/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* tuplesort . c
* Generalized tuple sorting routines .
*
* This module provides a generalized facility for tuple sorting , which can be
* applied to different kinds of sortable objects . Implementation of
* the particular sorting variants is given in tuplesortvariants . c .
* This module works efficiently for both small and large amounts
* of data . Small amounts are sorted in - memory using qsort ( ) . Large
* amounts are sorted using temporary files and a standard external sort
* algorithm .
*
* See Knuth , volume 3 , for more than you want to know about external
* sorting algorithms . The algorithm we use is a balanced k - way merge .
* Before PostgreSQL 15 , we used the polyphase merge algorithm ( Knuth ' s
* Algorithm 5 . 4 . 2 D ) , but with modern hardware , a straightforward balanced
* merge is better . Knuth is assuming that tape drives are expensive
* beasts , and in particular that there will always be many more runs than
* tape drives . The polyphase merge algorithm was good at keeping all the
* tape drives busy , but in our implementation a " tape drive " doesn ' t cost
* much more than a few Kb of memory buffers , so we can afford to have
* lots of them . In particular , if we can have as many tape drives as
* sorted runs , we can eliminate any repeated I / O at all .
*
* Historically , we divided the input into sorted runs using replacement
* selection , in the form of a priority tree implemented as a heap
* ( essentially Knuth ' s Algorithm 5 . 2 . 3 H ) , but now we always use quicksort
* for run generation .
*
* The approximate amount of memory allowed for any one sort operation
* is specified in kilobytes by the caller ( most pass work_mem ) . Initially ,
* we absorb tuples and simply store them in an unsorted array as long as
* we haven ' t exceeded workMem . If we reach the end of the input without
* exceeding workMem , we sort the array using qsort ( ) and subsequently return
* tuples just by scanning the tuple array sequentially . If we do exceed
* workMem , we begin to emit tuples into sorted runs in temporary tapes .
* When tuples are dumped in batch after quicksorting , we begin a new run
* with a new output tape . If we reach the max number of tapes , we write
* subsequent runs on the existing tapes in a round - robin fashion . We will
* need multiple merge passes to finish the merge in that case . After the
* end of the input is reached , we dump out remaining tuples in memory into
* a final run , then merge the runs .
*
* When merging runs , we use a heap containing just the frontmost tuple from
* each source run ; we repeatedly output the smallest tuple and replace it
* with the next tuple from its source tape ( if any ) . When the heap empties ,
* the merge is complete . The basic merge algorithm thus needs very little
* memory - - - only M tuples for an M - way merge , and M is constrained to a
* small number . However , we can still make good use of our full workMem
* allocation by pre - reading additional blocks from each source tape . Without
* prereading , our access pattern to the temporary file would be very erratic ;
* on average we ' d read one block from each of M source tapes during the same
* time that we ' re writing M blocks to the output tape , so there is no
* sequentiality of access at all , defeating the read - ahead methods used by
* most Unix kernels . Worse , the output tape gets written into a very random
* sequence of blocks of the temp file , ensuring that things will be even
* worse when it comes time to read that tape . A straightforward merge pass
* thus ends up doing a lot of waiting for disk seeks . We can improve matters
* by prereading from each source tape sequentially , loading about workMem / M
* bytes from each tape in turn , and making the sequential blocks immediately
* available for reuse . This approach helps to localize both read and write
* accesses . The pre - reading is handled by logtape . c , we just tell it how
* much memory to use for the buffers .
*
* In the current code we determine the number of input tapes M on the basis
* of workMem : we want workMem / M to be large enough that we read a fair
* amount of data each time we read from a tape , so as to maintain the
* locality of access described above . Nonetheless , with large workMem we
* can have many tapes . The logical " tapes " are implemented by logtape . c ,
* which avoids space wastage by recycling disk space as soon as each block
* is read from its " tape " .
*
* When the caller requests random access to the sort result , we form
* the final sorted run on a logical tape which is then " frozen " , so
* that we can access it randomly . When the caller does not need random
* access , we return from tuplesort_performsort ( ) as soon as we are down
* to one run per logical tape . The final merge is then performed
* on - the - fly as the caller repeatedly calls tuplesort_getXXX ; this
* saves one cycle of writing all the data out to disk and reading it in .
*
* This module supports parallel sorting . Parallel sorts involve coordination
* among one or more worker processes , and a leader process , each with its own
* tuplesort state . The leader process ( or , more accurately , the
* Tuplesortstate associated with a leader process ) creates a full tapeset
* consisting of worker tapes with one run to merge ; a run for every
* worker process . This is then merged . Worker processes are guaranteed to
* produce exactly one output run from their partial input .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / utils / sort / tuplesort . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <limits.h>
#include "commands/tablespace.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pg_trace.h"
#include "storage/shmem.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
/*
* Initial size of memtuples array . We ' re trying to select this size so that
* array doesn ' t exceed ALLOCSET_SEPARATE_THRESHOLD and so that the overhead of
* allocation might possibly be lowered . However , we don ' t consider array sizes
* less than 1024 .
