/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* xid8funcs . c
*
* Export internal transaction IDs to user level .
*
* Note that only top - level transaction IDs are exposed to user sessions .
* This is important because xid8s frequently persist beyond the global
* xmin horizon , or may even be shipped to other machines , so we cannot
* rely on being able to correlate subtransaction IDs with their parents
* via functions such as SubTransGetTopmostTransaction ( ) .
*
* These functions are used to support the txid_XXX functions and the newer
* pg_current_xact_id , pg_current_snapshot and related fmgr functions , since
* the only difference between them is whether they expose xid8 or int8 values
* to users . The txid_XXX variants should eventually be dropped .
*
*
* Copyright ( c ) 2003 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Author : Jan Wieck , Afilias USA INC .
* 64 - bit txids : Marko Kreen , Skype Technologies
*
* src / backend / utils / adt / xid8funcs . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "lib/qunique.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/lwlock.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/procnumber.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/xid8.h"
/*
* If defined , use bsearch ( ) function for searching for xid8s in snapshots
* that have more than the specified number of values .
*/
#define USE_BSEARCH_IF_NXIP_GREATER 30
/*
* Snapshot containing FullTransactionIds .
*/
typedef struct
{
/*
* 4 - byte length hdr , should not be touched directly .
*
* Explicit embedding is ok as we want always correct alignment anyway .
*/
int32 __varsz;
uint32 nxip; /* number of fxids in xip array */
FullTransactionId xmin;
FullTransactionId xmax;
/* in-progress fxids, xmin <= xip[i] < xmax: */
FullTransactionId xip[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} pg_snapshot;
#define PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(nxip) \
(offsetof(pg_snapshot, xip) + sizeof (FullTransactionId) * (nxip))
#define PG_SNAPSHOT_MAX_NXIP \
((MaxAllocSize - offsetof(pg_snapshot, xip)) / sizeof (FullTransactionId))
/*
* Compile - time limits on the procarray ( MAX_BACKENDS processes plus
* MAX_BACKENDS prepared transactions ) guarantee nxip won ' t be too large .
*/
StaticAssertDecl(MAX_BACKENDS * 2 <= PG_SNAPSHOT_MAX_NXIP,
"possible overflow in pg_current_snapshot()" );
/*
* Helper to get a TransactionId from a 64 - bit xid with wraparound detection .
*
* It is an ERROR if the xid is in the future . Otherwise , returns true if
* the transaction is still new enough that we can determine whether it
* committed and false otherwise . If * extracted_xid is not NULL , it is set
* to the low 32 bits of the transaction ID ( i . e . the actual XID , without the
* epoch ) .
*
* The caller must hold XactTruncationLock since it ' s dealing with arbitrary
* XIDs , and must continue to hold it until it ' s done with any clog lookups
* relating to those XIDs .
*/
static bool
TransactionIdInRecentPast(FullTransactionId fxid, TransactionId *extracted_xid)
{
TransactionId xid = XidFromFullTransactionId(fxid);
FullTransactionId now_fullxid;
TransactionId oldest_clog_xid;
FullTransactionId oldest_clog_fxid;
now_fullxid = ReadNextFullTransactionId();
if (extracted_xid != NULL)
*extracted_xid = xid;
if (!TransactionIdIsValid(xid))
return false ;
/* For non-normal transaction IDs, we can ignore the epoch. */
if (!TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
return true ;
/* If the transaction ID is in the future, throw an error. */
if (!FullTransactionIdPrecedes(fxid, now_fullxid))
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
errmsg("transaction ID %" PRIu64 " is in the future" ,
U64FromFullTransactionId(fxid))));
/*
* TransamVariables - > oldestClogXid is protected by XactTruncationLock , but
* we don ' t acquire that lock here . Instead , we require the caller to
* acquire it , because the caller is presumably going to look up the
* returned XID . If we took and released the lock within this function , a
* CLOG truncation could occur before the caller finished with the XID .
*/
Assert(LWLockHeldByMe(XactTruncationLock));
/*
* If fxid is not older than TransamVariables - > oldestClogXid , the relevant
* CLOG entry is guaranteed to still exist .
*
* TransamVariables - > oldestXid governs allowable XIDs . Usually ,
* oldestClogXid = = oldestXid . It ' s also possible for oldestClogXid to
* follow oldestXid , in which case oldestXid might advance after our
* ReadNextFullTransactionId ( ) call . If oldestXid has advanced , that
* advancement reinstated the usual oldestClogXid = = oldestXid . Whether or
* not that happened , oldestClogXid is allowable relative to now_fullxid .
