/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* analyze . c
* the Postgres statistics generator
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / commands / analyze . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "access/detoast.h"
#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/relation.h"
#include "access/table.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/tupconvert.h"
#include "access/visibilitymap.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/indexing.h"
#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
#include "commands/dbcommands.h"
#include "commands/progress.h"
#include "commands/tablecmds.h"
#include "commands/vacuum.h"
#include "common/pg_prng.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "parser/parse_oper.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "statistics/extended_stats_internal.h"
#include "statistics/statistics.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "utils/attoptcache.h"
#include "utils/datum.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
#include "utils/sampling.h"
#include "utils/sortsupport.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"
/* Per-index data for ANALYZE */
typedef struct AnlIndexData
{
IndexInfo *indexInfo; /* BuildIndexInfo result */
double tupleFract; /* fraction of rows for partial index */
VacAttrStats **vacattrstats; /* index attrs to analyze */
int attr_cnt;
} AnlIndexData;
/* Default statistics target (GUC parameter) */
int default_statistics_target = 100 ;
/* A few variables that don't seem worth passing around as parameters */
static MemoryContext anl_context = NULL;
static BufferAccessStrategy vac_strategy;
static void do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel,
VacuumParams *params, List *va_cols,
AcquireSampleRowsFunc acquirefunc, BlockNumber relpages,
bool inh, bool in_outer_xact, int elevel);
static void compute_index_stats(Relation onerel, double totalrows,
AnlIndexData *indexdata, int nindexes,
HeapTuple *rows, int numrows,
MemoryContext col_context);
static VacAttrStats *examine_attribute(Relation onerel, int attnum,
Node *index_expr);
static int acquire_sample_rows(Relation onerel, int elevel,
HeapTuple *rows, int targrows,
double *totalrows, double *totaldeadrows);
static int compare_rows(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg);
static int acquire_inherited_sample_rows(Relation onerel, int elevel,
HeapTuple *rows, int targrows,
double *totalrows, double *totaldeadrows);
static void update_attstats(Oid relid, bool inh,
int natts, VacAttrStats **vacattrstats);
static Datum std_fetch_func(VacAttrStatsP stats, int rownum, bool *isNull);
static Datum ind_fetch_func(VacAttrStatsP stats, int rownum, bool *isNull);
/*
* analyze_rel ( ) - - analyze one relation
*
* relid identifies the relation to analyze . If relation is supplied , use
* the name therein for reporting any failure to open / lock the rel ; do not
* use it once we ' ve successfully opened the rel , since it might be stale .
*/
void
analyze_rel(Oid relid, RangeVar *relation,
VacuumParams *params, List *va_cols, bool in_outer_xact,
BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy)
{
Relation onerel;
int elevel;
AcquireSampleRowsFunc acquirefunc = NULL;
BlockNumber relpages = 0 ;
/* Select logging level */
if (params->options & VACOPT_VERBOSE)
elevel = INFO;
else
elevel = DEBUG2;
/* Set up static variables */
vac_strategy = bstrategy;
/*
* Check for user - requested abort .
*/
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Open the relation , getting ShareUpdateExclusiveLock to ensure that two
* ANALYZEs don ' t run on it concurrently . ( This also locks out a
* concurrent VACUUM , which doesn ' t matter much at the moment but might
* matter if we ever try to accumulate stats on dead tuples . ) If the rel
* has been dropped since we last saw it , we don ' t need to process it .
*
* Make sure to generate only logs for ANALYZE in this case .
*/
onerel = vacuum_open_relation(relid, relation, params->options & ~(VACOPT_VACUUM),
params->log_min_duration >= 0 ,
ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
/* leave if relation could not be opened or locked */
if (!onerel)
return ;
/*
* Check if relation needs to be skipped based on privileges . This check
* happens also when building the relation list to analyze for a manual
* operation , and needs to be done additionally here as ANALYZE could
* happen across multiple transactions where privileges could have changed
* in - between . Make sure to generate only logs for ANALYZE in this case .
*/
if (!vacuum_is_permitted_for_relation(RelationGetRelid(onerel),
onerel->rd_rel,
params->options & ~VACOPT_VACUUM))
{
relation_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
return ;
}
/*
* Silently ignore tables that are temp tables of other backends - - -
* trying to analyze these is rather pointless , since their contents are
* probably not up - to - date on disk . ( We don ' t throw a warning here ; it
* would just lead to chatter during a database - wide ANALYZE . )
*/
if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(onerel))
{
relation_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
return ;
}
/*
* We can ANALYZE any table except pg_statistic . See update_attstats
*/
if (RelationGetRelid(onerel) == StatisticRelationId)
{
relation_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
return ;
}
/*
* Check that it ' s of an analyzable relkind , and set up appropriately .
*/
if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION ||
onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
{
/* Regular table, so we'll use the regular row acquisition function */
acquirefunc = acquire_sample_rows;
/* Also get regular table's size */
relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(onerel);
}
else if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
{
/*
* For a foreign table , call the FDW ' s hook function to see whether it
* supports analysis .
*/
FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;
bool ok = false ;
fdwroutine = GetFdwRoutineForRelation(onerel, false );
if (fdwroutine->AnalyzeForeignTable != NULL)
ok = fdwroutine->AnalyzeForeignTable(onerel,
&acquirefunc,
&relpages);
if (!ok)
{
ereport(WARNING,
(errmsg("skipping \" %s\" --- cannot analyze this foreign table" ,
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
relation_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
return ;
}
}
else if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
{
/*
* For partitioned tables , we want to do the recursive ANALYZE below .
*/
}
else
{
/* No need for a WARNING if we already complained during VACUUM */
if (!(params->options & VACOPT_VACUUM))
ereport(WARNING,
(errmsg("skipping \" %s\" --- cannot analyze non-tables or special system tables" ,
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
relation_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
return ;
}
/*
* OK , let ' s do it . First , initialize progress reporting .
*/
pgstat_progress_start_command(PROGRESS_COMMAND_ANALYZE,
RelationGetRelid(onerel));
/*
* Do the normal non - recursive ANALYZE . We can skip this for partitioned
* tables , which don ' t contain any rows .
*/
if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
do_analyze_rel(onerel, params, va_cols, acquirefunc,
relpages, false , in_outer_xact, elevel);
/*
* If there are child tables , do recursive ANALYZE .
*/
if (onerel->rd_rel->relhassubclass)
do_analyze_rel(onerel, params, va_cols, acquirefunc, relpages,
true , in_outer_xact, elevel);
/*
* Close source relation now , but keep lock so that no one deletes it
* before we commit . ( If someone did , they ' d fail to clean up the entries
* we made in pg_statistic . Also , releasing the lock before commit would
* expose us to concurrent - update failures in update_attstats . )
*/
relation_close(onerel, NoLock);
pgstat_progress_end_command();
}
/*
* do_analyze_rel ( ) - - analyze one relation , recursively or not
*
* Note that " acquirefunc " is only relevant for the non - inherited case .
* For the inherited case , acquire_inherited_sample_rows ( ) determines the
* appropriate acquirefunc for each child table .
*/
static void
do_analyze_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
List *va_cols, AcquireSampleRowsFunc acquirefunc,
BlockNumber relpages, bool inh, bool in_outer_xact,
int elevel)
{
int attr_cnt,
tcnt,
i,
ind;
Relation *Irel;
int nindexes;
bool verbose,
instrument,
hasindex;
VacAttrStats **vacattrstats;
AnlIndexData *indexdata;
int targrows,
numrows,
minrows;
double totalrows,
totaldeadrows;
HeapTuple *rows;
PGRUsage ru0;
TimestampTz starttime = 0 ;
MemoryContext caller_context;
Oid save_userid;
int save_sec_context;
int save_nestlevel;
WalUsage startwalusage = pgWalUsage;
BufferUsage startbufferusage = pgBufferUsage;
BufferUsage bufferusage;
PgStat_Counter startreadtime = 0 ;
PgStat_Counter startwritetime = 0 ;
verbose = (params->options & VACOPT_VERBOSE) != 0 ;
instrument = (verbose || (AmAutoVacuumWorkerProcess() &&
params->log_min_duration >= 0 ));
if (inh)
ereport(elevel,
(errmsg("analyzing \" %s.%s\" inheritance tree" ,
get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
else
ereport(elevel,
(errmsg("analyzing \" %s.%s\"" ,
get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
/*
* Set up a working context so that we can easily free whatever junk gets
* created .
*/
anl_context = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
"Analyze" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
caller_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(anl_context);
/*
* Switch to the table owner ' s userid , so that any index functions are run
* as that user . Also lock down security - restricted operations and
* arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command .
*/
GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
SetUserIdAndSecContext(onerel->rd_rel->relowner,
save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
RestrictSearchPath();
/*
* When verbose or autovacuum logging is used , initialize a resource usage
* snapshot and optionally track I / O timing .
*/
if (instrument)
{
if (track_io_timing)
{
startreadtime = pgStatBlockReadTime;
startwritetime = pgStatBlockWriteTime;
}
pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
}
/* Used for instrumentation and stats report */
starttime = GetCurrentTimestamp();
/*
* Determine which columns to analyze
*
* Note that system attributes are never analyzed , so we just reject them
* at the lookup stage . We also reject duplicate column mentions . ( We
* could alternatively ignore duplicates , but analyzing a column twice
* won ' t work ; we ' d end up making a conflicting update in pg_statistic . )
*/
if (va_cols != NIL)
{
Bitmapset *unique_cols = NULL;
ListCell *le;
vacattrstats = (VacAttrStats **) palloc(list_length(va_cols) *
sizeof (VacAttrStats *));
tcnt = 0 ;
foreach(le, va_cols)
{
char *col = strVal(lfirst(le));
i = attnameAttNum(onerel, col, false );
if (i == InvalidAttrNumber)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
errmsg("column \" %s\" of relation \" %s\" does not exist" ,
col, RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
if (bms_is_member(i, unique_cols))
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_COLUMN),
errmsg("column \" %s\" of relation \" %s\" appears more than once" ,
col, RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
unique_cols = bms_add_member(unique_cols, i);
vacattrstats[tcnt] = examine_attribute(onerel, i, NULL);
if (vacattrstats[tcnt] != NULL)
tcnt++;
}
attr_cnt = tcnt;
}
else
{
attr_cnt = onerel->rd_att->natts;
vacattrstats = (VacAttrStats **)
palloc(attr_cnt * sizeof (VacAttrStats *));
tcnt = 0 ;
for (i = 1 ; i <= attr_cnt; i++)
{
vacattrstats[tcnt] = examine_attribute(onerel, i, NULL);
if (vacattrstats[tcnt] != NULL)
tcnt++;
}
attr_cnt = tcnt;
}
/*
* Open all indexes of the relation , and see if there are any analyzable
* columns in the indexes . We do not analyze index columns if there was
* an explicit column list in the ANALYZE command , however .
*
* If we are doing a recursive scan , we don ' t want to touch the parent ' s
* indexes at all . If we ' re processing a partitioned table , we need to
* know if there are any indexes , but we don ' t want to process them .
