/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* ts_typanalyze . c
* functions for gathering statistics from tsvector columns
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / tsearch / ts_typanalyze . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "commands/vacuum.h"
#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "tsearch/ts_type.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "varatt.h"
/* A hash key for lexemes */
typedef struct
{
char *lexeme; /* lexeme (not NULL terminated!) */
int length; /* its length in bytes */
} LexemeHashKey;
/* A hash table entry for the Lossy Counting algorithm */
typedef struct
{
LexemeHashKey key; /* This is 'e' from the LC algorithm. */
int frequency; /* This is 'f'. */
int delta; /* And this is 'delta'. */
} TrackItem;
static void compute_tsvector_stats(VacAttrStats *stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows);
static void prune_lexemes_hashtable(HTAB *lexemes_tab, int b_current);
static uint32 lexeme_hash(const void *key, Size keysize);
static int lexeme_match(const void *key1, const void *key2, Size keysize);
static int lexeme_compare(const void *key1, const void *key2);
static int trackitem_compare_frequencies_desc(const void *e1, const void *e2,
void *arg);
static int trackitem_compare_lexemes(const void *e1, const void *e2,
void *arg);
/*
* ts_typanalyze - - a custom typanalyze function for tsvector columns
*/
Datum
ts_typanalyze(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
VacAttrStats *stats = (VacAttrStats *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0 );
/* If the attstattarget column is negative, use the default value */
if (stats->attstattarget < 0 )
stats->attstattarget = default_statistics_target;
stats->compute_stats = compute_tsvector_stats;
/* see comment about the choice of minrows in commands/analyze.c */
stats->minrows = 300 * stats->attstattarget;
PG_RETURN_BOOL(true );
}
/*
* compute_tsvector_stats ( ) - - compute statistics for a tsvector column
*
* This functions computes statistics that are useful for determining @ @
* operations ' selectivity , along with the fraction of non - null rows and
* average width .
*
* Instead of finding the most common values , as we do for most datatypes ,
* we ' re looking for the most common lexemes . This is more useful , because
* there most probably won ' t be any two rows with the same tsvector and thus
* the notion of a MCV is a bit bogus with this datatype . With a list of the
* most common lexemes we can do a better job at figuring out @ @ selectivity .
*
* For the same reasons we assume that tsvector columns are unique when
* determining the number of distinct values .
*
* The algorithm used is Lossy Counting , as proposed in the paper " Approximate
* frequency counts over data streams " by G . S . Manku and R . Motwani , in
* Proceedings of the 28 th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases ,
* Hong Kong , China , August 2002 , section 4 . 2 . The paper is available at
* http : //www.vldb.org/conf/2002/S10P03.pdf
*
* The Lossy Counting ( aka LC ) algorithm goes like this :
* Let s be the threshold frequency for an item ( the minimum frequency we
* are interested in ) and epsilon the error margin for the frequency . Let D
* be a set of triples ( e , f , delta ) , where e is an element value , f is that
* element ' s frequency ( actually , its current occurrence count ) and delta is
* the maximum error in f . We start with D empty and process the elements in
* batches of size w . ( The batch size is also known as " bucket size " and is
* equal to 1 / epsilon . ) Let the current batch number be b_current , starting
* with 1 . For each element e we either increment its f count , if it ' s
* already in D , or insert a new triple into D with values ( e , 1 , b_current
* - 1 ) . After processing each batch we prune D , by removing from it all
* elements with f + delta < = b_current . After the algorithm finishes we
* suppress all elements from D that do not satisfy f > = ( s - epsilon ) * N ,
* where N is the total number of elements in the input . We emit the
* remaining elements with estimated frequency f / N . The LC paper proves
* that this algorithm finds all elements with true frequency at least s ,
* and that no frequency is overestimated or is underestimated by more than
* epsilon . Furthermore , given reasonable assumptions about the input
* distribution , the required table size is no more than about 7 times w .
*
* We set s to be the estimated frequency of the K ' th word in a natural
* language ' s frequency table , where K is the target number of entries in
* the MCELEM array plus an arbitrary constant , meant to reflect the fact
* that the most common words in any language would usually be stopwords
* so we will not actually see them in the input . We assume that the
* distribution of word frequencies ( including the stopwords ) follows Zipf ' s
* law with an exponent of 1 .
