attempts to read a file called \family typewriter ~/.lyx/lyxrc \family default beneath your home directory. If this file does not exist, LyX will read a global options file called \family typewriter lyxrc \family default . The document \emph on Customization \emph default contains more information about these setup files. \layout Section Setting Up the X Keyboard \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset To use LyX properly, you \emph on must \emph default set X up correctly. This is especially vital if you're using the international support features of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings. Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@. Administrators of large systems can be guilty of this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system. Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. You needn't rely on your sysadmin for this - in fact, you \emph on shouldn't \emph default ! The following two programs are all you need to set up your keyboard the way you want it. \layout Subsection \family typewriter xmodmap \family default and \family typewriter xkeycaps \layout Standard First of all read the man pages for these two programs. They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping correctly. If you don't have them, install them. \layout Subsubsection \family typewriter xmodmap \layout Standard This document contains no information on how to use \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . There is a sample \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file in \emph on Customization \emph default . To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command \family typewriter xmodmap \protected_separator .Xmodmap \family default somewhere in your startup scripts [for example, \family typewriter .cshrc \family default , \family typewriter .profile \family default , \family typewriter .login \family default , or \family typewriter .xinitrc \family default are all possibilities]. \layout Subsubsection \family typewriter xkeycaps \layout Standard This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard output in a form readable by \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . It is very useful when you're trying to design a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting. \layout Subsection Modifiers and Mode_switch \layout Standard LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [ \family sans S- \family default ], Control [ \family sans C- \family default ], and Meta [ \family sans M- \family default ]. Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a \family sans Compose \family default key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your keyboard. This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like \family sans Shift \family default or \family sans Control \family default ) or as a prefix key. Here are some examples of what you can do with a \family sans Compose \family default key: \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+e+' \family default \begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \) \end_inset � \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+O+R \family default \begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \) \end_inset � \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+1+2 \family default \begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \) \end_inset � \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+<+< \family default \begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \) \end_inset � \layout Standard This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters only from time to time. It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will be used if you setup your locale correctly. \layout Subsection Helpful Hints and Tips \layout Standard First, open up two xterminals. Use one to edit a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file and run \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default from the other. Using \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default , remap your keyboard the way you want it. There's a button in \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default to output the new keymap. Once you hit it, \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from. Just copy and paste all of that into your \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, and you're done. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard You could also save yourself some typing by executing \family typewriter xkeycaps > .Xmodmap \family default . This will create a usable map file. Of course, if you hit the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset output keymap \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset button in \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default more than once, the resulting map file will be a mess. As with all things, \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default is a tool, and only as intelligent as the person on the other end. \end_float \layout Standard Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented. Try executing the command \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pm \family default . This will show you all of the currently active modifiers. Also try \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pke | more \family default to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names. It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file. \layout Standard There's one thing you'll need to check. Make sure that your \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default keys are \emph on not \emph default defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs. Some programs bind \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default to the same operation. Emacs is one. Other programs, however, use \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default for different operations. LyX is one of these programs, and if you have \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX. \layout Section LaTeX \layout Standard If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out \family typewriter .tex \family default files, you'll need LaTeX. \layout Standard In case you were wondering, LaTeX is an extension to TeX, a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth. \begin_float footnote \layout Standard A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters, \begin_inset Formula \( \tau \epsilon \chi \) \end_inset , which rhymes with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset blech. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset That's how you pronounce \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [If you're American, just pronounce the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset X \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset k \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and you've got it.] \end_float TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset device-independent \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset format, or Dvi, for short. The Dvi file can then be sent to printers. TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX macros. LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need is a TeX package. \layout Standard There are two version of LaTeX commonly in use today. One is the older LaTeX 2.09; the other is the newer LaTeX2e. LyX will only work with LaTeX2e and will gag on the older version 2.09. \layout Standard Let us make that perfectly clear: \layout Standard \added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm \align center LyX \emph on WILL ONLY WORK WITH \emph default LaTeX2e!!! \layout Standard If your system has version 2.09, get the sysadmin to upgrade. \layout Standard If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution. Look in the instructions that came with your Linux distribution [most likely a CD-ROM] and install the TeX package, if you didn't do so already. Everything you need will be there, along with some things you probably don't need. \layout Standard For other systems, you'll probably have to talk to your sysadmin to get TeX/LaTeX installed on your machine if it's not on there already. \layout Standard Oh, did we mention that LyX only works with LaTeX2e? \layout Section Dvips and Ghostscript \layout Subsection What You Need \layout Standard There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents. Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next section]. You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't have them already: \layout Itemize \family typewriter dvips \layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostscript \layout Itemize \family typewriter xdvi \layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostview \layout Standard The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript� \begin_float footnote \layout Standard PostScript� is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and is the main page description language in the UN*X world. \end_float format. If you don't know what a dvi-file is, you've probably also never worked with LaTeX and should read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default document before proceeding further. \family typewriter dvips \family default converts dvi-files into PostScript�, which is the format most printers use nowadays. For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter the PostScript� through \family typewriter ghostscript \family default , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers. The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically every time you print. For now, we'll concentrate on \family typewriter dvips \family default . \layout Subsection Dvips \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} \end_inset Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home, you should configure \family typewriter dvips \family default . \family typewriter dvips \family default will either \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's configured. If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it will simply turn \family typewriter foo.dvi \family default into \family typewriter foo.ps \family default . Most systems have \family typewriter dvips \family default set up to send output to the default printer. For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both. \layout Standard If you are not a mood to configure \family typewriter dvips \family default to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section. Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could expect from your printer. At least, it will print. \layout Standard If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular on Linux), you should run the program \family typewriter texconfig \family default . To make the name of a new printer recognized by \family typewriter dvips \family default you should then select menu entry \family sans Dvips \family default , then add. Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the function \family sans Rehash \family default . \layout Standard Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform \family typewriter dvips \family default how to automagically convert a \family typewriter .dvi \family default file into a \family typewriter .ps \family default file adapted to printer \family typewriter foo \family default , you need to have a config-file, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter config.foo \family default , \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset lying around somewhere. Typically, the \family typewriter config.* \family default files for \family typewriter dvips \family default will be in \family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/dvips \family default in most TeX distributions. Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the main TeX directory for a subdirectory called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter dvips \family default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It'll be there somewhere. \layout Standard Typically, there will be at least one config-file: \family typewriter config.ps \family default . This file is the default configuration file, which is \emph on always \emph default read by dvips \begin_float footnote \layout Standard In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of a file named \family typewriter ps \family default . \end_float . Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula r printer. Then create a file \family typewriter config.foo \family default containing only the relevant lines. \layout Standard There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file. There may exist a line that looks like, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. Change it to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr -Pfoo \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , so that the output is sent by default to printer \family typewriter foo \family default . However, you should probably investigate the entries \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter M \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter D \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the printer. If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the best possible result on your printer. Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different printers, \family typewriter dvips \family default will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take valuable space. \layout Standard Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you should tell LyX to make use of this configuration. To do this, you should edit \family typewriter lyxrc \family default and set correctly the entries \family typewriter \backslash print_adapt_output \family default and \family typewriter \backslash print_spool_command \family default as described there. \layout Standard You can use as many config-files as you like, one for each of your printers. The default printer for LyX can be specified in \family typewriter lyxrc \family default or with the \family typewriter PRINTER \family default environment variable. You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in a later section.Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript� printer or file from LyX. \layout Standard If your printer doesn't understand PostScript�, you'll need to use \family typewriter ghostscript \family default as a filter for your print spooler. That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals. We also have a section that covers a little bit of this. \layout Standard Some people don't seem to like using the \family typewriter dvips \family default plus \family typewriter ghostscript \family default combination. As alternative, you can use a program that converts the dvi-file directly into your printer language. You can specify this program in \family typewriter lyxrc \family default , too. There is a major disadvantage to this method. You can't include any PostScript� files, such as graphics, in your documents, since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript�. For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using \family typewriter dvips \family default and \family typewriter ghostscript \family default for printing. \layout Subsection Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview \layout Standard \family typewriter Xdvi \family default and \family typewriter ghostview \family default are viewers, The former handles \family typewriter .dvi \family default files, while the later interfaces with \family typewriter ghostscript \family default to allow you to view PostScript� files. \layout Standard A quick note on both of these programs. Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file \begin_float footnote \layout Standard That means the \family typewriter .dvi \family default or \family typewriter .ps \family default file, not the files used to make these. \end_float changes. You can also force an update. So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close it. Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same features. \layout Standard The LyX team recommends using \family typewriter xdvi \family default for fine tuning documents. Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before you can view the changes. Here's an example: \layout Enumerate Use \family typewriter xdvi \family default to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running. \layout Enumerate Make changes to the document using LyX. \layout Enumerate To view those changes, just choose \family sans Update DVI \family default from the \family sans File \family default menu. When LaTeX's all done, click on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window, and voil�! \family typewriter xdvi \family default will update itself. \layout Standard Now, this doesn't mean \family typewriter ghostview \family default is useless. \family typewriter ghostview \family default is better suited to those occasions where you \emph on must \emph default view the PostScript� version of the document. For repeated changes that aren't PostScript� dependent, you're better off previewing with \family typewriter xdvi \family default . There is an alternative to \family typewriter ghostview \family default which sports a much better interface: \family typewriter gv \family default . LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available. \layout Section The Printer \layout Standard \size normal Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here. Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the printers set up for your system. All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use, and configure your \family typewriter lyxrc \family default as described in the last section. \layout Standard \size normal Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do. Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware, on CD-ROM \size default \SpecialChar \@. \size normal They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never realize that they need to set up their printer. If you've never touched the file \family typewriter /etc/printcap \family default , you need to set up your printer. \size default We've written a little something to help you out with that; check out the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on A Printer Tutorial \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset chapter in the \emph on Customization \emph default manual for help. \layout Chapter LyX Basics \layout Section Document Types \layout Subsection Introduction \layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you need to decide what \emph on type \emph default of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, and format the title of your document differently. \layout Standard A \emph on document class \emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. \layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and how to fine-tune some of their properties. \layout Subsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset The Various Document Classes \layout Subsubsection Overview \layout Standard There are five standard document classes in LyX. They are: \layout Description Article for basic articles \layout Description Report for basic reports \layout Description Book for writing a book \layout Description Letter for US-style letters \layout Description Slides is used to make transparencies \layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have a LaTeX setup that supports them: \layout Description Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic s \layout Description Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American Mathematical Society]. There are three amsart layouts available. The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, \emph on etc. \emph default , that prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sequential numbering \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset --> -------------------- --> maximum size reached --> -------------------- [ Verzeichnis aufwärts0.623unsichere Verbindung ] |