*/
if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
{
List *idxs = RelationGetIndexList(onerel);
Irel = NULL;
nindexes = 0 ;
hasindex = idxs != NIL;
list_free(idxs);
}
else if (!inh)
{
vac_open_indexes(onerel, AccessShareLock, &nindexes, &Irel);
hasindex = nindexes > 0 ;
}
else
{
Irel = NULL;
nindexes = 0 ;
hasindex = false ;
}
indexdata = NULL;
if (nindexes > 0 )
{
indexdata = (AnlIndexData *) palloc0(nindexes * sizeof (AnlIndexData));
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
AnlIndexData *thisdata = &indexdata[ind];
IndexInfo *indexInfo;
thisdata->indexInfo = indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(Irel[ind]);
thisdata->tupleFract = 1 .0 ; /* fix later if partial */
if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions != NIL && va_cols == NIL)
{
ListCell *indexpr_item = list_head(indexInfo->ii_Expressions);
thisdata->vacattrstats = (VacAttrStats **)
palloc(indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs * sizeof (VacAttrStats *));
tcnt = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
{
int keycol = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
if (keycol == 0 )
{
/* Found an index expression */
Node *indexkey;
if (indexpr_item == NULL) /* shouldn't happen */
elog(ERROR, "too few entries in indexprs list" );
indexkey = (Node *) lfirst(indexpr_item);
indexpr_item = lnext(indexInfo->ii_Expressions,
indexpr_item);
thisdata->vacattrstats[tcnt] =
examine_attribute(Irel[ind], i + 1 , indexkey);
if (thisdata->vacattrstats[tcnt] != NULL)
tcnt++;
}
}
thisdata->attr_cnt = tcnt;
}
}
}
/*
* Determine how many rows we need to sample , using the worst case from
* all analyzable columns . We use a lower bound of 100 rows to avoid
* possible overflow in Vitter ' s algorithm . ( Note : that will also be the
* target in the corner case where there are no analyzable columns . )
*/
targrows = 100 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < attr_cnt; i++)
{
if (targrows < vacattrstats[i]->minrows)
targrows = vacattrstats[i]->minrows;
}
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
AnlIndexData *thisdata = &indexdata[ind];
for (i = 0 ; i < thisdata->attr_cnt; i++)
{
if (targrows < thisdata->vacattrstats[i]->minrows)
targrows = thisdata->vacattrstats[i]->minrows;
}
}
/*
* Look at extended statistics objects too , as those may define custom
* statistics target . So we may need to sample more rows and then build
* the statistics with enough detail .
*/
minrows = ComputeExtStatisticsRows(onerel, attr_cnt, vacattrstats);
if (targrows < minrows)
targrows = minrows;
/*
* Acquire the sample rows
*/
rows = (HeapTuple *) palloc(targrows * sizeof (HeapTuple));
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE,
inh ? PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE_ACQUIRE_SAMPLE_ROWS_INH :
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE_ACQUIRE_SAMPLE_ROWS);
if (inh)
numrows = acquire_inherited_sample_rows(onerel, elevel,
rows, targrows,
&totalrows, &totaldeadrows);
else
numrows = (*acquirefunc) (onerel, elevel,
rows, targrows,
&totalrows, &totaldeadrows);
/*
* Compute the statistics . Temporary results during the calculations for
* each column are stored in a child context . The calc routines are
* responsible to make sure that whatever they store into the VacAttrStats
* structure is allocated in anl_context .
*/
if (numrows > 0 )
{
MemoryContext col_context,
old_context;
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE,
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE_COMPUTE_STATS);
col_context = AllocSetContextCreate(anl_context,
"Analyze Column" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(col_context);
for (i = 0 ; i < attr_cnt; i++)
{
VacAttrStats *stats = vacattrstats[i];
AttributeOpts *aopt;
stats->rows = rows;
stats->tupDesc = onerel->rd_att;
stats->compute_stats(stats,
std_fetch_func,
numrows,
totalrows);
/*
* If the appropriate flavor of the n_distinct option is
* specified , override with the corresponding value .
*/
aopt = get_attribute_options(onerel->rd_id, stats->tupattnum);
if (aopt != NULL)
{
float8 n_distinct;
n_distinct = inh ? aopt->n_distinct_inherited : aopt->n_distinct;
if (n_distinct != 0 .0 )
stats->stadistinct = n_distinct;
}
MemoryContextReset(col_context);
}
if (nindexes > 0 )
compute_index_stats(onerel, totalrows,
indexdata, nindexes,
rows, numrows,
col_context);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
MemoryContextDelete(col_context);
/*
* Emit the completed stats rows into pg_statistic , replacing any
* previous statistics for the target columns . ( If there are stats in
* pg_statistic for columns we didn ' t process , we leave them alone . )
*/
update_attstats(RelationGetRelid(onerel), inh,
attr_cnt, vacattrstats);
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
AnlIndexData *thisdata = &indexdata[ind];
update_attstats(RelationGetRelid(Irel[ind]), false ,
thisdata->attr_cnt, thisdata->vacattrstats);
}
/* Build extended statistics (if there are any). */
BuildRelationExtStatistics(onerel, inh, totalrows, numrows, rows,
attr_cnt, vacattrstats);
}
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE,
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_PHASE_FINALIZE_ANALYZE);
/*
* Update pages / tuples stats in pg_class . . . but not if we ' re doing
* inherited stats .
*
* We assume that VACUUM hasn ' t set pg_class . reltuples already , even
* during a VACUUM ANALYZE . Although VACUUM often updates pg_class ,
* exceptions exist . A " VACUUM ( ANALYZE , INDEX_CLEANUP OFF ) " command will
* never update pg_class entries for index relations . It ' s also possible
* that an individual index ' s pg_class entry won ' t be updated during
* VACUUM if the index AM returns NULL from its amvacuumcleanup ( ) routine .
*/
if (!inh)
{
BlockNumber relallvisible = 0 ;
BlockNumber relallfrozen = 0 ;
if (RELKIND_HAS_STORAGE(onerel->rd_rel->relkind))
visibilitymap_count(onerel, &relallvisible, &relallfrozen);
/*
* Update pg_class for table relation . CCI first , in case acquirefunc
* updated pg_class .
*/
CommandCounterIncrement();
vac_update_relstats(onerel,
relpages,
totalrows,
relallvisible,
relallfrozen,
hasindex,
InvalidTransactionId,
InvalidMultiXactId,
NULL, NULL,
in_outer_xact);
/* Same for indexes */
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
AnlIndexData *thisdata = &indexdata[ind];
double totalindexrows;
totalindexrows = ceil(thisdata->tupleFract * totalrows);
vac_update_relstats(Irel[ind],
RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[ind]),
totalindexrows,
0 , 0 ,
false ,
InvalidTransactionId,
InvalidMultiXactId,
NULL, NULL,
in_outer_xact);
}
}
else if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
{
/*
* Partitioned tables don ' t have storage , so we don ' t set any fields
* in their pg_class entries except for reltuples and relhasindex .
*/
CommandCounterIncrement();
vac_update_relstats(onerel, -1 , totalrows,
0 , 0 , hasindex, InvalidTransactionId,
InvalidMultiXactId,
NULL, NULL,
in_outer_xact);
}
/*
* Now report ANALYZE to the cumulative stats system . For regular tables ,
* we do it only if not doing inherited stats . For partitioned tables , we
* only do it for inherited stats . ( We ' re never called for not - inherited
* stats on partitioned tables anyway . )
*
* Reset the changes_since_analyze counter only if we analyzed all
* columns ; otherwise , there is still work for auto - analyze to do .
*/
if (!inh)
pgstat_report_analyze(onerel, totalrows, totaldeadrows,
(va_cols == NIL), starttime);
else if (onerel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
pgstat_report_analyze(onerel, 0 , 0 , (va_cols == NIL), starttime);
/*
* If this isn ' t part of VACUUM ANALYZE , let index AMs do cleanup .
*
* Note that most index AMs perform a no - op as a matter of policy for
* amvacuumcleanup ( ) when called in ANALYZE - only mode . The only exception
* among core index AMs is GIN / ginvacuumcleanup ( ) .
*/
if (!(params->options & VACOPT_VACUUM))
{
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats;
IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo;
ivinfo.index = Irel[ind];
ivinfo.heaprel = onerel;
ivinfo.analyze_only = true ;
ivinfo.estimated_count = true ;
ivinfo.message_level = elevel;
ivinfo.num_heap_tuples = onerel->rd_rel->reltuples;
ivinfo.strategy = vac_strategy;
stats = index_vacuum_cleanup(&ivinfo, NULL);
if (stats)
pfree(stats);
}
}
/* Done with indexes */
vac_close_indexes(nindexes, Irel, NoLock);
/* Log the action if appropriate */
if (instrument)
{
TimestampTz endtime = GetCurrentTimestamp();
if (verbose || params->log_min_duration == 0 ||
TimestampDifferenceExceeds(starttime, endtime,
params->log_min_duration))
{
long delay_in_ms;
WalUsage walusage;
double read_rate = 0 ;
double write_rate = 0 ;
char *msgfmt;
StringInfoData buf;
int64 total_blks_hit;
int64 total_blks_read;
int64 total_blks_dirtied;
memset(&bufferusage, 0 , sizeof (BufferUsage));
BufferUsageAccumDiff(&bufferusage, &pgBufferUsage, &startbufferusage);
memset(&walusage, 0 , sizeof (WalUsage));
WalUsageAccumDiff(&walusage, &pgWalUsage, &startwalusage);
total_blks_hit = bufferusage.shared_blks_hit +
bufferusage.local_blks_hit;
total_blks_read = bufferusage.shared_blks_read +
bufferusage.local_blks_read;
total_blks_dirtied = bufferusage.shared_blks_dirtied +
bufferusage.local_blks_dirtied;
/*
* We do not expect an analyze to take > 25 days and it simplifies
* things a bit to use TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds .
*/
delay_in_ms = TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds(starttime, endtime);
/*
* Note that we are reporting these read / write rates in the same
* manner as VACUUM does , which means that while the ' average read
* rate ' here actually corresponds to page misses and resulting
* reads which are also picked up by track_io_timing , if enabled ,
* the ' average write rate ' is actually talking about the rate of
* pages being dirtied , not being written out , so it ' s typical to
* have a non - zero ' avg write rate ' while I / O timings only reports
* reads .
*
* It ' s not clear that an ANALYZE will ever result in
* FlushBuffer ( ) being called , but we track and support reporting
* on I / O write time in case that changes as it ' s practically free
* to do so anyway .
*/
if (delay_in_ms > 0 )
{
read_rate = (double ) BLCKSZ * total_blks_read /
(1024 * 1024 ) / (delay_in_ms / 1000 .0 );
write_rate = (double ) BLCKSZ * total_blks_dirtied /
(1024 * 1024 ) / (delay_in_ms / 1000 .0 );
}
/*
* We split this up so we don ' t emit empty I / O timing values when
* track_io_timing isn ' t enabled .