*
*/
#define INITIAL_MEMTUPSIZE Max(1024 , \
ALLOCSET_SEPARATE_THRESHOLD / sizeof (SortTuple) + 1 )
/* GUC variables */
bool trace_sort = false ;
#ifdef DEBUG_BOUNDED_SORT
bool optimize_bounded_sort = true ;
#endif
/*
* During merge , we use a pre - allocated set of fixed - size slots to hold
* tuples . To avoid palloc / pfree overhead .
*
* Merge doesn ' t require a lot of memory , so we can afford to waste some ,
* by using gratuitously - sized slots . If a tuple is larger than 1 kB , the
* palloc ( ) overhead is not significant anymore .
*
* ' nextfree ' is valid when this chunk is in the free list . When in use , the
* slot holds a tuple .
*/
#define SLAB_SLOT_SIZE 1024
typedef union SlabSlot
{
union SlabSlot *nextfree;
char buffer[SLAB_SLOT_SIZE];
} SlabSlot;
/*
* Possible states of a Tuplesort object . These denote the states that
* persist between calls of Tuplesort routines .
*/
typedef enum
{
TSS_INITIAL, /* Loading tuples; still within memory limit */
TSS_BOUNDED, /* Loading tuples into bounded-size heap */
TSS_BUILDRUNS, /* Loading tuples; writing to tape */
TSS_SORTEDINMEM, /* Sort completed entirely in memory */
TSS_SORTEDONTAPE, /* Sort completed, final run is on tape */
TSS_FINALMERGE, /* Performing final merge on-the-fly */
} TupSortStatus;
/*
* Parameters for calculation of number of tapes to use - - - see inittapes ( )
* and tuplesort_merge_order ( ) .
*
* In this calculation we assume that each tape will cost us about 1 blocks
* worth of buffer space . This ignores the overhead of all the other data
* structures needed for each tape , but it ' s probably close enough .
*
* MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE is how much buffer space we ' d like to allocate for each
* input tape , for pre - reading ( see discussion at top of file ) . This is * in
* addition to * the 1 block already included in TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD .
*/
#define MINORDER 6 /* minimum merge order */
#define MAXORDER 500 /* maximum merge order */
#define TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD BLCKSZ
#define MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE (BLCKSZ * 32 )
/*
* Private state of a Tuplesort operation .
*/
struct Tuplesortstate
{
TuplesortPublic base;
TupSortStatus status; /* enumerated value as shown above */
bool bounded; /* did caller specify a maximum number of
* tuples to return? */
bool boundUsed; /* true if we made use of a bounded heap */
int bound; /* if bounded, the maximum number of tuples */
int64 tupleMem; /* memory consumed by individual tuples.
* storing this separately from what we track
* in availMem allows us to subtract the
* memory consumed by all tuples when dumping
* tuples to tape */
int64 availMem; /* remaining memory available, in bytes */
int64 allowedMem; /* total memory allowed, in bytes */
int maxTapes; /* max number of input tapes to merge in each
* pass */
int64 maxSpace; /* maximum amount of space occupied among sort
* of groups, either in-memory or on-disk */
bool isMaxSpaceDisk; /* true when maxSpace is value for on-disk
* space , false when its value for in - memory
* space */
TupSortStatus maxSpaceStatus; /* sort status when maxSpace was reached */
LogicalTapeSet *tapeset; /* logtape.c object for tapes in a temp file */
/*
* This array holds the tuples now in sort memory . If we are in state
* INITIAL , the tuples are in no particular order ; if we are in state
* SORTEDINMEM , the tuples are in final sorted order ; in states BUILDRUNS
* and FINALMERGE , the tuples are organized in " heap " order per Algorithm
* H . In state SORTEDONTAPE , the array is not used .
*/
SortTuple *memtuples; /* array of SortTuple structs */
int memtupcount; /* number of tuples currently present */
int memtupsize; /* allocated length of memtuples array */
bool growmemtuples; /* memtuples' growth still underway? */
/*
* Memory for tuples is sometimes allocated using a simple slab allocator ,
* rather than with palloc ( ) . Currently , we switch to slab allocation
* when we start merging . Merging only needs to keep a small , fixed
* number of tuples in memory at any time , so we can avoid the
* palloc / pfree overhead by recycling a fixed number of fixed - size slots
* to hold the tuples .
*
* For the slab , we use one large allocation , divided into SLAB_SLOT_SIZE
* slots . The allocation is sized to have one slot per tape , plus one
* additional slot . We need that many slots to hold all the tuples kept
* in the heap during merge , plus the one we have last returned from the
* sort , with tuplesort_gettuple .
*
* Initially , all the slots are kept in a linked list of free slots . When
* a tuple is read from a tape , it is put to the next available slot , if
* it fits . If the tuple is larger than SLAB_SLOT_SIZE , it is palloc ' d
* instead .
*
* When we ' re done processing a tuple , we return the slot back to the free
* list , or pfree ( ) if it was palloc ' d . We know that a tuple was
* allocated from the slab , if its pointer value is between
* slabMemoryBegin and - End .
