/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* pathkeys . c
* Utilities for matching and building path keys
*
* See src / backend / optimizer / README for a great deal of information about
* the nature and use of path keys .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / optimizer / path / pathkeys . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "access/stratnum.h"
#include "catalog/pg_opfamily.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "partitioning/partbounds.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
/* Consider reordering of GROUP BY keys? */
bool enable_group_by_reordering = true ;
static bool pathkey_is_redundant(PathKey *new_pathkey, List *pathkeys);
static bool matches_boolean_partition_clause(RestrictInfo *rinfo,
RelOptInfo *partrel,
int partkeycol);
static Var *find_var_for_subquery_tle(RelOptInfo *rel, TargetEntry *tle);
static bool right_merge_direction(PlannerInfo *root, PathKey *pathkey);
/****************************************************************************
* PATHKEY CONSTRUCTION AND REDUNDANCY TESTING
****************************************************************************/
/*
* make_canonical_pathkey
* Given the parameters for a PathKey , find any pre - existing matching
* pathkey in the query ' s list of " canonical " pathkeys . Make a new
* entry if there ' s not one already .
*
* Note that this function must not be used until after we have completed
* merging EquivalenceClasses .
*/
PathKey *
make_canonical_pathkey(PlannerInfo *root,
EquivalenceClass *eclass, Oid opfamily,
CompareType cmptype, bool nulls_first)
{
PathKey *pk;
ListCell *lc;
MemoryContext oldcontext;
/* Can't make canonical pathkeys if the set of ECs might still change */
if (!root->ec_merging_done)
elog(ERROR, "too soon to build canonical pathkeys" );
/* The passed eclass might be non-canonical, so chase up to the top */
while (eclass->ec_merged)
eclass = eclass->ec_merged;
foreach(lc, root->canon_pathkeys)
{
pk = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc);
if (eclass == pk->pk_eclass &&
opfamily == pk->pk_opfamily &&
cmptype == pk->pk_cmptype &&
nulls_first == pk->pk_nulls_first)
return pk;
}
/*
* Be sure canonical pathkeys are allocated in the main planning context .
* Not an issue in normal planning , but it is for GEQO .
*/
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(root->planner_cxt);
pk = makeNode(PathKey);
pk->pk_eclass = eclass;
pk->pk_opfamily = opfamily;
pk->pk_cmptype = cmptype;
pk->pk_nulls_first = nulls_first;
root->canon_pathkeys = lappend(root->canon_pathkeys, pk);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return pk;
}
/*
* append_pathkeys
* Append all non - redundant PathKeys in ' source ' onto ' target ' and
* returns the updated ' target ' list .
*/
List *
append_pathkeys(List *target, List *source)
{
ListCell *lc;
Assert(target != NIL);
foreach(lc, source)
{
PathKey *pk = lfirst_node(PathKey, lc);
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(pk, target))
target = lappend(target, pk);
}
return target;
}
/*
* pathkey_is_redundant
* Is a pathkey redundant with one already in the given list ?
*
* We detect two cases :
*
* 1 . If the new pathkey ' s equivalence class contains a constant , and isn ' t
* below an outer join , then we can disregard it as a sort key . An example :
* SELECT . . . WHERE x = 42 ORDER BY x , y ;
* We may as well just sort by y . Note that because of opfamily matching ,
* this is semantically correct : we know that the equality constraint is one
* that actually binds the variable to a single value in the terms of any
* ordering operator that might go with the eclass . This rule not only lets
* us simplify ( or even skip ) explicit sorts , but also allows matching index
* sort orders to a query when there are don ' t - care index columns .
*
* 2 . If the new pathkey ' s equivalence class is the same as that of any
* existing member of the pathkey list , then it is redundant . Some examples :
* SELECT . . . ORDER BY x , x ;
* SELECT . . . ORDER BY x , x DESC ;
* SELECT . . . WHERE x = y ORDER BY x , y ;
* In all these cases the second sort key cannot distinguish values that are
* considered equal by the first , and so there ' s no point in using it .
* Note in particular that we need not compare opfamily ( all the opfamilies
* of the EC have the same notion of equality ) nor sort direction .
*
* Both the given pathkey and the list members must be canonical for this
* to work properly , but that ' s okay since we no longer ever construct any
* non - canonical pathkeys . ( Note : the notion of a pathkey * list * being
* canonical includes the additional requirement of no redundant entries ,
* which is exactly what we are checking for here . )
*
* Because the equivclass . c machinery forms only one copy of any EC per query ,
* pointer comparison is enough to decide whether canonical ECs are the same .
*/
static bool
pathkey_is_redundant(PathKey *new_pathkey, List *pathkeys)
{
EquivalenceClass *new_ec = new_pathkey->pk_eclass;
ListCell *lc;
/* Check for EC containing a constant --- unconditionally redundant */
if (EC_MUST_BE_REDUNDANT(new_ec))
return true ;
/* If same EC already used in list, then redundant */
foreach(lc, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *old_pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc);
if (new_ec == old_pathkey->pk_eclass)
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* make_pathkey_from_sortinfo
* Given an expression and sort - order information , create a PathKey .
* The result is always a " canonical " PathKey , but it might be redundant .
*
* If the PathKey is being generated from a SortGroupClause , sortref should be
* the SortGroupClause ' s SortGroupRef ; otherwise zero .
*
* If rel is not NULL , it identifies a specific relation we ' re considering
* a path for , and indicates that child EC members for that relation can be
* considered . Otherwise child members are ignored . ( See the comments for
* get_eclass_for_sort_expr . )
*
* create_it is true if we should create any missing EquivalenceClass
* needed to represent the sort key . If it ' s false , we return NULL if the
* sort key isn ' t already present in any EquivalenceClass .
*/
static PathKey *
make_pathkey_from_sortinfo(PlannerInfo *root,
Expr *expr,
Oid opfamily,
Oid opcintype,
Oid collation,
bool reverse_sort,
bool nulls_first,
Index sortref,
Relids rel,
bool create_it)
{
CompareType cmptype;
Oid equality_op;
List *opfamilies;
EquivalenceClass *eclass;
cmptype = reverse_sort ? COMPARE_GT : COMPARE_LT;
/*
* EquivalenceClasses need to contain opfamily lists based on the family
* membership of mergejoinable equality operators , which could belong to
* more than one opfamily . So we have to look up the opfamily ' s equality
* operator and get its membership .
*/
equality_op = get_opfamily_member_for_cmptype(opfamily,
opcintype,
opcintype,
COMPARE_EQ);
if (!OidIsValid(equality_op)) /* shouldn't happen */
elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u" ,
COMPARE_EQ, opcintype, opcintype, opfamily);
opfamilies = get_mergejoin_opfamilies(equality_op);
if (!opfamilies) /* certainly should find some */
elog(ERROR, "could not find opfamilies for equality operator %u" ,
equality_op);
/* Now find or (optionally) create a matching EquivalenceClass */
eclass = get_eclass_for_sort_expr(root, expr,
opfamilies, opcintype, collation,
sortref, rel, create_it);
/* Fail if no EC and !create_it */
if (!eclass)
return NULL;
/* And finally we can find or create a PathKey node */
return make_canonical_pathkey(root, eclass, opfamily,
cmptype, nulls_first);
}
/*
* make_pathkey_from_sortop
* Like make_pathkey_from_sortinfo , but work from a sort operator .
*
* This should eventually go away , but we need to restructure SortGroupClause
* first .
*/
static PathKey *
make_pathkey_from_sortop(PlannerInfo *root,
Expr *expr,
Oid ordering_op,
bool reverse_sort,
bool nulls_first,
Index sortref,
bool create_it)
{
Oid opfamily,
opcintype,
collation;
CompareType cmptype;
/* Find the operator in pg_amop --- failure shouldn't happen */
if (!get_ordering_op_properties(ordering_op,
&opfamily, &opcintype, &cmptype))
elog(ERROR, "operator %u is not a valid ordering operator" ,
ordering_op);
/* Because SortGroupClause doesn't carry collation, consult the expr */
collation = exprCollation((Node *) expr);
return make_pathkey_from_sortinfo(root,
expr,
opfamily,
opcintype,
collation,
reverse_sort,
nulls_first,
sortref,
NULL,
create_it);
}
/****************************************************************************
* PATHKEY COMPARISONS
****************************************************************************/
/*
* compare_pathkeys
* Compare two pathkeys to see if they are equivalent , and if not whether
* one is " better " than the other .
*
* We assume the pathkeys are canonical , and so they can be checked for
* equality by simple pointer comparison .