*/
oldest_clog_xid = TransamVariables->oldestClogXid;
oldest_clog_fxid =
FullTransactionIdFromAllowableAt(now_fullxid, oldest_clog_xid);
return !FullTransactionIdPrecedes(fxid, oldest_clog_fxid);
}
/*
* txid comparator for qsort / bsearch
*/
static int
cmp_fxid(const void *aa, const void *bb)
{
FullTransactionId a = *(const FullTransactionId *) aa;
FullTransactionId b = *(const FullTransactionId *) bb;
if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(a, b))
return -1 ;
if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(b, a))
return 1 ;
return 0 ;
}
/*
* Sort a snapshot ' s txids , so we can use bsearch ( ) later . Also remove
* any duplicates .
*
* For consistency of on - disk representation , we always sort even if bsearch
* will not be used .
*/
static void
sort_snapshot(pg_snapshot *snap)
{
if (snap->nxip > 1 )
{
qsort(snap->xip, snap->nxip, sizeof (FullTransactionId), cmp_fxid);
snap->nxip = qunique(snap->xip, snap->nxip, sizeof (FullTransactionId),
cmp_fxid);
}
}
/*
* check fxid visibility .
*/
static bool
is_visible_fxid(FullTransactionId value, const pg_snapshot *snap)
{
if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(value, snap->xmin))
return true ;
else if (!FullTransactionIdPrecedes(value, snap->xmax))
return false ;
#ifdef USE_BSEARCH_IF_NXIP_GREATER
else if (snap->nxip > USE_BSEARCH_IF_NXIP_GREATER)
{
const void *res;
res = bsearch(&value, snap->xip, snap->nxip, sizeof (FullTransactionId),
cmp_fxid);
/* if found, transaction is still in progress */
return (res) ? false : true ;
}
#endif
else
{
uint32 i;
for (i = 0 ; i < snap->nxip; i++)
{
if (FullTransactionIdEquals(value, snap->xip[i]))
return false ;
}
return true ;
}
}
/*
* helper functions to use StringInfo for pg_snapshot creation .
*/
static StringInfo
buf_init(FullTransactionId xmin, FullTransactionId xmax)
{
pg_snapshot snap;
StringInfo buf;
snap.xmin = xmin;
snap.xmax = xmax;
snap.nxip = 0 ;
buf = makeStringInfo();
appendBinaryStringInfo(buf, &snap, PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(0 ));
return buf;
}
static void
buf_add_txid(StringInfo buf, FullTransactionId fxid)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) buf->data;
/* do this before possible realloc */
snap->nxip++;
appendBinaryStringInfo(buf, &fxid, sizeof (fxid));
}
static pg_snapshot *
buf_finalize(StringInfo buf)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) buf->data;
SET_VARSIZE(snap, buf->len);
/* buf is not needed anymore */
buf->data = NULL;
pfree(buf);
return snap;
}
/*
* parse snapshot from cstring
*/
static pg_snapshot *
parse_snapshot(const char *str, Node *escontext)
{
FullTransactionId xmin;
FullTransactionId xmax;
FullTransactionId last_val = InvalidFullTransactionId;
FullTransactionId val;
const char *str_start = str;
char *endp;
StringInfo buf;
xmin = FullTransactionIdFromU64(strtou64(str, &endp, 10 ));
if (*endp != ':' )
goto bad_format;
str = endp + 1 ;
xmax = FullTransactionIdFromU64(strtou64(str, &endp, 10 ));
if (*endp != ':' )
goto bad_format;
str = endp + 1 ;
/* it should look sane */
if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(xmin) ||
!FullTransactionIdIsValid(xmax) ||
FullTransactionIdPrecedes(xmax, xmin))
goto bad_format;
/* allocate buffer */
buf = buf_init(xmin, xmax);
/* loop over values */
while (*str != '\0' )
{
/* read next value */
val = FullTransactionIdFromU64(strtou64(str, &endp, 10 ));
str = endp;
/* require the input to be in order */
if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(val, xmin) ||
FullTransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(val, xmax) ||
FullTransactionIdPrecedes(val, last_val))
goto bad_format;
/* skip duplicates */
if (!FullTransactionIdEquals(val, last_val))
buf_add_txid(buf, val);
last_val = val;
if (*str == ',' )
str++;
else if (*str != '\0' )
goto bad_format;
}
return buf_finalize(buf);
bad_format:
ereturn(escontext, NULL,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s: \" %s\"" ,
"pg_snapshot" , str_start)));
}
/*
* pg_current_xact_id ( ) returns xid8
*
* Return the current toplevel full transaction ID .
