/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* read_stream . c
* Mechanism for accessing buffered relation data with look - ahead
*
* Code that needs to access relation data typically pins blocks one at a
* time , often in a predictable order that might be sequential or data - driven .
* Calling the simple ReadBuffer ( ) function for each block is inefficient ,
* because blocks that are not yet in the buffer pool require I / O operations
* that are small and might stall waiting for storage . This mechanism looks
* into the future and calls StartReadBuffers ( ) and WaitReadBuffers ( ) to read
* neighboring blocks together and ahead of time , with an adaptive look - ahead
* distance .
*
* A user - provided callback generates a stream of block numbers that is used
* to form reads of up to io_combine_limit , by attempting to merge them with a
* pending read . When that isn ' t possible , the existing pending read is sent
* to StartReadBuffers ( ) so that a new one can begin to form .
*
* The algorithm for controlling the look - ahead distance is based on recent
* cache hit and miss history . When no I / O is necessary , there is no benefit
* in looking ahead more than one block . This is the default initial
* assumption , but when blocks needing I / O are streamed , the distance is
* increased rapidly to try to benefit from I / O combining and concurrency . It
* is reduced gradually when cached blocks are streamed .
*
* The main data structure is a circular queue of buffers of size
* max_pinned_buffers plus some extra space for technical reasons , ready to be
* returned by read_stream_next_buffer ( ) . Each buffer also has an optional
* variable sized object that is passed from the callback to the consumer of
* buffers .
*
* Parallel to the queue of buffers , there is a circular queue of in - progress
* I / Os that have been started with StartReadBuffers ( ) , and for which
* WaitReadBuffers ( ) must be called before returning the buffer .
*
* For example , if the callback returns block numbers 10 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 60 in
* successive calls , then these data structures might appear as follows :
*
* buffers buf / data ios
*
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - +
* | | | | + - - - - + 42 . . 44 | < - oldest_io_index
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + | + - - - - - - - - +
* oldest_buffer_index - > | 10 | | ? | | + - - + 60 . . 60 |
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + | | + - - - - - - - - +
* | 42 | | ? | < - + | | | < - next_io_index
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + | + - - - - - - - - +
* | 43 | | ? | | | |
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + | + - - - - - - - - +
* | 44 | | ? | | | |
* + - - - - + + - - - - - + | + - - - - - - - - +
* | 60 | | ? | < - - - +
* + - - - - + + - - - - - +
* next_buffer_index - > | | | |
* + - - - - + + - - - - - +
*
* In the example , 5 buffers are pinned , and the next buffer to be streamed to
* the client is block 10 . Block 10 was a hit and has no associated I / O , but
* the range 42 . . 44 requires an I / O wait before its buffers are returned , as
* does block 60 .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 2024 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / storage / aio / read_stream . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/aio.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "storage/read_stream.h"
#include "utils/memdebug.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/spccache.h"
typedef struct InProgressIO
{
int16 buffer_index;
ReadBuffersOperation op;
} InProgressIO;
/*
* State for managing a stream of reads .
*/
struct ReadStream
{
int16 max_ios;
int16 io_combine_limit;
int16 ios_in_progress;
int16 queue_size;
int16 max_pinned_buffers;
int16 forwarded_buffers;
int16 pinned_buffers;
int16 distance;
int16 initialized_buffers;
int read_buffers_flags;
bool sync_mode; /* using io_method=sync */
bool batch_mode; /* READ_STREAM_USE_BATCHING */
bool advice_enabled;
bool temporary;
/*
* One - block buffer to support ' ungetting ' a block number , to resolve flow
* control problems when I / Os are split .
*/
BlockNumber buffered_blocknum;
/*
* The callback that will tell us which block numbers to read , and an
* opaque pointer that will be pass to it for its own purposes .
*/
ReadStreamBlockNumberCB callback;
void *callback_private_data;
/* Next expected block, for detecting sequential access. */
BlockNumber seq_blocknum;
BlockNumber seq_until_processed;
/* The read operation we are currently preparing. */
BlockNumber pending_read_blocknum;
int16 pending_read_nblocks;
/* Space for buffers and optional per-buffer private data. */
size_t per_buffer_data_size;
void *per_buffer_data;
/* Read operations that have been started but not waited for yet. */
InProgressIO *ios;
int16 oldest_io_index;
int16 next_io_index;
bool fast_path;
/* Circular queue of buffers. */
int16 oldest_buffer_index; /* Next pinned buffer to return */
int16 next_buffer_index; /* Index of next buffer to pin */
Buffer buffers[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
};
/*
* Return a pointer to the per - buffer data by index .