*/
PathKeysComparison
compare_pathkeys(List *keys1, List *keys2)
{
ListCell *key1,
*key2;
/*
* Fall out quickly if we are passed two identical lists . This mostly
* catches the case where both are NIL , but that ' s common enough to
* warrant the test .
*/
if (keys1 == keys2)
return PATHKEYS_EQUAL;
forboth(key1, keys1, key2, keys2)
{
PathKey *pathkey1 = (PathKey *) lfirst(key1);
PathKey *pathkey2 = (PathKey *) lfirst(key2);
if (pathkey1 != pathkey2)
return PATHKEYS_DIFFERENT; /* no need to keep looking */
}
/*
* If we reached the end of only one list , the other is longer and
* therefore not a subset .
*/
if (key1 != NULL)
return PATHKEYS_BETTER1; /* key1 is longer */
if (key2 != NULL)
return PATHKEYS_BETTER2; /* key2 is longer */
return PATHKEYS_EQUAL;
}
/*
* pathkeys_contained_in
* Common special case of compare_pathkeys : we just want to know
* if keys2 are at least as well sorted as keys1 .
*/
bool
pathkeys_contained_in(List *keys1, List *keys2)
{
switch (compare_pathkeys(keys1, keys2))
{
case PATHKEYS_EQUAL:
case PATHKEYS_BETTER2:
return true ;
default :
break ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* group_keys_reorder_by_pathkeys
* Reorder GROUP BY pathkeys and clauses to match the input pathkeys .
*
* ' pathkeys ' is an input list of pathkeys
* ' * group_pathkeys ' and ' * group_clauses ' are pathkeys and clauses lists to
* reorder . The pointers are redirected to new lists , original lists
* stay untouched .
* ' num_groupby_pathkeys ' is the number of first ' * group_pathkeys ' items to
* search matching pathkeys .
*
* Returns the number of GROUP BY keys with a matching pathkey .
*/
static int
group_keys_reorder_by_pathkeys(List *pathkeys, List **group_pathkeys,
List **group_clauses,
int num_groupby_pathkeys)
{
List *new_group_pathkeys = NIL,
*new_group_clauses = NIL;
List *grouping_pathkeys;
ListCell *lc;
int n;
if (pathkeys == NIL || *group_pathkeys == NIL)
return 0 ;
/*
* We ' re going to search within just the first num_groupby_pathkeys of
* * group_pathkeys . The thing is that root - > group_pathkeys is passed as
* * group_pathkeys containing grouping pathkeys altogether with aggregate
* pathkeys . If we process aggregate pathkeys we could get an invalid
* result of get_sortgroupref_clause_noerr ( ) , because their
* pathkey - > pk_eclass - > ec_sortref doesn ' t reference query targetlist . So ,
* we allocate a separate list of pathkeys for lookups .
*/
grouping_pathkeys = list_copy_head(*group_pathkeys, num_groupby_pathkeys);
/*
* Walk the pathkeys ( determining ordering of the input path ) and see if
* there ' s a matching GROUP BY key . If we find one , we append it to the
* list , and do the same for the clauses .
*
* Once we find the first pathkey without a matching GROUP BY key , the
* rest of the pathkeys are useless and can ' t be used to evaluate the
* grouping , so we abort the loop and ignore the remaining pathkeys .
*/
foreach(lc, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc);
SortGroupClause *sgc;
/*
* Pathkeys are built in a way that allows simply comparing pointers .
* Give up if we can ' t find the matching pointer . Also give up if
* there is no sortclause reference for some reason .
*/
if (foreach_current_index(lc) >= num_groupby_pathkeys ||
!list_member_ptr(grouping_pathkeys, pathkey) ||
pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref == 0 )
break ;
/*
* Since 1349 d27 pathkey coming from underlying node can be in the
* root - > group_pathkeys but not in the processed_groupClause . So , we
* should be careful here .
*/
sgc = get_sortgroupref_clause_noerr(pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref,
*group_clauses);
if (!sgc)
/* The grouping clause does not cover this pathkey */
break ;
/*
* Sort group clause should have an ordering operator as long as there
* is an associated pathkey .
*/
Assert(OidIsValid(sgc->sortop));
new_group_pathkeys = lappend(new_group_pathkeys, pathkey);
new_group_clauses = lappend(new_group_clauses, sgc);
}
/* remember the number of pathkeys with a matching GROUP BY key */
n = list_length(new_group_pathkeys);
/* append the remaining group pathkeys (will be treated as not sorted) */
*group_pathkeys = list_concat_unique_ptr(new_group_pathkeys,
*group_pathkeys);
*group_clauses = list_concat_unique_ptr(new_group_clauses,
*group_clauses);
list_free(grouping_pathkeys);
return n;
}
/*
* get_useful_group_keys_orderings
* Determine which orderings of GROUP BY keys are potentially interesting .
*
* Returns a list of GroupByOrdering items , each representing an interesting
* ordering of GROUP BY keys . Each item stores pathkeys and clauses in the
* matching order .
*
* The function considers ( and keeps ) following GROUP BY orderings :
*
* - GROUP BY keys as ordered by preprocess_groupclause ( ) to match target
* ORDER BY clause ( as much as possible ) ,
* - GROUP BY keys reordered to match ' path ' ordering ( as much as possible ) .
*/
List *
get_useful_group_keys_orderings(PlannerInfo *root, Path *path)
{
Query *parse = root->parse;
List *infos = NIL;
GroupByOrdering *info;
List *pathkeys = root->group_pathkeys;
List *clauses = root->processed_groupClause;
/* always return at least the original pathkeys/clauses */
info = makeNode(GroupByOrdering);
info->pathkeys = pathkeys;
info->clauses = clauses;
infos = lappend(infos, info);
/*
* Should we try generating alternative orderings of the group keys ? If
* not , we produce only the order specified in the query , i . e . the
* optimization is effectively disabled .
*/
if (!enable_group_by_reordering)
return infos;
/*
* Grouping sets have own and more complex logic to decide the ordering .
*/
if (parse->groupingSets)
return infos;
/*
* If the path is sorted in some way , try reordering the group keys to
* match the path as much of the ordering as possible . Then thanks to
* incremental sort we would get this sort as cheap as possible .
*/
if (path->pathkeys &&
!pathkeys_contained_in(path->pathkeys, root->group_pathkeys))
{
int n;
n = group_keys_reorder_by_pathkeys(path->pathkeys, &pathkeys, &clauses,
root->num_groupby_pathkeys);
if (n > 0 &&
(enable_incremental_sort || n == root->num_groupby_pathkeys) &&
compare_pathkeys(pathkeys, root->group_pathkeys) != PATHKEYS_EQUAL)
{
info = makeNode(GroupByOrdering);
info->pathkeys = pathkeys;
info->clauses = clauses;
infos = lappend(infos, info);
}
}
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
{
GroupByOrdering *pinfo = linitial_node(GroupByOrdering, infos);
ListCell *lc;
/* Test consistency of info structures */
for_each_from(lc, infos, 1 )
{
ListCell *lc1,
*lc2;
info = lfirst_node(GroupByOrdering, lc);
Assert(list_length(info->clauses) == list_length(pinfo->clauses));
Assert(list_length(info->pathkeys) == list_length(pinfo->pathkeys));
Assert(list_difference(info->clauses, pinfo->clauses) == NIL);
Assert(list_difference_ptr(info->pathkeys, pinfo->pathkeys) == NIL);
forboth(lc1, info->clauses, lc2, info->pathkeys)
{
SortGroupClause *sgc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc1);
PathKey *pk = lfirst_node(PathKey, lc2);
Assert(pk->pk_eclass->ec_sortref == sgc->tleSortGroupRef);
}
}
}
#endif
return infos;
}
/*
* pathkeys_count_contained_in
* Same as pathkeys_contained_in , but also sets length of longest
* common prefix of keys1 and keys2 .
*/
bool
pathkeys_count_contained_in(List *keys1, List *keys2, int *n_common)
{
int n = 0 ;
ListCell *key1,
*key2;
/*
* See if we can avoiding looping through both lists . This optimization
* gains us several percent in planning time in a worst - case test .
*/
if (keys1 == keys2)
{
*n_common = list_length(keys1);
return true ;
}
else if (keys1 == NIL)
{
*n_common = 0 ;
return true ;
}
else if (keys2 == NIL)
{
*n_common = 0 ;
return false ;
}
/*
* If both lists are non - empty , iterate through both to find out how many
* items are shared .