* If the current transaction does not have one , one is assigned .
*/
Datum
pg_current_xact_id(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
/*
* Must prevent during recovery because if an xid is not assigned we try
* to assign one , which would fail . Programs already rely on this function
* to always return a valid current xid , so we should not change this to
* return NULL or similar invalid xid .
*/
PreventCommandDuringRecovery("pg_current_xact_id()" );
PG_RETURN_FULLTRANSACTIONID(GetTopFullTransactionId());
}
/*
* Same as pg_current_xact_id ( ) but doesn ' t assign a new xid if there
* isn ' t one yet .
*/
Datum
pg_current_xact_id_if_assigned(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FullTransactionId topfxid = GetTopFullTransactionIdIfAny();
if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(topfxid))
PG_RETURN_NULL();
PG_RETURN_FULLTRANSACTIONID(topfxid);
}
/*
* pg_current_snapshot ( ) returns pg_snapshot
*
* Return current snapshot
*
* Note that only top - transaction XIDs are included in the snapshot .
*/
Datum
pg_current_snapshot(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
pg_snapshot *snap;
uint32 nxip,
i;
Snapshot cur;
FullTransactionId next_fxid = ReadNextFullTransactionId();
cur = GetActiveSnapshot();
if (cur == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "no active snapshot set" );
/* allocate */
nxip = cur->xcnt;
snap = palloc(PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(nxip));
/*
* Fill . This is the current backend ' s active snapshot , so MyProc - > xmin
* is < = all these XIDs . As long as that remains so , oldestXid can ' t
* advance past any of these XIDs . Hence , these XIDs remain allowable
* relative to next_fxid .
*/
snap->xmin = FullTransactionIdFromAllowableAt(next_fxid, cur->xmin);
snap->xmax = FullTransactionIdFromAllowableAt(next_fxid, cur->xmax);
snap->nxip = nxip;
for (i = 0 ; i < nxip; i++)
snap->xip[i] =
FullTransactionIdFromAllowableAt(next_fxid, cur->xip[i]);
/*
* We want them guaranteed to be in ascending order . This also removes
* any duplicate xids . Normally , an XID can only be assigned to one
* backend , but when preparing a transaction for two - phase commit , there
* is a transient state when both the original backend and the dummy
* PGPROC entry reserved for the prepared transaction hold the same XID .
*/
sort_snapshot(snap);
/* set size after sorting, because it may have removed duplicate xips */
SET_VARSIZE(snap, PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(snap->nxip));
PG_RETURN_POINTER(snap);
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_in ( cstring ) returns pg_snapshot
*
* input function for type pg_snapshot
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
char *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0 );
pg_snapshot *snap;
snap = parse_snapshot(str, fcinfo->context);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(snap);
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_out ( pg_snapshot ) returns cstring
*
* output function for type pg_snapshot
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(0 );
StringInfoData str;
uint32 i;
initStringInfo(&str);
appendStringInfo(&str, UINT64_FORMAT ":" ,
U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xmin));
appendStringInfo(&str, UINT64_FORMAT ":" ,
U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xmax));
for (i = 0 ; i < snap->nxip; i++)
{
if (i > 0 )
appendStringInfoChar(&str, ',' );
appendStringInfo(&str, UINT64_FORMAT,
U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xip[i]));
}
PG_RETURN_CSTRING(str.data);
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_recv ( internal ) returns pg_snapshot
*
* binary input function for type pg_snapshot
*
* format : int4 nxip , int8 xmin , int8 xmax , int8 xip
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
StringInfo buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0 );
pg_snapshot *snap;
FullTransactionId last = InvalidFullTransactionId;
int nxip;
int i;
FullTransactionId xmin;
FullTransactionId xmax;
/* load and validate nxip */
nxip = pq_getmsgint(buf, 4 );
if (nxip < 0 || nxip > PG_SNAPSHOT_MAX_NXIP)
goto bad_format;
xmin = FullTransactionIdFromU64((uint64) pq_getmsgint64(buf));
xmax = FullTransactionIdFromU64((uint64) pq_getmsgint64(buf));
if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(xmin) ||
!FullTransactionIdIsValid(xmax) ||
FullTransactionIdPrecedes(xmax, xmin))
goto bad_format;
snap = palloc(PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(nxip));
snap->xmin = xmin;
snap->xmax = xmax;
for (i = 0 ; i < nxip; i++)
{
FullTransactionId cur =
FullTransactionIdFromU64((uint64) pq_getmsgint64(buf));
if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(cur, last) ||
FullTransactionIdPrecedes(cur, xmin) ||
FullTransactionIdPrecedes(xmax, cur))
goto bad_format;
/* skip duplicate xips */
if (FullTransactionIdEquals(cur, last))
{
i--;
nxip--;
continue ;
}
snap->xip[i] = cur;
last = cur;
}
snap->nxip = nxip;
SET_VARSIZE(snap, PG_SNAPSHOT_SIZE(nxip));
PG_RETURN_POINTER(snap);
bad_format:
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_BINARY_REPRESENTATION),
errmsg("invalid external pg_snapshot data" )));
PG_RETURN_POINTER(NULL); /* keep compiler quiet */
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_send ( pg_snapshot ) returns bytea
*
* binary output function for type pg_snapshot
*
* format : int4 nxip , u64 xmin , u64 xmax , u64 xip . . .