*
* When the slab allocator is used , the USEMEM / LACKMEM mechanism of
* tracking memory usage is not used .
*/
bool slabAllocatorUsed;
char *slabMemoryBegin; /* beginning of slab memory arena */
char *slabMemoryEnd; /* end of slab memory arena */
SlabSlot *slabFreeHead; /* head of free list */
/* Memory used for input and output tape buffers. */
size_t tape_buffer_mem;
/*
* When we return a tuple to the caller in tuplesort_gettuple_XXX , that
* came from a tape ( that is , in TSS_SORTEDONTAPE or TSS_FINALMERGE
* modes ) , we remember the tuple in ' lastReturnedTuple ' , so that we can
* recycle the memory on next gettuple call .
*/
void *lastReturnedTuple;
/*
* While building initial runs , this is the current output run number .
* Afterwards , it is the number of initial runs we made .
*/
int currentRun;
/*
* Logical tapes , for merging .
*
* The initial runs are written in the output tapes . In each merge pass ,
* the output tapes of the previous pass become the input tapes , and new
* output tapes are created as needed . When nInputTapes equals
* nInputRuns , there is only one merge pass left .
*/
LogicalTape **inputTapes;
int nInputTapes;
int nInputRuns;
LogicalTape **outputTapes;
int nOutputTapes;
int nOutputRuns;
LogicalTape *destTape; /* current output tape */
/*
* These variables are used after completion of sorting to keep track of
* the next tuple to return . ( In the tape case , the tape ' s current read
* position is also critical state . )
*/
LogicalTape *result_tape; /* actual tape of finished output */
int current; /* array index (only used if SORTEDINMEM) */
bool eof_reached; /* reached EOF (needed for cursors) */
/* markpos_xxx holds marked position for mark and restore */
int64 markpos_block; /* tape block# (only used if SORTEDONTAPE) */
int markpos_offset; /* saved "current", or offset in tape block */
bool markpos_eof; /* saved "eof_reached" */
/*
* These variables are used during parallel sorting .
*
* worker is our worker identifier . Follows the general convention that
* - 1 value relates to a leader tuplesort , and values > = 0 worker
* tuplesorts . ( - 1 can also be a serial tuplesort . )
*
* shared is mutable shared memory state , which is used to coordinate
* parallel sorts .
*
* nParticipants is the number of worker Tuplesortstates known by the
* leader to have actually been launched , which implies that they must
* finish a run that the leader needs to merge . Typically includes a
* worker state held by the leader process itself . Set in the leader
* Tuplesortstate only .
*/
int worker;
Sharedsort *shared;
int nParticipants;
/*
* Additional state for managing " abbreviated key " sortsupport routines
* ( which currently may be used by all cases except the hash index case ) .
* Tracks the intervals at which the optimization ' s effectiveness is
* tested .
*/
int64 abbrevNext; /* Tuple # at which to next check
* applicability */
/*
* Resource snapshot for time of sort start .
*/
PGRUsage ru_start;
};
/*
* Private mutable state of tuplesort - parallel - operation . This is allocated
* in shared memory .
*/
struct Sharedsort
{
/* mutex protects all fields prior to tapes */
slock_t mutex;
/*
* currentWorker generates ordinal identifier numbers for parallel sort
* workers . These start from 0 , and are always gapless .
*
* Workers increment workersFinished to indicate having finished . If this
* is equal to state . nParticipants within the leader , leader is ready to
* merge worker runs .
*/
int currentWorker;
int workersFinished;
/* Temporary file space */
SharedFileSet fileset;
/* Size of tapes flexible array */
int nTapes;
/*
* Tapes array used by workers to report back information needed by the
* leader to concatenate all worker tapes into one for merging
*/
TapeShare tapes[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
};
/*
* Is the given tuple allocated from the slab memory arena ?
*/
#define IS_SLAB_SLOT(state, tuple) \
((char *) (tuple) >= (state)->slabMemoryBegin && \
(char *) (tuple) < (state)->slabMemoryEnd)
/*
* Return the given tuple to the slab memory free list , or free it
* if it was palloc ' d .
*/
#define RELEASE_SLAB_SLOT(state, tuple) \
do { \
SlabSlot *buf = (SlabSlot *) tuple; \
\
if (IS_SLAB_SLOT((state), buf)) \
{ \
buf->nextfree = (state)->slabFreeHead; \
(state)->slabFreeHead = buf; \
} else \
pfree(buf); \
} while (0 )
#define REMOVEABBREV(state,stup,count) ((*(state)->base.removeabbrev) (state, stup, count))
#define COMPARETUP(state,a,b) ((*(state)->base.comparetup) (a, b, state))
#define WRITETUP(state,tape,stup) ((*(state)->base.writetup) (state, tape, stup))
#define READTUP(state,stup,tape,len) ((*(state)->base.readtup) (state, stup, tape, len))
#define FREESTATE(state) ((state)->base.freestate ? (*(state)->base.freestate) (state) : (void ) 0 )
#define LACKMEM(state) ((state)->availMem < 0 && !(state)->slabAllocatorUsed)
#define USEMEM(state,amt) ((state)->availMem -= (amt))
#define FREEMEM(state,amt) ((state)->availMem += (amt))
#define SERIAL(state) ((state)->shared == NULL)
#define WORKER(state) ((state)->shared && (state)->worker != -1 )
#define LEADER(state) ((state)->shared && (state)->worker == -1 )
/*
* NOTES about on - tape representation of tuples :
*
* We require the first " unsigned int " of a stored tuple to be the total size
* on - tape of the tuple , including itself ( so it is never zero ; an all - zero
* unsigned int is used to delimit runs ) . The remainder of the stored tuple
* may or may not match the in - memory representation of the tuple - - -
* any conversion needed is the job of the writetup and readtup routines .