*/
forboth(key1, keys1, key2, keys2)
{
PathKey *pathkey1 = (PathKey *) lfirst(key1);
PathKey *pathkey2 = (PathKey *) lfirst(key2);
if (pathkey1 != pathkey2)
{
*n_common = n;
return false ;
}
n++;
}
/* If we ended with a null value, then we've processed the whole list. */
*n_common = n;
return (key1 == NULL);
}
/*
* get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys
* Find the cheapest path ( according to the specified criterion ) that
* satisfies the given pathkeys and parameterization , and is parallel - safe
* if required .
* Return NULL if no such path .
*
* ' paths ' is a list of possible paths that all generate the same relation
* ' pathkeys ' represents a required ordering ( in canonical form ! )
* ' required_outer ' denotes allowable outer relations for parameterized paths
* ' cost_criterion ' is STARTUP_COST or TOTAL_COST
* ' require_parallel_safe ' causes us to consider only parallel - safe paths
*/
Path *
get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys(List *paths, List *pathkeys,
Relids required_outer,
CostSelector cost_criterion,
bool require_parallel_safe)
{
Path *matched_path = NULL;
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, paths)
{
Path *path = (Path *) lfirst(l);
/* If required, reject paths that are not parallel-safe */
if (require_parallel_safe && !path->parallel_safe)
continue ;
/*
* Since cost comparison is a lot cheaper than pathkey comparison , do
* that first . ( XXX is that still true ? )
*/
if (matched_path != NULL &&
compare_path_costs(matched_path, path, cost_criterion) <= 0 )
continue ;
if (pathkeys_contained_in(pathkeys, path->pathkeys) &&
bms_is_subset(PATH_REQ_OUTER(path), required_outer))
matched_path = path;
}
return matched_path;
}
/*
* get_cheapest_fractional_path_for_pathkeys
* Find the cheapest path ( for retrieving a specified fraction of all
* the tuples ) that satisfies the given pathkeys and parameterization .
* Return NULL if no such path .
*
* See compare_fractional_path_costs ( ) for the interpretation of the fraction
* parameter .
*
* ' paths ' is a list of possible paths that all generate the same relation
* ' pathkeys ' represents a required ordering ( in canonical form ! )
* ' required_outer ' denotes allowable outer relations for parameterized paths
* ' fraction ' is the fraction of the total tuples expected to be retrieved
*/
Path *
get_cheapest_fractional_path_for_pathkeys(List *paths,
List *pathkeys,
Relids required_outer,
double fraction)
{
Path *matched_path = NULL;
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, paths)
{
Path *path = (Path *) lfirst(l);
/*
* Since cost comparison is a lot cheaper than pathkey comparison , do
* that first . ( XXX is that still true ? )
*/
if (matched_path != NULL &&
compare_fractional_path_costs(matched_path, path, fraction) <= 0 )
continue ;
if (pathkeys_contained_in(pathkeys, path->pathkeys) &&
bms_is_subset(PATH_REQ_OUTER(path), required_outer))
matched_path = path;
}
return matched_path;
}
/*
* get_cheapest_parallel_safe_total_inner
* Find the unparameterized parallel - safe path with the least total cost .
*/
Path *
get_cheapest_parallel_safe_total_inner(List *paths)
{
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, paths)
{
Path *innerpath = (Path *) lfirst(l);
if (innerpath->parallel_safe &&
bms_is_empty(PATH_REQ_OUTER(innerpath)))
return innerpath;
}
return NULL;
}
/****************************************************************************
* NEW PATHKEY FORMATION
****************************************************************************/
/*
* build_index_pathkeys
* Build a pathkeys list that describes the ordering induced by an index
* scan using the given index . ( Note that an unordered index doesn ' t
* induce any ordering , so we return NIL . )
*
* If ' scandir ' is BackwardScanDirection , build pathkeys representing a
* backwards scan of the index .
*
* We iterate only key columns of covering indexes , since non - key columns
* don ' t influence index ordering . The result is canonical , meaning that
* redundant pathkeys are removed ; it may therefore have fewer entries than
* there are key columns in the index .
*
* Another reason for stopping early is that we may be able to tell that
* an index column ' s sort order is uninteresting for this query . However ,
* that test is just based on the existence of an EquivalenceClass and not
* on position in pathkey lists , so it ' s not complete . Caller should call
* truncate_useless_pathkeys ( ) to possibly remove more pathkeys .
*/
List *
build_index_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
ScanDirection scandir)
{
List *retval = NIL;
ListCell *lc;
int i;
if (index->sortopfamily == NULL)
return NIL; /* non-orderable index */
i = 0 ;
foreach(lc, index->indextlist)
{
TargetEntry *indextle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
Expr *indexkey;
bool reverse_sort;
bool nulls_first;
PathKey *cpathkey;
/*
* INCLUDE columns are stored in index unordered , so they don ' t
* support ordered index scan .
*/
if (i >= index->nkeycolumns)
break ;
/* We assume we don't need to make a copy of the tlist item */
indexkey = indextle->expr;
if (ScanDirectionIsBackward(scandir))
{
reverse_sort = !index->reverse_sort[i];
nulls_first = !index->nulls_first[i];
}
else
{
reverse_sort = index->reverse_sort[i];
nulls_first = index->nulls_first[i];
}
/*
* OK , try to make a canonical pathkey for this sort key .
*/
cpathkey = make_pathkey_from_sortinfo(root,
indexkey,
index->sortopfamily[i],
index->opcintype[i],
index->indexcollations[i],
reverse_sort,
nulls_first,
0 ,
index->rel->relids,
false );
if (cpathkey)
{
/*
* We found the sort key in an EquivalenceClass , so it ' s relevant
* for this query . Add it to list , unless it ' s redundant .
*/
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(cpathkey, retval))
retval = lappend(retval, cpathkey);
}
else
{
/*
* Boolean index keys might be redundant even if they do not
* appear in an EquivalenceClass , because of our special treatment
* of boolean equality conditions - - - see the comment for
* indexcol_is_bool_constant_for_query ( ) . If that applies , we can
* continue to examine lower - order index columns . Otherwise , the
* sort key is not an interesting sort order for this query , so we
* should stop considering index columns ; any lower - order sort
* keys won ' t be useful either .
*/
if (!indexcol_is_bool_constant_for_query(root, index, i))
break ;
}
i++;
}
return retval;
}
/*
* partkey_is_bool_constant_for_query
*
* If a partition key column is constrained to have a constant value by the
* query ' s WHERE conditions , then it ' s irrelevant for sort - order
* considerations . Usually that means we have a restriction clause
* WHERE partkeycol = constant , which gets turned into an EquivalenceClass
* containing a constant , which is recognized as redundant by
* build_partition_pathkeys ( ) . But if the partition key column is a
* boolean variable ( or expression ) , then we are not going to see such a
* WHERE clause , because expression preprocessing will have simplified it
* to " WHERE partkeycol " or " WHERE NOT partkeycol " . So we are not going
* to have a matching EquivalenceClass ( unless the query also contains
* " ORDER BY partkeycol " ) . To allow such cases to work the same as they would
* for non - boolean values , this function is provided to detect whether the
* specified partition key column matches a boolean restriction clause .
*/
static bool
partkey_is_bool_constant_for_query(RelOptInfo *partrel, int partkeycol)
{
PartitionScheme partscheme = partrel->part_scheme;
ListCell *lc;
/*
* If the partkey isn ' t boolean , we can ' t possibly get a match .
*
* Partitioning currently can only use built - in AMs , so checking for
* built - in boolean opfamilies is good enough .
*/
if (!IsBuiltinBooleanOpfamily(partscheme->partopfamily[partkeycol]))
return false ;
/* Check each restriction clause for the partitioned rel */
foreach(lc, partrel->baserestrictinfo)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
/* Ignore pseudoconstant quals, they won't match */
if (rinfo->pseudoconstant)
continue ;
/* See if we can match the clause's expression to the partkey column */
if (matches_boolean_partition_clause(rinfo, partrel, partkeycol))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* matches_boolean_partition_clause
* Determine if the boolean clause described by rinfo matches
* partrel ' s partkeycol - th partition key column .
*
* " Matches " can be either an exact match ( equivalent to partkey = true ) ,
* or a NOT above an exact match ( equivalent to partkey = false ) .
*/
static bool
matches_boolean_partition_clause(RestrictInfo *rinfo,
RelOptInfo *partrel, int partkeycol)
{
Node *clause = (Node *) rinfo->clause;
Node *partexpr = (Node *) linitial(partrel->partexprs[partkeycol]);
/* Direct match? */
if (equal(partexpr, clause))
return true ;
/* NOT clause? */
else if (is_notclause(clause))
{
Node *arg = (Node *) get_notclausearg((Expr *) clause);
if (equal(partexpr, arg))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* build_partition_pathkeys
* Build a pathkeys list that describes the ordering induced by the
* partitions of partrel , under either forward or backward scan
* as per scandir .