*/
initStringInfo(&buf);
if (AmAutoVacuumWorkerProcess())
msgfmt = _("automatic analyze of table \" %s.%s.%s\"\n" );
else
msgfmt = _("finished analyzing table \" %s.%s.%s\"\n" );
appendStringInfo(&buf, msgfmt,
get_database_name(MyDatabaseId),
get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
RelationGetRelationName(onerel));
if (track_cost_delay_timing)
{
/*
* We bypass the changecount mechanism because this value is
* only updated by the calling process .
*/
appendStringInfo(&buf, _("delay time: %.3f ms\n" ),
(double ) MyBEEntry->st_progress_param[PROGRESS_ANALYZE_DELAY_TIME] / 1000000 .0 );
}
if (track_io_timing)
{
double read_ms = (double ) (pgStatBlockReadTime - startreadtime) / 1000 ;
double write_ms = (double ) (pgStatBlockWriteTime - startwritetime) / 1000 ;
appendStringInfo(&buf, _("I/O timings: read: %.3f ms, write: %.3f ms\n" ),
read_ms, write_ms);
}
appendStringInfo(&buf, _("avg read rate: %.3f MB/s, avg write rate: %.3f MB/s\n" ),
read_rate, write_rate);
appendStringInfo(&buf, _("buffer usage: %" PRId64 " hits, %" PRId64 " reads, %" PRId64 " dirtied\n" ),
total_blks_hit,
total_blks_read,
total_blks_dirtied);
appendStringInfo(&buf,
_("WAL usage: %" PRId64 " records, %" PRId64 " full page images, %" PRIu64 " bytes, %" PRId64 " buffers full\n" ),
walusage.wal_records,
walusage.wal_fpi,
walusage.wal_bytes,
walusage.wal_buffers_full);
appendStringInfo(&buf, _("system usage: %s" ), pg_rusage_show(&ru0));
ereport(verbose ? INFO : LOG,
(errmsg_internal("%s" , buf.data)));
pfree(buf.data);
}
}
/* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
AtEOXact_GUC(false , save_nestlevel);
/* Restore userid and security context */
SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
/* Restore current context and release memory */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(caller_context);
MemoryContextDelete(anl_context);
anl_context = NULL;
}
/*
* Compute statistics about indexes of a relation
*/
static void
compute_index_stats(Relation onerel, double totalrows,
AnlIndexData *indexdata, int nindexes,
HeapTuple *rows, int numrows,
MemoryContext col_context)
{
MemoryContext ind_context,
old_context;
Datum values[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
bool isnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
int ind,
i;
ind_context = AllocSetContextCreate(anl_context,
"Analyze Index" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ind_context);
for (ind = 0 ; ind < nindexes; ind++)
{
AnlIndexData *thisdata = &indexdata[ind];
IndexInfo *indexInfo = thisdata->indexInfo;
int attr_cnt = thisdata->attr_cnt;
TupleTableSlot *slot;
EState *estate;
ExprContext *econtext;
ExprState *predicate;
Datum *exprvals;
bool *exprnulls;
int numindexrows,
tcnt,
rowno;
double totalindexrows;
/* Ignore index if no columns to analyze and not partial */
if (attr_cnt == 0 && indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL)
continue ;
/*
* Need an EState for evaluation of index expressions and
* partial - index predicates . Create it in the per - index context to be
* sure it gets cleaned up at the bottom of the loop .
*/
estate = CreateExecutorState();
econtext = GetPerTupleExprContext(estate);
/* Need a slot to hold the current heap tuple, too */
slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(onerel),
&TTSOpsHeapTuple);
/* Arrange for econtext's scan tuple to be the tuple under test */
econtext->ecxt_scantuple = slot;
/* Set up execution state for predicate. */
predicate = ExecPrepareQual(indexInfo->ii_Predicate, estate);
/* Compute and save index expression values */
exprvals = (Datum *) palloc(numrows * attr_cnt * sizeof (Datum));
exprnulls = (bool *) palloc(numrows * attr_cnt * sizeof (bool ));
numindexrows = 0 ;
tcnt = 0 ;
for (rowno = 0 ; rowno < numrows; rowno++)
{
HeapTuple heapTuple = rows[rowno];
vacuum_delay_point(true );
/*
* Reset the per - tuple context each time , to reclaim any cruft
* left behind by evaluating the predicate or index expressions .
*/
ResetExprContext(econtext);
/* Set up for predicate or expression evaluation */
ExecStoreHeapTuple(heapTuple, slot, false );
/* If index is partial, check predicate */
if (predicate != NULL)
{
if (!ExecQual(predicate, econtext))
continue ;
}
numindexrows++;
if (attr_cnt > 0 )
{
/*
* Evaluate the index row to compute expression values . We
* could do this by hand , but FormIndexDatum is convenient .
*/
FormIndexDatum(indexInfo,
slot,
estate,
values,
isnull);
/*
* Save just the columns we care about . We copy the values
* into ind_context from the estate ' s per - tuple context .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < attr_cnt; i++)
{
VacAttrStats *stats = thisdata->vacattrstats[i];
int attnum = stats->tupattnum;
if (isnull[attnum - 1 ])
{
exprvals[tcnt] = (Datum) 0 ;
exprnulls[tcnt] = true ;
}
else
{
exprvals[tcnt] = datumCopy(values[attnum - 1 ],
stats->attrtype->typbyval,
stats->attrtype->typlen);
exprnulls[tcnt] = false ;
}
tcnt++;
}
}
}
/*
* Having counted the number of rows that pass the predicate in the
* sample , we can estimate the total number of rows in the index .
*/
thisdata->tupleFract = (double ) numindexrows / (double ) numrows;
totalindexrows = ceil(thisdata->tupleFract * totalrows);
/*
* Now we can compute the statistics for the expression columns .
*/
if (numindexrows > 0 )
{
MemoryContextSwitchTo(col_context);
for (i = 0 ; i < attr_cnt; i++)
{
VacAttrStats *stats = thisdata->vacattrstats[i];
stats->exprvals = exprvals + i;
stats->exprnulls = exprnulls + i;
stats->rowstride = attr_cnt;
stats->compute_stats(stats,
ind_fetch_func,
numindexrows,
totalindexrows);
MemoryContextReset(col_context);
}
}
/* And clean up */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(ind_context);
ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(slot);
FreeExecutorState(estate);
MemoryContextReset(ind_context);
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
MemoryContextDelete(ind_context);
}
/*
* examine_attribute - - pre - analysis of a single column
*
* Determine whether the column is analyzable ; if so , create and initialize
* a VacAttrStats struct for it . If not , return NULL .
*
* If index_expr isn ' t NULL , then we ' re trying to analyze an expression index ,
* and index_expr is the expression tree representing the column ' s data .
*/
static VacAttrStats *
examine_attribute(Relation onerel, int attnum, Node *index_expr)
{
Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(onerel->rd_att, attnum - 1 );
int attstattarget;
HeapTuple atttuple;
Datum dat;
bool isnull;
HeapTuple typtuple;
VacAttrStats *stats;
int i;
bool ok;
/* Never analyze dropped columns */
if (attr->attisdropped)
return NULL;
/* Don't analyze virtual generated columns */
if (attr->attgenerated == ATTRIBUTE_GENERATED_VIRTUAL)
return NULL;
/*
* Get attstattarget value . Set to - 1 if null . ( Analyze functions expect
* - 1 to mean use default_statistics_target ; see for example
* std_typanalyze . )
*/
atttuple = SearchSysCache2(ATTNUM, ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(onerel)), Int16GetDatum(attnum));
if (!HeapTupleIsValid(atttuple))
elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for attribute %d of relation %u" ,
attnum, RelationGetRelid(onerel));
dat = SysCacheGetAttr(ATTNUM, atttuple, Anum_pg_attribute_attstattarget, &isnull);
attstattarget = isnull ? -1 : DatumGetInt16(dat);
ReleaseSysCache(atttuple);
/* Don't analyze column if user has specified not to */
if (attstattarget == 0 )
return NULL;
/*
* Create the VacAttrStats struct .
*/
stats = (VacAttrStats *) palloc0(sizeof (VacAttrStats));
stats->attstattarget = attstattarget;
/*
* When analyzing an expression index , believe the expression tree ' s type
* not the column datatype - - - the latter might be the opckeytype storage
* type of the opclass , which is not interesting for our purposes . ( Note :
* if we did anything with non - expression index columns , we ' d need to
* figure out where to get the correct type info from , but for now that ' s
* not a problem . ) It ' s not clear whether anyone will care about the
* typmod , but we store that too just in case .
*/
if (index_expr)
{
stats->attrtypid = exprType(index_expr);
stats->attrtypmod = exprTypmod(index_expr);
/*
* If a collation has been specified for the index column , use that in
* preference to anything else ; but if not , fall back to whatever we
* can get from the expression .
*/
if (OidIsValid(onerel->rd_indcollation[attnum - 1 ]))
stats->attrcollid = onerel->rd_indcollation[attnum - 1 ];
else
stats->attrcollid = exprCollation(index_expr);
}
else
{
stats->attrtypid = attr->atttypid;
stats->attrtypmod = attr->atttypmod;
stats->attrcollid = attr->attcollation;
}
typtuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(TYPEOID,
ObjectIdGetDatum(stats->attrtypid));
if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typtuple))
elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u" , stats->attrtypid);
stats->attrtype = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typtuple);
stats->anl_context = anl_context;
stats->tupattnum = attnum;
/*
* The fields describing the stats - > stavalues [ n ] element types default to
* the type of the data being analyzed , but the type - specific typanalyze
* function can change them if it wants to store something else .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; i++)
{
stats->statypid[i] = stats->attrtypid;
stats->statyplen[i] = stats->attrtype->typlen;
stats->statypbyval[i] = stats->attrtype->typbyval;
stats->statypalign[i] = stats->attrtype->typalign;
}
/*
* Call the type - specific typanalyze function . If none is specified , use
* std_typanalyze ( ) .
*/
if (OidIsValid(stats->attrtype->typanalyze))
ok = DatumGetBool(OidFunctionCall1(stats->attrtype->typanalyze,
PointerGetDatum(stats)));
else
ok = std_typanalyze(stats);
if (!ok || stats->compute_stats == NULL || stats->minrows <= 0 )
{
heap_freetuple(typtuple);
pfree(stats);
return NULL;
}
return stats;
}
/*
* Read stream callback returning the next BlockNumber as chosen by the
* BlockSampling algorithm .
*/
static BlockNumber
block_sampling_read_stream_next(ReadStream *stream,
void *callback_private_data,
void *per_buffer_data)
{
BlockSamplerData *bs = callback_private_data;
return BlockSampler_HasMore(bs) ? BlockSampler_Next(bs) : InvalidBlockNumber;
}
/*
* acquire_sample_rows - - acquire a random sample of rows from the table
*
* Selected rows are returned in the caller - allocated array rows [ ] , which
* must have at least targrows entries .
* The actual number of rows selected is returned as the function result .
* We also estimate the total numbers of live and dead rows in the table ,
* and return them into * totalrows and * totaldeadrows , respectively .
*
* The returned list of tuples is in order by physical position in the table .