*
* Assuming Zipfian distribution , the frequency of the K ' th word is equal
* to 1 / ( K * H ( W ) ) where H ( n ) is 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + . . . + 1 / n and W is the number of
* words in the language . Putting W as one million , we get roughly 0 . 07 / K .
* Assuming top 10 words are stopwords gives s = 0 . 07 / ( K + 10 ) . We set
* epsilon = s / 10 , which gives bucket width w = ( K + 10 ) / 0 . 007 and
* maximum expected hashtable size of about 1000 * ( K + 10 ) .
*
* Note : in the above discussion , s , epsilon , and f / N are in terms of a
* lexeme ' s frequency as a fraction of all lexemes seen in the input .
* However , what we actually want to store in the finished pg_statistic
* entry is each lexeme ' s frequency as a fraction of all rows that it occurs
* in . Assuming that the input tsvectors are correctly constructed , no
* lexeme occurs more than once per tsvector , so the final count f is a
* correct estimate of the number of input tsvectors it occurs in , and we
* need only change the divisor from N to nonnull_cnt to get the number we
* want .
*/
static void
compute_tsvector_stats(VacAttrStats *stats,
AnalyzeAttrFetchFunc fetchfunc,
int samplerows,
double totalrows)
{
int num_mcelem;
int null_cnt = 0 ;
double total_width = 0 ;
/* This is D from the LC algorithm. */
HTAB *lexemes_tab;
HASHCTL hash_ctl;
HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan_status;
/* This is the current bucket number from the LC algorithm */
int b_current;
/* This is 'w' from the LC algorithm */
int bucket_width;
int vector_no,
lexeme_no;
LexemeHashKey hash_key;
/*
* We want statistics_target * 10 lexemes in the MCELEM array . This
* multiplier is pretty arbitrary , but is meant to reflect the fact that
* the number of individual lexeme values tracked in pg_statistic ought to
* be more than the number of values for a simple scalar column .
*/
num_mcelem = stats->attstattarget * 10 ;
/*
* We set bucket width equal to ( num_mcelem + 10 ) / 0 . 007 as per the
* comment above .
*/
bucket_width = (num_mcelem + 10 ) * 1000 / 7 ;
/*
* Create the hashtable . It will be in local memory , so we don ' t need to
* worry about overflowing the initial size . Also we don ' t need to pay any
* attention to locking and memory management .
*/
hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof (LexemeHashKey);
hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof (TrackItem);
hash_ctl.hash = lexeme_hash;
hash_ctl.match = lexeme_match;
hash_ctl.hcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
lexemes_tab = hash_create("Analyzed lexemes table" ,
num_mcelem,
&hash_ctl,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_COMPARE | HASH_CONTEXT);
/* Initialize counters. */
b_current = 1 ;
lexeme_no = 0 ;
/* Loop over the tsvectors. */
for (vector_no = 0 ; vector_no < samplerows; vector_no++)
{
Datum value;
bool isnull;
TSVector vector;
WordEntry *curentryptr;
char *lexemesptr;
int j;
vacuum_delay_point(true );
value = fetchfunc(stats, vector_no, &isnull);
/*
* Check for null / nonnull .
*/
if (isnull)
{
null_cnt++;
continue ;
}
/*
* Add up widths for average - width calculation . Since it ' s a
* tsvector , we know it ' s varlena . As in the regular
* compute_minimal_stats function , we use the toasted width for this
* calculation .
*/
total_width += VARSIZE_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value));
/*
* Now detoast the tsvector if needed .
*/
vector = DatumGetTSVector(value);
/*
* We loop through the lexemes in the tsvector and add them to our
* tracking hashtable .
*/
lexemesptr = STRPTR(vector);
curentryptr = ARRPTR(vector);
for (j = 0 ; j < vector->size; j++)
{
TrackItem *item;
bool found;
/*
* Construct a hash key . The key points into the ( detoasted )
* tsvector value at this point , but if a new entry is created , we
* make a copy of it . This way we can free the tsvector value
* once we ' ve processed all its lexemes .
