/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* indxpath . c
* Routines to determine which indexes are usable for scanning a
* given relation , and create Paths accordingly .
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / optimizer / path / indxpath . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "access/stratnum.h"
#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_amop.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "catalog/pg_opfamily.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/supportnodes.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/placeholder.h"
#include "optimizer/prep.h"
#include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
/* XXX see PartCollMatchesExprColl */
#define IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, exprcollation) \
((idxcollation) == InvalidOid || (idxcollation) == (exprcollation))
/* Whether we are looking for plain indexscan, bitmap scan, or either */
typedef enum
{
ST_INDEXSCAN, /* must support amgettuple */
ST_BITMAPSCAN, /* must support amgetbitmap */
ST_ANYSCAN, /* either is okay */
} ScanTypeControl;
/* Data structure for collecting qual clauses that match an index */
typedef struct
{
bool nonempty; /* True if lists are not all empty */
/* Lists of IndexClause nodes, one list per index column */
List *indexclauses[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
} IndexClauseSet;
/* Per-path data used within choose_bitmap_and() */
typedef struct
{
Path *path; /* IndexPath, BitmapAndPath, or BitmapOrPath */
List *quals; /* the WHERE clauses it uses */
List *preds; /* predicates of its partial index(es) */
Bitmapset *clauseids; /* quals+preds represented as a bitmapset */
bool unclassifiable; /* has too many quals+preds to process? */
} PathClauseUsage;
/* Callback argument for ec_member_matches_indexcol */
typedef struct
{
IndexOptInfo *index; /* index we're considering */
int indexcol; /* index column we want to match to */
} ec_member_matches_arg;
static void consider_index_join_clauses(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths);
static void consider_index_join_outer_rels(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths,
List *indexjoinclauses,
int considered_clauses,
List **considered_relids);
static void get_join_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths,
Relids relids,
List **considered_relids);
static bool eclass_already_used(EquivalenceClass *parent_ec, Relids oldrelids,
List *indexjoinclauses);
static void get_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index, IndexClauseSet *clauses,
List **bitindexpaths);
static List *build_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index, IndexClauseSet *clauses,
bool useful_predicate,
ScanTypeControl scantype,
bool *skip_nonnative_saop);
static List *build_paths_for_OR(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *clauses, List *other_clauses);
static List *generate_bitmap_or_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *clauses, List *other_clauses);
static Path *choose_bitmap_and(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *paths);
static int path_usage_comparator(const void *a, const void *b);
static Cost bitmap_scan_cost_est(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
Path *ipath);
static Cost bitmap_and_cost_est(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *paths);
static PathClauseUsage *classify_index_clause_usage(Path *path,
List **clauselist);
static void find_indexpath_quals(Path *bitmapqual, List **quals, List **preds);
static int find_list_position(Node *node, List **nodelist);
static bool check_index_only(RelOptInfo *rel, IndexOptInfo *index);
static double get_loop_count(PlannerInfo *root, Index cur_relid, Relids outer_relids);
static double adjust_rowcount_for_semijoins(PlannerInfo *root,
Index cur_relid,
Index outer_relid,
double rowcount);
static double approximate_joinrel_size(PlannerInfo *root, Relids relids);
static void match_restriction_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset);
static void match_join_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *rel, IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset,
List **joinorclauses);
static void match_eclass_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset);
static void match_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
List *clauses,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset);
static void match_clause_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset);
static IndexClause *match_clause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static bool IsBooleanOpfamily(Oid opfamily);
static IndexClause *match_boolean_index_clause(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol, IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *match_opclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *match_funcclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *get_index_clause_from_support(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
Oid funcid,
int indexarg,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *match_saopclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *match_rowcompare_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *match_orclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index);
static IndexClause *expand_indexqual_rowcompare(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index,
Oid expr_op,
bool var_on_left);
static void match_pathkeys_to_index(IndexOptInfo *index, List *pathkeys,
List **orderby_clauses_p,
List **clause_columns_p);
static Expr *match_clause_to_ordering_op(IndexOptInfo *index,
int indexcol, Expr *clause, Oid pk_opfamily);
static bool ec_member_matches_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
void *arg);
/*
* create_index_paths ( )
* Generate all interesting index paths for the given relation .
* Candidate paths are added to the rel ' s pathlist ( using add_path ) .
*
* To be considered for an index scan , an index must match one or more
* restriction clauses or join clauses from the query ' s qual condition ,
* or match the query ' s ORDER BY condition , or have a predicate that
* matches the query ' s qual condition .
*
* There are two basic kinds of index scans . A " plain " index scan uses
* only restriction clauses ( possibly none at all ) in its indexqual ,
* so it can be applied in any context . A " parameterized " index scan uses
* join clauses ( plus restriction clauses , if available ) in its indexqual .
* When joining such a scan to one of the relations supplying the other
* variables used in its indexqual , the parameterized scan must appear as
* the inner relation of a nestloop join ; it can ' t be used on the outer side ,
* nor in a merge or hash join . In that context , values for the other rels '
* attributes are available and fixed during any one scan of the indexpath .
*
* An IndexPath is generated and submitted to add_path ( ) for each plain or
* parameterized index scan this routine deems potentially interesting for
* the current query .
*
* ' rel ' is the relation for which we want to generate index paths
*
* Note : check_index_predicates ( ) must have been run previously for this rel .
*
* Note : in cases involving LATERAL references in the relation ' s tlist , it ' s
* possible that rel - > lateral_relids is nonempty . Currently , we include
* lateral_relids into the parameterization reported for each path , but don ' t
* take it into account otherwise . The fact that any such rels * must * be
* available as parameter sources perhaps should influence our choices of
* index quals . . . but for now , it doesn ' t seem worth troubling over .
* In particular , comments below about " unparameterized " paths should be read
* as meaning " unparameterized so far as the indexquals are concerned " .
*/
void
create_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
List *indexpaths;
List *bitindexpaths;
List *bitjoinpaths;
List *joinorclauses;
IndexClauseSet rclauseset;
IndexClauseSet jclauseset;
IndexClauseSet eclauseset;
ListCell *lc;
/* Skip the whole mess if no indexes */
if (rel->indexlist == NIL)
return ;
/* Bitmap paths are collected and then dealt with at the end */
bitindexpaths = bitjoinpaths = joinorclauses = NIL;
/* Examine each index in turn */
foreach(lc, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/* Protect limited-size array in IndexClauseSets */
Assert(index->nkeycolumns <= INDEX_MAX_KEYS);
/*
* Ignore partial indexes that do not match the query .
* ( generate_bitmap_or_paths ( ) might be able to do something with
* them , but that ' s of no concern here . )
*/
if (index->indpred != NIL && !index->predOK)
continue ;
/*
* Identify the restriction clauses that can match the index .
*/
MemSet(&rclauseset, 0 , sizeof (rclauseset));
match_restriction_clauses_to_index(root, index, &rclauseset);
/*
* Build index paths from the restriction clauses . These will be
* non - parameterized paths . Plain paths go directly to add_path ( ) ,
* bitmap paths are added to bitindexpaths to be handled below .
*/
get_index_paths(root, rel, index, &rclauseset,
&bitindexpaths);
/*
* Identify the join clauses that can match the index . For the moment
* we keep them separate from the restriction clauses . Note that this
* step finds only " loose " join clauses that have not been merged into
* EquivalenceClasses . Also , collect join OR clauses for later .
*/
MemSet(&jclauseset, 0 , sizeof (jclauseset));
match_join_clauses_to_index(root, rel, index,
&jclauseset, &joinorclauses);
/*
* Look for EquivalenceClasses that can generate joinclauses matching
* the index .
*/
MemSet(&eclauseset, 0 , sizeof (eclauseset));
match_eclass_clauses_to_index(root, index,
&eclauseset);
/*
* If we found any plain or eclass join clauses , build parameterized
* index paths using them .
*/
if (jclauseset.nonempty || eclauseset.nonempty)
consider_index_join_clauses(root, rel, index,
&rclauseset,
&jclauseset,
&eclauseset,
&bitjoinpaths);
}
/*
* Generate BitmapOrPaths for any suitable OR - clauses present in the
* restriction list . Add these to bitindexpaths .
*/
indexpaths = generate_bitmap_or_paths(root, rel,
rel->baserestrictinfo, NIL);
bitindexpaths = list_concat(bitindexpaths, indexpaths);
/*
* Likewise , generate BitmapOrPaths for any suitable OR - clauses present in
* the joinclause list . Add these to bitjoinpaths .
*/
indexpaths = generate_bitmap_or_paths(root, rel,
joinorclauses, rel->baserestrictinfo);
bitjoinpaths = list_concat(bitjoinpaths, indexpaths);
/*
* If we found anything usable , generate a BitmapHeapPath for the most
* promising combination of restriction bitmap index paths . Note there
* will be only one such path no matter how many indexes exist . This
* should be sufficient since there ' s basically only one figure of merit
* ( total cost ) for such a path .
*/
if (bitindexpaths != NIL)
{
Path *bitmapqual;
BitmapHeapPath *bpath;
bitmapqual = choose_bitmap_and(root, rel, bitindexpaths);
bpath = create_bitmap_heap_path(root, rel, bitmapqual,
rel->lateral_relids, 1 .0 , 0 );
add_path(rel, (Path *) bpath);
/* create a partial bitmap heap path */
if (rel->consider_parallel && rel->lateral_relids == NULL)
create_partial_bitmap_paths(root, rel, bitmapqual);
}
/*
* Likewise , if we found anything usable , generate BitmapHeapPaths for the
* most promising combinations of join bitmap index paths . Our strategy
* is to generate one such path for each distinct parameterization seen
* among the available bitmap index paths . This may look pretty
* expensive , but usually there won ' t be very many distinct
* parameterizations . ( This logic is quite similar to that in
* consider_index_join_clauses , but we ' re working with whole paths not
* individual clauses . )
*/
if (bitjoinpaths != NIL)
{
List *all_path_outers;
/* Identify each distinct parameterization seen in bitjoinpaths */
all_path_outers = NIL;
foreach(lc, bitjoinpaths)
{
Path *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
Relids required_outer = PATH_REQ_OUTER(path);
all_path_outers = list_append_unique(all_path_outers,
required_outer);
}
/* Now, for each distinct parameterization set ... */
foreach(lc, all_path_outers)
{
Relids max_outers = (Relids) lfirst(lc);
List *this_path_set;
Path *bitmapqual;
Relids required_outer;
double loop_count;
BitmapHeapPath *bpath;
ListCell *lcp;
/* Identify all the bitmap join paths needing no more than that */
this_path_set = NIL;
foreach(lcp, bitjoinpaths)
{
Path *path = (Path *) lfirst(lcp);
if (bms_is_subset(PATH_REQ_OUTER(path), max_outers))
this_path_set = lappend(this_path_set, path);
}
/*
* Add in restriction bitmap paths , since they can be used
* together with any join paths .
*/
this_path_set = list_concat(this_path_set, bitindexpaths);
/* Select best AND combination for this parameterization */
bitmapqual = choose_bitmap_and(root, rel, this_path_set);
/* And push that path into the mix */
required_outer = PATH_REQ_OUTER(bitmapqual);
loop_count = get_loop_count(root, rel->relid, required_outer);
bpath = create_bitmap_heap_path(root, rel, bitmapqual,
required_outer, loop_count, 0 );
add_path(rel, (Path *) bpath);
}
}
}
/*
* consider_index_join_clauses
* Given sets of join clauses for an index , decide which parameterized
* index paths to build .
*
* Plain indexpaths are sent directly to add_path , while potential
* bitmap indexpaths are added to * bitindexpaths for later processing .
*
* ' rel ' is the index ' s heap relation
* ' index ' is the index for which we want to generate paths
* ' rclauseset ' is the collection of indexable restriction clauses
* ' jclauseset ' is the collection of indexable simple join clauses
* ' eclauseset ' is the collection of indexable clauses from EquivalenceClasses
* ' * bitindexpaths ' is the list to add bitmap paths to
*/
static void
consider_index_join_clauses(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths)
{
int considered_clauses = 0 ;
List *considered_relids = NIL;
int indexcol;
/*
* The strategy here is to identify every potentially useful set of outer
* rels that can provide indexable join clauses . For each such set ,
* select all the join clauses available from those outer rels , add on all
* the indexable restriction clauses , and generate plain and / or bitmap
* index paths for that set of clauses . This is based on the assumption
* that it ' s always better to apply a clause as an indexqual than as a
* filter ( qpqual ) ; which is where an available clause would end up being
* applied if we omit it from the indexquals .
*
* This looks expensive , but in most practical cases there won ' t be very
* many distinct sets of outer rels to consider . As a safety valve when
* that ' s not true , we use a heuristic : limit the number of outer rel sets
* considered to a multiple of the number of clauses considered . ( We ' ll
* always consider using each individual join clause , though . )
*
* For simplicity in selecting relevant clauses , we represent each set of
* outer rels as a maximum set of clause_relids - - - that is , the indexed
* relation itself is also included in the relids set . considered_relids
* lists all relids sets we ' ve already tried .
*/
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
/* Consider each applicable simple join clause */
considered_clauses += list_length(jclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol]);
consider_index_join_outer_rels(root, rel, index,
rclauseset, jclauseset, eclauseset,
bitindexpaths,
jclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol],
considered_clauses,
&considered_relids);
/* Consider each applicable eclass join clause */
considered_clauses += list_length(eclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol]);
consider_index_join_outer_rels(root, rel, index,
rclauseset, jclauseset, eclauseset,
bitindexpaths,
eclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol],
considered_clauses,
&considered_relids);
}
}
/*
* consider_index_join_outer_rels
* Generate parameterized paths based on clause relids in the clause list .
*
* Workhorse for consider_index_join_clauses ; see notes therein for rationale .
*
* ' rel ' , ' index ' , ' rclauseset ' , ' jclauseset ' , ' eclauseset ' , and
* ' bitindexpaths ' as above
* ' indexjoinclauses ' is a list of IndexClauses for join clauses
* ' considered_clauses ' is the total number of clauses considered ( so far )
* ' * considered_relids ' is a list of all relids sets already considered
*/
static void
consider_index_join_outer_rels(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths,
List *indexjoinclauses,
int considered_clauses,
List **considered_relids)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* Examine relids of each joinclause in the given list */
foreach(lc, indexjoinclauses)
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
Relids clause_relids = iclause->rinfo->clause_relids;
EquivalenceClass *parent_ec = iclause->rinfo->parent_ec;
int num_considered_relids;
/* If we already tried its relids set, no need to do so again */
if (list_member(*considered_relids, clause_relids))
continue ;
/*
* Generate the union of this clause ' s relids set with each
* previously - tried set . This ensures we try this clause along with
* every interesting subset of previous clauses . However , to avoid
* exponential growth of planning time when there are many clauses ,
* limit the number of relid sets accepted to 10 * considered_clauses .
*
* Note : get_join_index_paths appends entries to * considered_relids ,
* but we do not need to visit such newly - added entries within this
* loop , so we don ' t use foreach ( ) here . No real harm would be done
* if we did visit them , since the subset check would reject them ; but
* it would waste some cycles .
*/
num_considered_relids = list_length(*considered_relids);
for (int pos = 0 ; pos < num_considered_relids; pos++)
{
Relids oldrelids = (Relids) list_nth(*considered_relids, pos);
/*
* If either is a subset of the other , no new set is possible .
* This isn ' t a complete test for redundancy , but it ' s easy and
* cheap . get_join_index_paths will check more carefully if we
* already generated the same relids set .
*/
if (bms_subset_compare(clause_relids, oldrelids) != BMS_DIFFERENT)
continue ;
/*
* If this clause was derived from an equivalence class , the
* clause list may contain other clauses derived from the same
* eclass . We should not consider that combining this clause with
* one of those clauses generates a usefully different
* parameterization ; so skip if any clause derived from the same
* eclass would already have been included when using oldrelids .