* ( We will rely on this later to derive correlation estimates . )
*
* As of May 2004 we use a new two - stage method : Stage one selects up
* to targrows random blocks ( or all blocks , if there aren ' t so many ) .
* Stage two scans these blocks and uses the Vitter algorithm to create
* a random sample of targrows rows ( or less , if there are less in the
* sample of blocks ) . The two stages are executed simultaneously : each
* block is processed as soon as stage one returns its number and while
* the rows are read stage two controls which ones are to be inserted
* into the sample .
*
* Although every row has an equal chance of ending up in the final
* sample , this sampling method is not perfect : not every possible
* sample has an equal chance of being selected . For large relations
* the number of different blocks represented by the sample tends to be
* too small . We can live with that for now . Improvements are welcome .
*
* An important property of this sampling method is that because we do
* look at a statistically unbiased set of blocks , we should get
* unbiased estimates of the average numbers of live and dead rows per
* block . The previous sampling method put too much credence in the row
* density near the start of the table .
*/
static int
acquire_sample_rows(Relation onerel, int elevel,
HeapTuple *rows, int targrows,
double *totalrows, double *totaldeadrows)
{
int numrows = 0 ; /* # rows now in reservoir */
double samplerows = 0 ; /* total # rows collected */
double liverows = 0 ; /* # live rows seen */
double deadrows = 0 ; /* # dead rows seen */
double rowstoskip = -1 ; /* -1 means not set yet */
uint32 randseed; /* Seed for block sampler(s) */
BlockNumber totalblocks;
TransactionId OldestXmin;
BlockSamplerData bs;
ReservoirStateData rstate;
TupleTableSlot *slot;
TableScanDesc scan;
BlockNumber nblocks;
BlockNumber blksdone = 0 ;
ReadStream *stream;
Assert(targrows > 0 );
totalblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(onerel);
/* Need a cutoff xmin for HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum */
OldestXmin = GetOldestNonRemovableTransactionId(onerel);
/* Prepare for sampling block numbers */
randseed = pg_prng_uint32(&pg_global_prng_state);
nblocks = BlockSampler_Init(&bs, totalblocks, targrows, randseed);
/* Report sampling block numbers */
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_BLOCKS_TOTAL,
nblocks);
/* Prepare for sampling rows */
reservoir_init_selection_state(&rstate, targrows);
scan = table_beginscan_analyze(onerel);
slot = table_slot_create(onerel, NULL);
/*
* It is safe to use batching , as block_sampling_read_stream_next never
* blocks .
*/
stream = read_stream_begin_relation(READ_STREAM_MAINTENANCE |
READ_STREAM_USE_BATCHING,
vac_strategy,
scan->rs_rd,
MAIN_FORKNUM,
block_sampling_read_stream_next,
&bs,
0 );
/* Outer loop over blocks to sample */
while (table_scan_analyze_next_block(scan, stream))
{
vacuum_delay_point(true );
while (table_scan_analyze_next_tuple(scan, OldestXmin, &liverows, &deadrows, slot))
{
/*
* The first targrows sample rows are simply copied into the
* reservoir . Then we start replacing tuples in the sample until
* we reach the end of the relation . This algorithm is from Jeff
* Vitter ' s paper ( see full citation in utils / misc / sampling . c ) . It
* works by repeatedly computing the number of tuples to skip
* before selecting a tuple , which replaces a randomly chosen
* element of the reservoir ( current set of tuples ) . At all times
* the reservoir is a true random sample of the tuples we ' ve
* passed over so far , so when we fall off the end of the relation
* we ' re done .
*/
if (numrows < targrows)
rows[numrows++] = ExecCopySlotHeapTuple(slot);
else
{
/*
* t in Vitter ' s paper is the number of records already
* processed . If we need to compute a new S value , we must
* use the not - yet - incremented value of samplerows as t .
*/
if (rowstoskip < 0 )
rowstoskip = reservoir_get_next_S(&rstate, samplerows, targrows);
if (rowstoskip <= 0 )
{
/*
* Found a suitable tuple , so save it , replacing one old
* tuple at random
*/
int k = (int ) (targrows * sampler_random_fract(&rstate.randstate));
Assert(k >= 0 && k < targrows);
heap_freetuple(rows[k]);
rows[k] = ExecCopySlotHeapTuple(slot);
}
rowstoskip -= 1 ;
}
samplerows += 1 ;
}
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_BLOCKS_DONE,
++blksdone);
}
read_stream_end(stream);
ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(slot);
table_endscan(scan);
/*
* If we didn ' t find as many tuples as we wanted then we ' re done . No sort
* is needed , since they ' re already in order .
*
* Otherwise we need to sort the collected tuples by position
* ( itempointer ) . It ' s not worth worrying about corner cases where the
* tuples are already sorted .
*/
if (numrows == targrows)
qsort_interruptible(rows, numrows, sizeof (HeapTuple),
compare_rows, NULL);
/*
* Estimate total numbers of live and dead rows in relation , extrapolating
* on the assumption that the average tuple density in pages we didn ' t
* scan is the same as in the pages we did scan . Since what we scanned is
* a random sample of the pages in the relation , this should be a good
* assumption .
*/
if (bs.m > 0 )
{
*totalrows = floor((liverows / bs.m) * totalblocks + 0 .5 );
*totaldeadrows = floor((deadrows / bs.m) * totalblocks + 0 .5 );
}
else
{
*totalrows = 0 .0 ;
*totaldeadrows = 0 .0 ;
}
/*
* Emit some interesting relation info
*/
ereport(elevel,
(errmsg("\" %s\": scanned %d of %u pages, "
"containing %.0f live rows and %.0f dead rows; "
"%d rows in sample, %.0f estimated total rows" ,
RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
bs.m, totalblocks,
liverows, deadrows,
numrows, *totalrows)));
return numrows;
}
/*
* Comparator for sorting rows [ ] array
*/
static int
compare_rows(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
{
HeapTuple ha = *(const HeapTuple *) a;
HeapTuple hb = *(const HeapTuple *) b;
BlockNumber ba = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&ha->t_self);
OffsetNumber oa = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&ha->t_self);
BlockNumber bb = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&hb->t_self);
OffsetNumber ob = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&hb->t_self);
if (ba < bb)
return -1 ;
if (ba > bb)
return 1 ;
if (oa < ob)
return -1 ;
if (oa > ob)
return 1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* acquire_inherited_sample_rows - - acquire sample rows from inheritance tree
*
* This has the same API as acquire_sample_rows , except that rows are
* collected from all inheritance children as well as the specified table .
* We fail and return zero if there are no inheritance children , or if all
* children are foreign tables that don ' t support ANALYZE .
*/
static int
acquire_inherited_sample_rows(Relation onerel, int elevel,
HeapTuple *rows, int targrows,
double *totalrows, double *totaldeadrows)
{
List *tableOIDs;
Relation *rels;
AcquireSampleRowsFunc *acquirefuncs;
double *relblocks;
double totalblocks;
int numrows,
nrels,
i;
ListCell *lc;
bool has_child;
/* Initialize output parameters to zero now, in case we exit early */
*totalrows = 0 ;
*totaldeadrows = 0 ;
/*
* Find all members of inheritance set . We only need AccessShareLock on
* the children .
*/
tableOIDs =
find_all_inheritors(RelationGetRelid(onerel), AccessShareLock, NULL);
/*
* Check that there ' s at least one descendant , else fail . This could
* happen despite analyze_rel ' s relhassubclass check , if table once had a
* child but no longer does . In that case , we can clear the
* relhassubclass field so as not to make the same mistake again later .
* ( This is safe because we hold ShareUpdateExclusiveLock . )
*/
if (list_length(tableOIDs) < 2 )
{
/* CCI because we already updated the pg_class row in this command */
CommandCounterIncrement();
SetRelationHasSubclass(RelationGetRelid(onerel), false );
ereport(elevel,
(errmsg("skipping analyze of \" %s.%s\" inheritance tree --- this inheritance tree contains no child tables" ,
get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Identify acquirefuncs to use , and count blocks in all the relations .
* The result could overflow BlockNumber , so we use double arithmetic .
*/
rels = (Relation *) palloc(list_length(tableOIDs) * sizeof (Relation));
acquirefuncs = (AcquireSampleRowsFunc *)
palloc(list_length(tableOIDs) * sizeof (AcquireSampleRowsFunc));
relblocks = (double *) palloc(list_length(tableOIDs) * sizeof (double ));
totalblocks = 0 ;
nrels = 0 ;
has_child = false ;
foreach(lc, tableOIDs)
{
Oid childOID = lfirst_oid(lc);
Relation childrel;
AcquireSampleRowsFunc acquirefunc = NULL;
BlockNumber relpages = 0 ;
/* We already got the needed lock */
childrel = table_open(childOID, NoLock);
/* Ignore if temp table of another backend */
if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(childrel))
{
/* ... but release the lock on it */
Assert(childrel != onerel);
table_close(childrel, AccessShareLock);
continue ;
}
/* Check table type (MATVIEW can't happen, but might as well allow) */
if (childrel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION ||
childrel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
{
/* Regular table, so use the regular row acquisition function */
acquirefunc = acquire_sample_rows;
relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(childrel);
}
else if (childrel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
{
/*
* For a foreign table , call the FDW ' s hook function to see
* whether it supports analysis .
*/
FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;
bool ok = false ;
fdwroutine = GetFdwRoutineForRelation(childrel, false );
if (fdwroutine->AnalyzeForeignTable != NULL)
ok = fdwroutine->AnalyzeForeignTable(childrel,
&acquirefunc,
&relpages);
if (!ok)
{
/* ignore, but release the lock on it */
Assert(childrel != onerel);
table_close(childrel, AccessShareLock);
continue ;
}
}
else
{
/*
* ignore , but release the lock on it . don ' t try to unlock the
* passed - in relation
*/
Assert(childrel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE);
if (childrel != onerel)
table_close(childrel, AccessShareLock);
else
table_close(childrel, NoLock);
continue ;
}
/* OK, we'll process this child */
has_child = true ;
rels[nrels] = childrel;
acquirefuncs[nrels] = acquirefunc;
relblocks[nrels] = (double ) relpages;
totalblocks += (double ) relpages;
nrels++;
}
/*
* If we don ' t have at least one child table to consider , fail . If the
* relation is a partitioned table , it ' s not counted as a child table .
*/
if (!has_child)
{
ereport(elevel,
(errmsg("skipping analyze of \" %s.%s\" inheritance tree --- this inheritance tree contains no analyzable child tables" ,
get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Now sample rows from each relation , proportionally to its fraction of
* the total block count . ( This might be less than desirable if the child
* rels have radically different free - space percentages , but it ' s not
* clear that it ' s worth working harder . )
*/
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_CHILD_TABLES_TOTAL,
nrels);
numrows = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < nrels; i++)
{
Relation childrel = rels[i];
AcquireSampleRowsFunc acquirefunc = acquirefuncs[i];
double childblocks = relblocks[i];
/*
* Report progress . The sampling function will normally report blocks
* done / total , but we need to reset them to 0 here , so that they don ' t
* show an old value until that .