*/
static inline void *
get_per_buffer_data(ReadStream *stream, int16 buffer_index)
{
return (char *) stream->per_buffer_data +
stream->per_buffer_data_size * buffer_index;
}
/*
* General - use ReadStreamBlockNumberCB for block range scans . Loops over the
* blocks [ current_blocknum , last_exclusive ) .
*/
BlockNumber
block_range_read_stream_cb(ReadStream *stream,
void *callback_private_data,
void *per_buffer_data)
{
BlockRangeReadStreamPrivate *p = callback_private_data;
if (p->current_blocknum < p->last_exclusive)
return p->current_blocknum++;
return InvalidBlockNumber;
}
/*
* Ask the callback which block it would like us to read next , with a one block
* buffer in front to allow read_stream_unget_block ( ) to work .
*/
static inline BlockNumber
read_stream_get_block(ReadStream *stream, void *per_buffer_data)
{
BlockNumber blocknum;
blocknum = stream->buffered_blocknum;
if (blocknum != InvalidBlockNumber)
stream->buffered_blocknum = InvalidBlockNumber;
else
{
/*
* Tell Valgrind that the per - buffer data is undefined . That replaces
* the " noaccess " state that was set when the consumer moved past this
* entry last time around the queue , and should also catch callbacks
* that fail to initialize data that the buffer consumer later
* accesses . On the first go around , it is undefined already .
*/
VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(per_buffer_data,
stream->per_buffer_data_size);
blocknum = stream->callback(stream,
stream->callback_private_data,
per_buffer_data);
}
return blocknum;
}
/*
* In order to deal with buffer shortages and I / O limits after short reads , we
* sometimes need to defer handling of a block we ' ve already consumed from the
* registered callback until later .
*/
static inline void
read_stream_unget_block(ReadStream *stream, BlockNumber blocknum)
{
/* We shouldn't ever unget more than one block. */
Assert(stream->buffered_blocknum == InvalidBlockNumber);
Assert(blocknum != InvalidBlockNumber);
stream->buffered_blocknum = blocknum;
}
/*
* Start as much of the current pending read as we can . If we have to split it
* because of the per - backend buffer limit , or the buffer manager decides to
* split it , then the pending read is adjusted to hold the remaining portion .
*
* We can always start a read of at least size one if we have no progress yet .
* Otherwise it ' s possible that we can ' t start a read at all because of a lack
* of buffers , and then false is returned . Buffer shortages also reduce the
* distance to a level that prevents look - ahead until buffers are released .
*/
static bool
read_stream_start_pending_read(ReadStream *stream)
{
bool need_wait;
int requested_nblocks;
int nblocks;
int flags;
int forwarded;
int16 io_index;
int16 overflow;
int16 buffer_index;
int buffer_limit;
/* This should only be called with a pending read. */
Assert(stream->pending_read_nblocks > 0 );
Assert(stream->pending_read_nblocks <= stream->io_combine_limit);
/* We had better not exceed the per-stream buffer limit with this read. */
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers + stream->pending_read_nblocks <=
stream->max_pinned_buffers);
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
/* We had better not be overwriting an existing pinned buffer. */
if (stream->pinned_buffers > 0 )
Assert(stream->next_buffer_index != stream->oldest_buffer_index);
else
Assert(stream->next_buffer_index == stream->oldest_buffer_index);
/*
* Pinned buffers forwarded by a preceding StartReadBuffers ( ) call that
* had to split the operation should match the leading blocks of this
* following StartReadBuffers ( ) call .
*/
Assert(stream->forwarded_buffers <= stream->pending_read_nblocks);
for (int i = 0 ; i < stream->forwarded_buffers; ++i)
Assert(BufferGetBlockNumber(stream->buffers[stream->next_buffer_index + i]) ==
stream->pending_read_blocknum + i);
/*
* Check that we ' ve cleared the queue / overflow entries corresponding to
* the rest of the blocks covered by this read , unless it ' s the first go
* around and we haven ' t even initialized them yet .
*/
for (int i = stream->forwarded_buffers; i < stream->pending_read_nblocks; ++i)
Assert(stream->next_buffer_index + i >= stream->initialized_buffers ||
stream->buffers[stream->next_buffer_index + i] == InvalidBuffer);
#endif
/* Do we need to issue read-ahead advice? */
flags = stream->read_buffers_flags;
if (stream->advice_enabled)
{
if (stream->pending_read_blocknum == stream->seq_blocknum)
{
/*
* Sequential : Issue advice until the preadv ( ) calls have caught
* up with the first advice issued for this sequential region , and
* then stay of the way of the kernel ' s own read - ahead .