*
* Caller must have checked that the partitions are properly ordered ,
* as detected by partitions_are_ordered ( ) .
*
* Sets * partialkeys to true if pathkeys were only built for a prefix of the
* partition key , or false if the pathkeys include all columns of the
* partition key .
*/
List *
build_partition_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *partrel,
ScanDirection scandir, bool *partialkeys)
{
List *retval = NIL;
PartitionScheme partscheme = partrel->part_scheme;
int i;
Assert(partscheme != NULL);
Assert(partitions_are_ordered(partrel->boundinfo, partrel->live_parts));
/* For now, we can only cope with baserels */
Assert(IS_SIMPLE_REL(partrel));
for (i = 0 ; i < partscheme->partnatts; i++)
{
PathKey *cpathkey;
Expr *keyCol = (Expr *) linitial(partrel->partexprs[i]);
/*
* Try to make a canonical pathkey for this partkey .
*
* We assume the PartitionDesc lists any NULL partition last , so we
* treat the scan like a NULLS LAST index : we have nulls_first for
* backwards scan only .
*/
cpathkey = make_pathkey_from_sortinfo(root,
keyCol,
partscheme->partopfamily[i],
partscheme->partopcintype[i],
partscheme->partcollation[i],
ScanDirectionIsBackward(scandir),
ScanDirectionIsBackward(scandir),
0 ,
partrel->relids,
false );
if (cpathkey)
{
/*
* We found the sort key in an EquivalenceClass , so it ' s relevant
* for this query . Add it to list , unless it ' s redundant .
*/
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(cpathkey, retval))
retval = lappend(retval, cpathkey);
}
else
{
/*
* Boolean partition keys might be redundant even if they do not
* appear in an EquivalenceClass , because of our special treatment
* of boolean equality conditions - - - see the comment for
* partkey_is_bool_constant_for_query ( ) . If that applies , we can
* continue to examine lower - order partition keys . Otherwise , the
* sort key is not an interesting sort order for this query , so we
* should stop considering partition columns ; any lower - order sort
* keys won ' t be useful either .
*/
if (!partkey_is_bool_constant_for_query(partrel, i))
{
*partialkeys = true ;
return retval;
}
}
}
*partialkeys = false ;
return retval;
}
/*
* build_expression_pathkey
* Build a pathkeys list that describes an ordering by a single expression
* using the given sort operator .
*
* expr and rel are as for make_pathkey_from_sortinfo .
* We induce the other arguments assuming default sort order for the operator .
*
* Similarly to make_pathkey_from_sortinfo , the result is NIL if create_it
* is false and the expression isn ' t already in some EquivalenceClass .
*/
List *
build_expression_pathkey(PlannerInfo *root,
Expr *expr,
Oid opno,
Relids rel,
bool create_it)
{
List *pathkeys;
Oid opfamily,
opcintype;
CompareType cmptype;
PathKey *cpathkey;
/* Find the operator in pg_amop --- failure shouldn't happen */
if (!get_ordering_op_properties(opno,
&opfamily, &opcintype, &cmptype))
elog(ERROR, "operator %u is not a valid ordering operator" ,
opno);
cpathkey = make_pathkey_from_sortinfo(root,
expr,
opfamily,
opcintype,
exprCollation((Node *) expr),
(cmptype == COMPARE_GT),
(cmptype == COMPARE_GT),
0 ,
rel,
create_it);
if (cpathkey)
pathkeys = list_make1(cpathkey);
else
pathkeys = NIL;
return pathkeys;
}
/*
* convert_subquery_pathkeys
* Build a pathkeys list that describes the ordering of a subquery ' s
* result , in the terms of the outer query . This is essentially a
* task of conversion .
*
* ' rel ' : outer query ' s RelOptInfo for the subquery relation .
* ' subquery_pathkeys ' : the subquery ' s output pathkeys , in its terms .
* ' subquery_tlist ' : the subquery ' s output targetlist , in its terms .
*
* We intentionally don ' t do truncate_useless_pathkeys ( ) here , because there
* are situations where seeing the raw ordering of the subquery is helpful .
* For example , if it returns ORDER BY x DESC , that may prompt us to
* construct a mergejoin using DESC order rather than ASC order ; but the
* right_merge_direction heuristic would have us throw the knowledge away .
*/
List *
convert_subquery_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
List *subquery_pathkeys,
List *subquery_tlist)
{
List *retval = NIL;
int retvallen = 0 ;
int outer_query_keys = list_length(root->query_pathkeys);
ListCell *i;
foreach(i, subquery_pathkeys)
{
PathKey *sub_pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(i);
EquivalenceClass *sub_eclass = sub_pathkey->pk_eclass;
PathKey *best_pathkey = NULL;
if (sub_eclass->ec_has_volatile)
{
/*
* If the sub_pathkey ' s EquivalenceClass is volatile , then it must
* have come from an ORDER BY clause , and we have to match it to
* that same targetlist entry .
*/
TargetEntry *tle;
Var *outer_var;
if (sub_eclass->ec_sortref == 0 ) /* can't happen */
elog(ERROR, "volatile EquivalenceClass has no sortref" );
tle = get_sortgroupref_tle(sub_eclass->ec_sortref, subquery_tlist);
Assert(tle);
/* Is TLE actually available to the outer query? */
outer_var = find_var_for_subquery_tle(rel, tle);
if (outer_var)
{
/* We can represent this sub_pathkey */
EquivalenceMember *sub_member;
EquivalenceClass *outer_ec;
Assert(list_length(sub_eclass->ec_members) == 1 );
sub_member = (EquivalenceMember *) linitial(sub_eclass->ec_members);
/*
* Note : it might look funny to be setting sortref = 0 for a
* reference to a volatile sub_eclass . However , the
* expression is * not * volatile in the outer query : it ' s just
* a Var referencing whatever the subquery emitted . ( IOW , the
* outer query isn ' t going to re - execute the volatile
* expression itself . ) So this is okay .
*/
outer_ec =
get_eclass_for_sort_expr(root,
(Expr *) outer_var,
sub_eclass->ec_opfamilies,
sub_member->em_datatype,
sub_eclass->ec_collation,
0 ,
rel->relids,
false );
/*
* If we don ' t find a matching EC , sub - pathkey isn ' t
* interesting to the outer query
*/
if (outer_ec)
best_pathkey =
make_canonical_pathkey(root,
outer_ec,
sub_pathkey->pk_opfamily,
sub_pathkey->pk_cmptype,
sub_pathkey->pk_nulls_first);
}
}
else
{
/*
* Otherwise , the sub_pathkey ' s EquivalenceClass could contain
* multiple elements ( representing knowledge that multiple items
* are effectively equal ) . Each element might match none , one , or
* more of the output columns that are visible to the outer query .
* This means we may have multiple possible representations of the
* sub_pathkey in the context of the outer query . Ideally we
* would generate them all and put them all into an EC of the
* outer query , thereby propagating equality knowledge up to the
* outer query . Right now we cannot do so , because the outer
* query ' s EquivalenceClasses are already frozen when this is
* called . Instead we prefer the one that has the highest " score "
* ( number of EC peers , plus one if it matches the outer
* query_pathkeys ) . This is the most likely to be useful in the
* outer query .
*/
int best_score = -1 ;
ListCell *j;
/* Ignore children here */
foreach(j, sub_eclass->ec_members)
{
EquivalenceMember *sub_member = (EquivalenceMember *) lfirst(j);
Expr *sub_expr = sub_member->em_expr;
Oid sub_expr_type = sub_member->em_datatype;
Oid sub_expr_coll = sub_eclass->ec_collation;
ListCell *k;
/* Child members should not exist in ec_members */
Assert(!sub_member->em_is_child);
foreach(k, subquery_tlist)
{
TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(k);
Var *outer_var;
Expr *tle_expr;
EquivalenceClass *outer_ec;
PathKey *outer_pk;
int score;
/* Is TLE actually available to the outer query? */
outer_var = find_var_for_subquery_tle(rel, tle);
if (!outer_var)
continue ;
/*
* The targetlist entry is considered to match if it
* matches after sort - key canonicalization . That is
* needed since the sub_expr has been through the same
* process .