*/
hash_key.lexeme = lexemesptr + curentryptr->pos;
hash_key.length = curentryptr->len;
/* Lookup current lexeme in hashtable, adding it if new */
item = (TrackItem *) hash_search(lexemes_tab,
&hash_key,
HASH_ENTER, &found);
if (found)
{
/* The lexeme is already on the tracking list */
item->frequency++;
}
else
{
/* Initialize new tracking list element */
item->frequency = 1 ;
item->delta = b_current - 1 ;
item->key.lexeme = palloc(hash_key.length);
memcpy(item->key.lexeme, hash_key.lexeme, hash_key.length);
}
/* lexeme_no is the number of elements processed (ie N) */
lexeme_no++;
/* We prune the D structure after processing each bucket */
if (lexeme_no % bucket_width == 0 )
{
prune_lexemes_hashtable(lexemes_tab, b_current);
b_current++;
}
/* Advance to the next WordEntry in the tsvector */
curentryptr++;
}
/* If the vector was toasted, free the detoasted copy. */
if (TSVectorGetDatum(vector) != value)
pfree(vector);
}
/* We can only compute real stats if we found some non-null values. */
if (null_cnt < samplerows)
{
int nonnull_cnt = samplerows - null_cnt;
int i;
TrackItem **sort_table;
TrackItem *item;
int track_len;
int cutoff_freq;
int minfreq,
maxfreq;
stats->stats_valid = true ;
/* Do the simple null-frac and average width stats */
stats->stanullfrac = (double ) null_cnt / (double ) samplerows;
stats->stawidth = total_width / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
/* Assume it's a unique column (see notes above) */
stats->stadistinct = -1 .0 * (1 .0 - stats->stanullfrac);
/*
* Construct an array of the interesting hashtable items , that is ,
* those meeting the cutoff frequency ( s - epsilon ) * N . Also identify
* the minimum and maximum frequencies among these items .
*
* Since epsilon = s / 10 and bucket_width = 1 / epsilon , the cutoff
* frequency is 9 * N / bucket_width .
*/
cutoff_freq = 9 * lexeme_no / bucket_width;
i = hash_get_num_entries(lexemes_tab); /* surely enough space */
sort_table = (TrackItem **) palloc(sizeof (TrackItem *) * i);
hash_seq_init(&scan_status, lexemes_tab);
track_len = 0 ;
minfreq = lexeme_no;
maxfreq = 0 ;
while ((item = (TrackItem *) hash_seq_search(&scan_status)) != NULL)
{
if (item->frequency > cutoff_freq)
{
sort_table[track_len++] = item;
minfreq = Min(minfreq, item->frequency);
maxfreq = Max(maxfreq, item->frequency);
}
}
Assert(track_len <= i);
/* emit some statistics for debug purposes */
elog(DEBUG3, "tsvector_stats: target # mces = %d, bucket width = %d, "
"# lexemes = %d, hashtable size = %d, usable entries = %d" ,
num_mcelem, bucket_width, lexeme_no, i, track_len);
/*
* If we obtained more lexemes than we really want , get rid of those
* with least frequencies . The easiest way is to qsort the array into
* descending frequency order and truncate the array .
*/
if (num_mcelem < track_len)
{
qsort_interruptible(sort_table, track_len, sizeof (TrackItem *),
trackitem_compare_frequencies_desc, NULL);
/* reset minfreq to the smallest frequency we're keeping */
minfreq = sort_table[num_mcelem - 1 ]->frequency;
}
else
num_mcelem = track_len;
/* Generate MCELEM slot entry */
if (num_mcelem > 0 )
{
MemoryContext old_context;
Datum *mcelem_values;
float4 *mcelem_freqs;
/*
* We want to store statistics sorted on the lexeme value using
* first length , then byte - for - byte comparison . The reason for
* doing length comparison first is that we don ' t care about the
* ordering so long as it ' s consistent , and comparing lengths
* first gives us a chance to avoid a strncmp ( ) call .
*
* This is different from what we do with scalar statistics - -
* they get sorted on frequencies . The rationale is that we
* usually search through most common elements looking for a
* specific value , so we can grab its frequency . When values are
* presorted we can employ binary search for that . See
* ts_selfuncs . c for a real usage scenario .
*/
qsort_interruptible(sort_table, num_mcelem, sizeof (TrackItem *),
trackitem_compare_lexemes, NULL);
/* Must copy the target values into anl_context */
old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(stats->anl_context);
/*
* We sorted statistics on the lexeme value , but we want to be
* able to find out the minimal and maximal frequency without
* going through all the values . We keep those two extra
* frequencies in two extra cells in mcelem_freqs .