*/
if (stream->seq_until_processed != InvalidBlockNumber)
flags |= READ_BUFFERS_ISSUE_ADVICE;
}
else
{
/*
* Random jump : Note the starting location of a new potential
* sequential region and start issuing advice . Skip it this time
* if the preadv ( ) follows immediately , eg first block in stream .
*/
stream->seq_until_processed = stream->pending_read_blocknum;
if (stream->pinned_buffers > 0 )
flags |= READ_BUFFERS_ISSUE_ADVICE;
}
}
/*
* How many more buffers is this backend allowed ?
*
* Forwarded buffers are already pinned and map to the leading blocks of
* the pending read ( the remaining portion of an earlier short read that
* we ' re about to continue ) . They are not counted in pinned_buffers , but
* they are counted as pins already held by this backend according to the
* buffer manager , so they must be added to the limit it grants us .
*/
if (stream->temporary)
buffer_limit = Min(GetAdditionalLocalPinLimit(), PG_INT16_MAX);
else
buffer_limit = Min(GetAdditionalPinLimit(), PG_INT16_MAX);
Assert(stream->forwarded_buffers <= stream->pending_read_nblocks);
buffer_limit += stream->forwarded_buffers;
buffer_limit = Min(buffer_limit, PG_INT16_MAX);
if (buffer_limit == 0 && stream->pinned_buffers == 0 )
buffer_limit = 1 ; /* guarantee progress */
/* Does the per-backend limit affect this read? */
nblocks = stream->pending_read_nblocks;
if (buffer_limit < nblocks)
{
int16 new_distance;
/* Shrink distance: no more look-ahead until buffers are released. */
new_distance = stream->pinned_buffers + buffer_limit;
if (stream->distance > new_distance)
stream->distance = new_distance;
/* Unless we have nothing to give the consumer, stop here. */
if (stream->pinned_buffers > 0 )
return false ;
/* A short read is required to make progress. */
nblocks = buffer_limit;
}
/*
* We say how many blocks we want to read , but it may be smaller on return
* if the buffer manager decides to shorten the read . Initialize buffers
* to InvalidBuffer ( = not a forwarded buffer ) as input on first use only ,
* and keep the original nblocks number so we can check for forwarded
* buffers as output , below .
*/
buffer_index = stream->next_buffer_index;
io_index = stream->next_io_index;
while (stream->initialized_buffers < buffer_index + nblocks)
stream->buffers[stream->initialized_buffers++] = InvalidBuffer;
requested_nblocks = nblocks;
need_wait = StartReadBuffers(&stream->ios[io_index].op,
&stream->buffers[buffer_index],
stream->pending_read_blocknum,
&nblocks,
flags);
stream->pinned_buffers += nblocks;
/* Remember whether we need to wait before returning this buffer. */
if (!need_wait)
{
/* Look-ahead distance decays, no I/O necessary. */
if (stream->distance > 1 )
stream->distance--;
}
else
{
/*
* Remember to call WaitReadBuffers ( ) before returning head buffer .
* Look - ahead distance will be adjusted after waiting .
*/
stream->ios[io_index].buffer_index = buffer_index;
if (++stream->next_io_index == stream->max_ios)
stream->next_io_index = 0 ;
Assert(stream->ios_in_progress < stream->max_ios);
stream->ios_in_progress++;
stream->seq_blocknum = stream->pending_read_blocknum + nblocks;
}
/*
* How many pins were acquired but forwarded to the next call ? These need
* to be passed to the next StartReadBuffers ( ) call by leaving them
* exactly where they are in the queue , or released if the stream ends
* early . We need the number for accounting purposes , since they are not
* counted in stream - > pinned_buffers but we already hold them .
*/
forwarded = 0 ;
while (nblocks + forwarded < requested_nblocks &&
stream->buffers[buffer_index + nblocks + forwarded] != InvalidBuffer)
forwarded++;
stream->forwarded_buffers = forwarded;
/*
* We gave a contiguous range of buffer space to StartReadBuffers ( ) , but
* we want it to wrap around at queue_size . Copy overflowing buffers to
* the front of the array where they ' ll be consumed , but also leave a copy
* in the overflow zone which the I / O operation has a pointer to ( it needs
* a contiguous array ) . Both copies will be cleared when the buffers are
* handed to the consumer .