*/
{
const int progress_index[] = {
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_CURRENT_CHILD_TABLE_RELID,
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_BLOCKS_DONE,
PROGRESS_ANALYZE_BLOCKS_TOTAL
};
const int64 progress_vals[] = {
RelationGetRelid(childrel),
0 ,
0 ,
};
pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3 , progress_index, progress_vals);
}
if (childblocks > 0 )
{
int childtargrows;
childtargrows = (int ) rint(targrows * childblocks / totalblocks);
/* Make sure we don't overrun due to roundoff error */
childtargrows = Min(childtargrows, targrows - numrows);
if (childtargrows > 0 )
{
int childrows;
double trows,
tdrows;
/* Fetch a random sample of the child's rows */
childrows = (*acquirefunc) (childrel, elevel,
rows + numrows, childtargrows,
&trows, &tdrows);
/* We may need to convert from child's rowtype to parent's */
if (childrows > 0 &&
!equalRowTypes(RelationGetDescr(childrel),
RelationGetDescr(onerel)))
{
TupleConversionMap *map;
map = convert_tuples_by_name(RelationGetDescr(childrel),
RelationGetDescr(onerel));
if (map != NULL)
{
int j;
for (j = 0 ; j < childrows; j++)
{
HeapTuple newtup;
newtup = execute_attr_map_tuple(rows[numrows + j], map);
heap_freetuple(rows[numrows + j]);
rows[numrows + j] = newtup;
}
free_conversion_map(map);
}
}
/* And add to counts */
numrows += childrows;
*totalrows += trows;
*totaldeadrows += tdrows;
}
}
/*
* Note : we cannot release the child - table locks , since we may have
* pointers to their TOAST tables in the sampled rows .
*/
table_close(childrel, NoLock);
pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_ANALYZE_CHILD_TABLES_DONE,
i + 1 );
}
return numrows;
}
/*
* update_attstats ( ) - - update attribute statistics for one relation
*
* Statistics are stored in several places : the pg_class row for the
* relation has stats about the whole relation , and there is a
* pg_statistic row for each ( non - system ) attribute that has ever
* been analyzed . The pg_class values are updated by VACUUM , not here .
*
* pg_statistic rows are just added or updated normally . This means
* that pg_statistic will probably contain some deleted rows at the
* completion of a vacuum cycle , unless it happens to get vacuumed last .
*
* To keep things simple , we punt for pg_statistic , and don ' t try
* to compute or store rows for pg_statistic itself in pg_statistic .
* This could possibly be made to work , but it ' s not worth the trouble .
* Note analyze_rel ( ) has seen to it that we won ' t come here when
* vacuuming pg_statistic itself .
*
* Note : there would be a race condition here if two backends could
* ANALYZE the same table concurrently . Presently , we lock that out
* by taking a self - exclusive lock on the relation in analyze_rel ( ) .
*/
static void
update_attstats(Oid relid, bool inh, int natts, VacAttrStats **vacattrstats)
{
Relation sd;
int attno;
CatalogIndexState indstate = NULL;
if (natts <= 0 )
return ; /* nothing to do */
sd = table_open(StatisticRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
for (attno = 0 ; attno < natts; attno++)
{
VacAttrStats *stats = vacattrstats[attno];
HeapTuple stup,
oldtup;
int i,
k,
n;
Datum values[Natts_pg_statistic];
bool nulls[Natts_pg_statistic];
bool replaces[Natts_pg_statistic];
/* Ignore attr if we weren't able to collect stats */
if (!stats->stats_valid)
continue ;
/*
* Construct a new pg_statistic tuple
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < Natts_pg_statistic; ++i)
{
nulls[i] = false ;
replaces[i] = true ;
}
values[Anum_pg_statistic_starelid - 1 ] = ObjectIdGetDatum(relid);
values[Anum_pg_statistic_staattnum - 1 ] = Int16GetDatum(stats->tupattnum);
values[Anum_pg_statistic_stainherit - 1 ] = BoolGetDatum(inh);
values[Anum_pg_statistic_stanullfrac - 1 ] = Float4GetDatum(stats->stanullfrac);
values[Anum_pg_statistic_stawidth - 1 ] = Int32GetDatum(stats->stawidth);
values[Anum_pg_statistic_stadistinct - 1 ] = Float4GetDatum(stats->stadistinct);
i = Anum_pg_statistic_stakind1 - 1 ;
for (k = 0 ; k < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; k++)
{
values[i++] = Int16GetDatum(stats->stakind[k]); /* stakindN */
}
i = Anum_pg_statistic_staop1 - 1 ;
for (k = 0 ; k < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; k++)
{
values[i++] = ObjectIdGetDatum(stats->staop[k]); /* staopN */
}
i = Anum_pg_statistic_stacoll1 - 1 ;
for (k = 0 ; k < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; k++)
{
values[i++] = ObjectIdGetDatum(stats->stacoll[k]); /* stacollN */
}
i = Anum_pg_statistic_stanumbers1 - 1 ;
for (k = 0 ; k < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; k++)
{
int nnum = stats->numnumbers[k];
if (nnum > 0 )
{
Datum *numdatums = (Datum *) palloc(nnum * sizeof (Datum));
ArrayType *arry;
for (n = 0 ; n < nnum; n++)
numdatums[n] = Float4GetDatum(stats->stanumbers[k][n]);
arry = construct_array_builtin(numdatums, nnum, FLOAT4OID);
values[i++] = PointerGetDatum(arry); /* stanumbersN */
}
else
{
nulls[i] = true ;
values[i++] = (Datum) 0 ;
}
}
i = Anum_pg_statistic_stavalues1 - 1 ;
for (k = 0 ; k < STATISTIC_NUM_SLOTS; k++)
{
if (stats->numvalues[k] > 0 )
{
ArrayType *arry;
arry = construct_array(stats->stavalues[k],
stats->numvalues[k],
stats->statypid[k],
stats->statyplen[k],
stats->statypbyval[k],
stats->statypalign[k]);
values[i++] = PointerGetDatum(arry); /* stavaluesN */
}
else
{
nulls[i] = true ;
values[i++] = (Datum) 0 ;
}
}
/* Is there already a pg_statistic tuple for this attribute? */
oldtup = SearchSysCache3(STATRELATTINH,
ObjectIdGetDatum(relid),
Int16GetDatum(stats->tupattnum),
BoolGetDatum(inh));
/* Open index information when we know we need it */
if (indstate == NULL)
indstate = CatalogOpenIndexes(sd);
if (HeapTupleIsValid(oldtup))
{
/* Yes, replace it */
stup = heap_modify_tuple(oldtup,
RelationGetDescr(sd),
values,
nulls,
replaces);
ReleaseSysCache(oldtup);
CatalogTupleUpdateWithInfo(sd, &stup->t_self, stup, indstate);
}
else
{
/* No, insert new tuple */
stup = heap_form_tuple(RelationGetDescr(sd), values, nulls);
CatalogTupleInsertWithInfo(sd, stup, indstate);
}
heap_freetuple(stup);
}
if (indstate != NULL)
CatalogCloseIndexes(indstate);
table_close(sd, RowExclusiveLock);
}
/*
* Standard fetch function for use by compute_stats subroutines .
*
* This exists to provide some insulation between compute_stats routines
* and the actual storage of the sample data .
*/
static Datum
std_fetch_func(VacAttrStatsP stats, int rownum, bool *isNull)
{
int attnum = stats->tupattnum;
HeapTuple tuple = stats->rows[rownum];
TupleDesc tupDesc = stats->tupDesc;
return heap_getattr(tuple, attnum, tupDesc, isNull);
}
/*
* Fetch function for analyzing index expressions .
*
* We have not bothered to construct index tuples , instead the data is
* just in Datum arrays .
*/
static Datum
ind_fetch_func(VacAttrStatsP stats, int rownum, bool *isNull)
{
int i;
/* exprvals and exprnulls are already offset for proper column */
i = rownum * stats->rowstride;
*isNull = stats->exprnulls[i];
return stats->exprvals[i];
}
/*==========================================================================
*
* Code below this point represents the " standard " type - specific statistics
* analysis algorithms . This code can be replaced on a per - data - type basis
* by setting a nonzero value in pg_type . typanalyze .
*
* = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
*/
/*
* To avoid consuming too much memory during analysis and / or too much space
* in the resulting pg_statistic rows , we ignore varlena datums that are wider
* than WIDTH_THRESHOLD ( after detoasting ! ) . This is legitimate for MCV
* and distinct - value calculations since a wide value is unlikely to be
* duplicated at all , much less be a most - common value . For the same reason ,
* ignoring wide values will not affect our estimates of histogram bin
* boundaries very much .
*/
#define WIDTH_THRESHOLD 1024
#define swapInt(a,b) do {int _tmp; _tmp=a; a=b; b=_tmp;} while (0 )
#define swapDatum(a,b) do {Datum _tmp; _tmp=a; a=b; b=_tmp;} while (0 )
/*
* Extra information used by the default analysis routines
*/
typedef struct
{
int count; /* # of duplicates */
int first; /* values[] index of first occurrence */
} ScalarMCVItem;
typedef struct
{
SortSupport ssup;
int *tupnoLink;
} CompareScalarsContext;
static void compute_trivial_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows);
static void compute_distinct_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows);
static void compute_scalar_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows);
static int compare_scalars(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg);
static int compare_mcvs(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg);
static int analyze_mcv_list(int *mcv_counts,
int num_mcv,
double stadistinct,
double stanullfrac,
int samplerows,
double totalrows);
/*
* std_typanalyze - - the default type - specific typanalyze function
*/
bool
std_typanalyze(VacAttrStats *stats)
{
Oid ltopr;
Oid eqopr;
StdAnalyzeData *mystats;
/* If the attstattarget column is negative, use the default value */
if (stats->attstattarget < 0 )
stats->attstattarget = default_statistics_target;
/* Look for default "<" and "=" operators for column's type */
get_sort_group_operators(stats->attrtypid,
false , false , false ,
<opr, &eqopr, NULL,
NULL);
/* Save the operator info for compute_stats routines */
mystats = (StdAnalyzeData *) palloc(sizeof (StdAnalyzeData));
mystats->eqopr = eqopr;
mystats->eqfunc = OidIsValid(eqopr) ? get_opcode(eqopr) : InvalidOid;
mystats->ltopr = ltopr;
stats->extra_data = mystats;
/*
* Determine which standard statistics algorithm to use
*/
if (OidIsValid(eqopr) && OidIsValid(ltopr))
{
/* Seems to be a scalar datatype */
stats->compute_stats = compute_scalar_stats;
/*--------------------
* The following choice of minrows is based on the paper
* " Random sampling for histogram construction : how much is enough ? "
* by Surajit Chaudhuri , Rajeev Motwani and Vivek Narasayya , in
* Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management
* of Data , 1998 , Pages 436 - 447 . Their Corollary 1 to Theorem 5
* says that for table size n , histogram size k , maximum relative
* error in bin size f , and error probability gamma , the minimum
* random sample size is
* r = 4 * k * ln ( 2 * n / gamma ) / f ^ 2
* Taking f = 0 . 5 , gamma = 0 . 01 , n = 10 ^ 6 rows , we obtain
* r = 305 . 82 * k
* Note that because of the log function , the dependence on n is
* quite weak ; even at n = 10 ^ 12 , a 300 * k sample gives < = 0 . 66
* bin size error with probability 0 . 99 . So there ' s no real need to
* scale for n , which is a good thing because we don ' t necessarily
* know it at this point .