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(0 );
StringInfoData buf;
uint32 i;
pq_begintypsend(&buf);
pq_sendint32(&buf, snap->nxip);
pq_sendint64(&buf, (int64) U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xmin));
pq_sendint64(&buf, (int64) U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xmax));
for (i = 0 ; i < snap->nxip; i++)
pq_sendint64(&buf, (int64) U64FromFullTransactionId(snap->xip[i]));
PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
}
/*
* pg_visible_in_snapshot ( xid8 , pg_snapshot ) returns bool
*
* is txid visible in snapshot ?
*/
Datum
pg_visible_in_snapshot(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FullTransactionId value = PG_GETARG_FULLTRANSACTIONID(0 );
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(1 );
PG_RETURN_BOOL(is_visible_fxid(value, snap));
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_xmin ( pg_snapshot ) returns xid8
*
* return snapshot ' s xmin
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_xmin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(0 );
PG_RETURN_FULLTRANSACTIONID(snap->xmin);
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_xmax ( pg_snapshot ) returns xid8
*
* return snapshot ' s xmax
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_xmax(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
pg_snapshot *snap = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(0 );
PG_RETURN_FULLTRANSACTIONID(snap->xmax);
}
/*
* pg_snapshot_xip ( pg_snapshot ) returns setof xid8
*
* return in - progress xid8s in snapshot .
*/
Datum
pg_snapshot_xip(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FuncCallContext *fctx;
pg_snapshot *snap;
FullTransactionId value;
/* on first call initialize fctx and get copy of snapshot */
if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
{
pg_snapshot *arg = (pg_snapshot *) PG_GETARG_VARLENA_P(0 );
fctx = SRF_FIRSTCALL_INIT();
/* make a copy of user snapshot */
snap = MemoryContextAlloc(fctx->multi_call_memory_ctx, VARSIZE(arg));
memcpy(snap, arg, VARSIZE(arg));
fctx->user_fctx = snap;
}
/* return values one-by-one */
fctx = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
snap = fctx->user_fctx;
if (fctx->call_cntr < snap->nxip)
{
value = snap->xip[fctx->call_cntr];
SRF_RETURN_NEXT(fctx, FullTransactionIdGetDatum(value));
}
else
{
SRF_RETURN_DONE(fctx);
}
}
/*
* Report the status of a recent transaction ID , or null for wrapped ,
* truncated away or otherwise too old XIDs .
*
* The passed epoch - qualified xid is treated as a normal xid , not a
* multixact id .
*
* If it points to a committed subxact the result is the subxact status even
* though the parent xact may still be in progress or may have aborted .
*/
Datum
pg_xact_status(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
const char *status;
FullTransactionId fxid = PG_GETARG_FULLTRANSACTIONID(0 );
TransactionId xid;
/*
* We must protect against concurrent truncation of clog entries to avoid
* an I / O error on SLRU lookup .
*/
LWLockAcquire(XactTruncationLock, LW_SHARED);
if (TransactionIdInRecentPast(fxid, &xid))
{
Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));
/*
* Like when doing visibility checks on a row , check whether the
* transaction is still in progress before looking into the CLOG .
* Otherwise we would incorrectly return " committed " for a transaction
* that is committing and has already updated the CLOG , but hasn ' t
* removed its XID from the proc array yet . ( See comment on that race
* condition at the top of heapam_visibility . c )
*/
if (TransactionIdIsInProgress(xid))
status = "in progress" ;
else if (TransactionIdDidCommit(xid))
status = "committed" ;
else
{
/* it must have aborted or crashed */
status = "aborted" ;
}
}
else
{
status = NULL;
}
LWLockRelease(XactTruncationLock);
if (status == NULL)
PG_RETURN_NULL();
else
PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(status));
}
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