*/
overflow = (buffer_index + nblocks + forwarded) - stream->queue_size;
if (overflow > 0 )
{
Assert(overflow < stream->queue_size); /* can't overlap */
memcpy(&stream->buffers[0 ],
&stream->buffers[stream->queue_size],
sizeof (stream->buffers[0 ]) * overflow);
}
/* Compute location of start of next read, without using % operator. */
buffer_index += nblocks;
if (buffer_index >= stream->queue_size)
buffer_index -= stream->queue_size;
Assert(buffer_index >= 0 && buffer_index < stream->queue_size);
stream->next_buffer_index = buffer_index;
/* Adjust the pending read to cover the remaining portion, if any. */
stream->pending_read_blocknum += nblocks;
stream->pending_read_nblocks -= nblocks;
return true ;
}
static void
read_stream_look_ahead(ReadStream *stream)
{
/*
* Allow amortizing the cost of submitting IO over multiple IOs . This
* requires that we don ' t do any operations that could lead to a deadlock
* with staged - but - unsubmitted IO . The callback needs to opt - in to being
* careful .
*/
if (stream->batch_mode)
pgaio_enter_batchmode();
while (stream->ios_in_progress < stream->max_ios &&
stream->pinned_buffers + stream->pending_read_nblocks < stream->distance)
{
BlockNumber blocknum;
int16 buffer_index;
void *per_buffer_data;
if (stream->pending_read_nblocks == stream->io_combine_limit)
{
read_stream_start_pending_read(stream);
continue ;
}
/*
* See which block the callback wants next in the stream . We need to
* compute the index of the Nth block of the pending read including
* wrap - around , but we don ' t want to use the expensive % operator .
*/
buffer_index = stream->next_buffer_index + stream->pending_read_nblocks;
if (buffer_index >= stream->queue_size)
buffer_index -= stream->queue_size;
Assert(buffer_index >= 0 && buffer_index < stream->queue_size);
per_buffer_data = get_per_buffer_data(stream, buffer_index);
blocknum = read_stream_get_block(stream, per_buffer_data);
if (blocknum == InvalidBlockNumber)
{
/* End of stream. */
stream->distance = 0 ;
break ;
}
/* Can we merge it with the pending read? */
if (stream->pending_read_nblocks > 0 &&
stream->pending_read_blocknum + stream->pending_read_nblocks == blocknum)
{
stream->pending_read_nblocks++;
continue ;
}
/* We have to start the pending read before we can build another. */
while (stream->pending_read_nblocks > 0 )
{
if (!read_stream_start_pending_read(stream) ||
stream->ios_in_progress == stream->max_ios)
{
/* We've hit the buffer or I/O limit. Rewind and stop here. */
read_stream_unget_block(stream, blocknum);
if (stream->batch_mode)
pgaio_exit_batchmode();
return ;
}
}
/* This is the start of a new pending read. */
stream->pending_read_blocknum = blocknum;
stream->pending_read_nblocks = 1 ;
}
/*
* We don ' t start the pending read just because we ' ve hit the distance
* limit , preferring to give it another chance to grow to full
* io_combine_limit size once more buffers have been consumed . However ,
* if we ' ve already reached io_combine_limit , or we ' ve reached the
* distance limit and there isn ' t anything pinned yet , or the callback has
* signaled end - of - stream , we start the read immediately . Note that the
* pending read can exceed the distance goal , if the latter was reduced
* after hitting the per - backend buffer limit .
*/
if (stream->pending_read_nblocks > 0 &&
(stream->pending_read_nblocks == stream->io_combine_limit ||
(stream->pending_read_nblocks >= stream->distance &&
stream->pinned_buffers == 0 ) ||
stream->distance == 0 ) &&
stream->ios_in_progress < stream->max_ios)
read_stream_start_pending_read(stream);
/*
* There should always be something pinned when we leave this function ,
* whether started by this call or not , unless we ' ve hit the end of the
* stream . In the worst case we can always make progress one buffer at a
* time .
*/
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers > 0 || stream->distance == 0 );
if (stream->batch_mode)
pgaio_exit_batchmode();
}
/*
* Create a new read stream object that can be used to perform the equivalent
* of a series of ReadBuffer ( ) calls for one fork of one relation .
* Internally , it generates larger vectored reads where possible by looking
* ahead . The callback should return block numbers or InvalidBlockNumber to
* signal end - of - stream , and if per_buffer_data_size is non - zero , it may also
* write extra data for each block into the space provided to it . It will
* also receive callback_private_data for its own purposes .
*/
static ReadStream *
read_stream_begin_impl(int flags,
BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
Relation rel,
SMgrRelation smgr,
char persistence,
ForkNumber forknum,
ReadStreamBlockNumberCB callback,
void *callback_private_data,
size_t per_buffer_data_size)
{
ReadStream *stream;
size_t size;
int16 queue_size;
int16 queue_overflow;
int max_ios;
int strategy_pin_limit;
uint32 max_pinned_buffers;
uint32 max_possible_buffer_limit;
Oid tablespace_id;
/*
* Decide how many I / Os we will allow to run at the same time . This
* number also affects how far we look ahead for opportunities to start
* more I / Os .