*/
if (parent_ec &&
eclass_already_used(parent_ec, oldrelids,
indexjoinclauses))
continue ;
/*
* If the number of relid sets considered exceeds our heuristic
* limit , stop considering combinations of clauses . We ' ll still
* consider the current clause alone , though ( below this loop ) .
*/
if (list_length(*considered_relids) >= 10 * considered_clauses)
break ;
/* OK, try the union set */
get_join_index_paths(root, rel, index,
rclauseset, jclauseset, eclauseset,
bitindexpaths,
bms_union(clause_relids, oldrelids),
considered_relids);
}
/* Also try this set of relids by itself */
get_join_index_paths(root, rel, index,
rclauseset, jclauseset, eclauseset,
bitindexpaths,
clause_relids,
considered_relids);
}
}
/*
* get_join_index_paths
* Generate index paths using clauses from the specified outer relations .
* In addition to generating paths , relids is added to * considered_relids
* if not already present .
*
* Workhorse for consider_index_join_clauses ; see notes therein for rationale .
*
* ' rel ' , ' index ' , ' rclauseset ' , ' jclauseset ' , ' eclauseset ' ,
* ' bitindexpaths ' , ' considered_relids ' as above
* ' relids ' is the current set of relids to consider ( the target rel plus
* one or more outer rels )
*/
static void
get_join_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *rclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *jclauseset,
IndexClauseSet *eclauseset,
List **bitindexpaths,
Relids relids,
List **considered_relids)
{
IndexClauseSet clauseset;
int indexcol;
/* If we already considered this relids set, don't repeat the work */
if (list_member(*considered_relids, relids))
return ;
/* Identify indexclauses usable with this relids set */
MemSet(&clauseset, 0 , sizeof (clauseset));
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* First find applicable simple join clauses */
foreach(lc, jclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol])
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
if (bms_is_subset(iclause->rinfo->clause_relids, relids))
clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol] =
lappend(clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol], iclause);
}
/*
* Add applicable eclass join clauses . The clauses generated for each
* column are redundant ( cf generate_implied_equalities_for_column ) ,
* so we need at most one . This is the only exception to the general
* rule of using all available index clauses .
*/
foreach(lc, eclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol])
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
if (bms_is_subset(iclause->rinfo->clause_relids, relids))
{
clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol] =
lappend(clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol], iclause);
break ;
}
}
/* Add restriction clauses */
clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol] =
list_concat(clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol],
rclauseset->indexclauses[indexcol]);
if (clauseset.indexclauses[indexcol] != NIL)
clauseset.nonempty = true ;
}
/* We should have found something, else caller passed silly relids */
Assert(clauseset.nonempty);
/* Build index path(s) using the collected set of clauses */
get_index_paths(root, rel, index, &clauseset, bitindexpaths);
/*
* Remember we considered paths for this set of relids .
*/
*considered_relids = lappend(*considered_relids, relids);
}
/*
* eclass_already_used
* True if any join clause usable with oldrelids was generated from
* the specified equivalence class .
*/
static bool
eclass_already_used(EquivalenceClass *parent_ec, Relids oldrelids,
List *indexjoinclauses)
{
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, indexjoinclauses)
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
RestrictInfo *rinfo = iclause->rinfo;
if (rinfo->parent_ec == parent_ec &&
bms_is_subset(rinfo->clause_relids, oldrelids))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* get_index_paths
* Given an index and a set of index clauses for it , construct IndexPaths .
*
* Plain indexpaths are sent directly to add_path , while potential
* bitmap indexpaths are added to * bitindexpaths for later processing .
*
* This is a fairly simple frontend to build_index_paths ( ) . Its reason for
* existence is mainly to handle ScalarArrayOpExpr quals properly . If the
* index AM supports them natively , we should just include them in simple
* index paths . If not , we should exclude them while building simple index
* paths , and then make a separate attempt to include them in bitmap paths .
*/
static void
get_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index, IndexClauseSet *clauses,
List **bitindexpaths)
{
List *indexpaths;
bool skip_nonnative_saop = false ;
ListCell *lc;
/*
* Build simple index paths using the clauses . Allow ScalarArrayOpExpr
* clauses only if the index AM supports them natively .
*/
indexpaths = build_index_paths(root, rel,
index, clauses,
index->predOK,
ST_ANYSCAN,
&skip_nonnative_saop);
/*
* Submit all the ones that can form plain IndexScan plans to add_path . ( A
* plain IndexPath can represent either a plain IndexScan or an
* IndexOnlyScan , but for our purposes here that distinction does not
* matter . However , some of the indexes might support only bitmap scans ,
* and those we mustn ' t submit to add_path here . )
*
* Also , pick out the ones that are usable as bitmap scans . For that , we
* must discard indexes that don ' t support bitmap scans , and we also are
* only interested in paths that have some selectivity ; we should discard
* anything that was generated solely for ordering purposes .
*/
foreach(lc, indexpaths)
{
IndexPath *ipath = (IndexPath *) lfirst(lc);
if (index->amhasgettuple)
add_path(rel, (Path *) ipath);
if (index->amhasgetbitmap &&
(ipath->path.pathkeys == NIL ||
ipath->indexselectivity < 1 .0 ))
*bitindexpaths = lappend(*bitindexpaths, ipath);
}
/*
* If there were ScalarArrayOpExpr clauses that the index can ' t handle
* natively , generate bitmap scan paths relying on executor - managed
* ScalarArrayOpExpr .
*/
if (skip_nonnative_saop)
{
indexpaths = build_index_paths(root, rel,
index, clauses,
false ,
ST_BITMAPSCAN,
NULL);
*bitindexpaths = list_concat(*bitindexpaths, indexpaths);
}
}
/*
* build_index_paths
* Given an index and a set of index clauses for it , construct zero
* or more IndexPaths . It also constructs zero or more partial IndexPaths .
*
* We return a list of paths because ( 1 ) this routine checks some cases
* that should cause us to not generate any IndexPath , and ( 2 ) in some
* cases we want to consider both a forward and a backward scan , so as
* to obtain both sort orders . Note that the paths are just returned
* to the caller and not immediately fed to add_path ( ) .
*
* At top level , useful_predicate should be exactly the index ' s predOK flag
* ( ie , true if it has a predicate that was proven from the restriction
* clauses ) . When working on an arm of an OR clause , useful_predicate
* should be true if the predicate required the current OR list to be proven .
* Note that this routine should never be called at all if the index has an
* unprovable predicate .
*
* scantype indicates whether we want to create plain indexscans , bitmap
* indexscans , or both . When it ' s ST_BITMAPSCAN , we will not consider
* index ordering while deciding if a Path is worth generating .
*
* If skip_nonnative_saop is non - NULL , we ignore ScalarArrayOpExpr clauses
* unless the index AM supports them directly , and we set * skip_nonnative_saop
* to true if we found any such clauses ( caller must initialize the variable
* to false ) . If it ' s NULL , we do not ignore ScalarArrayOpExpr clauses .
*
* ' rel ' is the index ' s heap relation
* ' index ' is the index for which we want to generate paths
* ' clauses ' is the collection of indexable clauses ( IndexClause nodes )
* ' useful_predicate ' indicates whether the index has a useful predicate
* ' scantype ' indicates whether we need plain or bitmap scan support
* ' skip_nonnative_saop ' indicates whether to accept SAOP if index AM doesn ' t
*/
static List *
build_index_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
IndexOptInfo *index, IndexClauseSet *clauses,
bool useful_predicate,
ScanTypeControl scantype,
bool *skip_nonnative_saop)
{
List *result = NIL;
IndexPath *ipath;
List *index_clauses;
Relids outer_relids;
double loop_count;
List *orderbyclauses;
List *orderbyclausecols;
List *index_pathkeys;
List *useful_pathkeys;
bool pathkeys_possibly_useful;
bool index_is_ordered;
bool index_only_scan;
int indexcol;
Assert(skip_nonnative_saop != NULL || scantype == ST_BITMAPSCAN);
/*
* Check that index supports the desired scan type ( s )
*/
switch (scantype)
{
case ST_INDEXSCAN:
if (!index->amhasgettuple)
return NIL;
break ;
case ST_BITMAPSCAN:
if (!index->amhasgetbitmap)
return NIL;
break ;
case ST_ANYSCAN:
/* either or both are OK */
break ;
}
/*
* 1 . Combine the per - column IndexClause lists into an overall list .
*
* In the resulting list , clauses are ordered by index key , so that the
* column numbers form a nondecreasing sequence . ( This order is depended
* on by btree and possibly other places . ) The list can be empty , if the
* index AM allows that .
*
* We also build a Relids set showing which outer rels are required by the
* selected clauses . Any lateral_relids are included in that , but not
* otherwise accounted for .
*/
index_clauses = NIL;
outer_relids = bms_copy(rel->lateral_relids);
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, clauses->indexclauses[indexcol])
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
RestrictInfo *rinfo = iclause->rinfo;
if (skip_nonnative_saop && !index->amsearcharray &&
IsA(rinfo->clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
/*
* Caller asked us to generate IndexPaths that omit any
* ScalarArrayOpExpr clauses when the underlying index AM
* lacks native support .
*
* We must omit this clause ( and tell caller about it ) .
*/
*skip_nonnative_saop = true ;
continue ;
}
/* OK to include this clause */
index_clauses = lappend(index_clauses, iclause);
outer_relids = bms_add_members(outer_relids,
rinfo->clause_relids);
}
/*
* If no clauses match the first index column , check for amoptionalkey
* restriction . We can ' t generate a scan over an index with
* amoptionalkey = false unless there ' s at least one index clause .
* ( When working on columns after the first , this test cannot fail . It
* is always okay for columns after the first to not have any
* clauses . )
*/
if (index_clauses == NIL && !index->amoptionalkey)
return NIL;
}
/* We do not want the index's rel itself listed in outer_relids */
outer_relids = bms_del_member(outer_relids, rel->relid);
/* Compute loop_count for cost estimation purposes */
loop_count = get_loop_count(root, rel->relid, outer_relids);
/*
* 2 . Compute pathkeys describing index ' s ordering , if any , then see how
* many of them are actually useful for this query . This is not relevant
* if we are only trying to build bitmap indexscans .
*/
pathkeys_possibly_useful = (scantype != ST_BITMAPSCAN &&
has_useful_pathkeys(root, rel));
index_is_ordered = (index->sortopfamily != NULL);
if (index_is_ordered && pathkeys_possibly_useful)
{
index_pathkeys = build_index_pathkeys(root, index,
ForwardScanDirection);
useful_pathkeys = truncate_useless_pathkeys(root, rel,
index_pathkeys);
orderbyclauses = NIL;
orderbyclausecols = NIL;
}
else if (index->amcanorderbyop && pathkeys_possibly_useful)
{
/*
* See if we can generate ordering operators for query_pathkeys or at
* least some prefix thereof . Matching to just a prefix of the
* query_pathkeys will allow an incremental sort to be considered on
* the index ' s partially sorted results .
*/
match_pathkeys_to_index(index, root->query_pathkeys,
&orderbyclauses,
&orderbyclausecols);
if (list_length(root->query_pathkeys) == list_length(orderbyclauses))
useful_pathkeys = root->query_pathkeys;
else
useful_pathkeys = list_copy_head(root->query_pathkeys,
list_length(orderbyclauses));
}
else
{
useful_pathkeys = NIL;
orderbyclauses = NIL;
orderbyclausecols = NIL;
}
/*
* 3 . Check if an index - only scan is possible . If we ' re not building
* plain indexscans , this isn ' t relevant since bitmap scans don ' t support
* index data retrieval anyway .
*/
index_only_scan = (scantype != ST_BITMAPSCAN &&
check_index_only(rel, index));
/*
* 4 . Generate an indexscan path if there are relevant restriction clauses
* in the current clauses , OR the index ordering is potentially useful for
* later merging or final output ordering , OR the index has a useful
* predicate , OR an index - only scan is possible .
*/
if (index_clauses != NIL || useful_pathkeys != NIL || useful_predicate ||
index_only_scan)
{
ipath = create_index_path(root, index,
index_clauses,
orderbyclauses,
orderbyclausecols,
useful_pathkeys,
ForwardScanDirection,
index_only_scan,
outer_relids,
loop_count,
false );
result = lappend(result, ipath);
/*
* If appropriate , consider parallel index scan . We don ' t allow
* parallel index scan for bitmap index scans .
*/
if (index->amcanparallel &&
rel->consider_parallel && outer_relids == NULL &&
scantype != ST_BITMAPSCAN)
{
ipath = create_index_path(root, index,
index_clauses,
orderbyclauses,
orderbyclausecols,
useful_pathkeys,
ForwardScanDirection,
index_only_scan,
outer_relids,
loop_count,
true );
/*
* if , after costing the path , we find that it ' s not worth using
* parallel workers , just free it .
*/
if (ipath->path.parallel_workers > 0 )
add_partial_path(rel, (Path *) ipath);
else
pfree(ipath);
}
}
/*
* 5 . If the index is ordered , a backwards scan might be interesting .
*/
if (index_is_ordered && pathkeys_possibly_useful)
{
index_pathkeys = build_index_pathkeys(root, index,
BackwardScanDirection);
useful_pathkeys = truncate_useless_pathkeys(root, rel,
index_pathkeys);
if (useful_pathkeys != NIL)
{
ipath = create_index_path(root, index,
index_clauses,
NIL,
NIL,
useful_pathkeys,
BackwardScanDirection,
index_only_scan,
outer_relids,
loop_count,
false );
result = lappend(result, ipath);
/* If appropriate, consider parallel index scan */
if (index->amcanparallel &&
rel->consider_parallel && outer_relids == NULL &&
scantype != ST_BITMAPSCAN)
{
ipath = create_index_path(root, index,
index_clauses,
NIL,
NIL,
useful_pathkeys,
BackwardScanDirection,
index_only_scan,
outer_relids,
loop_count,
true );
/*
* if , after costing the path , we find that it ' s not worth
* using parallel workers , just free it .
*/
if (ipath->path.parallel_workers > 0 )
add_partial_path(rel, (Path *) ipath);
else
pfree(ipath);
}
}
}
return result;
}
/*
* build_paths_for_OR
* Given a list of restriction clauses from one arm of an OR clause ,
* construct all matching IndexPaths for the relation .
*
* Here we must scan all indexes of the relation , since a bitmap OR tree
* can use multiple indexes .
*
* The caller actually supplies two lists of restriction clauses : some
* " current " ones and some " other " ones . Both lists can be used freely
* to match keys of the index , but an index must use at least one of the
* " current " clauses to be considered usable . The motivation for this is
* examples like
* WHERE ( x = 42 ) AND ( . . . OR ( y = 52 AND z = 77 ) OR . . . . )
* While we are considering the y / z subclause of the OR , we can use " x = 42 "
* as one of the available index conditions ; but we shouldn ' t match the
* subclause to any index on x alone , because such a Path would already have
* been generated at the upper level . So we could use an index on x , y , z
* or an index on x , y for the OR subclause , but not an index on just x .
* When dealing with a partial index , a match of the index predicate to
* one of the " current " clauses also makes the index usable .
*
* ' rel ' is the relation for which we want to generate index paths
* ' clauses ' is the current list of clauses ( RestrictInfo nodes )
* ' other_clauses ' is the list of additional upper - level clauses
*/
static List *
build_paths_for_OR(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *clauses, List *other_clauses)
{
List *result = NIL;
List *all_clauses = NIL; /* not computed till needed */
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(lc);
IndexClauseSet clauseset;
List *indexpaths;
bool useful_predicate;
/* Ignore index if it doesn't support bitmap scans */
if (!index->amhasgetbitmap)
continue ;
/*
* Ignore partial indexes that do not match the query . If a partial
* index is marked predOK then we know it ' s OK . Otherwise , we have to
* test whether the added clauses are sufficient to imply the
* predicate . If so , we can use the index in the current context .