*
* If state - > sortopt contains TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS , then the stored
* representation of the tuple must be followed by another " unsigned int " that
* is a copy of the length - - - so the total tape space used is actually
* sizeof ( unsigned int ) more than the stored length value . This allows
* read - backwards . When the random access flag was not specified , the
* write / read routines may omit the extra length word .
*
* writetup is expected to write both length words as well as the tuple
* data . When readtup is called , the tape is positioned just after the
* front length word ; readtup must read the tuple data and advance past
* the back length word ( if present ) .
*
* The write / read routines can make use of the tuple description data
* stored in the Tuplesortstate record , if needed . They are also expected
* to adjust state - > availMem by the amount of memory space ( not tape space ! )
* released or consumed . There is no error return from either writetup
* or readtup ; they should ereport ( ) on failure .
*
*
* NOTES about memory consumption calculations :
*
* We count space allocated for tuples against the workMem limit , plus
* the space used by the variable - size memtuples array . Fixed - size space
* is not counted ; it ' s small enough to not be interesting .
*
* Note that we count actual space used ( as shown by GetMemoryChunkSpace )
* rather than the originally - requested size . This is important since
* palloc can add substantial overhead . It ' s not a complete answer since
* we won ' t count any wasted space in palloc allocation blocks , but it ' s
* a lot better than what we were doing before 7 . 3 . As of 9 . 6 , a
* separate memory context is used for caller passed tuples . Resetting
* it at certain key increments significantly ameliorates fragmentation .
* readtup routines use the slab allocator ( they cannot use
* the reset context because it gets deleted at the point that merging
* begins ) .
*/
static void tuplesort_begin_batch(Tuplesortstate *state);
static bool consider_abort_common(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void inittapes(Tuplesortstate *state, bool mergeruns);
static void inittapestate(Tuplesortstate *state, int maxTapes);
static void selectnewtape(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void init_slab_allocator(Tuplesortstate *state, int numSlots);
static void mergeruns(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void mergeonerun(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void beginmerge(Tuplesortstate *state);
static bool mergereadnext(Tuplesortstate *state, LogicalTape *srcTape, SortTuple *stup);
static void dumptuples(Tuplesortstate *state, bool alltuples);
static void make_bounded_heap(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void sort_bounded_heap(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void tuplesort_sort_memtuples(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void tuplesort_heap_insert(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *tuple);
static void tuplesort_heap_replace_top(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *tuple);
static void tuplesort_heap_delete_top(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void reversedirection(Tuplesortstate *state);
static unsigned int getlen(LogicalTape *tape, bool eofOK);
static void markrunend(LogicalTape *tape);
static int worker_get_identifier(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void worker_freeze_result_tape(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void worker_nomergeruns(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void leader_takeover_tapes(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void free_sort_tuple(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *stup);
static void tuplesort_free(Tuplesortstate *state);
static void tuplesort_updatemax(Tuplesortstate *state);
/*
* Specialized comparators that we can inline into specialized sorts . The goal
* is to try to sort two tuples without having to follow the pointers to the
* comparator or the tuple .
*
* XXX : For now , there is no specialization for cases where datum1 is
* authoritative and we don ' t even need to fall back to a callback at all ( that
* would be true for types like int4 / int8 / timestamp / date , but not true for
* abbreviations of text or multi - key sorts . There could be ! Is it worth it ?
*/
/* Used if first key's comparator is ssup_datum_unsigned_cmp */
static pg_attribute_always_inline int
qsort_tuple_unsigned_compare(SortTuple *a, SortTuple *b, Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int compare;
compare = ApplyUnsignedSortComparator(a->datum1, a->isnull1,
b->datum1, b->isnull1,
&state->base.sortKeys[0 ]);
if (compare != 0 )
return compare;
/*
* No need to waste effort calling the tiebreak function when there are no
* other keys to sort on .
*/
if (state->base.onlyKey != NULL)
return 0 ;
return state->base.comparetup_tiebreak(a, b, state);
}
#if SIZEOF_DATUM >= 8
/* Used if first key's comparator is ssup_datum_signed_cmp */
static pg_attribute_always_inline int
qsort_tuple_signed_compare(SortTuple *a, SortTuple *b, Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int compare;
compare = ApplySignedSortComparator(a->datum1, a->isnull1,
b->datum1, b->isnull1,
&state->base.sortKeys[0 ]);
if (compare != 0 )
return compare;
/*
* No need to waste effort calling the tiebreak function when there are no
* other keys to sort on .