*/
tablespace_id = smgr->smgr_rlocator.locator.spcOid;
if (!OidIsValid(MyDatabaseId) ||
(rel && IsCatalogRelation(rel)) ||
IsCatalogRelationOid(smgr->smgr_rlocator.locator.relNumber))
{
/*
* Avoid circularity while trying to look up tablespace settings or
* before spccache . c is ready .
*/
max_ios = effective_io_concurrency;
}
else if (flags & READ_STREAM_MAINTENANCE)
max_ios = get_tablespace_maintenance_io_concurrency(tablespace_id);
else
max_ios = get_tablespace_io_concurrency(tablespace_id);
/* Cap to INT16_MAX to avoid overflowing below */
max_ios = Min(max_ios, PG_INT16_MAX);
/*
* If starting a multi - block I / O near the end of the queue , we might
* temporarily need extra space for overflowing buffers before they are
* moved to regular circular position . This is the maximum extra space we
* could need .
*/
queue_overflow = io_combine_limit - 1 ;
/*
* Choose the maximum number of buffers we ' re prepared to pin . We try to
* pin fewer if we can , though . We add one so that we can make progress
* even if max_ios is set to 0 ( see also further down ) . For max_ios > 0 ,
* this also allows an extra full I / O ' s worth of buffers : after an I / O
* finishes we don ' t want to have to wait for its buffers to be consumed
* before starting a new one .
*
* Be careful not to allow int16 to overflow . That is possible with the
* current GUC range limits , so this is an artificial limit of ~ 32 k
* buffers and we ' d need to adjust the types to exceed that . We also have
* to allow for the spare entry and the overflow space .
*/
max_pinned_buffers = (max_ios + 1 ) * io_combine_limit;
max_pinned_buffers = Min(max_pinned_buffers,
PG_INT16_MAX - queue_overflow - 1 );
/* Give the strategy a chance to limit the number of buffers we pin. */
strategy_pin_limit = GetAccessStrategyPinLimit(strategy);
max_pinned_buffers = Min(strategy_pin_limit, max_pinned_buffers);
/*
* Also limit our queue to the maximum number of pins we could ever be
* allowed to acquire according to the buffer manager . We may not really
* be able to use them all due to other pins held by this backend , but
* we ' ll check that later in read_stream_start_pending_read ( ) .
*/
if (SmgrIsTemp(smgr))
max_possible_buffer_limit = GetLocalPinLimit();
else
max_possible_buffer_limit = GetPinLimit();
max_pinned_buffers = Min(max_pinned_buffers, max_possible_buffer_limit);
/*
* The limit might be zero on a system configured with too few buffers for
* the number of connections . We need at least one to make progress .
*/
max_pinned_buffers = Max(1 , max_pinned_buffers);
/*
* We need one extra entry for buffers and per - buffer data , because users
* of per - buffer data have access to the object until the next call to
* read_stream_next_buffer ( ) , so we need a gap between the head and tail
* of the queue so that we don ' t clobber it .
*/
queue_size = max_pinned_buffers + 1 ;
/*
* Allocate the object , the buffers , the ios and per_buffer_data space in
* one big chunk . Though we have queue_size buffers , we want to be able
* to assume that all the buffers for a single read are contiguous ( i . e .
* don ' t wrap around halfway through ) , so we allow temporary overflows of
* up to the maximum possible overflow size .
*/
size = offsetof(ReadStream, buffers);
size += sizeof (Buffer) * (queue_size + queue_overflow);
size += sizeof (InProgressIO) * Max(1 , max_ios);
size += per_buffer_data_size * queue_size;
size += MAXIMUM_ALIGNOF * 2 ;
stream = (ReadStream *) palloc(size);
memset(stream, 0 , offsetof(ReadStream, buffers));
stream->ios = (InProgressIO *)
MAXALIGN(&stream->buffers[queue_size + queue_overflow]);
if (per_buffer_data_size > 0 )
stream->per_buffer_data = (void *)
MAXALIGN(&stream->ios[Max(1 , max_ios)]);
stream->sync_mode = io_method == IOMETHOD_SYNC;
stream->batch_mode = flags & READ_STREAM_USE_BATCHING;
#ifdef USE_PREFETCH
/*
* Read - ahead advice simulating asynchronous I / O with synchronous calls .