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
stats->minrows = 300 * stats->attstattarget;
}
else if (OidIsValid(eqopr))
{
/* We can still recognize distinct values */
stats->compute_stats = compute_distinct_stats;
/* Might as well use the same minrows as above */
stats->minrows = 300 * stats->attstattarget;
}
else
{
/* Can't do much but the trivial stuff */
stats->compute_stats = compute_trivial_stats;
/* Might as well use the same minrows as above */
stats->minrows = 300 * stats->attstattarget;
}
return true ;
}
/*
* compute_trivial_stats ( ) - - compute very basic column statistics
*
* We use this when we cannot find a hash " = " operator for the datatype .
*
* We determine the fraction of non - null rows and the average datum width .
*/
static void
compute_trivial_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows)
{
int i;
int null_cnt = 0 ;
int nonnull_cnt = 0 ;
double total_width = 0 ;
bool is_varlena = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen == -1 );
bool is_varwidth = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen < 0 );
for (i = 0 ; i < samplerows; i++)
{
Datum value;
bool isnull;
vacuum_delay_point(true );
value = fetchfunc(stats, i, &isnull);
/* Check for null/nonnull */
if (isnull)
{
null_cnt++;
continue ;
}
nonnull_cnt++;
/*
* If it ' s a variable - width field , add up widths for average width
* calculation . Note that if the value is toasted , we use the toasted
* width . We don ' t bother with this calculation if it ' s a fixed - width
* type .
*/
if (is_varlena)
{
total_width += VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));
}
else if (is_varwidth)
{
/* must be cstring */
total_width += strlen(DatumGetCString(value)) + 1 ;
}
}
/* We can only compute average width if we found some non-null values. */
if (nonnull_cnt > 0 )
{
stats->stats_valid = true ;
/* Do the simple null-frac and width stats */
stats->stanullfrac = (double ) null_cnt / (double ) samplerows;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = total_width / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
stats->stadistinct = 0 .0 ; /* "unknown" */
}
else if (null_cnt > 0 )
{
/* We found only nulls; assume the column is entirely null */
stats->stats_valid = true ;
stats->stanullfrac = 1 .0 ;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = 0 ; /* "unknown" */
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
stats->stadistinct = 0 .0 ; /* "unknown" */
}
}
/*
* compute_distinct_stats ( ) - - compute column statistics including ndistinct
*
* We use this when we can find only an " = " operator for the datatype .
*
* We determine the fraction of non - null rows , the average width , the
* most common values , and the ( estimated ) number of distinct values .
*
* The most common values are determined by brute force : we keep a list
* of previously seen values , ordered by number of times seen , as we scan
* the samples . A newly seen value is inserted just after the last
* multiply - seen value , causing the bottommost ( oldest ) singly - seen value
* to drop off the list . The accuracy of this method , and also its cost ,
* depend mainly on the length of the list we are willing to keep .
*/
static void
compute_distinct_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows)
{
int i;
int null_cnt = 0 ;
int nonnull_cnt = 0 ;
int toowide_cnt = 0 ;
double total_width = 0 ;
bool is_varlena = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen == -1 );
bool is_varwidth = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen < 0 );
FmgrInfo f_cmpeq;
typedef struct
{
Datum value;
int count;
} TrackItem;
TrackItem *track;
int track_cnt,
track_max;
int num_mcv = stats->attstattarget;
StdAnalyzeData *mystats = (StdAnalyzeData *) stats->extra_data;
/*
* We track up to 2 * n values for an n - element MCV list ; but at least 10
*/
track_max = 2 * num_mcv;
if (track_max < 10 )
track_max = 10 ;
track = (TrackItem *) palloc(track_max * sizeof (TrackItem));
track_cnt = 0 ;
fmgr_info(mystats->eqfunc, &f_cmpeq);
for (i = 0 ; i < samplerows; i++)
{
Datum value;
bool isnull;
bool match;
int firstcount1,
j;
vacuum_delay_point(true );
value = fetchfunc(stats, i, &isnull);
/* Check for null/nonnull */
if (isnull)
{
null_cnt++;
continue ;
}
nonnull_cnt++;
/*
* If it ' s a variable - width field , add up widths for average width
* calculation . Note that if the value is toasted , we use the toasted
* width . We don ' t bother with this calculation if it ' s a fixed - width
* type .
*/
if (is_varlena)
{
total_width += VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));
/*
* If the value is toasted , we want to detoast it just once to
* avoid repeated detoastings and resultant excess memory usage
* during the comparisons . Also , check to see if the value is
* excessively wide , and if so don ' t detoast at all - - - just
* ignore the value .
*/
if (toast_raw_datum_size(value) > WIDTH_THRESHOLD)
{
toowide_cnt++;
continue ;
}
value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(value));
}
else if (is_varwidth)
{
/* must be cstring */
total_width += strlen(DatumGetCString(value)) + 1 ;
}
/*
* See if the value matches anything we ' re already tracking .
*/
match = false ;
firstcount1 = track_cnt;
for (j = 0 ; j < track_cnt; j++)
{
if (DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&f_cmpeq,
stats->attrcollid,
value, track[j].value)))
{
match = true ;
break ;
}
if (j < firstcount1 && track[j].count == 1 )
firstcount1 = j;
}
if (match)
{
/* Found a match */
track[j].count++;
/* This value may now need to "bubble up" in the track list */
while (j > 0 && track[j].count > track[j - 1 ].count)
{
swapDatum(track[j].value, track[j - 1 ].value);
swapInt(track[j].count, track[j - 1 ].count);
j--;
}
}
else
{
/* No match. Insert at head of count-1 list */
if (track_cnt < track_max)
track_cnt++;
for (j = track_cnt - 1 ; j > firstcount1; j--)
{
track[j].value = track[j - 1 ].value;
track[j].count = track[j - 1 ].count;
}
if (firstcount1 < track_cnt)
{
track[firstcount1].value = value;
track[firstcount1].count = 1 ;
}
}
}
/* We can only compute real stats if we found some non-null values. */
if (nonnull_cnt > 0 )
{
int nmultiple,
summultiple;
stats->stats_valid = true ;
/* Do the simple null-frac and width stats */
stats->stanullfrac = (double ) null_cnt / (double ) samplerows;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = total_width / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
/* Count the number of values we found multiple times */
summultiple = 0 ;
for (nmultiple = 0 ; nmultiple < track_cnt; nmultiple++)
{
if (track[nmultiple].count == 1 )
break ;
summultiple += track[nmultiple].count;
}
if (nmultiple == 0 )
{
/*
* If we found no repeated non - null values , assume it ' s a unique
* column ; but be sure to discount for any nulls we found .
*/
stats->stadistinct = -1 .0 * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
}
else if (track_cnt < track_max && toowide_cnt == 0 &&
nmultiple == track_cnt)
{
/*
* Our track list includes every value in the sample , and every
* value appeared more than once . Assume the column has just
* these values . ( This case is meant to address columns with
* small , fixed sets of possible values , such as boolean or enum
* columns . If there are any values that appear just once in the
* sample , including too - wide values , we should assume that that ' s
* not what we ' re dealing with . )
*/
stats->stadistinct = track_cnt;
}
else
{
/*----------
* Estimate the number of distinct values using the estimator
* proposed by Haas and Stokes in IBM Research Report RJ 10025 :
* n * d / ( n - f1 + f1 * n / N )
* where f1 is the number of distinct values that occurred
* exactly once in our sample of n rows ( from a total of N ) ,
* and d is the total number of distinct values in the sample .
* This is their Duj1 estimator ; the other estimators they
* recommend are considerably more complex , and are numerically
* very unstable when n is much smaller than N .
*
* In this calculation , we consider only non - nulls . We used to
* include rows with null values in the n and N counts , but that
* leads to inaccurate answers in columns with many nulls , and
* it ' s intuitively bogus anyway considering the desired result is
* the number of distinct non - null values .
*
* We assume ( not very reliably ! ) that all the multiply - occurring
* values are reflected in the final track [ ] list , and the other
* nonnull values all appeared but once . ( XXX this usually
* results in a drastic overestimate of ndistinct . Can we do
* any better ? )
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
int f1 = nonnull_cnt - summultiple;
int d = f1 + nmultiple;
double n = samplerows - null_cnt;
double N = totalrows * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
double stadistinct;
/* N == 0 shouldn't happen, but just in case ... */
if (N > 0 )
stadistinct = (n * d) / ((n - f1) + f1 * n / N);
else
stadistinct = 0 ;
/* Clamp to sane range in case of roundoff error */
if (stadistinct < d)
stadistinct = d;
if (stadistinct > N)
stadistinct = N;
/* And round to integer */
stats->stadistinct = floor(stadistinct + 0 .5 );
}
/*
* If we estimated the number of distinct values at more than 10 % of
* the total row count ( a very arbitrary limit ) , then assume that
* stadistinct should scale with the row count rather than be a fixed
* value .
*/
if (stats->stadistinct > 0 .1 * totalrows)
stats->stadistinct = -(stats->stadistinct / totalrows);
/*
* Decide how many values are worth storing as most - common values . If
* we are able to generate a complete MCV list ( all the values in the
* sample will fit , and we think these are all the ones in the table ) ,
* then do so . Otherwise , store only those values that are
* significantly more common than the values not in the list .
*
* Note : the first of these cases is meant to address columns with
* small , fixed sets of possible values , such as boolean or enum
* columns . If we can * completely * represent the column population by
* an MCV list that will fit into the stats target , then we should do
* so and thus provide the planner with complete information . But if
* the MCV list is not complete , it ' s generally worth being more
* selective , and not just filling it all the way up to the stats
* target .