*/
if (state->base.onlyKey != NULL)
return 0 ;
return state->base.comparetup_tiebreak(a, b, state);
}
#endif
/* Used if first key's comparator is ssup_datum_int32_cmp */
static pg_attribute_always_inline int
qsort_tuple_int32_compare(SortTuple *a, SortTuple *b, Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int compare;
compare = ApplyInt32SortComparator(a->datum1, a->isnull1,
b->datum1, b->isnull1,
&state->base.sortKeys[0 ]);
if (compare != 0 )
return compare;
/*
* No need to waste effort calling the tiebreak function when there are no
* other keys to sort on .
*/
if (state->base.onlyKey != NULL)
return 0 ;
return state->base.comparetup_tiebreak(a, b, state);
}
/*
* Special versions of qsort just for SortTuple objects . qsort_tuple ( ) sorts
* any variant of SortTuples , using the appropriate comparetup function .
* qsort_ssup ( ) is specialized for the case where the comparetup function
* reduces to ApplySortComparator ( ) , that is single - key MinimalTuple sorts
* and Datum sorts . qsort_tuple_ { unsigned , signed , int32 } are specialized for
* common comparison functions on pass - by - value leading datums .
*/
#define ST_SORT qsort_tuple_unsigned
#define ST_ELEMENT_TYPE SortTuple
#define ST_COMPARE(a, b, state) qsort_tuple_unsigned_compare(a, b, state)
#define ST_COMPARE_ARG_TYPE Tuplesortstate
#define ST_CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
#define ST_SCOPE static
#define ST_DEFINE
#include "lib/sort_template.h"
#if SIZEOF_DATUM >= 8
#define ST_SORT qsort_tuple_signed
#define ST_ELEMENT_TYPE SortTuple
#define ST_COMPARE(a, b, state) qsort_tuple_signed_compare(a, b, state)
#define ST_COMPARE_ARG_TYPE Tuplesortstate
#define ST_CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
#define ST_SCOPE static
#define ST_DEFINE
#include "lib/sort_template.h"
#endif
#define ST_SORT qsort_tuple_int32
#define ST_ELEMENT_TYPE SortTuple
#define ST_COMPARE(a, b, state) qsort_tuple_int32_compare(a, b, state)
#define ST_COMPARE_ARG_TYPE Tuplesortstate
#define ST_CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
#define ST_SCOPE static
#define ST_DEFINE
#include "lib/sort_template.h"
#define ST_SORT qsort_tuple
#define ST_ELEMENT_TYPE SortTuple
#define ST_COMPARE_RUNTIME_POINTER
#define ST_COMPARE_ARG_TYPE Tuplesortstate
#define ST_CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
#define ST_SCOPE static
#define ST_DECLARE
#define ST_DEFINE
#include "lib/sort_template.h"
#define ST_SORT qsort_ssup
#define ST_ELEMENT_TYPE SortTuple
#define ST_COMPARE(a, b, ssup) \
ApplySortComparator((a)->datum1, (a)->isnull1, \
(b)->datum1, (b)->isnull1, (ssup))
#define ST_COMPARE_ARG_TYPE SortSupportData
#define ST_CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
#define ST_SCOPE static
#define ST_DEFINE
#include "lib/sort_template.h"
/*
* tuplesort_begin_xxx
*
* Initialize for a tuple sort operation .
*
* After calling tuplesort_begin , the caller should call tuplesort_putXXX
* zero or more times , then call tuplesort_performsort when all the tuples
* have been supplied . After performsort , retrieve the tuples in sorted
* order by calling tuplesort_getXXX until it returns false / NULL . ( If random
* access was requested , rescan , markpos , and restorepos can also be called . )
* Call tuplesort_end to terminate the operation and release memory / disk space .
*
* Each variant of tuplesort_begin has a workMem parameter specifying the
* maximum number of kilobytes of RAM to use before spilling data to disk .
* ( The normal value of this parameter is work_mem , but some callers use
* other values . ) Each variant also has a sortopt which is a bitmask of
* sort options . See TUPLESORT_ * definitions in tuplesort . h
*/
Tuplesortstate *
tuplesort_begin_common(int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate, int sortopt)
{
Tuplesortstate *state;
MemoryContext maincontext;
MemoryContext sortcontext;
MemoryContext oldcontext;
/* See leader_takeover_tapes() remarks on random access support */
if (coordinate && (sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS))
elog(ERROR, "random access disallowed under parallel sort" );
/*
* Memory context surviving tuplesort_reset . This memory context holds
* data which is useful to keep while sorting multiple similar batches .
*/
maincontext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
"TupleSort main" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
/*
* Create a working memory context for one sort operation . The content of
* this context is deleted by tuplesort_reset .