*
* We set useful_predicate to true iff the predicate was proven using
* the current set of clauses . This is needed to prevent matching a
* predOK index to an arm of an OR , which would be a legal but
* pointlessly inefficient plan . ( A better plan will be generated by
* just scanning the predOK index alone , no OR . )
*/
useful_predicate = false ;
if (index->indpred != NIL)
{
if (index->predOK)
{
/* Usable, but don't set useful_predicate */
}
else
{
/* Form all_clauses if not done already */
if (all_clauses == NIL)
all_clauses = list_concat_copy(clauses, other_clauses);
if (!predicate_implied_by(index->indpred, all_clauses, false ))
continue ; /* can't use it at all */
if (!predicate_implied_by(index->indpred, other_clauses, false ))
useful_predicate = true ;
}
}
/*
* Identify the restriction clauses that can match the index .
*/
MemSet(&clauseset, 0 , sizeof (clauseset));
match_clauses_to_index(root, clauses, index, &clauseset);
/*
* If no matches so far , and the index predicate isn ' t useful , we
* don ' t want it .
*/
if (!clauseset.nonempty && !useful_predicate)
continue ;
/*
* Add " other " restriction clauses to the clauseset .
*/
match_clauses_to_index(root, other_clauses, index, &clauseset);
/*
* Construct paths if possible .
*/
indexpaths = build_index_paths(root, rel,
index, &clauseset,
useful_predicate,
ST_BITMAPSCAN,
NULL);
result = list_concat(result, indexpaths);
}
return result;
}
/*
* Utility structure used to group similar OR - clause arguments in
* group_similar_or_args ( ) . It represents information about the OR - clause
* argument and its matching index key .
*/
typedef struct
{
int indexnum; /* index of the matching index, or -1 if no
* matching index */
int colnum; /* index of the matching column, or -1 if no
* matching index */
Oid opno; /* OID of the OpClause operator, or InvalidOid
* if not an OpExpr */
Oid inputcollid; /* OID of the OpClause input collation */
int argindex; /* index of the clause in the list of
* arguments */
int groupindex; /* value of argindex for the fist clause in
* the group of similar clauses */
} OrArgIndexMatch;
/*
* Comparison function for OrArgIndexMatch which provides sort order placing
* similar OR - clause arguments together .
*/
static int
or_arg_index_match_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
const OrArgIndexMatch *match_a = (const OrArgIndexMatch *) a;
const OrArgIndexMatch *match_b = (const OrArgIndexMatch *) b;
if (match_a->indexnum < match_b->indexnum)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->indexnum > match_b->indexnum)
return 1 ;
if (match_a->colnum < match_b->colnum)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->colnum > match_b->colnum)
return 1 ;
if (match_a->opno < match_b->opno)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->opno > match_b->opno)
return 1 ;
if (match_a->inputcollid < match_b->inputcollid)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->inputcollid > match_b->inputcollid)
return 1 ;
if (match_a->argindex < match_b->argindex)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->argindex > match_b->argindex)
return 1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Another comparison function for OrArgIndexMatch . It sorts groups together
* using groupindex . The group items are then sorted by argindex .
*/
static int
or_arg_index_match_cmp_group(const void *a, const void *b)
{
const OrArgIndexMatch *match_a = (const OrArgIndexMatch *) a;
const OrArgIndexMatch *match_b = (const OrArgIndexMatch *) b;
if (match_a->groupindex < match_b->groupindex)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->groupindex > match_b->groupindex)
return 1 ;
if (match_a->argindex < match_b->argindex)
return -1 ;
else if (match_a->argindex > match_b->argindex)
return 1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* group_similar_or_args
* Transform incoming OR - restrictinfo into a list of sub - restrictinfos ,
* each of them containing a subset of similar OR - clause arguments from
* the source rinfo .
*
* Similar OR - clause arguments are of the form " indexkey op constant " having
* the same indexkey , operator , and collation . Constant may comprise either
* Const or Param . It may be employed later , during the
* match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) to transform the whole OR - sub - rinfo to an SAOP
* clause .
*
* Returns the processed list of OR - clause arguments .
*/
static List *
group_similar_or_args(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, RestrictInfo *rinfo)
{
int n;
int i;
int group_start;
OrArgIndexMatch *matches;
bool matched = false ;
ListCell *lc;
ListCell *lc2;
List *orargs;
List *result = NIL;
Index relid = rel->relid;
Assert(IsA(rinfo->orclause, BoolExpr));
orargs = ((BoolExpr *) rinfo->orclause)->args;
n = list_length(orargs);
/*
* To avoid N ^ 2 behavior , take utility pass along the list of OR - clause
* arguments . For each argument , fill the OrArgIndexMatch structure ,
* which will be used to sort these arguments at the next step .
*/
i = -1 ;
matches = (OrArgIndexMatch *) palloc(sizeof (OrArgIndexMatch) * n);
foreach(lc, orargs)
{
Node *arg = lfirst(lc);
RestrictInfo *argrinfo;
OpExpr *clause;
Oid opno;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
Node *nonConstExpr;
int indexnum;
int colnum;
i++;
matches[i].argindex = i;
matches[i].groupindex = i;
matches[i].indexnum = -1 ;
matches[i].colnum = -1 ;
matches[i].opno = InvalidOid;
matches[i].inputcollid = InvalidOid;
if (!IsA(arg, RestrictInfo))
continue ;
argrinfo = castNode(RestrictInfo, arg);
/* Only operator clauses can match */
if (!IsA(argrinfo->clause, OpExpr))
continue ;
clause = (OpExpr *) argrinfo->clause;
opno = clause->opno;
/* Only binary operators can match */
if (list_length(clause->args) != 2 )
continue ;
/*
* Ignore any RelabelType node above the operands . This is needed to
* be able to apply indexscanning in binary - compatible - operator cases .
* Note : we can assume there is at most one RelabelType node ;
* eval_const_expressions ( ) will have simplified if more than one .
*/
leftop = get_leftop(clause);
if (IsA(leftop, RelabelType))
leftop = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) leftop)->arg;
rightop = get_rightop(clause);
if (IsA(rightop, RelabelType))
rightop = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) rightop)->arg;
/*
* Check for clauses of the form : ( indexkey operator constant ) or
* ( constant operator indexkey ) . But we don ' t know a particular index
* yet . Therefore , we try to distinguish the potential index key and
* constant first , then search for a matching index key among all
* indexes .
*/
if (bms_is_member(relid, argrinfo->right_relids) &&
!bms_is_member(relid, argrinfo->left_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(leftop))
{
opno = get_commutator(opno);
if (!OidIsValid(opno))
{
/* commutator doesn't exist, we can't reverse the order */
continue ;
}
nonConstExpr = rightop;
}
else if (bms_is_member(relid, argrinfo->left_relids) &&
!bms_is_member(relid, argrinfo->right_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
nonConstExpr = leftop;
}
else
{
continue ;
}
/*
* Match non - constant part to the index key . It ' s possible that a
* single non - constant part matches multiple index keys . It ' s OK , we
* just stop with first matching index key . Given that this choice is
* determined the same for every clause , we will group similar clauses
* together anyway .
*/
indexnum = 0 ;
foreach(lc2, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(lc2);
/*
* Ignore index if it doesn ' t support bitmap scans or SAOP
* clauses .
*/
if (!index->amhasgetbitmap || !index->amsearcharray)
continue ;
for (colnum = 0 ; colnum < index->nkeycolumns; colnum++)
{
if (match_index_to_operand(nonConstExpr, colnum, index))
{
matches[i].indexnum = indexnum;
matches[i].colnum = colnum;
matches[i].opno = opno;
matches[i].inputcollid = clause->inputcollid;
matched = true ;
break ;
}
}
/*
* Stop looping through the indexes , if we managed to match
* nonConstExpr to any index column .
*/
if (matches[i].indexnum >= 0 )
break ;
indexnum++;
}
}
/*
* Fast - path check : if no clause is matching to the index column , we can
* just give up at this stage and return the clause list as - is .
*/
if (!matched)
{
pfree(matches);
return orargs;
}
/*
* Sort clauses to make similar clauses go together . But at the same
* time , we would like to change the order of clauses as little as
* possible . To do so , we reorder each group of similar clauses so that
* the first item of the group stays in place , and all the other items are
* moved after it . So , if there are no similar clauses , the order of
* clauses stays the same . When there are some groups , required
* reordering happens while the rest of the clauses remain in their
* places . That is achieved by assigning a ' groupindex ' to each clause :
* the number of the first item in the group in the original clause list .
*/
qsort(matches, n, sizeof (OrArgIndexMatch), or_arg_index_match_cmp);
/* Assign groupindex to the sorted clauses */
for (i = 1 ; i < n; i++)
{
/*
* When two clauses are similar and should belong to the same group ,
* copy the ' groupindex ' from the previous clause . Given we are
* considering clauses in direct order , all the clauses would have a
* ' groupindex ' equal to the ' groupindex ' of the first clause in the
* group .
*/
if (matches[i].indexnum == matches[i - 1 ].indexnum &&
matches[i].colnum == matches[i - 1 ].colnum &&
matches[i].opno == matches[i - 1 ].opno &&
matches[i].inputcollid == matches[i - 1 ].inputcollid &&
matches[i].indexnum != -1 )
matches[i].groupindex = matches[i - 1 ].groupindex;
}
/* Re-sort clauses first by groupindex then by argindex */
qsort(matches, n, sizeof (OrArgIndexMatch), or_arg_index_match_cmp_group);
/*
* Group similar clauses into single sub - restrictinfo . Side effect : the
* resulting list of restrictions will be sorted by indexnum and colnum .
*/
group_start = 0 ;
for (i = 1 ; i <= n; i++)
{
/* Check if it's a group boundary */
if (group_start >= 0 &&
(i == n ||
matches[i].indexnum != matches[group_start].indexnum ||
matches[i].colnum != matches[group_start].colnum ||
matches[i].opno != matches[group_start].opno ||
matches[i].inputcollid != matches[group_start].inputcollid ||
matches[i].indexnum == -1 ))
{
/*
* One clause in group : add it " as is " to the upper - level OR .
*/
if (i - group_start == 1 )
{
result = lappend(result,
list_nth(orargs,
matches[group_start].argindex));
}
else
{
/*
* Two or more clauses in a group : create a nested OR .
*/
List *args = NIL;
List *rargs = NIL;
RestrictInfo *subrinfo;
int j;
Assert(i - group_start >= 2 );
/* Construct the list of nested OR arguments */
for (j = group_start; j < i; j++)
{
Node *arg = list_nth(orargs, matches[j].argindex);
rargs = lappend(rargs, arg);
if (IsA(arg, RestrictInfo))
args = lappend(args, ((RestrictInfo *) arg)->clause);
else
args = lappend(args, arg);
}
/* Construct the nested OR and wrap it with RestrictInfo */
subrinfo = make_plain_restrictinfo(root,
make_orclause(args),
make_orclause(rargs),
rinfo->is_pushed_down,
rinfo->has_clone,
rinfo->is_clone,
rinfo->pseudoconstant,
rinfo->security_level,
rinfo->required_relids,
rinfo->incompatible_relids,
rinfo->outer_relids);
result = lappend(result, subrinfo);
}
group_start = i;
}
}
pfree(matches);
return result;
}
/*
* make_bitmap_paths_for_or_group
* Generate bitmap paths for a group of similar OR - clause arguments
* produced by group_similar_or_args ( ) .
*
* This function considers two cases : ( 1 ) matching a group of clauses to
* the index as a whole , and ( 2 ) matching the individual clauses one - by - one .
* ( 1 ) typically comprises an optimal solution . If not , ( 2 ) typically
* comprises fair alternative .
*
* Ideally , we could consider all arbitrary splits of arguments into
* subgroups , but that could lead to unacceptable computational complexity .
* This is why we only consider two cases of above .
*/
static List *
make_bitmap_paths_for_or_group(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
RestrictInfo *ri, List *other_clauses)
{
List *jointlist = NIL;
List *splitlist = NIL;
ListCell *lc;
List *orargs;
List *args = ((BoolExpr *) ri->orclause)->args;
Cost jointcost = 0 .0 ,
splitcost = 0 .0 ;
Path *bitmapqual;
List *indlist;
/*
* First , try to match the whole group to the one index .
*/
orargs = list_make1(ri);
indlist = build_paths_for_OR(root, rel,
orargs,
other_clauses);
if (indlist != NIL)
{
bitmapqual = choose_bitmap_and(root, rel, indlist);
jointcost = bitmapqual->total_cost;
jointlist = list_make1(bitmapqual);
}
/*
* If we manage to find a bitmap scan , which uses the group of OR - clause
* arguments as a whole , we can skip matching OR - clause arguments
* one - by - one as long as there are no other clauses , which can bring more
* efficiency to one - by - one case .
*/
if (jointlist != NIL && other_clauses == NIL)
return jointlist;
/*
* Also try to match all containing clauses one - by - one .
*/
foreach(lc, args)
{
orargs = list_make1(lfirst(lc));
indlist = build_paths_for_OR(root, rel,
orargs,
other_clauses);
if (indlist == NIL)
{
splitlist = NIL;
break ;
}
bitmapqual = choose_bitmap_and(root, rel, indlist);
splitcost += bitmapqual->total_cost;
splitlist = lappend(splitlist, bitmapqual);
}
/*
* Pick the best option .
*/
if (splitlist == NIL)
return jointlist;
else if (jointlist == NIL)
return splitlist;
else
return (jointcost < splitcost) ? jointlist : splitlist;
}
/*
* generate_bitmap_or_paths
* Look through the list of clauses to find OR clauses , and generate
* a BitmapOrPath for each one we can handle that way . Return a list
* of the generated BitmapOrPaths .
*
* other_clauses is a list of additional clauses that can be assumed true
* for the purpose of generating indexquals , but are not to be searched for
* ORs . ( See build_paths_for_OR ( ) for motivation . )
*/
static List *
generate_bitmap_or_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *clauses, List *other_clauses)
{
List *result = NIL;
List *all_clauses;
ListCell *lc;
/*
* We can use both the current and other clauses as context for
* build_paths_for_OR ; no need to remove ORs from the lists .
*/
all_clauses = list_concat_copy(clauses, other_clauses);
foreach(lc, clauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = lfirst_node(RestrictInfo, lc);
List *pathlist;
Path *bitmapqual;
ListCell *j;
List *groupedArgs;
List *inner_other_clauses = NIL;
/* Ignore RestrictInfos that aren't ORs */
if (!restriction_is_or_clause(rinfo))
continue ;
/*
* We must be able to match at least one index to each of the arms of
* the OR , else we can ' t use it .
*/
pathlist = NIL;
/*
* Group the similar OR - clause arguments into dedicated RestrictInfos ,
* because each of those RestrictInfos has a chance to match the index
* as a whole .
*/
groupedArgs = group_similar_or_args(root, rel, rinfo);
if (groupedArgs != ((BoolExpr *) rinfo->orclause)->args)
{
/*
* Some parts of the rinfo were probably grouped . In this case ,
* we have a set of sub - rinfos that together are an exact
* duplicate of rinfo . Thus , we need to remove the rinfo from
* other clauses . match_clauses_to_index detects duplicated
* iclauses by comparing pointers to original rinfos that would be
* different . So , we must delete rinfo to avoid de - facto
* duplicated clauses in the index clauses list .