*/
if (track_cnt < track_max && toowide_cnt == 0 &&
stats->stadistinct > 0 &&
track_cnt <= num_mcv)
{
/* Track list includes all values seen, and all will fit */
num_mcv = track_cnt;
}
else
{
int *mcv_counts;
/* Incomplete list; decide how many values are worth keeping */
if (num_mcv > track_cnt)
num_mcv = track_cnt;
if (num_mcv > 0 )
{
mcv_counts = (int *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (int ));
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcv; i++)
mcv_counts[i] = track[i].count;
num_mcv = analyze_mcv_list(mcv_counts, num_mcv,
stats->stadistinct,
stats->stanullfrac,
samplerows, totalrows);
}
}
/* Generate MCV slot entry */
if (num_mcv > 0 )
{
MemoryContext old_context;
Datum *mcv_values;
float4 *mcv_freqs;
/* Must copy the target values into anl_context */
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
mcv_values = (Datum *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (Datum));
mcv_freqs = (float4 *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (float4));
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcv; i++)
{
mcv_values[i] = datumCopy(track[i].value,
stats->attrtype->typbyval,
stats->attrtype->typlen);
mcv_freqs[i] = (double ) track[i].count / (double ) samplerows;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
stats->stakind[0 ] = STATISTIC_KIND_MCV;
stats->staop[0 ] = mystats->eqopr;
stats->stacoll[0 ] = stats->attrcollid;
stats->stanumbers[0 ] = mcv_freqs;
stats->numnumbers[0 ] = num_mcv;
stats->stavalues[0 ] = mcv_values;
stats->numvalues[0 ] = num_mcv;
/*
* Accept the defaults for stats - > statypid and others . They have
* been set before we were called ( see vacuum . h )
*/
}
}
else if (null_cnt > 0 )
{
/* We found only nulls; assume the column is entirely null */
stats->stats_valid = true ;
stats->stanullfrac = 1 .0 ;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = 0 ; /* "unknown" */
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
stats->stadistinct = 0 .0 ; /* "unknown" */
}
/* We don't need to bother cleaning up any of our temporary palloc's */
}
/*
* compute_scalar_stats ( ) - - compute column statistics
*
* We use this when we can find " = " and " < " operators for the datatype .
*
* We determine the fraction of non - null rows , the average width , the
* most common values , the ( estimated ) number of distinct values , the
* distribution histogram , and the correlation of physical to logical order .
*
* The desired stats can be determined fairly easily after sorting the
* data values into order .
*/
static void
compute_scalar_stats(VacAttrStatsP stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows)
{
int i;
int null_cnt = 0 ;
int nonnull_cnt = 0 ;
int toowide_cnt = 0 ;
double total_width = 0 ;
bool is_varlena = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen == -1 );
bool is_varwidth = (!stats->attrtype->typbyval &&
stats->attrtype->typlen < 0 );
double corr_xysum;
SortSupportData ssup;
ScalarItem *values;
int values_cnt = 0 ;
int *tupnoLink;
ScalarMCVItem *track;
int track_cnt = 0 ;
int num_mcv = stats->attstattarget;
int num_bins = stats->attstattarget;
StdAnalyzeData *mystats = (StdAnalyzeData *) stats->extra_data;
values = (ScalarItem *) palloc(samplerows * sizeof (ScalarItem));
tupnoLink = (int *) palloc(samplerows * sizeof (int ));
track = (ScalarMCVItem *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (ScalarMCVItem));
memset(&ssup, 0 , sizeof (ssup));
ssup.ssup_cxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
ssup.ssup_collation = stats->attrcollid;
ssup.ssup_nulls_first = false ;
/*
* For now , don ' t perform abbreviated key conversion , because full values
* are required for MCV slot generation . Supporting that optimization
* would necessitate teaching compare_scalars ( ) to call a tie - breaker .
*/
ssup.abbreviate = false ;
PrepareSortSupportFromOrderingOp(mystats->ltopr, &ssup);
/* Initial scan to find sortable values */
for (i = 0 ; i < samplerows; i++)
{
Datum value;
bool isnull;
vacuum_delay_point(true );
value = fetchfunc(stats, i, &isnull);
/* Check for null/nonnull */
if (isnull)
{
null_cnt++;
continue ;
}
nonnull_cnt++;
/*
* If it ' s a variable - width field , add up widths for average width
* calculation . Note that if the value is toasted , we use the toasted
* width . We don ' t bother with this calculation if it ' s a fixed - width
* type .
*/
if (is_varlena)
{
total_width += VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));
/*
* If the value is toasted , we want to detoast it just once to
* avoid repeated detoastings and resultant excess memory usage
* during the comparisons . Also , check to see if the value is
* excessively wide , and if so don ' t detoast at all - - - just
* ignore the value .
*/
if (toast_raw_datum_size(value) > WIDTH_THRESHOLD)
{
toowide_cnt++;
continue ;
}
value = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(value));
}
else if (is_varwidth)
{
/* must be cstring */
total_width += strlen(DatumGetCString(value)) + 1 ;
}
/* Add it to the list to be sorted */
values[values_cnt].value = value;
values[values_cnt].tupno = values_cnt;
tupnoLink[values_cnt] = values_cnt;
values_cnt++;
}
/* We can only compute real stats if we found some sortable values. */
if (values_cnt > 0 )
{
int ndistinct, /* # distinct values in sample */
nmultiple, /* # that appear multiple times */
num_hist,
dups_cnt;
int slot_idx = 0 ;
CompareScalarsContext cxt;
/* Sort the collected values */
cxt.ssup = &ssup;
cxt.tupnoLink = tupnoLink;
qsort_interruptible(values, values_cnt, sizeof (ScalarItem),
compare_scalars, &cxt);
/*
* Now scan the values in order , find the most common ones , and also
* accumulate ordering - correlation statistics .
*
* To determine which are most common , we first have to count the
* number of duplicates of each value . The duplicates are adjacent in
* the sorted list , so a brute - force approach is to compare successive
* datum values until we find two that are not equal . However , that
* requires N - 1 invocations of the datum comparison routine , which are
* completely redundant with work that was done during the sort . ( The
* sort algorithm must at some point have compared each pair of items
* that are adjacent in the sorted order ; otherwise it could not know
* that it ' s ordered the pair correctly . ) We exploit this by having
* compare_scalars remember the highest tupno index that each
* ScalarItem has been found equal to . At the end of the sort , a
* ScalarItem ' s tupnoLink will still point to itself if and only if it
* is the last item of its group of duplicates ( since the group will
* be ordered by tupno ) .
*/
corr_xysum = 0 ;
ndistinct = 0 ;
nmultiple = 0 ;
dups_cnt = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < values_cnt; i++)
{
int tupno = values[i].tupno;
corr_xysum += ((double ) i) * ((double ) tupno);
dups_cnt++;
if (tupnoLink[tupno] == tupno)
{
/* Reached end of duplicates of this value */
ndistinct++;
if (dups_cnt > 1 )
{
nmultiple++;
if (track_cnt < num_mcv ||
dups_cnt > track[track_cnt - 1 ].count)
{
/*
* Found a new item for the mcv list ; find its
* position , bubbling down old items if needed . Loop
* invariant is that j points at an empty / replaceable
* slot .
*/
int j;
if (track_cnt < num_mcv)
track_cnt++;
for (j = track_cnt - 1 ; j > 0 ; j--)
{
if (dups_cnt <= track[j - 1 ].count)
break ;
track[j].count = track[j - 1 ].count;
track[j].first = track[j - 1 ].first;
}
track[j].count = dups_cnt;
track[j].first = i + 1 - dups_cnt;
}
}
dups_cnt = 0 ;
}
}
stats->stats_valid = true ;
/* Do the simple null-frac and width stats */
stats->stanullfrac = (double ) null_cnt / (double ) samplerows;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = total_width / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
if (nmultiple == 0 )
{
/*
* If we found no repeated non - null values , assume it ' s a unique
* column ; but be sure to discount for any nulls we found .
*/
stats->stadistinct = -1 .0 * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
}
else if (toowide_cnt == 0 && nmultiple == ndistinct)
{
/*
* Every value in the sample appeared more than once . Assume the
* column has just these values . ( This case is meant to address
* columns with small , fixed sets of possible values , such as
* boolean or enum columns . If there are any values that appear
* just once in the sample , including too - wide values , we should
* assume that that ' s not what we ' re dealing with . )
*/
stats->stadistinct = ndistinct;
}
else
{
/*----------
* Estimate the number of distinct values using the estimator
* proposed by Haas and Stokes in IBM Research Report RJ 10025 :
* n * d / ( n - f1 + f1 * n / N )
* where f1 is the number of distinct values that occurred
* exactly once in our sample of n rows ( from a total of N ) ,
* and d is the total number of distinct values in the sample .
* This is their Duj1 estimator ; the other estimators they
* recommend are considerably more complex , and are numerically
* very unstable when n is much smaller than N .
*
* In this calculation , we consider only non - nulls . We used to
* include rows with null values in the n and N counts , but that
* leads to inaccurate answers in columns with many nulls , and
* it ' s intuitively bogus anyway considering the desired result is
* the number of distinct non - null values .
*
* Overwidth values are assumed to have been distinct .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
int f1 = ndistinct - nmultiple + toowide_cnt;
int d = f1 + nmultiple;
double n = samplerows - null_cnt;
double N = totalrows * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
double stadistinct;
/* N == 0 shouldn't happen, but just in case ... */
if (N > 0 )
stadistinct = (n * d) / ((n - f1) + f1 * n / N);
else
stadistinct = 0 ;
/* Clamp to sane range in case of roundoff error */
if (stadistinct < d)
stadistinct = d;
if (stadistinct > N)
stadistinct = N;
/* And round to integer */
stats->stadistinct = floor(stadistinct + 0 .5 );
}
/*
* If we estimated the number of distinct values at more than 10 % of
* the total row count ( a very arbitrary limit ) , then assume that
* stadistinct should scale with the row count rather than be a fixed
* value .
*/
if (stats->stadistinct > 0 .1 * totalrows)
stats->stadistinct = -(stats->stadistinct / totalrows);
/*
* Decide how many values are worth storing as most - common values . If
* we are able to generate a complete MCV list ( all the values in the
* sample will fit , and we think these are all the ones in the table ) ,
* then do so . Otherwise , store only those values that are
* significantly more common than the values not in the list .
*
* Note : the first of these cases is meant to address columns with
* small , fixed sets of possible values , such as boolean or enum
* columns . If we can * completely * represent the column population by
* an MCV list that will fit into the stats target , then we should do
* so and thus provide the planner with complete information . But if
* the MCV list is not complete , it ' s generally worth being more
* selective , and not just filling it all the way up to the stats
* target .
*/
if (track_cnt == ndistinct && toowide_cnt == 0 &&
stats->stadistinct > 0 &&
track_cnt <= num_mcv)
{
/* Track list includes all values seen, and all will fit */
num_mcv = track_cnt;
}
else
{
int *mcv_counts;
/* Incomplete list; decide how many values are worth keeping */
if (num_mcv > track_cnt)
num_mcv = track_cnt;
if (num_mcv > 0 )
{
mcv_counts = (int *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (int ));
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcv; i++)
mcv_counts[i] = track[i].count;
num_mcv = analyze_mcv_list(mcv_counts, num_mcv,
stats->stadistinct,
stats->stanullfrac,
samplerows, totalrows);
}
}
/* Generate MCV slot entry */
if (num_mcv > 0 )
{
MemoryContext old_context;
Datum *mcv_values;
float4 *mcv_freqs;
/* Must copy the target values into anl_context */
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
mcv_values = (Datum *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (Datum));
mcv_freqs = (float4 *) palloc(num_mcv * sizeof (float4));
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcv; i++)
{
mcv_values[i] = datumCopy(values[track[i].first].value,
stats->attrtype->typbyval,
stats->attrtype->typlen);
mcv_freqs[i] = (double ) track[i].count / (double ) samplerows;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
stats->stakind[slot_idx] = STATISTIC_KIND_MCV;
stats->staop[slot_idx] = mystats->eqopr;
stats->stacoll[slot_idx] = stats->attrcollid;
stats->stanumbers[slot_idx] = mcv_freqs;
stats->numnumbers[slot_idx] = num_mcv;
stats->stavalues[slot_idx] = mcv_values;
stats->numvalues[slot_idx] = num_mcv;
/*
* Accept the defaults for stats - > statypid and others . They have
* been set before we were called ( see vacuum . h )
*/
slot_idx++;
}
/*
* Generate a histogram slot entry if there are at least two distinct
* values not accounted for in the MCV list . ( This ensures the
* histogram won ' t collapse to empty or a singleton . )
*/
num_hist = ndistinct - num_mcv;
if (num_hist > num_bins)
num_hist = num_bins + 1 ;
if (num_hist >= 2 )
{
MemoryContext old_context;
Datum *hist_values;
int nvals;
int pos,
posfrac,
delta,
deltafrac;
/* Sort the MCV items into position order to speed next loop */
qsort_interruptible(track, num_mcv, sizeof (ScalarMCVItem),
compare_mcvs, NULL);
/*
* Collapse out the MCV items from the values [ ] array .