*
* ( Note : the MCELEM statistics slot definition allows for a third
* extra number containing the frequency of nulls , but we don ' t
* create that for a tsvector column , since null elements aren ' t
* possible . )
*/
mcelem_values = (Datum *) palloc(num_mcelem * sizeof (Datum));
mcelem_freqs = (float4 *) palloc((num_mcelem + 2 ) * sizeof (float4));
/*
* See comments above about use of nonnull_cnt as the divisor for
* the final frequency estimates .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < num_mcelem; i++)
{
TrackItem *titem = sort_table[i];
mcelem_values[i] =
PointerGetDatum(cstring_to_text_with_len(titem->key.lexeme,
titem->key.length));
mcelem_freqs[i] = (double ) titem->frequency / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
}
mcelem_freqs[i++] = (double ) minfreq / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
mcelem_freqs[i] = (double ) maxfreq / (double ) nonnull_cnt;
MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
stats->stakind[0 ] = STATISTIC_KIND_MCELEM;
stats->staop[0 ] = TextEqualOperator;
stats->stacoll[0 ] = DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID;
stats->stanumbers[0 ] = mcelem_freqs;
/* See above comment about two extra frequency fields */
stats->numnumbers[0 ] = num_mcelem + 2 ;
stats->stavalues[0 ] = mcelem_values;
stats->numvalues[0 ] = num_mcelem;
/* We are storing text values */
stats->statypid[0 ] = TEXTOID;
stats->statyplen[0 ] = -1 ; /* typlen, -1 for varlena */
stats->statypbyval[0 ] = false ;
stats->statypalign[0 ] = 'i' ;
}
}
else
{
/* We found only nulls; assume the column is entirely null */
stats->stats_valid = true ;
stats->stanullfrac = 1 .0 ;
stats->stawidth = 0 ; /* "unknown" */
stats->stadistinct = 0 .0 ; /* "unknown" */
}
/*
* We don ' t need to bother cleaning up any of our temporary palloc ' s . The
* hashtable should also go away , as it used a child memory context .
*/
}
/*
* A function to prune the D structure from the Lossy Counting algorithm .
* Consult compute_tsvector_stats ( ) for wider explanation .
*/
static void
prune_lexemes_hashtable(HTAB *lexemes_tab, int b_current)
{
HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan_status;
TrackItem *item;
hash_seq_init(&scan_status, lexemes_tab);
while ((item = (TrackItem *) hash_seq_search(&scan_status)) != NULL)
{
if (item->frequency + item->delta <= b_current)
{
char *lexeme = item->key.lexeme;
if (hash_search(lexemes_tab, &item->key,
HASH_REMOVE, NULL) == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "hash table corrupted" );
pfree(lexeme);
}
}
}
/*
* Hash functions for lexemes . They are strings , but not NULL terminated ,
* so we need a special hash function .
*/
static uint32
lexeme_hash(const void *key, Size keysize)
{
const LexemeHashKey *l = (const LexemeHashKey *) key;
return DatumGetUInt32(hash_any((const unsigned char *) l->lexeme,
l->length));
}
/*
* Matching function for lexemes , to be used in hashtable lookups .
*/
static int
lexeme_match(const void *key1, const void *key2, Size keysize)
{
/* The keysize parameter is superfluous, the keys store their lengths */
return lexeme_compare(key1, key2);
}
/*
* Comparison function for lexemes .
*/
static int
lexeme_compare(const void *key1, const void *key2)
{
const LexemeHashKey *d1 = (const LexemeHashKey *) key1;
const LexemeHashKey *d2 = (const LexemeHashKey *) key2;
/* First, compare by length */
if (d1->length > d2->length)
return 1 ;
else if (d1->length < d2->length)
return -1 ;
/* Lengths are equal, do a byte-by-byte comparison */
return strncmp(d1->lexeme, d2->lexeme, d1->length);
}
/*
* Comparator for sorting TrackItems on frequencies ( descending sort )
*/
static int
trackitem_compare_frequencies_desc(const void *e1, const void *e2, void *arg)
{
const TrackItem *const *t1 = (const TrackItem *const *) e1;
const TrackItem *const *t2 = (const TrackItem *const *) e2;
return (*t2)->frequency - (*t1)->frequency;
}
/*
* Comparator for sorting TrackItems on lexemes
*/
static int
trackitem_compare_lexemes(const void *e1, const void *e2, void *arg)
{
const TrackItem *const *t1 = (const TrackItem *const *) e1;
const TrackItem *const *t2 = (const TrackItem *const *) e2;
return lexeme_compare(&(*t1)->key, &(*t2)->key);
}
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