*/
inner_other_clauses = list_delete(list_copy(all_clauses), rinfo);
}
foreach(j, groupedArgs)
{
Node *orarg = (Node *) lfirst(j);
List *indlist;
/* OR arguments should be ANDs or sub-RestrictInfos */
if (is_andclause(orarg))
{
List *andargs = ((BoolExpr *) orarg)->args;
indlist = build_paths_for_OR(root, rel,
andargs,
all_clauses);
/* Recurse in case there are sub-ORs */
indlist = list_concat(indlist,
generate_bitmap_or_paths(root, rel,
andargs,
all_clauses));
}
else if (restriction_is_or_clause(castNode(RestrictInfo, orarg)))
{
RestrictInfo *ri = castNode(RestrictInfo, orarg);
/*
* Generate bitmap paths for the group of similar OR - clause
* arguments .
*/
indlist = make_bitmap_paths_for_or_group(root,
rel, ri,
inner_other_clauses);
if (indlist == NIL)
{
pathlist = NIL;
break ;
}
else
{
pathlist = list_concat(pathlist, indlist);
continue ;
}
}
else
{
RestrictInfo *ri = castNode(RestrictInfo, orarg);
List *orargs;
orargs = list_make1(ri);
indlist = build_paths_for_OR(root, rel,
orargs,
all_clauses);
}
/*
* If nothing matched this arm , we can ' t do anything with this OR
* clause .
*/
if (indlist == NIL)
{
pathlist = NIL;
break ;
}
/*
* OK , pick the most promising AND combination , and add it to
* pathlist .
*/
bitmapqual = choose_bitmap_and(root, rel, indlist);
pathlist = lappend(pathlist, bitmapqual);
}
if (inner_other_clauses != NIL)
list_free(inner_other_clauses);
/*
* If we have a match for every arm , then turn them into a
* BitmapOrPath , and add to result list .
*/
if (pathlist != NIL)
{
bitmapqual = (Path *) create_bitmap_or_path(root, rel, pathlist);
result = lappend(result, bitmapqual);
}
}
return result;
}
/*
* choose_bitmap_and
* Given a nonempty list of bitmap paths , AND them into one path .
*
* This is a nontrivial decision since we can legally use any subset of the
* given path set . We want to choose a good tradeoff between selectivity
* and cost of computing the bitmap .
*
* The result is either a single one of the inputs , or a BitmapAndPath
* combining multiple inputs .
*/
static Path *
choose_bitmap_and(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, List *paths)
{
int npaths = list_length(paths);
PathClauseUsage **pathinfoarray;
PathClauseUsage *pathinfo;
List *clauselist;
List *bestpaths = NIL;
Cost bestcost = 0 ;
int i,
j;
ListCell *l;
Assert(npaths > 0 ); /* else caller error */
if (npaths == 1 )
return (Path *) linitial(paths); /* easy case */
/*
* In theory we should consider every nonempty subset of the given paths .
* In practice that seems like overkill , given the crude nature of the
* estimates , not to mention the possible effects of higher - level AND and
* OR clauses . Moreover , it ' s completely impractical if there are a large
* number of paths , since the work would grow as O ( 2 ^ N ) .
*
* As a heuristic , we first check for paths using exactly the same sets of
* WHERE clauses + index predicate conditions , and reject all but the
* cheapest - to - scan in any such group . This primarily gets rid of indexes
* that include the interesting columns but also irrelevant columns . ( In
* situations where the DBA has gone overboard on creating variant
* indexes , this can make for a very large reduction in the number of
* paths considered further . )
*
* We then sort the surviving paths with the cheapest - to - scan first , and
* for each path , consider using that path alone as the basis for a bitmap
* scan . Then we consider bitmap AND scans formed from that path plus
* each subsequent ( higher - cost ) path , adding on a subsequent path if it
* results in a reduction in the estimated total scan cost . This means we
* consider about O ( N ^ 2 ) rather than O ( 2 ^ N ) path combinations , which is
* quite tolerable , especially given than N is usually reasonably small
* because of the prefiltering step . The cheapest of these is returned .
*
* We will only consider AND combinations in which no two indexes use the
* same WHERE clause . This is a bit of a kluge : it ' s needed because
* costsize . c and clausesel . c aren ' t very smart about redundant clauses .
* They will usually double - count the redundant clauses , producing a
* too - small selectivity that makes a redundant AND step look like it
* reduces the total cost . Perhaps someday that code will be smarter and
* we can remove this limitation . ( But note that this also defends
* against flat - out duplicate input paths , which can happen because
* match_join_clauses_to_index will find the same OR join clauses that
* extract_restriction_or_clauses has pulled OR restriction clauses out
* of . )
*
* For the same reason , we reject AND combinations in which an index
* predicate clause duplicates another clause . Here we find it necessary
* to be even stricter : we ' ll reject a partial index if any of its
* predicate clauses are implied by the set of WHERE clauses and predicate
* clauses used so far . This covers cases such as a condition " x = 42 "
* used with a plain index , followed by a clauseless scan of a partial
* index " WHERE x > = 40 AND x < 50 " . The partial index has been accepted
* only because " x = 42 " was present , and so allowing it would partially
* double - count selectivity . ( We could use predicate_implied_by on
* regular qual clauses too , to have a more intelligent , but much more
* expensive , check for redundancy - - - but in most cases simple equality
* seems to suffice . )
*/
/*
* Extract clause usage info and detect any paths that use exactly the
* same set of clauses ; keep only the cheapest - to - scan of any such groups .
* The surviving paths are put into an array for qsort ' ing .
*/
pathinfoarray = (PathClauseUsage **)
palloc(npaths * sizeof (PathClauseUsage *));
clauselist = NIL;
npaths = 0 ;
foreach(l, paths)
{
Path *ipath = (Path *) lfirst(l);
pathinfo = classify_index_clause_usage(ipath, &clauselist);
/* If it's unclassifiable, treat it as distinct from all others */
if (pathinfo->unclassifiable)
{
pathinfoarray[npaths++] = pathinfo;
continue ;
}
for (i = 0 ; i < npaths; i++)
{
if (!pathinfoarray[i]->unclassifiable &&
bms_equal(pathinfo->clauseids, pathinfoarray[i]->clauseids))
break ;
}
if (i < npaths)
{
/* duplicate clauseids, keep the cheaper one */
Cost ncost;
Cost ocost;
Selectivity nselec;
Selectivity oselec;
cost_bitmap_tree_node(pathinfo->path, &ncost, &nselec);
cost_bitmap_tree_node(pathinfoarray[i]->path, &ocost, &oselec);
if (ncost < ocost)
pathinfoarray[i] = pathinfo;
}
else
{
/* not duplicate clauseids, add to array */
pathinfoarray[npaths++] = pathinfo;
}
}
/* If only one surviving path, we're done */
if (npaths == 1 )
return pathinfoarray[0 ]->path;
/* Sort the surviving paths by index access cost */
qsort(pathinfoarray, npaths, sizeof (PathClauseUsage *),
path_usage_comparator);
/*
* For each surviving index , consider it as an " AND group leader " , and see
* whether adding on any of the later indexes results in an AND path with
* cheaper total cost than before . Then take the cheapest AND group .
*
* Note : paths that are either clauseless or unclassifiable will have
* empty clauseids , so that they will not be rejected by the clauseids
* filter here , nor will they cause later paths to be rejected by it .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < npaths; i++)
{
Cost costsofar;
List *qualsofar;
Bitmapset *clauseidsofar;
pathinfo = pathinfoarray[i];
paths = list_make1(pathinfo->path);
costsofar = bitmap_scan_cost_est(root, rel, pathinfo->path);
qualsofar = list_concat_copy(pathinfo->quals, pathinfo->preds);
clauseidsofar = bms_copy(pathinfo->clauseids);
for (j = i + 1 ; j < npaths; j++)
{
Cost newcost;
pathinfo = pathinfoarray[j];
/* Check for redundancy */
if (bms_overlap(pathinfo->clauseids, clauseidsofar))
continue ; /* consider it redundant */
if (pathinfo->preds)
{
bool redundant = false ;
/* we check each predicate clause separately */
foreach(l, pathinfo->preds)
{
Node *np = (Node *) lfirst(l);
if (predicate_implied_by(list_make1(np), qualsofar, false ))
{
redundant = true ;
break ; /* out of inner foreach loop */
}
}
if (redundant)
continue ;
}
/* tentatively add new path to paths, so we can estimate cost */
paths = lappend(paths, pathinfo->path);
newcost = bitmap_and_cost_est(root, rel, paths);
if (newcost < costsofar)
{
/* keep new path in paths, update subsidiary variables */
costsofar = newcost;
qualsofar = list_concat(qualsofar, pathinfo->quals);
qualsofar = list_concat(qualsofar, pathinfo->preds);
clauseidsofar = bms_add_members(clauseidsofar,
pathinfo->clauseids);
}
else
{
/* reject new path, remove it from paths list */
paths = list_truncate(paths, list_length(paths) - 1 );
}
}
/* Keep the cheapest AND-group (or singleton) */
if (i == 0 || costsofar < bestcost)
{
bestpaths = paths;
bestcost = costsofar;
}
/* some easy cleanup (we don't try real hard though) */
list_free(qualsofar);
}
if (list_length(bestpaths) == 1 )
return (Path *) linitial(bestpaths); /* no need for AND */
return (Path *) create_bitmap_and_path(root, rel, bestpaths);
}
/* qsort comparator to sort in increasing index access cost order */
static int
path_usage_comparator(const void *a, const void *b)
{
PathClauseUsage *pa = *(PathClauseUsage *const *) a;
PathClauseUsage *pb = *(PathClauseUsage *const *) b;
Cost acost;
Cost bcost;
Selectivity aselec;
Selectivity bselec;
cost_bitmap_tree_node(pa->path, &acost, &aselec);
cost_bitmap_tree_node(pb->path, &bcost, &bselec);
/*
* If costs are the same , sort by selectivity .
*/
if (acost < bcost)
return -1 ;
if (acost > bcost)
return 1 ;
if (aselec < bselec)
return -1 ;
if (aselec > bselec)
return 1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Estimate the cost of actually executing a bitmap scan with a single
* index path ( which could be a BitmapAnd or BitmapOr node ) .
*/
static Cost
bitmap_scan_cost_est(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Path *ipath)
{
BitmapHeapPath bpath;
/* Set up a dummy BitmapHeapPath */
bpath.path.type = T_BitmapHeapPath;
bpath.path.pathtype = T_BitmapHeapScan;
bpath.path.parent = rel;
bpath.path.pathtarget = rel->reltarget;
bpath.path.param_info = ipath->param_info;
bpath.path.pathkeys = NIL;
bpath.bitmapqual = ipath;
/*
* Check the cost of temporary path without considering parallelism .
* Parallel bitmap heap path will be considered at later stage .
*/
bpath.path.parallel_workers = 0 ;
/* Now we can do cost_bitmap_heap_scan */
cost_bitmap_heap_scan(&bpath.path, root, rel,
bpath.path.param_info,
ipath,
get_loop_count(root, rel->relid,
PATH_REQ_OUTER(ipath)));
return bpath.path.total_cost;
}
/*
* Estimate the cost of actually executing a BitmapAnd scan with the given
* inputs .
*/
static Cost
bitmap_and_cost_est(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, List *paths)
{
BitmapAndPath *apath;
/*
* Might as well build a real BitmapAndPath here , as the work is slightly
* too complicated to be worth repeating just to save one palloc .
*/
apath = create_bitmap_and_path(root, rel, paths);
return bitmap_scan_cost_est(root, rel, (Path *) apath);
}
/*
* classify_index_clause_usage
* Construct a PathClauseUsage struct describing the WHERE clauses and
* index predicate clauses used by the given indexscan path .
* We consider two clauses the same if they are equal ( ) .
*
* At some point we might want to migrate this info into the Path data
* structure proper , but for the moment it ' s only needed within
* choose_bitmap_and ( ) .
*
* * clauselist is used and expanded as needed to identify all the distinct
* clauses seen across successive calls . Caller must initialize it to NIL
* before first call of a set .
*/
static PathClauseUsage *
classify_index_clause_usage(Path *path, List **clauselist)
{
PathClauseUsage *result;
Bitmapset *clauseids;
ListCell *lc;
result = (PathClauseUsage *) palloc(sizeof (PathClauseUsage));
result->path = path;
/* Recursively find the quals and preds used by the path */
result->quals = NIL;
result->preds = NIL;
find_indexpath_quals(path, &result->quals, &result->preds);
/*
* Some machine - generated queries have outlandish numbers of qual clauses .
* To avoid getting into O ( N ^ 2 ) behavior even in this preliminary
* classification step , we want to limit the number of entries we can
* accumulate in * clauselist . Treat any path with more than 100 quals +
* preds as unclassifiable , which will cause calling code to consider it
* distinct from all other paths .
*/
if (list_length(result->quals) + list_length(result->preds) > 100 )
{
result->clauseids = NULL;
result->unclassifiable = true ;
return result;
}
/* Build up a bitmapset representing the quals and preds */
clauseids = NULL;
foreach(lc, result->quals)
{
Node *node = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
clauseids = bms_add_member(clauseids,
find_list_position(node, clauselist));
}
foreach(lc, result->preds)
{
Node *node = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
clauseids = bms_add_member(clauseids,
find_list_position(node, clauselist));
}
result->clauseids = clauseids;
result->unclassifiable = false ;
return result;
}
/*
* find_indexpath_quals
*
* Given the Path structure for a plain or bitmap indexscan , extract lists
* of all the index clauses and index predicate conditions used in the Path .
* These are appended to the initial contents of * quals and * preds ( hence
* caller should initialize those to NIL ) .
*
* Note we are not trying to produce an accurate representation of the AND / OR
* semantics of the Path , but just find out all the base conditions used .
*
* The result lists contain pointers to the expressions used in the Path ,
* but all the list cells are freshly built , so it ' s safe to destructively
* modify the lists ( eg , by concat ' ing with other lists ) .
*/
static void
find_indexpath_quals(Path *bitmapqual, List **quals, List **preds)
{
if (IsA(bitmapqual, BitmapAndPath))
{
BitmapAndPath *apath = (BitmapAndPath *) bitmapqual;
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, apath->bitmapquals)
{
find_indexpath_quals((Path *) lfirst(l), quals, preds);
}
}
else if (IsA(bitmapqual, BitmapOrPath))
{
BitmapOrPath *opath = (BitmapOrPath *) bitmapqual;
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, opath->bitmapquals)
{
find_indexpath_quals((Path *) lfirst(l), quals, preds);
}
}
else if (IsA(bitmapqual, IndexPath))
{
IndexPath *ipath = (IndexPath *) bitmapqual;
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, ipath->indexclauses)
{
IndexClause *iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(l);
*quals = lappend(*quals, iclause->rinfo->clause);
}
*preds = list_concat(*preds, ipath->indexinfo->indpred);
}
else
elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d" , nodeTag(bitmapqual));
}
/*
* find_list_position
* Return the given node ' s position ( counting from 0 ) in the given
* list of nodes . If it ' s not equal ( ) to any existing list member ,
* add it at the end , and return that position .
*/
static int
find_list_position(Node *node, List **nodelist)
{
int i;
ListCell *lc;
i = 0 ;
foreach(lc, *nodelist)
{
Node *oldnode = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
if (equal(node, oldnode))
return i;
i++;
}
*nodelist = lappend(*nodelist, node);
return i;
}
/*
* check_index_only
* Determine whether an index - only scan is possible for this index .
*/
static bool
check_index_only(RelOptInfo *rel, IndexOptInfo *index)
{
bool result;
Bitmapset *attrs_used = NULL;
Bitmapset *index_canreturn_attrs = NULL;
ListCell *lc;
int i;
/* Index-only scans must be enabled */
if (!enable_indexonlyscan)
return false ;
/*
* Check that all needed attributes of the relation are available from the
* index .
*/
/*
* First , identify all the attributes needed for joins or final output .