* Issue advice only if AIO is not used , direct I / O isn ' t enabled , the
* caller hasn ' t promised sequential access ( overriding our detection
* heuristics ) , and max_ios hasn ' t been set to zero .
*/
if (stream->sync_mode &&
(io_direct_flags & IO_DIRECT_DATA) == 0 &&
(flags & READ_STREAM_SEQUENTIAL) == 0 &&
max_ios > 0 )
stream->advice_enabled = true ;
#endif
/*
* Setting max_ios to zero disables AIO and advice - based pseudo AIO , but
* we still need to allocate space to combine and run one I / O . Bump it up
* to one , and remember to ask for synchronous I / O only .
*/
if (max_ios == 0 )
{
max_ios = 1 ;
stream->read_buffers_flags = READ_BUFFERS_SYNCHRONOUSLY;
}
/*
* Capture stable values for these two GUC - derived numbers for the
* lifetime of this stream , so we don ' t have to worry about the GUCs
* changing underneath us beyond this point .
*/
stream->max_ios = max_ios;
stream->io_combine_limit = io_combine_limit;
stream->per_buffer_data_size = per_buffer_data_size;
stream->max_pinned_buffers = max_pinned_buffers;
stream->queue_size = queue_size;
stream->callback = callback;
stream->callback_private_data = callback_private_data;
stream->buffered_blocknum = InvalidBlockNumber;
stream->seq_blocknum = InvalidBlockNumber;
stream->seq_until_processed = InvalidBlockNumber;
stream->temporary = SmgrIsTemp(smgr);
/*
* Skip the initial ramp - up phase if the caller says we ' re going to be
* reading the whole relation . This way we start out assuming we ' ll be
* doing full io_combine_limit sized reads .
*/
if (flags & READ_STREAM_FULL)
stream->distance = Min(max_pinned_buffers, stream->io_combine_limit);
else
stream->distance = 1 ;
/*
* Since we always access the same relation , we can initialize parts of
* the ReadBuffersOperation objects and leave them that way , to avoid
* wasting CPU cycles writing to them for each read .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < max_ios; ++i)
{
stream->ios[i].op.rel = rel;
stream->ios[i].op.smgr = smgr;
stream->ios[i].op.persistence = persistence;
stream->ios[i].op.forknum = forknum;
stream->ios[i].op.strategy = strategy;
}
return stream;
}
/*
* Create a new read stream for reading a relation .
* See read_stream_begin_impl ( ) for the detailed explanation .
*/
ReadStream *
read_stream_begin_relation(int flags,
BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
Relation rel,
ForkNumber forknum,
ReadStreamBlockNumberCB callback,
void *callback_private_data,
size_t per_buffer_data_size)
{
return read_stream_begin_impl(flags,
strategy,
rel,
RelationGetSmgr(rel),
rel->rd_rel->relpersistence,
forknum,
callback,
callback_private_data,
per_buffer_data_size);
}
/*
* Create a new read stream for reading a SMgr relation .
* See read_stream_begin_impl ( ) for the detailed explanation .
*/
ReadStream *
read_stream_begin_smgr_relation(int flags,
BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
SMgrRelation smgr,
char smgr_persistence,
ForkNumber forknum,
ReadStreamBlockNumberCB callback,
void *callback_private_data,
size_t per_buffer_data_size)
{
return read_stream_begin_impl(flags,
strategy,
NULL,
smgr,
smgr_persistence,
forknum,
callback,
callback_private_data,
per_buffer_data_size);
}
/*
* Pull one pinned buffer out of a stream . Each call returns successive
* blocks in the order specified by the callback . If per_buffer_data_size was
* set to a non - zero size , * per_buffer_data receives a pointer to the extra
* per - buffer data that the callback had a chance to populate , which remains
* valid until the next call to read_stream_next_buffer ( ) . When the stream
* runs out of data , InvalidBuffer is returned . The caller may decide to end
* the stream early at any time by calling read_stream_end ( ) .
*/
Buffer
read_stream_next_buffer(ReadStream *stream, void **per_buffer_data)
{
Buffer buffer;
int16 oldest_buffer_index;
#ifndef READ_STREAM_DISABLE_FAST_PATH
/*
* A fast path for all - cached scans . This is the same as the usual
* algorithm , but it is specialized for no I / O and no per - buffer data , so
* we can skip the queue management code , stay in the same buffer slot and
* use singular StartReadBuffer ( ) .