*/
sortcontext = AllocSetContextCreate(maincontext,
"TupleSort sort" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
/*
* Additionally a working memory context for tuples is setup in
* tuplesort_begin_batch .
*/
/*
* Make the Tuplesortstate within the per - sortstate context . This way , we
* don ' t need a separate pfree ( ) operation for it at shutdown .
*/
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(maincontext);
state = (Tuplesortstate *) palloc0(sizeof (Tuplesortstate));
if (trace_sort)
pg_rusage_init(&state->ru_start);
state->base.sortopt = sortopt;
state->base.tuples = true ;
state->abbrevNext = 10 ;
/*
* workMem is forced to be at least 64 KB , the current minimum valid value
* for the work_mem GUC . This is a defense against parallel sort callers
* that divide out memory among many workers in a way that leaves each
* with very little memory .
*/
state->allowedMem = Max(workMem, 64 ) * (int64) 1024 ;
state->base.sortcontext = sortcontext;
state->base.maincontext = maincontext;
/*
* Initial size of array must be more than ALLOCSET_SEPARATE_THRESHOLD ;
* see comments in grow_memtuples ( ) .
*/
state->memtupsize = INITIAL_MEMTUPSIZE;
state->memtuples = NULL;
/*
* After all of the other non - parallel - related state , we setup all of the
* state needed for each batch .
*/
tuplesort_begin_batch(state);
/*
* Initialize parallel - related state based on coordination information
* from caller
*/
if (!coordinate)
{
/* Serial sort */
state->shared = NULL;
state->worker = -1 ;
state->nParticipants = -1 ;
}
else if (coordinate->isWorker)
{
/* Parallel worker produces exactly one final run from all input */
state->shared = coordinate->sharedsort;
state->worker = worker_get_identifier(state);
state->nParticipants = -1 ;
}
else
{
/* Parallel leader state only used for final merge */
state->shared = coordinate->sharedsort;
state->worker = -1 ;
state->nParticipants = coordinate->nParticipants;
Assert(state->nParticipants >= 1 );
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return state;
}
/*
* tuplesort_begin_batch
*
* Setup , or reset , all state need for processing a new set of tuples with this
* sort state . Called both from tuplesort_begin_common ( the first time sorting
* with this sort state ) and tuplesort_reset ( for subsequent usages ) .
*/
static void
tuplesort_begin_batch(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext;
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.maincontext);
/*
* Caller tuple ( e . g . IndexTuple ) memory context .
*
* A dedicated child context used exclusively for caller passed tuples
* eases memory management . Resetting at key points reduces
* fragmentation . Note that the memtuples array of SortTuples is allocated
* in the parent context , not this context , because there is no need to
* free memtuples early . For bounded sorts , tuples may be pfreed in any
* order , so we use a regular aset . c context so that it can make use of
* free ' d memory . When the sort is not bounded , we make use of a bump . c
* context as this keeps allocations more compact with less wastage .
* Allocations are also slightly more CPU efficient .
*/
if (TupleSortUseBumpTupleCxt(state->base.sortopt))
state->base.tuplecontext = BumpContextCreate(state->base.sortcontext,
"Caller tuples" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
else
state->base.tuplecontext = AllocSetContextCreate(state->base.sortcontext,
"Caller tuples" ,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
state->status = TSS_INITIAL;
state->bounded = false ;
state->boundUsed = false ;
state->availMem = state->allowedMem;
state->tapeset = NULL;
state->memtupcount = 0 ;
/*
* Initial size of array must be more than ALLOCSET_SEPARATE_THRESHOLD ;
* see comments in grow_memtuples ( ) .
*/
state->growmemtuples = true ;
state->slabAllocatorUsed = false ;
if (state->memtuples != NULL && state->memtupsize != INITIAL_MEMTUPSIZE)
{
pfree(state->memtuples);
state->memtuples = NULL;
state->memtupsize = INITIAL_MEMTUPSIZE;
}
if (state->memtuples == NULL)
{
state->memtuples = (SortTuple *) palloc(state->memtupsize * sizeof (SortTuple));
USEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples));
}
/* workMem must be large enough for the minimal memtuples array */
if (LACKMEM(state))
elog(ERROR, "insufficient memory allowed for sort" );
state->currentRun = 0 ;
/*
* Tape variables ( inputTapes , outputTapes , etc . ) will be initialized by
* inittapes ( ) , if needed .
*/
state->result_tape = NULL; /* flag that result tape has not been formed */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_set_bound
*
* Advise tuplesort that at most the first N result tuples are required .
*
* Must be called before inserting any tuples . ( Actually , we could allow it
* as long as the sort hasn ' t spilled to disk , but there seems no need for
* delayed calls at the moment . )
*
* This is a hint only . The tuplesort may still return more tuples than
* requested . Parallel leader tuplesorts will always ignore the hint .