* Note : we must look at rel ' s targetlist , not the attr_needed data ,
* because attr_needed isn ' t computed for inheritance child rels .
*/
pull_varattnos((Node *) rel->reltarget->exprs, rel->relid, &attrs_used);
/*
* Add all the attributes used by restriction clauses ; but consider only
* those clauses not implied by the index predicate , since ones that are
* so implied don ' t need to be checked explicitly in the plan .
*
* Note : attributes used only in index quals would not be needed at
* runtime either , if we are certain that the index is not lossy . However
* it ' d be complicated to account for that accurately , and it doesn ' t
* matter in most cases , since we ' d conclude that such attributes are
* available from the index anyway .
*/
foreach(lc, index->indrestrictinfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
pull_varattnos((Node *) rinfo->clause, rel->relid, &attrs_used);
}
/*
* Construct a bitmapset of columns that the index can return back in an
* index - only scan .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < index->ncolumns; i++)
{
int attno = index->indexkeys[i];
/*
* For the moment , we just ignore index expressions . It might be nice
* to do something with them , later .
*/
if (attno == 0 )
continue ;
if (index->canreturn[i])
index_canreturn_attrs =
bms_add_member(index_canreturn_attrs,
attno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
}
/* Do we have all the necessary attributes? */
result = bms_is_subset(attrs_used, index_canreturn_attrs);
bms_free(attrs_used);
bms_free(index_canreturn_attrs);
return result;
}
/*
* get_loop_count
* Choose the loop count estimate to use for costing a parameterized path
* with the given set of outer relids .
*
* Since we produce parameterized paths before we ' ve begun to generate join
* relations , it ' s impossible to predict exactly how many times a parameterized
* path will be iterated ; we don ' t know the size of the relation that will be
* on the outside of the nestloop . However , we should try to account for
* multiple iterations somehow in costing the path . The heuristic embodied
* here is to use the rowcount of the smallest other base relation needed in
* the join clauses used by the path . ( We could alternatively consider the
* largest one , but that seems too optimistic . ) This is of course the right
* answer for single - other - relation cases , and it seems like a reasonable
* zero - order approximation for multiway - join cases .
*
* In addition , we check to see if the other side of each join clause is on
* the inside of some semijoin that the current relation is on the outside of .
* If so , the only way that a parameterized path could be used is if the
* semijoin RHS has been unique - ified , so we should use the number of unique
* RHS rows rather than using the relation ' s raw rowcount .
*
* Note : for this to work , allpaths . c must establish all baserel size
* estimates before it begins to compute paths , or at least before it
* calls create_index_paths ( ) .
*/
static double
get_loop_count(PlannerInfo *root, Index cur_relid, Relids outer_relids)
{
double result;
int outer_relid;
/* For a non-parameterized path, just return 1.0 quickly */
if (outer_relids == NULL)
return 1 .0 ;
result = 0 .0 ;
outer_relid = -1 ;
while ((outer_relid = bms_next_member(outer_relids, outer_relid)) >= 0 )
{
RelOptInfo *outer_rel;
double rowcount;
/* Paranoia: ignore bogus relid indexes */
if (outer_relid >= root->simple_rel_array_size)
continue ;
outer_rel = root->simple_rel_array[outer_relid];
if (outer_rel == NULL)
continue ;
Assert(outer_rel->relid == outer_relid); /* sanity check on array */
/* Other relation could be proven empty, if so ignore */
if (IS_DUMMY_REL(outer_rel))
continue ;
/* Otherwise, rel's rows estimate should be valid by now */
Assert(outer_rel->rows > 0 );
/* Check to see if rel is on the inside of any semijoins */
rowcount = adjust_rowcount_for_semijoins(root,
cur_relid,
outer_relid,
outer_rel->rows);
/* Remember smallest row count estimate among the outer rels */
if (result == 0 .0 || result > rowcount)
result = rowcount;
}
/* Return 1.0 if we found no valid relations (shouldn't happen) */
return (result > 0 .0 ) ? result : 1 .0 ;
}
/*
* Check to see if outer_relid is on the inside of any semijoin that cur_relid
* is on the outside of . If so , replace rowcount with the estimated number of
* unique rows from the semijoin RHS ( assuming that ' s smaller , which it might
* not be ) . The estimate is crude but it ' s the best we can do at this stage
* of the proceedings .
*/
static double
adjust_rowcount_for_semijoins(PlannerInfo *root,
Index cur_relid,
Index outer_relid,
double rowcount)
{
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, root->join_info_list)
{
SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo = (SpecialJoinInfo *) lfirst(lc);
if (sjinfo->jointype == JOIN_SEMI &&
bms_is_member(cur_relid, sjinfo->syn_lefthand) &&
bms_is_member(outer_relid, sjinfo->syn_righthand))
{
/* Estimate number of unique-ified rows */
double nraw;
double nunique;
nraw = approximate_joinrel_size(root, sjinfo->syn_righthand);
nunique = estimate_num_groups(root,
sjinfo->semi_rhs_exprs,
nraw,
NULL,
NULL);
if (rowcount > nunique)
rowcount = nunique;
}
}
return rowcount;
}
/*
* Make an approximate estimate of the size of a joinrel .
*
* We don ' t have enough info at this point to get a good estimate , so we
* just multiply the base relation sizes together . Fortunately , this is
* the right answer anyway for the most common case with a single relation
* on the RHS of a semijoin . Also , estimate_num_groups ( ) has only a weak
* dependency on its input_rows argument ( it basically uses it as a clamp ) .
* So we might be able to get a fairly decent end result even with a severe
* overestimate of the RHS ' s raw size .
*/
static double
approximate_joinrel_size(PlannerInfo *root, Relids relids)
{
double rowcount = 1 .0 ;
int relid;
relid = -1 ;
while ((relid = bms_next_member(relids, relid)) >= 0 )
{
RelOptInfo *rel;
/* Paranoia: ignore bogus relid indexes */
if (relid >= root->simple_rel_array_size)
continue ;
rel = root->simple_rel_array[relid];
if (rel == NULL)
continue ;
Assert(rel->relid == relid); /* sanity check on array */
/* Relation could be proven empty, if so ignore */
if (IS_DUMMY_REL(rel))
continue ;
/* Otherwise, rel's rows estimate should be valid by now */
Assert(rel->rows > 0 );
/* Accumulate product */
rowcount *= rel->rows;
}
return rowcount;
}
/****************************************************************************
* - - - - ROUTINES TO CHECK QUERY CLAUSES - - - -
****************************************************************************/
/*
* match_restriction_clauses_to_index
* Identify restriction clauses for the rel that match the index .
* Matching clauses are added to * clauseset .
*/
static void
match_restriction_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset)
{
/* We can ignore clauses that are implied by the index predicate */
match_clauses_to_index(root, index->indrestrictinfo, index, clauseset);
}
/*
* match_join_clauses_to_index
* Identify join clauses for the rel that match the index .
* Matching clauses are added to * clauseset .
* Also , add any potentially usable join OR clauses to * joinorclauses .
* They also might be processed by match_clause_to_index ( ) as a whole .
*/
static void
match_join_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *rel, IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset,
List **joinorclauses)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* Scan the rel's join clauses */
foreach(lc, rel->joininfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/* Check if clause can be moved to this rel */
if (!join_clause_is_movable_to(rinfo, rel))
continue ;
/*
* Potentially usable , so see if it matches the index or is an OR . Use
* list_append_unique_ptr ( ) here to avoid possible duplicates when
* processing the same clauses with different indexes .
*/
if (restriction_is_or_clause(rinfo))
*joinorclauses = list_append_unique_ptr(*joinorclauses, rinfo);
match_clause_to_index(root, rinfo, index, clauseset);
}
}
/*
* match_eclass_clauses_to_index
* Identify EquivalenceClass join clauses for the rel that match the index .
* Matching clauses are added to * clauseset .
*/
static void
match_eclass_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root, IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset)
{
int indexcol;
/* No work if rel is not in any such ECs */
if (!index->rel->has_eclass_joins)
return ;
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
ec_member_matches_arg arg;
List *clauses;
/* Generate clauses, skipping any that join to lateral_referencers */
arg.index = index;
arg.indexcol = indexcol;
clauses = generate_implied_equalities_for_column(root,
index->rel,
ec_member_matches_indexcol,
&arg,
index->rel->lateral_referencers);
/*
* We have to check whether the results actually do match the index ,
* since for non - btree indexes the EC ' s equality operators might not
* be in the index opclass ( cf ec_member_matches_indexcol ) .
*/
match_clauses_to_index(root, clauses, index, clauseset);
}
}
/*
* match_clauses_to_index
* Perform match_clause_to_index ( ) for each clause in a list .
* Matching clauses are added to * clauseset .
*/
static void
match_clauses_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
List *clauses,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset)
{
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, clauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = lfirst_node(RestrictInfo, lc);
match_clause_to_index(root, rinfo, index, clauseset);
}
}
/*
* match_clause_to_index
* Test whether a qual clause can be used with an index .
*
* If the clause is usable , add an IndexClause entry for it to the appropriate
* list in * clauseset . ( * clauseset must be initialized to zeroes before first
* call . )
*
* Note : in some circumstances we may find the same RestrictInfos coming from
* multiple places . Defend against redundant outputs by refusing to add a
* clause twice ( pointer equality should be a good enough check for this ) .
*
* Note : it ' s possible that a badly - defined index could have multiple matching
* columns . We always select the first match if so ; this avoids scenarios
* wherein we get an inflated idea of the index ' s selectivity by using the
* same clause multiple times with different index columns .
*/
static void
match_clause_to_index(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
IndexOptInfo *index,
IndexClauseSet *clauseset)
{
int indexcol;
/*
* Never match pseudoconstants to indexes . ( Normally a match could not
* happen anyway , since a pseudoconstant clause couldn ' t contain a Var ,
* but what if someone builds an expression index on a constant ? It ' s not
* totally unreasonable to do so with a partial index , either . )
*/
if (rinfo->pseudoconstant)
return ;
/*
* If clause can ' t be used as an indexqual because it must wait till after
* some lower - security - level restriction clause , reject it .
*/
if (!restriction_is_securely_promotable(rinfo, index->rel))
return ;
/* OK, check each index key column for a match */
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
IndexClause *iclause;
ListCell *lc;
/* Ignore duplicates */
foreach(lc, clauseset->indexclauses[indexcol])
{
iclause = (IndexClause *) lfirst(lc);
if (iclause->rinfo == rinfo)
return ;
}
/* OK, try to match the clause to the index column */
iclause = match_clause_to_indexcol(root,
rinfo,
indexcol,
index);
if (iclause)
{
/* Success, so record it */
clauseset->indexclauses[indexcol] =
lappend(clauseset->indexclauses[indexcol], iclause);
clauseset->nonempty = true ;
return ;
}
}
}
/*
* match_clause_to_indexcol ( )
* Determine whether a restriction clause matches a column of an index ,
* and if so , build an IndexClause node describing the details .
*
* To match an index normally , an operator clause :
*
* ( 1 ) must be in the form ( indexkey op const ) or ( const op indexkey ) ;
* and
* ( 2 ) must contain an operator which is in the index ' s operator family
* for this column ; and
* ( 3 ) must match the collation of the index , if collation is relevant .
*
* Our definition of " const " is exceedingly liberal : we allow anything that
* doesn ' t involve a volatile function or a Var of the index ' s relation .
* In particular , Vars belonging to other relations of the query are
* accepted here , since a clause of that form can be used in a
* parameterized indexscan . It ' s the responsibility of higher code levels
* to manage restriction and join clauses appropriately .
*
* Note : we do need to check for Vars of the index ' s relation on the
* " const " side of the clause , since clauses like ( a . f1 OP ( b . f2 OP a . f3 ) )
* are not processable by a parameterized indexscan on a . f1 , whereas
* something like ( a . f1 OP ( b . f2 OP c . f3 ) ) is .
*
* Presently , the executor can only deal with indexquals that have the
* indexkey on the left , so we can only use clauses that have the indexkey
* on the right if we can commute the clause to put the key on the left .
* We handle that by generating an IndexClause with the correctly - commuted
* opclause as a derived indexqual .
*
* If the index has a collation , the clause must have the same collation .
* For collation - less indexes , we assume it doesn ' t matter ; this is
* necessary for cases like " hstore ? text " , wherein hstore ' s operators
* don ' t care about collation but the clause will get marked with a
* collation anyway because of the text argument . ( This logic is
* embodied in the macro IndexCollMatchesExprColl . )
*
* It is also possible to match RowCompareExpr clauses to indexes ( but
* currently , only btree indexes handle this ) .
*
* It is also possible to match ScalarArrayOpExpr clauses to indexes , when
* the clause is of the form " indexkey op ANY ( arrayconst ) " .
*
* It is also possible to match a list of OR clauses if it might be
* transformed into a single ScalarArrayOpExpr clause . On success ,
* the returning index clause will contain a transformed clause .
*
* For boolean indexes , it is also possible to match the clause directly
* to the indexkey ; or perhaps the clause is ( NOT indexkey ) .
*
* And , last but not least , some operators and functions can be processed
* to derive ( typically lossy ) indexquals from a clause that isn ' t in
* itself indexable . If we see that any operand of an OpExpr or FuncExpr
* matches the index key , and the function has a planner support function
* attached to it , we ' ll invoke the support function to see if such an
* indexqual can be built .
*
* ' rinfo ' is the clause to be tested ( as a RestrictInfo node ) .
* ' indexcol ' is a column number of ' index ' ( counting from 0 ) .
* ' index ' is the index of interest .
*
* Returns an IndexClause if the clause can be used with this index key ,
* or NULL if not .
*
* NOTE : This routine always returns NULL if the clause is an AND clause .
* Higher - level routines deal with OR and AND clauses . OR clause can be
* matched as a whole by match_orclause_to_indexcol ( ) though .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_clause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
IndexClause *iclause;
Expr *clause = rinfo->clause;
Oid opfamily;
Assert(indexcol < index->nkeycolumns);
/*
* Historically this code has coped with NULL clauses . That ' s probably
* not possible anymore , but we might as well continue to cope .
*/
if (clause == NULL)
return NULL;
/* First check for boolean-index cases. */
opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
if (IsBooleanOpfamily(opfamily))
{
iclause = match_boolean_index_clause(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
if (iclause)
return iclause;
}
/*
* Clause must be an opclause , funcclause , ScalarArrayOpExpr ,
* RowCompareExpr , or OR - clause that could be converted to SAOP . Or , if
* the index supports it , we can handle IS NULL / NOT NULL clauses .
*/
if (IsA(clause, OpExpr))
{
return match_opclause_to_indexcol(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
}
else if (IsA(clause, FuncExpr))
{
return match_funcclause_to_indexcol(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
}
else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
return match_saopclause_to_indexcol(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
}
else if (IsA(clause, RowCompareExpr))
{
return match_rowcompare_to_indexcol(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
}
else if (restriction_is_or_clause(rinfo))
{
return match_orclause_to_indexcol(root, rinfo, indexcol, index);
}
else if (index->amsearchnulls && IsA(clause, NullTest))
{
NullTest *nt = (NullTest *) clause;
if (!nt->argisrow &&
match_index_to_operand((Node *) nt->arg, indexcol, index))
{
iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(rinfo);
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* IsBooleanOpfamily
* Detect whether an opfamily supports boolean equality as an operator .
*
* If the opfamily OID is in the range of built - in objects , we can rely
* on hard - wired knowledge of which built - in opfamilies support this .
* For extension opfamilies , there ' s no choice but to do a catcache lookup .
*/
static bool
IsBooleanOpfamily(Oid opfamily)
{
if (opfamily < FirstNormalObjectId)
return IsBuiltinBooleanOpfamily(opfamily);
else
return op_in_opfamily(BooleanEqualOperator, opfamily);
}
/*
* match_boolean_index_clause
* Recognize restriction clauses that can be matched to a boolean index .