*/
if (likely(stream->fast_path))
{
BlockNumber next_blocknum;
/* Fast path assumptions. */
Assert(stream->ios_in_progress == 0 );
Assert(stream->forwarded_buffers == 0 );
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers == 1 );
Assert(stream->distance == 1 );
Assert(stream->pending_read_nblocks == 0 );
Assert(stream->per_buffer_data_size == 0 );
Assert(stream->initialized_buffers > stream->oldest_buffer_index);
/* We're going to return the buffer we pinned last time. */
oldest_buffer_index = stream->oldest_buffer_index;
Assert((oldest_buffer_index + 1 ) % stream->queue_size ==
stream->next_buffer_index);
buffer = stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index];
Assert(buffer != InvalidBuffer);
/* Choose the next block to pin. */
next_blocknum = read_stream_get_block(stream, NULL);
if (likely(next_blocknum != InvalidBlockNumber))
{
int flags = stream->read_buffers_flags;
if (stream->advice_enabled)
flags |= READ_BUFFERS_ISSUE_ADVICE;
/*
* Pin a buffer for the next call . Same buffer entry , and
* arbitrary I / O entry ( they ' re all free ) . We don ' t have to
* adjust pinned_buffers because we ' re transferring one to caller
* but pinning one more .
*
* In the fast path we don ' t need to check the pin limit . We ' re
* always allowed at least one pin so that progress can be made ,
* and that ' s all we need here . Although two pins are momentarily
* held at the same time , the model used here is that the stream
* holds only one , and the other now belongs to the caller .
*/
if (likely(!StartReadBuffer(&stream->ios[0 ].op,
&stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index],
next_blocknum,
flags)))
{
/* Fast return. */
return buffer;
}
/* Next call must wait for I/O for the newly pinned buffer. */
stream->oldest_io_index = 0 ;
stream->next_io_index = stream->max_ios > 1 ? 1 : 0 ;
stream->ios_in_progress = 1 ;
stream->ios[0 ].buffer_index = oldest_buffer_index;
stream->seq_blocknum = next_blocknum + 1 ;
}
else
{
/* No more blocks, end of stream. */
stream->distance = 0 ;
stream->oldest_buffer_index = stream->next_buffer_index;
stream->pinned_buffers = 0 ;
stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index] = InvalidBuffer;
}
stream->fast_path = false ;
return buffer;
}
#endif
if (unlikely(stream->pinned_buffers == 0 ))
{
Assert(stream->oldest_buffer_index == stream->next_buffer_index);
/* End of stream reached? */
if (stream->distance == 0 )
return InvalidBuffer;
/*
* The usual order of operations is that we look ahead at the bottom
* of this function after potentially finishing an I / O and making
* space for more , but if we ' re just starting up we ' ll need to crank
* the handle to get started .
*/
read_stream_look_ahead(stream);
/* End of stream reached? */
if (stream->pinned_buffers == 0 )
{
Assert(stream->distance == 0 );
return InvalidBuffer;
}
}
/* Grab the oldest pinned buffer and associated per-buffer data. */
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers > 0 );
oldest_buffer_index = stream->oldest_buffer_index;
Assert(oldest_buffer_index >= 0 &&
oldest_buffer_index < stream->queue_size);
buffer = stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index];
if (per_buffer_data)
*per_buffer_data = get_per_buffer_data(stream, oldest_buffer_index);
Assert(BufferIsValid(buffer));
/* Do we have to wait for an associated I/O first? */
if (stream->ios_in_progress > 0 &&
stream->ios[stream->oldest_io_index].buffer_index == oldest_buffer_index)
{
int16 io_index = stream->oldest_io_index;
int32 distance; /* wider temporary value, clamped below */
/* Sanity check that we still agree on the buffers. */
Assert(stream->ios[io_index].op.buffers ==
&stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index]);
WaitReadBuffers(&stream->ios[io_index].op);
Assert(stream->ios_in_progress > 0 );
stream->ios_in_progress--;
if (++stream->oldest_io_index == stream->max_ios)
stream->oldest_io_index = 0 ;
/* Look-ahead distance ramps up rapidly after we do I/O. */
distance = stream->distance * 2 ;
distance = Min(distance, stream->max_pinned_buffers);
stream->distance = distance;
/*
* If we ' ve reached the first block of a sequential region we ' re
* issuing advice for , cancel that until the next jump . The kernel
* will see the sequential preadv ( ) pattern starting here .
*/
if (stream->advice_enabled &&
stream->ios[io_index].op.blocknum == stream->seq_until_processed)
stream->seq_until_processed = InvalidBlockNumber;
}
/*
* We must zap this queue entry , or else it would appear as a forwarded
* buffer . If it ' s potentially in the overflow zone ( ie from a
* multi - block I / O that wrapped around the queue ) , also zap the copy .