*/
tle_expr = canonicalize_ec_expression(tle->expr,
sub_expr_type,
sub_expr_coll);
if (!equal(tle_expr, sub_expr))
continue ;
/* See if we have a matching EC for the TLE */
outer_ec = get_eclass_for_sort_expr(root,
(Expr *) outer_var,
sub_eclass->ec_opfamilies,
sub_expr_type,
sub_expr_coll,
0 ,
rel->relids,
false );
/*
* If we don ' t find a matching EC , this sub - pathkey isn ' t
* interesting to the outer query
*/
if (!outer_ec)
continue ;
outer_pk = make_canonical_pathkey(root,
outer_ec,
sub_pathkey->pk_opfamily,
sub_pathkey->pk_cmptype,
sub_pathkey->pk_nulls_first);
/* score = # of equivalence peers */
score = list_length(outer_ec->ec_members) - 1 ;
/* +1 if it matches the proper query_pathkeys item */
if (retvallen < outer_query_keys &&
list_nth(root->query_pathkeys, retvallen) == outer_pk)
score++;
if (score > best_score)
{
best_pathkey = outer_pk;
best_score = score;
}
}
}
}
/*
* If we couldn ' t find a representation of this sub_pathkey , we ' re
* done ( we can ' t use the ones to its right , either ) .
*/
if (!best_pathkey)
break ;
/*
* Eliminate redundant ordering info ; could happen if outer query
* equivalences subquery keys . . .
*/
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(best_pathkey, retval))
{
retval = lappend(retval, best_pathkey);
retvallen++;
}
}
return retval;
}
/*
* find_var_for_subquery_tle
*
* If the given subquery tlist entry is due to be emitted by the subquery ' s
* scan node , return a Var for it , else return NULL .
*
* We need this to ensure that we don ' t return pathkeys describing values
* that are unavailable above the level of the subquery scan .
*/
static Var *
find_var_for_subquery_tle(RelOptInfo *rel, TargetEntry *tle)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* If the TLE is resjunk, it's certainly not visible to the outer query */
if (tle->resjunk)
return NULL;
/* Search the rel's targetlist to see what it will return */
foreach(lc, rel->reltarget->exprs)
{
Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
/* Ignore placeholders */
if (!IsA(var, Var))
continue ;
Assert(var->varno == rel->relid);
/* If we find a Var referencing this TLE, we're good */
if (var->varattno == tle->resno)
return copyObject(var); /* Make a copy for safety */
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* build_join_pathkeys
* Build the path keys for a join relation constructed by mergejoin or
* nestloop join . This is normally the same as the outer path ' s keys .
*
* EXCEPTION : in a FULL , RIGHT or RIGHT_ANTI join , we cannot treat the
* result as having the outer path ' s path keys , because null lefthand rows
* may be inserted at random points . It must be treated as unsorted .
*
* We truncate away any pathkeys that are uninteresting for higher joins .
*
* ' joinrel ' is the join relation that paths are being formed for
* ' jointype ' is the join type ( inner , left , full , etc )
* ' outer_pathkeys ' is the list of the current outer path ' s path keys
*
* Returns the list of new path keys .
*/
List *
build_join_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *joinrel,
JoinType jointype,
List *outer_pathkeys)
{
/* RIGHT_SEMI should not come here */
Assert(jointype != JOIN_RIGHT_SEMI);
if (jointype == JOIN_FULL ||
jointype == JOIN_RIGHT ||
jointype == JOIN_RIGHT_ANTI)
return NIL;
/*
* This used to be quite a complex bit of code , but now that all pathkey
* sublists start out life canonicalized , we don ' t have to do a darn thing
* here !
*
* We do , however , need to truncate the pathkeys list , since it may
* contain pathkeys that were useful for forming this joinrel but are
* uninteresting to higher levels .
*/
return truncate_useless_pathkeys(root, joinrel, outer_pathkeys);
}
/****************************************************************************
* PATHKEYS AND SORT CLAUSES
****************************************************************************/
/*
* make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses
* Generate a pathkeys list that represents the sort order specified
* by a list of SortGroupClauses
*
* The resulting PathKeys are always in canonical form . ( Actually , there
* is no longer any code anywhere that creates non - canonical PathKeys . )
*
* ' sortclauses ' is a list of SortGroupClause nodes
* ' tlist ' is the targetlist to find the referenced tlist entries in
*/
List *
make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(PlannerInfo *root,
List *sortclauses,
List *tlist)
{
List *result;
bool sortable;
result = make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses_extended(root,
&sortclauses,
tlist,
false ,
false ,
&sortable,
false );
/* It's caller error if not all clauses were sortable */
Assert(sortable);
return result;
}
/*
* make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses_extended
* Generate a pathkeys list that represents the sort order specified
* by a list of SortGroupClauses
*
* The comments for make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses apply here too . In addition :
*
* If remove_redundant is true , then any sort clauses that are found to
* give rise to redundant pathkeys are removed from the sortclauses list
* ( which therefore must be pass - by - reference in this version ) .
*
* If remove_group_rtindex is true , then we need to remove the RT index of the
* grouping step from the sort expressions before we make PathKeys for them .
*
* * sortable is set to true if all the sort clauses are in fact sortable .
* If any are not , they are ignored except for setting * sortable false .
* ( In that case , the output pathkey list isn ' t really useful . However ,
* we process the whole sortclauses list anyway , because it ' s still valid
* to remove any clauses that can be proven redundant via the eclass logic .
* Even though we ' ll have to hash in that case , we might as well not hash
* redundant columns . )
*
* If set_ec_sortref is true then sets the value of the pathkey ' s
* EquivalenceClass unless it ' s already initialized .
*/
List *
make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses_extended(PlannerInfo *root,
List **sortclauses,
List *tlist,
bool remove_redundant,
bool remove_group_rtindex,
bool *sortable,
bool set_ec_sortref)
{
List *pathkeys = NIL;
ListCell *l;
*sortable = true ;
foreach(l, *sortclauses)
{
SortGroupClause *sortcl = (SortGroupClause *) lfirst(l);
Expr *sortkey;
PathKey *pathkey;
sortkey = (Expr *) get_sortgroupclause_expr(sortcl, tlist);
if (!OidIsValid(sortcl->sortop))
{
*sortable = false ;
continue ;
}
if (remove_group_rtindex)
{
Assert(root->group_rtindex > 0 );
sortkey = (Expr *)
remove_nulling_relids((Node *) sortkey,
bms_make_singleton(root->group_rtindex),
NULL);
}
pathkey = make_pathkey_from_sortop(root,
sortkey,
sortcl->sortop,
sortcl->reverse_sort,
sortcl->nulls_first,
sortcl->tleSortGroupRef,
true );
if (pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref == 0 && set_ec_sortref)
{
/*
* Copy the sortref if it hasn ' t been set yet . That may happen if
* the EquivalenceClass was constructed from a WHERE clause , i . e .
* it doesn ' t have a target reference at all .
*/
pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref = sortcl->tleSortGroupRef;
}
/* Canonical form eliminates redundant ordering keys */
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(pathkey, pathkeys))
pathkeys = lappend(pathkeys, pathkey);
else if (remove_redundant)
*sortclauses = foreach_delete_current(*sortclauses, l);
}
return pathkeys;
}
/****************************************************************************
* PATHKEYS AND MERGECLAUSES
****************************************************************************/
/*
* initialize_mergeclause_eclasses
* Set the EquivalenceClass links in a mergeclause restrictinfo .
*
* RestrictInfo contains fields in which we may cache pointers to
* EquivalenceClasses for the left and right inputs of the mergeclause .
* ( If the mergeclause is a true equivalence clause these will be the
* same EquivalenceClass , otherwise not . ) If the mergeclause is either
* used to generate an EquivalenceClass , or derived from an EquivalenceClass ,
* then it ' s easy to set up the left_ec and right_ec members - - - otherwise ,
* this function should be called to set them up . We will generate new
* EquivalenceClauses if necessary to represent the mergeclause ' s left and
* right sides .
*
* Note this is called before EC merging is complete , so the links won ' t
* necessarily point to canonical ECs . Before they are actually used for
* anything , update_mergeclause_eclasses must be called to ensure that
* they ' ve been updated to point to canonical ECs .