*
* The idea here is that , for an index on a boolean column that supports the
* BooleanEqualOperator , we can transform a plain reference to the indexkey
* into " indexkey = true " , or " NOT indexkey " into " indexkey = false " , etc ,
* so as to make the expression indexable using the index ' s " = " operator .
* Since Postgres 8 . 1 , we must do this because constant simplification does
* the reverse transformation ; without this code there ' d be no way to use
* such an index at all .
*
* This should be called only when IsBooleanOpfamily ( ) recognizes the
* index ' s operator family . We check to see if the clause matches the
* index ' s key , and if so , build a suitable IndexClause .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_boolean_index_clause(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
Node *clause = (Node *) rinfo->clause;
Expr *op = NULL;
/* Direct match? */
if (match_index_to_operand(clause, indexcol, index))
{
/* convert to indexkey = TRUE */
op = make_opclause(BooleanEqualOperator, BOOLOID, false ,
(Expr *) clause,
(Expr *) makeBoolConst(true , false ),
InvalidOid, InvalidOid);
}
/* NOT clause? */
else if (is_notclause(clause))
{
Node *arg = (Node *) get_notclausearg((Expr *) clause);
if (match_index_to_operand(arg, indexcol, index))
{
/* convert to indexkey = FALSE */
op = make_opclause(BooleanEqualOperator, BOOLOID, false ,
(Expr *) arg,
(Expr *) makeBoolConst(false , false ),
InvalidOid, InvalidOid);
}
}
/*
* Since we only consider clauses at top level of WHERE , we can convert
* indexkey IS TRUE and indexkey IS FALSE to index searches as well . The
* different meaning for NULL isn ' t important .
*/
else if (clause && IsA(clause, BooleanTest))
{
BooleanTest *btest = (BooleanTest *) clause;
Node *arg = (Node *) btest->arg;
if (btest->booltesttype == IS_TRUE &&
match_index_to_operand(arg, indexcol, index))
{
/* convert to indexkey = TRUE */
op = make_opclause(BooleanEqualOperator, BOOLOID, false ,
(Expr *) arg,
(Expr *) makeBoolConst(true , false ),
InvalidOid, InvalidOid);
}
else if (btest->booltesttype == IS_FALSE &&
match_index_to_operand(arg, indexcol, index))
{
/* convert to indexkey = FALSE */
op = make_opclause(BooleanEqualOperator, BOOLOID, false ,
(Expr *) arg,
(Expr *) makeBoolConst(false , false ),
InvalidOid, InvalidOid);
}
}
/*
* If we successfully made an operator clause from the given qual , we must
* wrap it in an IndexClause . It ' s not lossy .
*/
if (op)
{
IndexClause *iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(make_simple_restrictinfo(root, op));
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* match_opclause_to_indexcol ( )
* Handles the OpExpr case for match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) ,
* which see for comments .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_opclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
IndexClause *iclause;
OpExpr *clause = (OpExpr *) rinfo->clause;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
Oid expr_op;
Oid expr_coll;
Index index_relid;
Oid opfamily;
Oid idxcollation;
/*
* Only binary operators need apply . ( In theory , a planner support
* function could do something with a unary operator , but it seems
* unlikely to be worth the cycles to check . )
*/
if (list_length(clause->args) != 2 )
return NULL;
leftop = (Node *) linitial(clause->args);
rightop = (Node *) lsecond(clause->args);
expr_op = clause->opno;
expr_coll = clause->inputcollid;
index_relid = index->rel->relid;
opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
idxcollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
/*
* Check for clauses of the form : ( indexkey operator constant ) or
* ( constant operator indexkey ) . See match_clause_to_indexcol ' s notes
* about const - ness .
*
* Note that we don ' t ask the support function about clauses that don ' t
* have one of these forms . Again , in principle it might be possible to
* do something , but it seems unlikely to be worth the cycles to check .
*/
if (match_index_to_operand(leftop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(index_relid, rinfo->right_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
if (IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, expr_coll) &&
op_in_opfamily(expr_op, opfamily))
{
iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(rinfo);
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
/*
* If we didn ' t find a member of the index ' s opfamily , try the support
* function for the operator ' s underlying function .
*/
set_opfuncid(clause); /* make sure we have opfuncid */
return get_index_clause_from_support(root,
rinfo,
clause->opfuncid,
0 , /* indexarg on left */
indexcol,
index);
}
if (match_index_to_operand(rightop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(index_relid, rinfo->left_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(leftop))
{
if (IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, expr_coll))
{
Oid comm_op = get_commutator(expr_op);
if (OidIsValid(comm_op) &&
op_in_opfamily(comm_op, opfamily))
{
RestrictInfo *commrinfo;
/* Build a commuted OpExpr and RestrictInfo */
commrinfo = commute_restrictinfo(rinfo, comm_op);
/* Make an IndexClause showing that as a derived qual */
iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(commrinfo);
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
}
/*
* If we didn ' t find a member of the index ' s opfamily , try the support
* function for the operator ' s underlying function .
*/
set_opfuncid(clause); /* make sure we have opfuncid */
return get_index_clause_from_support(root,
rinfo,
clause->opfuncid,
1 , /* indexarg on right */
indexcol,
index);
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* match_funcclause_to_indexcol ( )
* Handles the FuncExpr case for match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) ,
* which see for comments .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_funcclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
FuncExpr *clause = (FuncExpr *) rinfo->clause;
int indexarg;
ListCell *lc;
/*
* We have no built - in intelligence about function clauses , but if there ' s
* a planner support function , it might be able to do something . But , to
* cut down on wasted planning cycles , only call the support function if
* at least one argument matches the target index column .
*
* Note that we don ' t insist on the other arguments being pseudoconstants ;
* the support function has to check that . This is to allow cases where
* only some of the other arguments need to be included in the indexqual .
*/
indexarg = 0 ;
foreach(lc, clause->args)
{
Node *op = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
if (match_index_to_operand(op, indexcol, index))
{
return get_index_clause_from_support(root,
rinfo,
clause->funcid,
indexarg,
indexcol,
index);
}
indexarg++;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* get_index_clause_from_support ( )
* If the function has a planner support function , try to construct
* an IndexClause using indexquals created by the support function .
*/
static IndexClause *
get_index_clause_from_support(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
Oid funcid,
int indexarg,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
Oid prosupport = get_func_support(funcid);
SupportRequestIndexCondition req;
List *sresult;
if (!OidIsValid(prosupport))
return NULL;
req.type = T_SupportRequestIndexCondition;
req.root = root;
req.funcid = funcid;
req.node = (Node *) rinfo->clause;
req.indexarg = indexarg;
req.index = index;
req.indexcol = indexcol;
req.opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
req.indexcollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
req.lossy = true ; /* default assumption */
sresult = (List *)
DatumGetPointer(OidFunctionCall1(prosupport,
PointerGetDatum(&req)));
if (sresult != NIL)
{
IndexClause *iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
List *indexquals = NIL;
ListCell *lc;
/*
* The support function API says it should just give back bare
* clauses , so here we must wrap each one in a RestrictInfo .
*/
foreach(lc, sresult)
{
Expr *clause = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
indexquals = lappend(indexquals,
make_simple_restrictinfo(root, clause));
}
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = indexquals;
iclause->lossy = req.lossy;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* match_saopclause_to_indexcol ( )
* Handles the ScalarArrayOpExpr case for match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) ,
* which see for comments .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_saopclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saop = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) rinfo->clause;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
Relids right_relids;
Oid expr_op;
Oid expr_coll;
Index index_relid;
Oid opfamily;
Oid idxcollation;
/* We only accept ANY clauses, not ALL */
if (!saop->useOr)
return NULL;
leftop = (Node *) linitial(saop->args);
rightop = (Node *) lsecond(saop->args);
right_relids = pull_varnos(root, rightop);
expr_op = saop->opno;
expr_coll = saop->inputcollid;
index_relid = index->rel->relid;
opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
idxcollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
/*
* We must have indexkey on the left and a pseudo - constant array argument .
*/
if (match_index_to_operand(leftop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(index_relid, right_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
if (IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, expr_coll) &&
op_in_opfamily(expr_op, opfamily))
{
IndexClause *iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(rinfo);
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
/*
* We do not currently ask support functions about ScalarArrayOpExprs ,
* though in principle we could .
*/
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* match_rowcompare_to_indexcol ( )
* Handles the RowCompareExpr case for match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) ,
* which see for comments .
*
* In this routine we check whether the first column of the row comparison
* matches the target index column . This is sufficient to guarantee that some
* index condition can be constructed from the RowCompareExpr - - - the rest
* is handled by expand_indexqual_rowcompare ( ) .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_rowcompare_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
RowCompareExpr *clause = (RowCompareExpr *) rinfo->clause;
Index index_relid;
Oid opfamily;
Oid idxcollation;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
bool var_on_left;
Oid expr_op;
Oid expr_coll;
/* Forget it if we're not dealing with a btree index */
if (index->relam != BTREE_AM_OID)
return NULL;
index_relid = index->rel->relid;
opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
idxcollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
/*
* We could do the matching on the basis of insisting that the opfamily
* shown in the RowCompareExpr be the same as the index column ' s opfamily ,
* but that could fail in the presence of reverse - sort opfamilies : it ' d be
* a matter of chance whether RowCompareExpr had picked the forward or
* reverse - sort family . So look only at the operator , and match if it is
* a member of the index ' s opfamily ( after commutation , if the indexkey is
* on the right ) . We ' ll worry later about whether any additional
* operators are matchable to the index .
*/
leftop = (Node *) linitial(clause->largs);
rightop = (Node *) linitial(clause->rargs);
expr_op = linitial_oid(clause->opnos);
expr_coll = linitial_oid(clause->inputcollids);
/* Collations must match, if relevant */
if (!IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, expr_coll))
return NULL;
/*
* These syntactic tests are the same as in match_opclause_to_indexcol ( )
*/
if (match_index_to_operand(leftop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(index_relid, pull_varnos(root, rightop)) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
/* OK, indexkey is on left */
var_on_left = true ;
}
else if (match_index_to_operand(rightop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(index_relid, pull_varnos(root, leftop)) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(leftop))
{
/* indexkey is on right, so commute the operator */
expr_op = get_commutator(expr_op);
if (expr_op == InvalidOid)
return NULL;
var_on_left = false ;
}
else
return NULL;
/* We're good if the operator is the right type of opfamily member */
switch (get_op_opfamily_strategy(expr_op, opfamily))
{
case BTLessStrategyNumber:
case BTLessEqualStrategyNumber:
case BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber:
case BTGreaterStrategyNumber:
return expand_indexqual_rowcompare(root,
rinfo,
indexcol,
index,
expr_op,
var_on_left);
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* match_orclause_to_indexcol ( )
* Handles the OR - expr case for match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) in the case
* when it could be transformed to ScalarArrayOpExpr .
*
* In this routine , we attempt to transform a list of OR - clause args into a
* single SAOP expression matching the target index column . On success ,
* return an IndexClause containing the transformed expression .
* Return NULL if the transformation fails .
*/
static IndexClause *
match_orclause_to_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
BoolExpr *orclause = (BoolExpr *) rinfo->orclause;
List *consts = NIL;
Node *indexExpr = NULL;
Oid matchOpno = InvalidOid;
Oid consttype = InvalidOid;
Oid arraytype = InvalidOid;
Oid inputcollid = InvalidOid;
bool firstTime = true ;
bool haveNonConst = false ;
Index indexRelid = index->rel->relid;
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saopexpr;
IndexClause *iclause;
ListCell *lc;
/* Forget it if index doesn't support SAOP clauses */
if (!index->amsearcharray)
return NULL;
/*
* Try to convert a list of OR - clauses to a single SAOP expression . Each
* OR entry must be in the form : ( indexkey operator constant ) or ( constant
* operator indexkey ) . Operators of all the entries must match . On
* discovery of anything unsupported , we give up by breaking out of the
* loop immediately and returning NULL .
*/
foreach(lc, orclause->args)
{
RestrictInfo *subRinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
OpExpr *subClause;
Oid opno;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
Node *constExpr;
/* If it's not a RestrictInfo (i.e. it's a sub-AND), we can't use it */
if (!IsA(subRinfo, RestrictInfo))
break ;
/* Only operator clauses can match */
if (!IsA(subRinfo->clause, OpExpr))
break ;
subClause = (OpExpr *) subRinfo->clause;
opno = subClause->opno;
/* Only binary operators can match */
if (list_length(subClause->args) != 2 )
break ;
/*
* Check for clauses of the form : ( indexkey operator constant ) or
* ( constant operator indexkey ) . These tests should agree with
* match_opclause_to_indexcol .
*/
leftop = (Node *) linitial(subClause->args);
rightop = (Node *) lsecond(subClause->args);
if (match_index_to_operand(leftop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(indexRelid, subRinfo->right_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
indexExpr = leftop;
constExpr = rightop;
}
else if (match_index_to_operand(rightop, indexcol, index) &&
!bms_is_member(indexRelid, subRinfo->left_relids) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(leftop))
{
opno = get_commutator(opno);
if (!OidIsValid(opno))
{
/* commutator doesn't exist, we can't reverse the order */
break ;
}
indexExpr = rightop;
constExpr = leftop;
}
else
{
break ;
}
/*
* Save information about the operator , type , and collation for the
* first matching qual . Then , check that subsequent quals match the
* first .
*/
if (firstTime)
{
matchOpno = opno;
consttype = exprType(constExpr);
arraytype = get_array_type(consttype);
inputcollid = subClause->inputcollid;
/*
* Check that the operator is presented in the opfamily and that
* the expression collation matches the index collation . Also ,
* there must be an array type to construct an array later .
*/
if (!IndexCollMatchesExprColl(index->indexcollations[indexcol],
inputcollid) ||
!op_in_opfamily(matchOpno, index->opfamily[indexcol]) ||
!OidIsValid(arraytype))
break ;
/*
* Disallow if either type is RECORD , mainly because we can ' t be
* positive that all the RHS expressions are the same record type .
*/
if (consttype == RECORDOID || exprType(indexExpr) == RECORDOID)
break ;
firstTime = false ;
}
else
{
if (matchOpno != opno ||
inputcollid != subClause->inputcollid ||
consttype != exprType(constExpr))
break ;
}
/*
* The righthand inputs don ' t necessarily have to be plain Consts , but
* make_SAOP_expr needs to know if any are not .
*/
if (!IsA(constExpr, Const ))
haveNonConst = true ;
consts = lappend(consts, constExpr);
}
/*
* Handle failed conversion from breaking out of the loop because of an
* unsupported qual . Also check that we have an indexExpr , just in case
* the OR list was somehow empty ( it shouldn ' t be ) . Return NULL to
* indicate the conversion failed .
*/
if (lc != NULL || indexExpr == NULL)
{
list_free(consts); /* might as well */
return NULL;
}
/*
* Build the new SAOP node . We use the indexExpr from the last OR arm ;
* since all the arms passed match_index_to_operand , it shouldn ' t matter
* which one we use . But using " inputcollid " twice is a bit of a cheat :
* we might end up with an array Const node that is labeled with a
* collation despite its elements being of a noncollatable type . But
* nothing is likely to complain about that , so we don ' t bother being more
* accurate .
*/
saopexpr = make_SAOP_expr(matchOpno, indexExpr, consttype, inputcollid,
inputcollid, consts, haveNonConst);
Assert(saopexpr != NULL);
/*
* Finally , build an IndexClause based on the SAOP node . It ' s not lossy .