*/
void
tuplesort_set_bound(Tuplesortstate *state, int64 bound)
{
/* Assert we're called before loading any tuples */
Assert(state->status == TSS_INITIAL && state->memtupcount == 0 );
/* Assert we allow bounded sorts */
Assert(state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_ALLOWBOUNDED);
/* Can't set the bound twice, either */
Assert(!state->bounded);
/* Also, this shouldn't be called in a parallel worker */
Assert(!WORKER(state));
/* Parallel leader allows but ignores hint */
if (LEADER(state))
return ;
#ifdef DEBUG_BOUNDED_SORT
/* Honor GUC setting that disables the feature (for easy testing) */
if (!optimize_bounded_sort)
return ;
#endif
/* We want to be able to compute bound * 2, so limit the setting */
if (bound > (int64) (INT_MAX / 2 ))
return ;
state->bounded = true ;
state->bound = (int ) bound;
/*
* Bounded sorts are not an effective target for abbreviated key
* optimization . Disable by setting state to be consistent with no
* abbreviation support .
*/
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_converter = NULL;
if (state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_full_comparator)
state->base.sortKeys->comparator = state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_full_comparator;
/* Not strictly necessary, but be tidy */
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_abort = NULL;
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_full_comparator = NULL;
}
/*
* tuplesort_used_bound
*
* Allow callers to find out if the sort state was able to use a bound .
*/
bool
tuplesort_used_bound(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
return state->boundUsed;
}
/*
* tuplesort_free
*
* Internal routine for freeing resources of tuplesort .
*/
static void
tuplesort_free(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
/* context swap probably not needed, but let's be safe */
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
int64 spaceUsed;
if (state->tapeset)
spaceUsed = LogicalTapeSetBlocks(state->tapeset);
else
spaceUsed = (state->allowedMem - state->availMem + 1023 ) / 1024 ;
/*
* Delete temporary " tape " files , if any .
*
* We don ' t bother to destroy the individual tapes here . They will go away
* with the sortcontext . ( In TSS_FINALMERGE state , we have closed
* finished tapes already . )
*/
if (state->tapeset)
LogicalTapeSetClose(state->tapeset);
if (trace_sort)
{
if (state->tapeset)
elog(LOG, "%s of worker %d ended, %" PRId64 " disk blocks used: %s" ,
SERIAL(state) ? "external sort" : "parallel external sort" ,
state->worker, spaceUsed, pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
else
elog(LOG, "%s of worker %d ended, %" PRId64 " KB used: %s" ,
SERIAL(state) ? "internal sort" : "unperformed parallel sort" ,
state->worker, spaceUsed, pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
}
TRACE_POSTGRESQL_SORT_DONE(state->tapeset != NULL, spaceUsed);
FREESTATE(state);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
/*
* Free the per - sort memory context , thereby releasing all working memory .
*/
MemoryContextReset(state->base.sortcontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_end
*
* Release resources and clean up .
*
* NOTE : after calling this , any pointers returned by tuplesort_getXXX are
* pointing to garbage . Be careful not to attempt to use or free such
* pointers afterwards !
*/
void
tuplesort_end(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
tuplesort_free(state);
/*
* Free the main memory context , including the Tuplesortstate struct
* itself .
*/
MemoryContextDelete(state->base.maincontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_updatemax
*
* Update maximum resource usage statistics .
*/
static void
tuplesort_updatemax(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int64 spaceUsed;
bool isSpaceDisk;
/*
* Note : it might seem we should provide both memory and disk usage for a
* disk - based sort . However , the current code doesn ' t track memory space
* accurately once we have begun to return tuples to the caller ( since we
* don ' t account for pfree ' s the caller is expected to do ) , so we cannot
* rely on availMem in a disk sort . This does not seem worth the overhead
* to fix . Is it worth creating an API for the memory context code to
* tell us how much is actually used in sortcontext ?
*/
if (state->tapeset)
{
isSpaceDisk = true ;
spaceUsed = LogicalTapeSetBlocks(state->tapeset) * BLCKSZ;
}
else
{
isSpaceDisk = false ;
spaceUsed = state->allowedMem - state->availMem;
}
/*
* Sort evicts data to the disk when it wasn ' t able to fit that data into
* main memory . This is why we assume space used on the disk to be more
* important for tracking resource usage than space used in memory . Note
* that the amount of space occupied by some tupleset on the disk might be
* less than amount of space occupied by the same tupleset in memory due
* to more compact representation .
*/
if ((isSpaceDisk && !state->isMaxSpaceDisk) ||
(isSpaceDisk == state->isMaxSpaceDisk && spaceUsed > state->maxSpace))
{
state->maxSpace = spaceUsed;
state->isMaxSpaceDisk = isSpaceDisk;
state->maxSpaceStatus = state->status;
}
}
/*
* tuplesort_reset
*
* Reset the tuplesort . Reset all the data in the tuplesort , but leave the
* meta - information in . After tuplesort_reset , tuplesort is ready to start
* a new sort . This allows avoiding recreation of tuple sort states ( and
* save resources ) when sorting multiple small batches .
*/
void
tuplesort_reset(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
tuplesort_updatemax(state);
tuplesort_free(state);
/*
* After we ' ve freed up per - batch memory , re - setup all of the state common
* to both the first batch and any subsequent batch .