*/
void
initialize_mergeclause_eclasses(PlannerInfo *root, RestrictInfo *restrictinfo)
{
Expr *clause = restrictinfo->clause;
Oid lefttype,
righttype;
/* Should be a mergeclause ... */
Assert(restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies != NIL);
/* ... with links not yet set */
Assert(restrictinfo->left_ec == NULL);
Assert(restrictinfo->right_ec == NULL);
/* Need the declared input types of the operator */
op_input_types(((OpExpr *) clause)->opno, &lefttype, &righttype);
/* Find or create a matching EquivalenceClass for each side */
restrictinfo->left_ec =
get_eclass_for_sort_expr(root,
(Expr *) get_leftop(clause),
restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies,
lefttype,
((OpExpr *) clause)->inputcollid,
0 ,
NULL,
true );
restrictinfo->right_ec =
get_eclass_for_sort_expr(root,
(Expr *) get_rightop(clause),
restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies,
righttype,
((OpExpr *) clause)->inputcollid,
0 ,
NULL,
true );
}
/*
* update_mergeclause_eclasses
* Make the cached EquivalenceClass links valid in a mergeclause
* restrictinfo .
*
* These pointers should have been set by process_equivalence or
* initialize_mergeclause_eclasses , but they might have been set to
* non - canonical ECs that got merged later . Chase up to the canonical
* merged parent if so .
*/
void
update_mergeclause_eclasses(PlannerInfo *root, RestrictInfo *restrictinfo)
{
/* Should be a merge clause ... */
Assert(restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies != NIL);
/* ... with pointers already set */
Assert(restrictinfo->left_ec != NULL);
Assert(restrictinfo->right_ec != NULL);
/* Chase up to the top as needed */
while (restrictinfo->left_ec->ec_merged)
restrictinfo->left_ec = restrictinfo->left_ec->ec_merged;
while (restrictinfo->right_ec->ec_merged)
restrictinfo->right_ec = restrictinfo->right_ec->ec_merged;
}
/*
* find_mergeclauses_for_outer_pathkeys
* This routine attempts to find a list of mergeclauses that can be
* used with a specified ordering for the join ' s outer relation .
* If successful , it returns a list of mergeclauses .
*
* ' pathkeys ' is a pathkeys list showing the ordering of an outer - rel path .
* ' restrictinfos ' is a list of mergejoinable restriction clauses for the
* join relation being formed , in no particular order .
*
* The restrictinfos must be marked ( via outer_is_left ) to show which side
* of each clause is associated with the current outer path . ( See
* select_mergejoin_clauses ( ) )
*
* The result is NIL if no merge can be done , else a maximal list of
* usable mergeclauses ( represented as a list of their restrictinfo nodes ) .
* The list is ordered to match the pathkeys , as required for execution .
*/
List *
find_mergeclauses_for_outer_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root,
List *pathkeys,
List *restrictinfos)
{
List *mergeclauses = NIL;
ListCell *i;
/* make sure we have eclasses cached in the clauses */
foreach(i, restrictinfos)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(i);
update_mergeclause_eclasses(root, rinfo);
}
foreach(i, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(i);
EquivalenceClass *pathkey_ec = pathkey->pk_eclass;
List *matched_restrictinfos = NIL;
ListCell *j;
/*----------
* A mergejoin clause matches a pathkey if it has the same EC .
* If there are multiple matching clauses , take them all . In plain
* inner - join scenarios we expect only one match , because
* equivalence - class processing will have removed any redundant
* mergeclauses . However , in outer - join scenarios there might be
* multiple matches . An example is
*
* select * from a full join b
* on a . v1 = b . v1 and a . v2 = b . v2 and a . v1 = b . v2 ;
*
* Given the pathkeys ( { a . v1 } , { a . v2 } ) it is okay to return all three
* clauses ( in the order a . v1 = b . v1 , a . v1 = b . v2 , a . v2 = b . v2 ) and indeed
* we * must * do so or we will be unable to form a valid plan .
*
* We expect that the given pathkeys list is canonical , which means
* no two members have the same EC , so it ' s not possible for this
* code to enter the same mergeclause into the result list twice .
*
* It ' s possible that multiple matching clauses might have different
* ECs on the other side , in which case the order we put them into our
* result makes a difference in the pathkeys required for the inner
* input rel . However this routine hasn ' t got any info about which
* order would be best , so we don ' t worry about that .
*
* It ' s also possible that the selected mergejoin clauses produce
* a noncanonical ordering of pathkeys for the inner side , ie , we
* might select clauses that reference b . v1 , b . v2 , b . v1 in that
* order . This is not harmful in itself , though it suggests that
* the clauses are partially redundant . Since the alternative is
* to omit mergejoin clauses and thereby possibly fail to generate a
* plan altogether , we live with it . make_inner_pathkeys_for_merge ( )
* has to delete duplicates when it constructs the inner pathkeys
* list , and we also have to deal with such cases specially in
* create_mergejoin_plan ( ) .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
foreach(j, restrictinfos)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(j);
EquivalenceClass *clause_ec;
clause_ec = rinfo->outer_is_left ?
rinfo->left_ec : rinfo->right_ec;
if (clause_ec == pathkey_ec)
matched_restrictinfos = lappend(matched_restrictinfos, rinfo);
}
/*
* If we didn ' t find a mergeclause , we ' re done - - - any additional
* sort - key positions in the pathkeys are useless . ( But we can still
* mergejoin if we found at least one mergeclause . )
*/
if (matched_restrictinfos == NIL)
break ;
/*
* If we did find usable mergeclause ( s ) for this sort - key position ,
* add them to result list .
*/
mergeclauses = list_concat(mergeclauses, matched_restrictinfos);
}
return mergeclauses;
}
/*
* select_outer_pathkeys_for_merge
* Builds a pathkey list representing a possible sort ordering
* that can be used with the given mergeclauses .
*
* ' mergeclauses ' is a list of RestrictInfos for mergejoin clauses
* that will be used in a merge join .
* ' joinrel ' is the join relation we are trying to construct .
*
* The restrictinfos must be marked ( via outer_is_left ) to show which side
* of each clause is associated with the current outer path . ( See
* select_mergejoin_clauses ( ) )
*
* Returns a pathkeys list that can be applied to the outer relation .
*
* Since we assume here that a sort is required , there is no particular use
* in matching any available ordering of the outerrel . ( joinpath . c has an
* entirely separate code path for considering sort - free mergejoins . ) Rather ,
* it ' s interesting to try to match , or match a prefix of the requested
* query_pathkeys so that a second output sort may be avoided or an
* incremental sort may be done instead . We can get away with just a prefix
* of the query_pathkeys when that prefix covers the entire join condition .
* Failing that , we try to list " more popular " keys ( those with the most
* unmatched EquivalenceClass peers ) earlier , in hopes of making the resulting
* ordering useful for as many higher - level mergejoins as possible .
*/
List *
select_outer_pathkeys_for_merge(PlannerInfo *root,
List *mergeclauses,
RelOptInfo *joinrel)
{
List *pathkeys = NIL;
int nClauses = list_length(mergeclauses);
EquivalenceClass **ecs;
int *scores;
int necs;
ListCell *lc;
int j;
/* Might have no mergeclauses */
if (nClauses == 0 )
return NIL;
/*
* Make arrays of the ECs used by the mergeclauses ( dropping any
* duplicates ) and their " popularity " scores .
*/
ecs = (EquivalenceClass **) palloc(nClauses * sizeof (EquivalenceClass *));
scores = (int *) palloc(nClauses * sizeof (int ));
necs = 0 ;
foreach(lc, mergeclauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
EquivalenceClass *oeclass;
int score;
ListCell *lc2;
/* get the outer eclass */
update_mergeclause_eclasses(root, rinfo);
if (rinfo->outer_is_left)
oeclass = rinfo->left_ec;
else
oeclass = rinfo->right_ec;
/* reject duplicates */
for (j = 0 ; j < necs; j++)
{
if (ecs[j] == oeclass)
break ;
}
if (j < necs)
continue ;
/* compute score */
score = 0 ;
foreach(lc2, oeclass->ec_members)
{
EquivalenceMember *em = (EquivalenceMember *) lfirst(lc2);
/* Child members should not exist in ec_members */
Assert(!em->em_is_child);
/* Potential future join partner? */
if (!em->em_is_const &&
!bms_overlap(em->em_relids, joinrel->relids))
score++;
}
ecs[necs] = oeclass;
scores[necs] = score;
necs++;
}
/*
* Find out if we have all the ECs mentioned in query_pathkeys ; if so we
* can generate a sort order that ' s also useful for final output . If we
* only have a prefix of the query_pathkeys , and that prefix is the entire
* join condition , then it ' s useful to use the prefix as the pathkeys as
* this increases the chances that an incremental sort will be able to be
* used by the upper planner .