*/
iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(make_simple_restrictinfo(root,
(Expr *) saopexpr));
iclause->lossy = false ;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
return iclause;
}
/*
* expand_indexqual_rowcompare - - - expand a single indexqual condition
* that is a RowCompareExpr
*
* It ' s already known that the first column of the row comparison matches
* the specified column of the index . We can use additional columns of the
* row comparison as index qualifications , so long as they match the index
* in the " same direction " , ie , the indexkeys are all on the same side of the
* clause and the operators are all the same - type members of the opfamilies .
*
* If all the columns of the RowCompareExpr match in this way , we just use it
* as - is , except for possibly commuting it to put the indexkeys on the left .
*
* Otherwise , we build a shortened RowCompareExpr ( if more than one
* column matches ) or a simple OpExpr ( if the first - column match is all
* there is ) . In these cases the modified clause is always " < = " or " > = "
* even when the original was " < " or " > " - - - this is necessary to match all
* the rows that could match the original . ( We are building a lossy version
* of the row comparison when we do this , so we set lossy = true . )
*
* Note : this is really just the last half of match_rowcompare_to_indexcol ,
* but we split it out for comprehensibility .
*/
static IndexClause *
expand_indexqual_rowcompare(PlannerInfo *root,
RestrictInfo *rinfo,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index,
Oid expr_op,
bool var_on_left)
{
IndexClause *iclause = makeNode(IndexClause);
RowCompareExpr *clause = (RowCompareExpr *) rinfo->clause;
int op_strategy;
Oid op_lefttype;
Oid op_righttype;
int matching_cols;
List *expr_ops;
List *opfamilies;
List *lefttypes;
List *righttypes;
List *new_ops;
List *var_args;
List *non_var_args;
iclause->rinfo = rinfo;
iclause->indexcol = indexcol;
if (var_on_left)
{
var_args = clause->largs;
non_var_args = clause->rargs;
}
else
{
var_args = clause->rargs;
non_var_args = clause->largs;
}
get_op_opfamily_properties(expr_op, index->opfamily[indexcol], false ,
&op_strategy,
&op_lefttype,
&op_righttype);
/* Initialize returned list of which index columns are used */
iclause->indexcols = list_make1_int(indexcol);
/* Build lists of ops, opfamilies and operator datatypes in case needed */
expr_ops = list_make1_oid(expr_op);
opfamilies = list_make1_oid(index->opfamily[indexcol]);
lefttypes = list_make1_oid(op_lefttype);
righttypes = list_make1_oid(op_righttype);
/*
* See how many of the remaining columns match some index column in the
* same way . As in match_clause_to_indexcol ( ) , the " other " side of any
* potential index condition is OK as long as it doesn ' t use Vars from the
* indexed relation .
*/
matching_cols = 1 ;
while (matching_cols < list_length(var_args))
{
Node *varop = (Node *) list_nth(var_args, matching_cols);
Node *constop = (Node *) list_nth(non_var_args, matching_cols);
int i;
expr_op = list_nth_oid(clause->opnos, matching_cols);
if (!var_on_left)
{
/* indexkey is on right, so commute the operator */
expr_op = get_commutator(expr_op);
if (expr_op == InvalidOid)
break ; /* operator is not usable */
}
if (bms_is_member(index->rel->relid, pull_varnos(root, constop)))
break ; /* no good, Var on wrong side */
if (contain_volatile_functions(constop))
break ; /* no good, volatile comparison value */
/*
* The Var side can match any key column of the index .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < index->nkeycolumns; i++)
{
if (match_index_to_operand(varop, i, index) &&
get_op_opfamily_strategy(expr_op,
index->opfamily[i]) == op_strategy &&
IndexCollMatchesExprColl(index->indexcollations[i],
list_nth_oid(clause->inputcollids,
matching_cols)))
break ;
}
if (i >= index->nkeycolumns)
break ; /* no match found */
/* Add column number to returned list */
iclause->indexcols = lappend_int(iclause->indexcols, i);
/* Add operator info to lists */
get_op_opfamily_properties(expr_op, index->opfamily[i], false ,
&op_strategy,
&op_lefttype,
&op_righttype);
expr_ops = lappend_oid(expr_ops, expr_op);
opfamilies = lappend_oid(opfamilies, index->opfamily[i]);
lefttypes = lappend_oid(lefttypes, op_lefttype);
righttypes = lappend_oid(righttypes, op_righttype);
/* This column matches, keep scanning */
matching_cols++;
}
/* Result is non-lossy if all columns are usable as index quals */
iclause->lossy = (matching_cols != list_length(clause->opnos));
/*
* We can use rinfo - > clause as - is if we have var on left and it ' s all
* usable as index quals .
*/
if (var_on_left && !iclause->lossy)
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(rinfo);
else
{
/*
* We have to generate a modified rowcompare ( possibly just one
* OpExpr ) . The painful part of this is changing < to < = or > to > = ,
* so deal with that first .
*/
if (!iclause->lossy)
{
/* very easy, just use the commuted operators */
new_ops = expr_ops;
}
else if (op_strategy == BTLessEqualStrategyNumber ||
op_strategy == BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber)
{
/* easy, just use the same (possibly commuted) operators */
new_ops = list_truncate(expr_ops, matching_cols);
}
else
{
ListCell *opfamilies_cell;
ListCell *lefttypes_cell;
ListCell *righttypes_cell;
if (op_strategy == BTLessStrategyNumber)
op_strategy = BTLessEqualStrategyNumber;
else if (op_strategy == BTGreaterStrategyNumber)
op_strategy = BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber;
else
elog(ERROR, "unexpected strategy number %d" , op_strategy);
new_ops = NIL;
forthree(opfamilies_cell, opfamilies,
lefttypes_cell, lefttypes,
righttypes_cell, righttypes)
{
Oid opfam = lfirst_oid(opfamilies_cell);
Oid lefttype = lfirst_oid(lefttypes_cell);
Oid righttype = lfirst_oid(righttypes_cell);
expr_op = get_opfamily_member(opfam, lefttype, righttype,
op_strategy);
if (!OidIsValid(expr_op)) /* should not happen */
elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u" ,
op_strategy, lefttype, righttype, opfam);
new_ops = lappend_oid(new_ops, expr_op);
}
}
/* If we have more than one matching col, create a subset rowcompare */
if (matching_cols > 1 )
{
RowCompareExpr *rc = makeNode(RowCompareExpr);
rc->cmptype = (CompareType) op_strategy;
rc->opnos = new_ops;
rc->opfamilies = list_copy_head(clause->opfamilies,
matching_cols);
rc->inputcollids = list_copy_head(clause->inputcollids,
matching_cols);
rc->largs = list_copy_head(var_args, matching_cols);
rc->rargs = list_copy_head(non_var_args, matching_cols);
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(make_simple_restrictinfo(root,
(Expr *) rc));
}
else
{
Expr *op;
/* We don't report an index column list in this case */
iclause->indexcols = NIL;
op = make_opclause(linitial_oid(new_ops), BOOLOID, false ,
copyObject(linitial(var_args)),
copyObject(linitial(non_var_args)),
InvalidOid,
linitial_oid(clause->inputcollids));
iclause->indexquals = list_make1(make_simple_restrictinfo(root, op));
}
}
return iclause;
}
/****************************************************************************
* - - - - ROUTINES TO CHECK ORDERING OPERATORS - - - -
****************************************************************************/
/*
* match_pathkeys_to_index
* For the given ' index ' and ' pathkeys ' , output a list of suitable ORDER
* BY expressions , each of the form " indexedcol operator pseudoconstant " ,
* along with an integer list of the index column numbers ( zero based )
* that each clause would be used with .
*
* This attempts to find an ORDER BY and index column number for all items in
* the pathkey list , however , if we ' re unable to match any given pathkey to an
* index column , we return just the ones matched by the function so far . This
* allows callers who are interested in partial matches to get them . Callers
* can determine a partial match vs a full match by checking the outputted
* list lengths . A full match will have one item in the output lists for each
* item in the given ' pathkeys ' list .
*/
static void
match_pathkeys_to_index(IndexOptInfo *index, List *pathkeys,
List **orderby_clauses_p,
List **clause_columns_p)
{
ListCell *lc1;
*orderby_clauses_p = NIL; /* set default results */
*clause_columns_p = NIL;
/* Only indexes with the amcanorderbyop property are interesting here */
if (!index->amcanorderbyop)
return ;
foreach(lc1, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc1);
bool found = false ;
EquivalenceMemberIterator it;
EquivalenceMember *member;
/* Pathkey must request default sort order for the target opfamily */
if (pathkey->pk_cmptype != COMPARE_LT || pathkey->pk_nulls_first)
return ;
/* If eclass is volatile, no hope of using an indexscan */
if (pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_has_volatile)
return ;
/*
* Try to match eclass member expression ( s ) to index . Note that child
* EC members are considered , but only when they belong to the target
* relation . ( Unlike regular members , the same expression could be a
* child member of more than one EC . Therefore , the same index could
* be considered to match more than one pathkey list , which is OK
* here . See also get_eclass_for_sort_expr . )
*/
setup_eclass_member_iterator(&it, pathkey->pk_eclass,
index->rel->relids);
while ((member = eclass_member_iterator_next(&it)) != NULL)
{
int indexcol;
/* No possibility of match if it references other relations */
if (!bms_equal(member->em_relids, index->rel->relids))
continue ;
/*
* We allow any column of the index to match each pathkey ; they
* don ' t have to match left - to - right as you might expect . This is
* correct for GiST , and it doesn ' t matter for SP - GiST because
* that doesn ' t handle multiple columns anyway , and no other
* existing AMs support amcanorderbyop . We might need different
* logic in future for other implementations .
*/
for (indexcol = 0 ; indexcol < index->nkeycolumns; indexcol++)
{
Expr *expr;
expr = match_clause_to_ordering_op(index,
indexcol,
member->em_expr,
pathkey->pk_opfamily);
if (expr)
{
*orderby_clauses_p = lappend(*orderby_clauses_p, expr);
*clause_columns_p = lappend_int(*clause_columns_p, indexcol);
found = true ;
break ;
}
}
if (found) /* don't want to look at remaining members */
break ;
}
/*
* Return the matches found so far when this pathkey couldn ' t be
* matched to the index .
*/
if (!found)
return ;
}
}
/*
* match_clause_to_ordering_op
* Determines whether an ordering operator expression matches an
* index column .
*
* This is similar to , but simpler than , match_clause_to_indexcol .
* We only care about simple OpExpr cases . The input is a bare
* expression that is being ordered by , which must be of the form
* ( indexkey op const ) or ( const op indexkey ) where op is an ordering
* operator for the column ' s opfamily .
*
* ' index ' is the index of interest .
* ' indexcol ' is a column number of ' index ' ( counting from 0 ) .
* ' clause ' is the ordering expression to be tested .
* ' pk_opfamily ' is the btree opfamily describing the required sort order .
*
* Note that we currently do not consider the collation of the ordering
* operator ' s result . In practical cases the result type will be numeric
* and thus have no collation , and it ' s not very clear what to match to
* if it did have a collation . The index ' s collation should match the
* ordering operator ' s input collation , not its result .
*
* If successful , return ' clause ' as - is if the indexkey is on the left ,
* otherwise a commuted copy of ' clause ' . If no match , return NULL .
*/
static Expr *
match_clause_to_ordering_op(IndexOptInfo *index,
int indexcol,
Expr *clause,
Oid pk_opfamily)
{
Oid opfamily;
Oid idxcollation;
Node *leftop,
*rightop;
Oid expr_op;
Oid expr_coll;
Oid sortfamily;
bool commuted;
Assert(indexcol < index->nkeycolumns);
opfamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
idxcollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
/*
* Clause must be a binary opclause .
*/
if (!is_opclause(clause))
return NULL;
leftop = get_leftop(clause);
rightop = get_rightop(clause);
if (!leftop || !rightop)
return NULL;
expr_op = ((OpExpr *) clause)->opno;
expr_coll = ((OpExpr *) clause)->inputcollid;
/*
* We can forget the whole thing right away if wrong collation .
*/
if (!IndexCollMatchesExprColl(idxcollation, expr_coll))
return NULL;
/*
* Check for clauses of the form : ( indexkey operator constant ) or
* ( constant operator indexkey ) .
*/
if (match_index_to_operand(leftop, indexcol, index) &&
!contain_var_clause(rightop) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(rightop))
{
commuted = false ;
}
else if (match_index_to_operand(rightop, indexcol, index) &&
!contain_var_clause(leftop) &&
!contain_volatile_functions(leftop))
{
/* Might match, but we need a commuted operator */
expr_op = get_commutator(expr_op);
if (expr_op == InvalidOid)
return NULL;
commuted = true ;
}
else
return NULL;
/*
* Is the ( commuted ) operator an ordering operator for the opfamily ? And
* if so , does it yield the right sorting semantics ?
*/
sortfamily = get_op_opfamily_sortfamily(expr_op, opfamily);
if (sortfamily != pk_opfamily)
return NULL;
/* We have a match. Return clause or a commuted version thereof. */
if (commuted)
{
OpExpr *newclause = makeNode(OpExpr);
/* flat-copy all the fields of clause */
memcpy(newclause, clause, sizeof (OpExpr));
/* commute it */
newclause->opno = expr_op;
newclause->opfuncid = InvalidOid;
newclause->args = list_make2(rightop, leftop);
clause = (Expr *) newclause;
}
return clause;
}
/****************************************************************************
* - - - - ROUTINES TO DO PARTIAL INDEX PREDICATE TESTS - - - -
****************************************************************************/
/*
* check_index_predicates
* Set the predicate - derived IndexOptInfo fields for each index
* of the specified relation .
*
* predOK is set true if the index is partial and its predicate is satisfied
* for this query , ie the query ' s WHERE clauses imply the predicate .
*
* indrestrictinfo is set to the relation ' s baserestrictinfo list less any
* conditions that are implied by the index ' s predicate . ( Obviously , for a
* non - partial index , this is the same as baserestrictinfo . ) Such conditions
* can be dropped from the plan when using the index , in certain cases .
*
* At one time it was possible for this to get re - run after adding more
* restrictions to the rel , thus possibly letting us prove more indexes OK .
* That doesn ' t happen any more ( at least not in the core code ' s usage ) ,
* but this code still supports it in case extensions want to mess with the
* baserestrictinfo list . We assume that adding more restrictions can ' t make
* an index not predOK . We must recompute indrestrictinfo each time , though ,
* to make sure any newly - added restrictions get into it if needed .
*/
void
check_index_predicates(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
List *clauselist;
bool have_partial;
bool is_target_rel;
Relids otherrels;
ListCell *lc;
/* Indexes are available only on base or "other" member relations. */
Assert(IS_SIMPLE_REL(rel));
/*
* Initialize the indrestrictinfo lists to be identical to
* baserestrictinfo , and check whether there are any partial indexes . If
* not , this is all we need to do .
*/
have_partial = false ;
foreach(lc, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(lc);
index->indrestrictinfo = rel->baserestrictinfo;
if (index->indpred)
have_partial = true ;
}
if (!have_partial)
return ;
/*
* Construct a list of clauses that we can assume true for the purpose of
* proving the index ( es ) usable . Restriction clauses for the rel are
* always usable , and so are any join clauses that are " movable to " this
* rel . Also , we can consider any EC - derivable join clauses ( which must
* be " movable to " this rel , by definition ) .
*/
clauselist = list_copy(rel->baserestrictinfo);
/* Scan the rel's join clauses */
foreach(lc, rel->joininfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/* Check if clause can be moved to this rel */
if (!join_clause_is_movable_to(rinfo, rel))
continue ;
clauselist = lappend(clauselist, rinfo);
}
/*
* Add on any equivalence - derivable join clauses . Computing the correct
* relid sets for generate_join_implied_equalities is slightly tricky
* because the rel could be a child rel rather than a true baserel , and in
* that case we must subtract its parents ' relid ( s ) from all_query_rels .