*
* Note we destroy the values [ ] array here . . . but we don ' t need it
* for anything more . We do , however , still need values_cnt .
* nvals will be the number of remaining entries in values [ ] .
*/
if (num_mcv > 0 )
{
int src,
dest;
int j;
src = dest = 0 ;
j = 0 ; /* index of next interesting MCV item */
while (src < values_cnt)
{
int ncopy;
if (j < num_mcv)
{
int first = track[j].first;
if (src >= first)
{
/* advance past this MCV item */
src = first + track[j].count;
j++;
continue ;
}
ncopy = first - src;
}
else
ncopy = values_cnt - src;
memmove(&values[dest], &values[src],
ncopy * sizeof (ScalarItem));
src += ncopy;
dest += ncopy;
}
nvals = dest;
}
else
nvals = values_cnt;
Assert(nvals >= num_hist);
/* Must copy the target values into anl_context */
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
hist_values = (Datum *) palloc(num_hist * sizeof (Datum));
/*
* The object of this loop is to copy the first and last values [ ]
* entries along with evenly - spaced values in between . So the
* i ' th value is values [ ( i * ( nvals - 1 ) ) / ( num_hist - 1 ) ] . But
* computing that subscript directly risks integer overflow when
* the stats target is more than a couple thousand . Instead we
* add ( nvals - 1 ) / ( num_hist - 1 ) to pos at each step , tracking
* the integral and fractional parts of the sum separately .
*/
delta = (nvals - 1 ) / (num_hist - 1 );
deltafrac = (nvals - 1 ) % (num_hist - 1 );
pos = posfrac = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < num_hist; i++)
{
hist_values[i] = datumCopy(values[pos].value,
stats->attrtype->typbyval,
stats->attrtype->typlen);
pos += delta;
posfrac += deltafrac;
if (posfrac >= (num_hist - 1 ))
{
/* fractional part exceeds 1, carry to integer part */
pos++;
posfrac -= (num_hist - 1 );
}
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
stats->stakind[slot_idx] = STATISTIC_KIND_HISTOGRAM;
stats->staop[slot_idx] = mystats->ltopr;
stats->stacoll[slot_idx] = stats->attrcollid;
stats->stavalues[slot_idx] = hist_values;
stats->numvalues[slot_idx] = num_hist;
/*
* Accept the defaults for stats - > statypid and others . They have
* been set before we were called ( see vacuum . h )
*/
slot_idx++;
}
/* Generate a correlation entry if there are multiple values */
if (values_cnt > 1 )
{
MemoryContext old_context;
float4 *corrs;
double corr_xsum,
corr_x2sum;
/* Must copy the target values into anl_context */
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
corrs = (float4 *) palloc(sizeof (float4));
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
/*----------
* Since we know the x and y value sets are both
* 0 , 1 , . . . , values_cnt - 1
* we have sum ( x ) = sum ( y ) =
* ( values_cnt - 1 ) * values_cnt / 2
* and sum ( x ^ 2 ) = sum ( y ^ 2 ) =
* ( values_cnt - 1 ) * values_cnt * ( 2 * values_cnt - 1 ) / 6 .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
corr_xsum = ((double ) (values_cnt - 1 )) *
((double ) values_cnt) / 2 .0 ;
corr_x2sum = ((double ) (values_cnt - 1 )) *
((double ) values_cnt) * (double ) (2 * values_cnt - 1 ) / 6 .0 ;
/* And the correlation coefficient reduces to */
corrs[0 ] = (values_cnt * corr_xysum - corr_xsum * corr_xsum) /
(values_cnt * corr_x2sum - corr_xsum * corr_xsum);
stats->stakind[slot_idx] = STATISTIC_KIND_CORRELATION;
stats->staop[slot_idx] = mystats->ltopr;
stats->stacoll[slot_idx] = stats->attrcollid;
stats->stanumbers[slot_idx] = corrs;
stats->numnumbers[slot_idx] = 1 ;
slot_idx++;
}
}
else if (nonnull_cnt > 0 )
{
/* We found some non-null values, but they were all too wide */
Assert(nonnull_cnt == toowide_cnt);
stats->stats_valid = true ;
/* Do the simple null-frac and width stats */
stats->stanullfrac = (double ) null_cnt / (double ) samplerows;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = total_width / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
/* Assume all too-wide values are distinct, so it's a unique column */
stats->stadistinct = -1 .0 * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
}
else if (null_cnt > 0 )
{
/* We found only nulls; assume the column is entirely null */
stats->stats_valid = true ;
stats->stanullfrac = 1 .0 ;
if (is_varwidth)
stats->stawidth = 0 ; /* "unknown" */
else
stats->stawidth = stats->attrtype->typlen;
stats->stadistinct = 0 .0 ; /* "unknown" */
}
/* We don't need to bother cleaning up any of our temporary palloc's */
}
/*
* Comparator for sorting ScalarItems
*
* Aside from sorting the items , we update the tupnoLink [ ] array
* whenever two ScalarItems are found to contain equal datums . The array
* is indexed by tupno ; for each ScalarItem , it contains the highest
* tupno that that item ' s datum has been found to be equal to . This allows
* us to avoid additional comparisons in compute_scalar_stats ( ) .
*/
static int
compare_scalars(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
{
Datum da = ((const ScalarItem *) a)->value;
int ta = ((const ScalarItem *) a)->tupno;
Datum db = ((const ScalarItem *) b)->value;
int tb = ((const ScalarItem *) b)->tupno;
CompareScalarsContext *cxt = (CompareScalarsContext *) arg;
int compare;
compare = ApplySortComparator(da, false , db, false , cxt->ssup);
if (compare != 0 )
return compare;
/*
* The two datums are equal , so update cxt - > tupnoLink [ ] .
*/
if (cxt->tupnoLink[ta] < tb)
cxt->tupnoLink[ta] = tb;
if (cxt->tupnoLink[tb] < ta)
cxt->tupnoLink[tb] = ta;
/*
* For equal datums , sort by tupno
*/
return ta - tb;
}
/*
* Comparator for sorting ScalarMCVItems by position
*/
static int
compare_mcvs(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
{
int da = ((const ScalarMCVItem *) a)->first;
int db = ((const ScalarMCVItem *) b)->first;
return da - db;
}
/*
* Analyze the list of common values in the sample and decide how many are
* worth storing in the table ' s MCV list .
*
* mcv_counts is assumed to be a list of the counts of the most common values
* seen in the sample , starting with the most common . The return value is the
* number that are significantly more common than the values not in the list ,
* and which are therefore deemed worth storing in the table ' s MCV list .
*/
static int
analyze_mcv_list(int *mcv_counts,
int num_mcv,
double stadistinct,
double stanullfrac,
int samplerows,
double totalrows)
{
double ndistinct_table;
double sumcount;
int i;
/*
* If the entire table was sampled , keep the whole list . This also
* protects us against division by zero in the code below .
*/
if (samplerows == totalrows || totalrows <= 1 .0 )
return num_mcv;
/* Re-extract the estimated number of distinct nonnull values in table */
ndistinct_table = stadistinct;
if (ndistinct_table < 0 )
ndistinct_table = -ndistinct_table * totalrows;
/*
* Exclude the least common values from the MCV list , if they are not
* significantly more common than the estimated selectivity they would
* have if they weren ' t in the list . All non - MCV values are assumed to be
* equally common , after taking into account the frequencies of all the
* values in the MCV list and the number of nulls ( c . f . eqsel ( ) ) .
*
* Here sumcount tracks the total count of all but the last ( least common )
* value in the MCV list , allowing us to determine the effect of excluding
* that value from the list .
*
* Note that we deliberately do this by removing values from the full
* list , rather than starting with an empty list and adding values ,
* because the latter approach can fail to add any values if all the most
* common values have around the same frequency and make up the majority
* of the table , so that the overall average frequency of all values is
* roughly the same as that of the common values . This would lead to any
* uncommon values being significantly overestimated .
*/
sumcount = 0 .0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcv - 1 ; i++)
sumcount += mcv_counts[i];
while (num_mcv > 0 )
{
double selec,
otherdistinct,
N,
n,
K,
variance,
stddev;
/*
* Estimated selectivity the least common value would have if it
* wasn ' t in the MCV list ( c . f . eqsel ( ) ) .
*/
selec = 1 .0 - sumcount / samplerows - stanullfrac;
if (selec < 0 .0 )
selec = 0 .0 ;
if (selec > 1 .0 )
selec = 1 .0 ;
otherdistinct = ndistinct_table - (num_mcv - 1 );
if (otherdistinct > 1 )
selec /= otherdistinct;
/*
* If the value is kept in the MCV list , its population frequency is
* assumed to equal its sample frequency . We use the lower end of a
* textbook continuity - corrected Wald - type confidence interval to
* determine if that is significantly more common than the non - MCV
* frequency - - - specifically we assume the population frequency is
* highly likely to be within around 2 standard errors of the sample
* frequency , which equates to an interval of 2 standard deviations
* either side of the sample count , plus an additional 0 . 5 for the
* continuity correction . Since we are sampling without replacement ,
* this is a hypergeometric distribution .
*
* XXX : Empirically , this approach seems to work quite well , but it
* may be worth considering more advanced techniques for estimating
* the confidence interval of the hypergeometric distribution .
*/
N = totalrows;
n = samplerows;
K = N * mcv_counts[num_mcv - 1 ] / n;
variance = n * K * (N - K) * (N - n) / (N * N * (N - 1 ));
stddev = sqrt(variance);
if (mcv_counts[num_mcv - 1 ] > selec * samplerows + 2 * stddev + 0 .5 )
{
/*
* The value is significantly more common than the non - MCV
* selectivity would suggest . Keep it , and all the other more
* common values in the list .
*/
break ;
}
else
{
/* Discard this value and consider the next least common value */
num_mcv--;
if (num_mcv == 0 )
break ;
sumcount -= mcv_counts[num_mcv - 1 ];
}
}
return num_mcv;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=92 H=88 G=89
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-08)
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