*/
if (root->query_pathkeys)
{
int matches = 0 ;
foreach(lc, root->query_pathkeys)
{
PathKey *query_pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc);
EquivalenceClass *query_ec = query_pathkey->pk_eclass;
for (j = 0 ; j < necs; j++)
{
if (ecs[j] == query_ec)
break ; /* found match */
}
if (j >= necs)
break ; /* didn't find match */
matches++;
}
/* if we got to the end of the list, we have them all */
if (lc == NULL)
{
/* copy query_pathkeys as starting point for our output */
pathkeys = list_copy(root->query_pathkeys);
/* mark their ECs as already-emitted */
foreach(lc, root->query_pathkeys)
{
PathKey *query_pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lc);
EquivalenceClass *query_ec = query_pathkey->pk_eclass;
for (j = 0 ; j < necs; j++)
{
if (ecs[j] == query_ec)
{
scores[j] = -1 ;
break ;
}
}
}
}
/*
* If we didn ' t match to all of the query_pathkeys , but did match to
* all of the join clauses then we ' ll make use of these as partially
* sorted input is better than nothing for the upper planner as it may
* lead to incremental sorts instead of full sorts .
*/
else if (matches == nClauses)
{
pathkeys = list_copy_head(root->query_pathkeys, matches);
/* we have all of the join pathkeys, so nothing more to do */
pfree(ecs);
pfree(scores);
return pathkeys;
}
}
/*
* Add remaining ECs to the list in popularity order , using a default sort
* ordering . ( We could use qsort ( ) here , but the list length is usually
* so small it ' s not worth it . )
*/
for (;;)
{
int best_j;
int best_score;
EquivalenceClass *ec;
PathKey *pathkey;
best_j = 0 ;
best_score = scores[0 ];
for (j = 1 ; j < necs; j++)
{
if (scores[j] > best_score)
{
best_j = j;
best_score = scores[j];
}
}
if (best_score < 0 )
break ; /* all done */
ec = ecs[best_j];
scores[best_j] = -1 ;
pathkey = make_canonical_pathkey(root,
ec,
linitial_oid(ec->ec_opfamilies),
COMPARE_LT,
false );
/* can't be redundant because no duplicate ECs */
Assert(!pathkey_is_redundant(pathkey, pathkeys));
pathkeys = lappend(pathkeys, pathkey);
}
pfree(ecs);
pfree(scores);
return pathkeys;
}
/*
* make_inner_pathkeys_for_merge
* Builds a pathkey list representing the explicit sort order that
* must be applied to an inner path to make it usable with the
* given mergeclauses .
*
* ' mergeclauses ' is a list of RestrictInfos for the mergejoin clauses
* that will be used in a merge join , in order .
* ' outer_pathkeys ' are the already - known canonical pathkeys for the outer
* side of the join .
*
* The restrictinfos must be marked ( via outer_is_left ) to show which side
* of each clause is associated with the current outer path . ( See
* select_mergejoin_clauses ( ) )
*
* Returns a pathkeys list that can be applied to the inner relation .
*
* Note that it is not this routine ' s job to decide whether sorting is
* actually needed for a particular input path . Assume a sort is necessary ;
* just make the keys , eh ?
*/
List *
make_inner_pathkeys_for_merge(PlannerInfo *root,
List *mergeclauses,
List *outer_pathkeys)
{
List *pathkeys = NIL;
EquivalenceClass *lastoeclass;
PathKey *opathkey;
ListCell *lc;
ListCell *lop;
lastoeclass = NULL;
opathkey = NULL;
lop = list_head(outer_pathkeys);
foreach(lc, mergeclauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);
EquivalenceClass *oeclass;
EquivalenceClass *ieclass;
PathKey *pathkey;
update_mergeclause_eclasses(root, rinfo);
if (rinfo->outer_is_left)
{
oeclass = rinfo->left_ec;
ieclass = rinfo->right_ec;
}
else
{
oeclass = rinfo->right_ec;
ieclass = rinfo->left_ec;
}
/* outer eclass should match current or next pathkeys */
/* we check this carefully for debugging reasons */
if (oeclass != lastoeclass)
{
if (!lop)
elog(ERROR, "too few pathkeys for mergeclauses" );
opathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lop);
lop = lnext(outer_pathkeys, lop);
lastoeclass = opathkey->pk_eclass;
if (oeclass != lastoeclass)
elog(ERROR, "outer pathkeys do not match mergeclause" );
}
/*
* Often , we ' ll have same EC on both sides , in which case the outer
* pathkey is also canonical for the inner side , and we can skip a
* useless search .
*/
if (ieclass == oeclass)
pathkey = opathkey;
else
pathkey = make_canonical_pathkey(root,
ieclass,
opathkey->pk_opfamily,
opathkey->pk_cmptype,
opathkey->pk_nulls_first);
/*
* Don ' t generate redundant pathkeys ( which can happen if multiple
* mergeclauses refer to the same EC ) . Because we do this , the output
* pathkey list isn ' t necessarily ordered like the mergeclauses , which
* complicates life for create_mergejoin_plan ( ) . But if we didn ' t ,
* we ' d have a noncanonical sort key list , which would be bad ; for one
* reason , it certainly wouldn ' t match any available sort order for
* the input relation .
*/
if (!pathkey_is_redundant(pathkey, pathkeys))
pathkeys = lappend(pathkeys, pathkey);
}
return pathkeys;
}
/*
* trim_mergeclauses_for_inner_pathkeys
* This routine trims a list of mergeclauses to include just those that
* work with a specified ordering for the join ' s inner relation .
*
* ' mergeclauses ' is a list of RestrictInfos for mergejoin clauses for the
* join relation being formed , in an order known to work for the
* currently - considered sort ordering of the join ' s outer rel .
* ' pathkeys ' is a pathkeys list showing the ordering of an inner - rel path ;
* it should be equal to , or a truncation of , the result of
* make_inner_pathkeys_for_merge for these mergeclauses .
*
* What we return will be a prefix of the given mergeclauses list .
*
* We need this logic because make_inner_pathkeys_for_merge ' s result isn ' t
* necessarily in the same order as the mergeclauses . That means that if we
* consider an inner - rel pathkey list that is a truncation of that result ,
* we might need to drop mergeclauses even though they match a surviving inner
* pathkey . This happens when they are to the right of a mergeclause that
* matches a removed inner pathkey .
*
* The mergeclauses must be marked ( via outer_is_left ) to show which side
* of each clause is associated with the current outer path . ( See
* select_mergejoin_clauses ( ) )
*/
List *
trim_mergeclauses_for_inner_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root,
List *mergeclauses,
List *pathkeys)
{
List *new_mergeclauses = NIL;
PathKey *pathkey;
EquivalenceClass *pathkey_ec;
bool matched_pathkey;
ListCell *lip;
ListCell *i;
/* No pathkeys => no mergeclauses (though we don't expect this case) */
if (pathkeys == NIL)
return NIL;
/* Initialize to consider first pathkey */
lip = list_head(pathkeys);
pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lip);
pathkey_ec = pathkey->pk_eclass;
lip = lnext(pathkeys, lip);
matched_pathkey = false ;
/* Scan mergeclauses to see how many we can use */
foreach(i, mergeclauses)
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(i);
EquivalenceClass *clause_ec;
/* Assume we needn't do update_mergeclause_eclasses again here */
/* Check clause's inner-rel EC against current pathkey */
clause_ec = rinfo->outer_is_left ?
rinfo->right_ec : rinfo->left_ec;
/* If we don't have a match, attempt to advance to next pathkey */
if (clause_ec != pathkey_ec)
{
/* If we had no clauses matching this inner pathkey, must stop */
if (!matched_pathkey)
break ;
/* Advance to next inner pathkey, if any */
if (lip == NULL)
break ;
pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(lip);
pathkey_ec = pathkey->pk_eclass;
lip = lnext(pathkeys, lip);
matched_pathkey = false ;
}
/* If mergeclause matches current inner pathkey, we can use it */
if (clause_ec == pathkey_ec)
{
new_mergeclauses = lappend(new_mergeclauses, rinfo);
matched_pathkey = true ;
}
else
{
/* Else, no hope of adding any more mergeclauses */
break ;
}
}
return new_mergeclauses;
}
/****************************************************************************
* PATHKEY USEFULNESS CHECKS
*
* We only want to remember as many of the pathkeys of a path as have some
* potential use , either for subsequent mergejoins or for meeting the query ' s
* requested output ordering . This ensures that add_path ( ) won ' t consider
* a path to have a usefully different ordering unless it really is useful .
* These routines check for usefulness of given pathkeys .
****************************************************************************/
/*
* pathkeys_useful_for_merging
* Count the number of pathkeys that may be useful for mergejoins
* above the given relation .