* Additionally , we mustn ' t consider clauses that are only computable
* after outer joins that can null the rel .
*/
if (rel->reloptkind == RELOPT_OTHER_MEMBER_REL)
otherrels = bms_difference(root->all_query_rels,
find_childrel_parents(root, rel));
else
otherrels = bms_difference(root->all_query_rels, rel->relids);
otherrels = bms_del_members(otherrels, rel->nulling_relids);
if (!bms_is_empty(otherrels))
clauselist =
list_concat(clauselist,
generate_join_implied_equalities(root,
bms_union(rel->relids,
otherrels),
otherrels,
rel,
NULL));
/*
* Normally we remove quals that are implied by a partial index ' s
* predicate from indrestrictinfo , indicating that they need not be
* checked explicitly by an indexscan plan using this index . However , if
* the rel is a target relation of UPDATE / DELETE / MERGE / SELECT FOR UPDATE ,
* we cannot remove such quals from the plan , because they need to be in
* the plan so that they will be properly rechecked by EvalPlanQual
* testing . Some day we might want to remove such quals from the main
* plan anyway and pass them through to EvalPlanQual via a side channel ;
* but for now , we just don ' t remove implied quals at all for target
* relations .
*/
is_target_rel = (bms_is_member(rel->relid, root->all_result_relids) ||
get_plan_rowmark(root->rowMarks, rel->relid) != NULL);
/*
* Now try to prove each index predicate true , and compute the
* indrestrictinfo lists for partial indexes . Note that we compute the
* indrestrictinfo list even for non - predOK indexes ; this might seem
* wasteful , but we may be able to use such indexes in OR clauses , cf
* generate_bitmap_or_paths ( ) .
*/
foreach(lc, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(lc);
ListCell *lcr;
if (index->indpred == NIL)
continue ; /* ignore non-partial indexes here */
if (!index->predOK) /* don't repeat work if already proven OK */
index->predOK = predicate_implied_by(index->indpred, clauselist,
false );
/* If rel is an update target, leave indrestrictinfo as set above */
if (is_target_rel)
continue ;
/*
* If index is ! amoptionalkey , also leave indrestrictinfo as set
* above . Otherwise we risk removing all quals for the first index
* key and then not being able to generate an indexscan at all . It
* would be better to be more selective , but we ' ve not yet identified
* which if any of the quals match the first index key .
*/
if (!index->amoptionalkey)
continue ;
/* Else compute indrestrictinfo as the non-implied quals */
index->indrestrictinfo = NIL;
foreach(lcr, rel->baserestrictinfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lcr);
/* predicate_implied_by() assumes first arg is immutable */
if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) rinfo->clause) ||
!predicate_implied_by(list_make1(rinfo->clause),
index->indpred, false ))
index->indrestrictinfo = lappend(index->indrestrictinfo, rinfo);
}
}
}
/****************************************************************************
* - - - - ROUTINES TO CHECK EXTERNALLY - VISIBLE CONDITIONS - - - -
****************************************************************************/
/*
* ec_member_matches_indexcol
* Test whether an EquivalenceClass member matches an index column .
*
* This is a callback for use by generate_implied_equalities_for_column .
*/
static bool
ec_member_matches_indexcol(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
void *arg)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = ((ec_member_matches_arg *) arg)->index;
int indexcol = ((ec_member_matches_arg *) arg)->indexcol;
Oid curFamily;
Oid curCollation;
Assert(indexcol < index->nkeycolumns);
curFamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];
curCollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];
/*
* If it ' s a btree index , we can reject it if its opfamily isn ' t
* compatible with the EC , since no clause generated from the EC could be
* used with the index . For non - btree indexes , we can ' t easily tell
* whether clauses generated from the EC could be used with the index , so
* don ' t check the opfamily . This might mean we return " true " for a
* useless EC , so we have to recheck the results of
* generate_implied_equalities_for_column ; see
* match_eclass_clauses_to_index .
*/
if (index->relam == BTREE_AM_OID &&
!list_member_oid(ec->ec_opfamilies, curFamily))
return false ;
/* We insist on collation match for all index types, though */
if (!IndexCollMatchesExprColl(curCollation, ec->ec_collation))
return false ;
return match_index_to_operand((Node *) em->em_expr, indexcol, index);
}
/*
* relation_has_unique_index_for
* Determine whether the relation provably has at most one row satisfying
* a set of equality conditions , because the conditions constrain all
* columns of some unique index .
*
* The conditions can be represented in either or both of two ways :
* 1 . A list of RestrictInfo nodes , where the caller has already determined
* that each condition is a mergejoinable equality with an expression in
* this relation on one side , and an expression not involving this relation
* on the other . The transient outer_is_left flag is used to identify which
* side we should look at : left side if outer_is_left is false , right side
* if it is true .
* 2 . A list of expressions in this relation , and a corresponding list of
* equality operators . The caller must have already checked that the operators
* represent equality . ( Note : the operators could be cross - type ; the
* expressions should correspond to their RHS inputs . )
*
* The caller need only supply equality conditions arising from joins ;
* this routine automatically adds in any usable baserestrictinfo clauses .
* ( Note that the passed - in restrictlist will be destructively modified ! )
*/
bool
relation_has_unique_index_for(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *restrictlist,
List *exprlist, List *oprlist)
{
return relation_has_unique_index_ext(root, rel, restrictlist,
exprlist, oprlist, NULL);
}
/*
* relation_has_unique_index_ext
* Same as relation_has_unique_index_for ( ) , but supports extra_clauses
* parameter . If extra_clauses isn ' t NULL , return baserestrictinfo clauses
* which were used to derive uniqueness .
*/
bool
relation_has_unique_index_ext(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *restrictlist,
List *exprlist, List *oprlist,
List **extra_clauses)
{
ListCell *ic;
Assert(list_length(exprlist) == list_length(oprlist));
/* Short-circuit if no indexes... */
if (rel->indexlist == NIL)
return false ;
/*
* Examine the rel ' s restriction clauses for usable var = const clauses
* that we can add to the restrictlist .
*/
foreach(ic, rel->baserestrictinfo)
{
RestrictInfo *restrictinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(ic);
/*
* Note : can_join won ' t be set for a restriction clause , but
* mergeopfamilies will be if it has a mergejoinable operator and
* doesn ' t contain volatile functions .
*/
if (restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies == NIL)
continue ; /* not mergejoinable */
/*
* The clause certainly doesn ' t refer to anything but the given rel .
* If either side is pseudoconstant then we can use it .
*/
if (bms_is_empty(restrictinfo->left_relids))
{
/* righthand side is inner */
restrictinfo->outer_is_left = true ;
}
else if (bms_is_empty(restrictinfo->right_relids))
{
/* lefthand side is inner */
restrictinfo->outer_is_left = false ;
}
else
continue ;
/* OK, add to list */
restrictlist = lappend(restrictlist, restrictinfo);
}
/* Short-circuit the easy case */
if (restrictlist == NIL && exprlist == NIL)
return false ;
/* Examine each index of the relation ... */
foreach(ic, rel->indexlist)
{
IndexOptInfo *ind = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(ic);
int c;
List *exprs = NIL;
/*
* If the index is not unique , or not immediately enforced , or if it ' s
* a partial index , it ' s useless here . We ' re unable to make use of
* predOK partial unique indexes due to the fact that
* check_index_predicates ( ) also makes use of join predicates to
* determine if the partial index is usable . Here we need proofs that
* hold true before any joins are evaluated .
*/
if (!ind->unique || !ind->immediate || ind->indpred != NIL)
continue ;
/*
* Try to find each index column in the lists of conditions . This is
* O ( N ^ 2 ) or worse , but we expect all the lists to be short .
*/
for (c = 0 ; c < ind->nkeycolumns; c++)
{
bool matched = false ;
ListCell *lc;
ListCell *lc2;
foreach(lc, restrictlist)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
Node *rexpr;
/*
* The condition ' s equality operator must be a member of the
* index opfamily , else it is not asserting the right kind of
* equality behavior for this index . We check this first
* since it ' s probably the cheapest test .
*/
if (!list_member_oid(rinfo->mergeopfamilies, ind->opfamily[c]))
continue ;
/*
* The index ' s collation must agree with the clause ' s input
* collation on equality , else the index ' s uniqueness does not
* imply uniqueness under the clause ' s equality semantics .
*/
if (!collations_agree_on_equality(ind->indexcollations[c],
exprInputCollation((Node *) rinfo->clause)))
continue ;
/* OK, see if the condition operand matches the index key */
if (rinfo->outer_is_left)
rexpr = get_rightop(rinfo->clause);
else
rexpr = get_leftop(rinfo->clause);
if (match_index_to_operand(rexpr, c, ind))
{
matched = true ; /* column is unique */
if (bms_membership(rinfo->clause_relids) == BMS_SINGLETON)
{
MemoryContext oldMemCtx =
MemoryContextSwitchTo(root->planner_cxt);
/*
* Add filter clause into a list allowing caller to
* know if uniqueness have made not only by join
* clauses .
*/
Assert(bms_is_empty(rinfo->left_relids) ||
bms_is_empty(rinfo->right_relids));
if (extra_clauses)
exprs = lappend(exprs, rinfo);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldMemCtx);
}
break ;
}
}
if (matched)
continue ;
forboth(lc, exprlist, lc2, oprlist)
{
Node *expr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
Oid opr = lfirst_oid(lc2);
/* See if the expression matches the index key */
if (!match_index_to_operand(expr, c, ind))
continue ;
/*
* The equality operator must be a member of the index
* opfamily , else it is not asserting the right kind of
* equality behavior for this index . We assume the caller
* determined it is an equality operator , so we don ' t need to
* check any more tightly than this .
*/
if (!op_in_opfamily(opr, ind->opfamily[c]))
continue ;
/*
* The index ' s collation must agree with the operand ' s
* collation on equality , else the index ' s uniqueness does not
* imply uniqueness under the operator ' s equality semantics .
*/
if (!collations_agree_on_equality(ind->indexcollations[c],
exprCollation(expr)))
continue ;
matched = true ; /* column is unique */
break ;
}
if (!matched)
break ; /* no match; this index doesn't help us */
}
/* Matched all key columns of this index? */
if (c == ind->nkeycolumns)
{
if (extra_clauses)
*extra_clauses = exprs;
return true ;
}
}
return false ;
}
/*
* indexcol_is_bool_constant_for_query
*
* If an index column is constrained to have a constant value by the query ' s
* WHERE conditions , then it ' s irrelevant for sort - order considerations .
* Usually that means we have a restriction clause WHERE indexcol = constant ,
* which gets turned into an EquivalenceClass containing a constant , which
* is recognized as redundant by build_index_pathkeys ( ) . But if the index
* column is a boolean variable ( or expression ) , then we are not going to
* see WHERE indexcol = constant , because expression preprocessing will have
* simplified that to " WHERE indexcol " or " WHERE NOT indexcol " . So we are not
* going to have a matching EquivalenceClass ( unless the query also contains
* " ORDER BY indexcol " ) . To allow such cases to work the same as they would
* for non - boolean values , this function is provided to detect whether the
* specified index column matches a boolean restriction clause .
*/
bool
indexcol_is_bool_constant_for_query(PlannerInfo *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
int indexcol)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* If the index isn't boolean, we can't possibly get a match */
if (!IsBooleanOpfamily(index->opfamily[indexcol]))
return false ;
/* Check each restriction clause for the index's rel */
foreach(lc, index->rel->baserestrictinfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/*
* As in match_clause_to_indexcol , never match pseudoconstants to
* indexes . ( It might be semantically okay to do so here , but the
* odds of getting a match are negligible , so don ' t waste the cycles . )
*/
if (rinfo->pseudoconstant)
continue ;
/* See if we can match the clause's expression to the index column */
if (match_boolean_index_clause(root, rinfo, indexcol, index))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/****************************************************************************
* - - - - ROUTINES TO CHECK OPERANDS - - - -
****************************************************************************/
/*
* match_index_to_operand ( )
* Generalized test for a match between an index ' s key
* and the operand on one side of a restriction or join clause .
*
* operand : the nodetree to be compared to the index
* indexcol : the column number of the index ( counting from 0 )
* index : the index of interest
*
* Note that we aren ' t interested in collations here ; the caller must check
* for a collation match , if it ' s dealing with an operator where that matters .
*
* This is exported for use in selfuncs . c .
*/
bool
match_index_to_operand(Node *operand,
int indexcol,
IndexOptInfo *index)
{
int indkey;
/*
* Ignore any PlaceHolderVar node contained in the operand . This is
* needed to be able to apply indexscanning in cases where the operand ( or
* a subtree ) has been wrapped in PlaceHolderVars to enforce separate
* identity or as a result of outer joins .
*/
operand = strip_noop_phvs(operand);
/*
* Ignore any RelabelType node above the operand . This is needed to be
* able to apply indexscanning in binary - compatible - operator cases .
*
* Note : we must handle nested RelabelType nodes here . While
* eval_const_expressions ( ) will have simplified them to at most one
* layer , our prior stripping of PlaceHolderVars may have brought separate
* RelabelTypes into adjacency .
*/
while (operand && IsA(operand, RelabelType))
operand = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) operand)->arg;
indkey = index->indexkeys[indexcol];
if (indkey != 0 )
{
/*
* Simple index column ; operand must be a matching Var .
*/
if (operand && IsA(operand, Var) &&
index->rel->relid == ((Var *) operand)->varno &&
indkey == ((Var *) operand)->varattno &&
((Var *) operand)->varnullingrels == NULL)
return true ;
}
else
{
/*
* Index expression ; find the correct expression . ( This search could
* be avoided , at the cost of complicating all the callers of this
* routine ; doesn ' t seem worth it . )
*/
ListCell *indexpr_item;
int i;
Node *indexkey;
indexpr_item = list_head(index->indexprs);
for (i = 0 ; i < indexcol; i++)
{
if (index->indexkeys[i] == 0 )
{
if (indexpr_item == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions" );
indexpr_item = lnext(index->indexprs, indexpr_item);
}
}
if (indexpr_item == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions" );
indexkey = (Node *) lfirst(indexpr_item);
/*
* Does it match the operand ? Again , strip any relabeling .
*/
if (indexkey && IsA(indexkey, RelabelType))
indexkey = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) indexkey)->arg;
if (equal(indexkey, operand))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* strip_phvs_in_index_operand
*
* Retained as a backward - compatibility wrapper around strip_noop_phvs ( ) to
* avoid breaking third - party extensions that may reference this function . New
* code should call strip_noop_phvs ( ) directly .
*/
Node *
strip_phvs_in_index_operand(Node *operand)
{
return strip_noop_phvs(operand);
}
/*
* is_pseudo_constant_for_index ( )
* Test whether the given expression can be used as an indexscan
* comparison value .
*
* An indexscan comparison value must not contain any volatile functions ,
* and it can ' t contain any Vars of the index ' s own table . Vars of
* other tables are okay , though ; in that case we ' d be producing an
* indexqual usable in a parameterized indexscan . This is , therefore ,
* a weaker condition than is_pseudo_constant_clause ( ) .
*
* This function is exported for use by planner support functions ,
* which will have available the IndexOptInfo , but not any RestrictInfo
* infrastructure . It is making the same test made by functions above
* such as match_opclause_to_indexcol ( ) , but those rely where possible
* on RestrictInfo information about variable membership .
*
* expr : the nodetree to be checked
* index : the index of interest
*/
bool
is_pseudo_constant_for_index(PlannerInfo *root, Node *expr, IndexOptInfo *index)
{
/* pull_varnos is cheaper than volatility check, so do that first */
if (bms_is_member(index->rel->relid, pull_varnos(root, expr)))
return false ; /* no good, contains Var of table */
if (contain_volatile_functions(expr))
return false ; /* no good, volatile comparison value */
return true ;
}
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