*/
stream->buffers[oldest_buffer_index] = InvalidBuffer;
if (oldest_buffer_index < stream->io_combine_limit - 1 )
stream->buffers[stream->queue_size + oldest_buffer_index] =
InvalidBuffer;
#if defined (CLOBBER_FREED_MEMORY) || defined (USE_VALGRIND)
/*
* The caller will get access to the per - buffer data , until the next call .
* We wipe the one before , which is never occupied because queue_size
* allowed one extra element . This will hopefully trip up client code
* that is holding a dangling pointer to it .
*/
if (stream->per_buffer_data)
{
void *per_buffer_data;
per_buffer_data = get_per_buffer_data(stream,
oldest_buffer_index == 0 ?
stream->queue_size - 1 :
oldest_buffer_index - 1 );
#if defined (CLOBBER_FREED_MEMORY)
/* This also tells Valgrind the memory is "noaccess". */
wipe_mem(per_buffer_data, stream->per_buffer_data_size);
#elif defined (USE_VALGRIND)
/* Tell it ourselves. */
VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_NOACCESS(per_buffer_data,
stream->per_buffer_data_size);
#endif
}
#endif
/* Pin transferred to caller. */
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers > 0 );
stream->pinned_buffers--;
/* Advance oldest buffer, with wrap-around. */
stream->oldest_buffer_index++;
if (stream->oldest_buffer_index == stream->queue_size)
stream->oldest_buffer_index = 0 ;
/* Prepare for the next call. */
read_stream_look_ahead(stream);
#ifndef READ_STREAM_DISABLE_FAST_PATH
/* See if we can take the fast path for all-cached scans next time. */
if (stream->ios_in_progress == 0 &&
stream->forwarded_buffers == 0 &&
stream->pinned_buffers == 1 &&
stream->distance == 1 &&
stream->pending_read_nblocks == 0 &&
stream->per_buffer_data_size == 0 )
{
/*
* The fast path spins on one buffer entry repeatedly instead of
* rotating through the whole queue and clearing the entries behind
* it . If the buffer it starts with happened to be forwarded between
* StartReadBuffers ( ) calls and also wrapped around the circular queue
* partway through , then a copy also exists in the overflow zone , and
* it won ' t clear it out as the regular path would . Do that now , so
* it doesn ' t need code for that .
*/
if (stream->oldest_buffer_index < stream->io_combine_limit - 1 )
stream->buffers[stream->queue_size + stream->oldest_buffer_index] =
InvalidBuffer;
stream->fast_path = true ;
}
#endif
return buffer;
}
/*
* Transitional support for code that would like to perform or skip reads
* itself , without using the stream . Returns , and consumes , the next block
* number that would be read by the stream ' s look - ahead algorithm , or
* InvalidBlockNumber if the end of the stream is reached . Also reports the
* strategy that would be used to read it .
*/
BlockNumber
read_stream_next_block(ReadStream *stream, BufferAccessStrategy *strategy)
{
*strategy = stream->ios[0 ].op.strategy;
return read_stream_get_block(stream, NULL);
}
/*
* Reset a read stream by releasing any queued up buffers , allowing the stream
* to be used again for different blocks . This can be used to clear an
* end - of - stream condition and start again , or to throw away blocks that were
* speculatively read and read some different blocks instead .
*/
void
read_stream_reset(ReadStream *stream)
{
int16 index;
Buffer buffer;
/* Stop looking ahead. */
stream->distance = 0 ;
/* Forget buffered block number and fast path state. */
stream->buffered_blocknum = InvalidBlockNumber;
stream->fast_path = false ;
/* Unpin anything that wasn't consumed. */
while ((buffer = read_stream_next_buffer(stream, NULL)) != InvalidBuffer)
ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
/* Unpin any unused forwarded buffers. */
index = stream->next_buffer_index;
while (index < stream->initialized_buffers &&
(buffer = stream->buffers[index]) != InvalidBuffer)
{
Assert(stream->forwarded_buffers > 0 );
stream->forwarded_buffers--;
ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
stream->buffers[index] = InvalidBuffer;
if (index < stream->io_combine_limit - 1 )
stream->buffers[stream->queue_size + index] = InvalidBuffer;
if (++index == stream->queue_size)
index = 0 ;
}
Assert(stream->forwarded_buffers == 0 );
Assert(stream->pinned_buffers == 0 );
Assert(stream->ios_in_progress == 0 );
/* Start off assuming data is cached. */
stream->distance = 1 ;
}
/*
* Release and free a read stream .
*/
void
read_stream_end(ReadStream *stream)
{
read_stream_reset(stream);
pfree(stream);
}
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