*
* We consider a pathkey potentially useful if it corresponds to the merge
* ordering of either side of any joinclause for the rel . This might be
* overoptimistic , since joinclauses that require different other relations
* might never be usable at the same time , but trying to be exact is likely
* to be more trouble than it ' s worth .
*
* To avoid doubling the number of mergejoin paths considered , we would like
* to consider only one of the two scan directions ( ASC or DESC ) as useful
* for merging for any given target column . The choice is arbitrary unless
* one of the directions happens to match an ORDER BY key , in which case
* that direction should be preferred , in hopes of avoiding a final sort step .
* right_merge_direction ( ) implements this heuristic .
*/
static int
pathkeys_useful_for_merging(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, List *pathkeys)
{
int useful = 0 ;
ListCell *i;
foreach(i, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(i);
bool matched = false ;
ListCell *j;
/* If "wrong" direction, not useful for merging */
if (!right_merge_direction(root, pathkey))
break ;
/*
* First look into the EquivalenceClass of the pathkey , to see if
* there are any members not yet joined to the rel . If so , it ' s
* surely possible to generate a mergejoin clause using them .
*/
if (rel->has_eclass_joins &&
eclass_useful_for_merging(root, pathkey->pk_eclass, rel))
matched = true ;
else
{
/*
* Otherwise search the rel ' s joininfo list , which contains
* non - EquivalenceClass - derivable join clauses that might
* nonetheless be mergejoinable .
*/
foreach(j, rel->joininfo)
{
RestrictInfo *restrictinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(j);
if (restrictinfo->mergeopfamilies == NIL)
continue ;
update_mergeclause_eclasses(root, restrictinfo);
if (pathkey->pk_eclass == restrictinfo->left_ec ||
pathkey->pk_eclass == restrictinfo->right_ec)
{
matched = true ;
break ;
}
}
}
/*
* If we didn ' t find a mergeclause , we ' re done - - - any additional
* sort - key positions in the pathkeys are useless . ( But we can still
* mergejoin if we found at least one mergeclause . )
*/
if (matched)
useful++;
else
break ;
}
return useful;
}
/*
* right_merge_direction
* Check whether the pathkey embodies the preferred sort direction
* for merging its target column .
*/
static bool
right_merge_direction(PlannerInfo *root, PathKey *pathkey)
{
ListCell *l;
foreach(l, root->query_pathkeys)
{
PathKey *query_pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(l);
if (pathkey->pk_eclass == query_pathkey->pk_eclass &&
pathkey->pk_opfamily == query_pathkey->pk_opfamily)
{
/*
* Found a matching query sort column . Prefer this pathkey ' s
* direction iff it matches . Note that we ignore pk_nulls_first ,
* which means that a sort might be needed anyway . . . but we still
* want to prefer only one of the two possible directions , and we
* might as well use this one .
*/
return (pathkey->pk_cmptype == query_pathkey->pk_cmptype);
}
}
/* If no matching ORDER BY request, prefer the ASC direction */
return (pathkey->pk_cmptype == COMPARE_LT);
}
/*
* pathkeys_useful_for_ordering
* Count the number of pathkeys that are useful for meeting the
* query ' s requested output ordering .
*
* Because we the have the possibility of incremental sort , a prefix list of
* keys is potentially useful for improving the performance of the requested
* ordering . Thus we return 0 , if no valuable keys are found , or the number
* of leading keys shared by the list and the requested ordering . .
*/
static int
pathkeys_useful_for_ordering(PlannerInfo *root, List *pathkeys)
{
int n_common_pathkeys;
(void ) pathkeys_count_contained_in(root->query_pathkeys, pathkeys,
&n_common_pathkeys);
return n_common_pathkeys;
}
/*
* pathkeys_useful_for_grouping
* Count the number of pathkeys that are useful for grouping ( instead of
* explicit sort )
*
* Group pathkeys could be reordered to benefit from the ordering . The
* ordering may not be " complete " and may require incremental sort , but that ' s
* fine . So we simply count prefix pathkeys with a matching group key , and
* stop once we find the first pathkey without a match .
*
* So e . g . with pathkeys ( a , b , c ) and group keys ( a , b , e ) this determines ( a , b )
* pathkeys are useful for grouping , and we might do incremental sort to get
* path ordered by ( a , b , e ) .
*
* This logic is necessary to retain paths with ordering not matching grouping
* keys directly , without the reordering .
*
* Returns the length of pathkey prefix with matching group keys .
*/
static int
pathkeys_useful_for_grouping(PlannerInfo *root, List *pathkeys)
{
ListCell *key;
int n = 0 ;
/* no special ordering requested for grouping */
if (root->group_pathkeys == NIL)
return 0 ;
/* walk the pathkeys and search for matching group key */
foreach(key, pathkeys)
{
PathKey *pathkey = (PathKey *) lfirst(key);
/* no matching group key, we're done */
if (!list_member_ptr(root->group_pathkeys, pathkey))
break ;
n++;
}
return n;
}
/*
* pathkeys_useful_for_distinct
* Count the number of pathkeys that are useful for DISTINCT or DISTINCT
* ON clause .
*
* DISTINCT keys could be reordered to benefit from the given pathkey list . As
* with pathkeys_useful_for_grouping , we return the number of leading keys in
* the list that are shared by the distinctClause pathkeys .
*/
static int
pathkeys_useful_for_distinct(PlannerInfo *root, List *pathkeys)
{
int n_common_pathkeys;
/*
* distinct_pathkeys may have become empty if all of the pathkeys were
* determined to be redundant . Return 0 in this case .
*/
if (root->distinct_pathkeys == NIL)
return 0 ;
/* walk the pathkeys and search for matching DISTINCT key */
n_common_pathkeys = 0 ;
foreach_node(PathKey, pathkey, pathkeys)
{
/* no matching DISTINCT key, we're done */
if (!list_member_ptr(root->distinct_pathkeys, pathkey))
break ;
n_common_pathkeys++;
}
return n_common_pathkeys;
}
/*
* pathkeys_useful_for_setop
* Count the number of leading common pathkeys root ' s ' setop_pathkeys ' in
* ' pathkeys ' .
*/
static int
pathkeys_useful_for_setop(PlannerInfo *root, List *pathkeys)
{
int n_common_pathkeys;
(void ) pathkeys_count_contained_in(root->setop_pathkeys, pathkeys,
&n_common_pathkeys);
return n_common_pathkeys;
}
/*
* truncate_useless_pathkeys
* Shorten the given pathkey list to just the useful pathkeys .
*/
List *
truncate_useless_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root,
RelOptInfo *rel,
List *pathkeys)
{
int nuseful;
int nuseful2;
nuseful = pathkeys_useful_for_merging(root, rel, pathkeys);
nuseful2 = pathkeys_useful_for_ordering(root, pathkeys);
if (nuseful2 > nuseful)
nuseful = nuseful2;
nuseful2 = pathkeys_useful_for_grouping(root, pathkeys);
if (nuseful2 > nuseful)
nuseful = nuseful2;
nuseful2 = pathkeys_useful_for_distinct(root, pathkeys);
if (nuseful2 > nuseful)
nuseful = nuseful2;
nuseful2 = pathkeys_useful_for_setop(root, pathkeys);
if (nuseful2 > nuseful)
nuseful = nuseful2;
/*
* Note : not safe to modify input list destructively , but we can avoid
* copying the list if we ' re not actually going to change it
*/
if (nuseful == 0 )
return NIL;
else if (nuseful == list_length(pathkeys))
return pathkeys;
else
return list_copy_head(pathkeys, nuseful);
}
/*
* has_useful_pathkeys
* Detect whether the specified rel could have any pathkeys that are
* useful according to truncate_useless_pathkeys ( ) .
*
* This is a cheap test that lets us skip building pathkeys at all in very
* simple queries . It ' s OK to err in the direction of returning " true " when
* there really aren ' t any usable pathkeys , but erring in the other direction
* is bad - - - so keep this in sync with the routines above !
*
* We could make the test more complex , for example checking to see if any of
* the joinclauses are really mergejoinable , but that likely wouldn ' t win
* often enough to repay the extra cycles . Queries with neither a join nor
* a sort are reasonably common , though , so this much work seems worthwhile .
*/
bool
has_useful_pathkeys(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
if (rel->joininfo != NIL || rel->has_eclass_joins)
return true ; /* might be able to use pathkeys for merging */
if (root->group_pathkeys != NIL)
return true ; /* might be able to use pathkeys for grouping */
if (root->query_pathkeys != NIL)
return true ; /* might be able to use them for ordering */
return false ; /* definitely useless */
}
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