*/
tuplesort_begin_batch(state);
state->lastReturnedTuple = NULL;
state->slabMemoryBegin = NULL;
state->slabMemoryEnd = NULL;
state->slabFreeHead = NULL;
}
/*
* Grow the memtuples [ ] array , if possible within our memory constraint . We
* must not exceed INT_MAX tuples in memory or the caller - provided memory
* limit . Return true if we were able to enlarge the array , false if not .
*
* Normally , at each increment we double the size of the array . When doing
* that would exceed a limit , we attempt one last , smaller increase ( and then
* clear the growmemtuples flag so we don ' t try any more ) . That allows us to
* use memory as fully as permitted ; sticking to the pure doubling rule could
* result in almost half going unused . Because availMem moves around with
* tuple addition / removal , we need some rule to prevent making repeated small
* increases in memtupsize , which would just be useless thrashing . The
* growmemtuples flag accomplishes that and also prevents useless
* recalculations in this function .
*/
static bool
grow_memtuples(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int newmemtupsize;
int memtupsize = state->memtupsize;
int64 memNowUsed = state->allowedMem - state->availMem;
/* Forget it if we've already maxed out memtuples, per comment above */
if (!state->growmemtuples)
return false ;
/* Select new value of memtupsize */
if (memNowUsed <= state->availMem)
{
/*
* We ' ve used no more than half of allowedMem ; double our usage ,
* clamping at INT_MAX tuples .
*/
if (memtupsize < INT_MAX / 2 )
newmemtupsize = memtupsize * 2 ;
else
{
newmemtupsize = INT_MAX;
state->growmemtuples = false ;
}
}
else
{
/*
* This will be the last increment of memtupsize . Abandon doubling
* strategy and instead increase as much as we safely can .
*
* To stay within allowedMem , we can ' t increase memtupsize by more
* than availMem / sizeof ( SortTuple ) elements . In practice , we want
* to increase it by considerably less , because we need to leave some
* space for the tuples to which the new array slots will refer . We
* assume the new tuples will be about the same size as the tuples
* we ' ve already seen , and thus we can extrapolate from the space
* consumption so far to estimate an appropriate new size for the
* memtuples array . The optimal value might be higher or lower than
* this estimate , but it ' s hard to know that in advance . We again
* clamp at INT_MAX tuples .
*
* This calculation is safe against enlarging the array so much that
* LACKMEM becomes true , because the memory currently used includes
* the present array ; thus , there would be enough allowedMem for the
* new array elements even if no other memory were currently used .
*
* We do the arithmetic in float8 , because otherwise the product of
* memtupsize and allowedMem could overflow . Any inaccuracy in the
* result should be insignificant ; but even if we computed a
* completely insane result , the checks below will prevent anything
* really bad from happening .
*/
double grow_ratio;
grow_ratio = (double ) state->allowedMem / (double ) memNowUsed;
if (memtupsize * grow_ratio < INT_MAX)
newmemtupsize = (int ) (memtupsize * grow_ratio);
else
newmemtupsize = INT_MAX;
/* We won't make any further enlargement attempts */
state->growmemtuples = false ;
}
/* Must enlarge array by at least one element, else report failure */
if (newmemtupsize <= memtupsize)
goto noalloc;
/*
* On a 32 - bit machine , allowedMem could exceed MaxAllocHugeSize . Clamp
* to ensure our request won ' t be rejected . Note that we can easily
* exhaust address space before facing this outcome . ( This is presently
* impossible due to guc . c ' s MAX_KILOBYTES limitation on work_mem , but
* don ' t rely on that at this distance . )
*/
if ((Size) newmemtupsize >= MaxAllocHugeSize / sizeof (SortTuple))
{
newmemtupsize = (int ) (MaxAllocHugeSize / sizeof (SortTuple));
state->growmemtuples = false ; /* can't grow any more */
}
/*
* We need to be sure that we do not cause LACKMEM to become true , else
* the space management algorithm will go nuts . The code above should
* never generate a dangerous request , but to be safe , check explicitly
* that the array growth fits within availMem . ( We could still cause
* LACKMEM if the memory chunk overhead associated with the memtuples
* array were to increase . That shouldn ' t happen because we chose the
* initial array size large enough to ensure that palloc will be treating
* both old and new arrays as separate chunks . But we ' ll check LACKMEM
* explicitly below just in case . )
*/
if (state->availMem < (int64) ((newmemtupsize - memtupsize) * sizeof (SortTuple)))
goto noalloc;
/* OK, do it */
FREEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples));
state->memtupsize = newmemtupsize;
state->memtuples = (SortTuple *)
repalloc_huge(state->memtuples,
state->memtupsize * sizeof (SortTuple));
USEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples));
if (LACKMEM(state))
elog(ERROR, "unexpected out-of-memory situation in tuplesort" );
return true ;
noalloc:
/* If for any reason we didn't realloc, shut off future attempts */
state->growmemtuples = false ;
return false ;
}
/*
* Shared code for tuple and datum cases .
*/
void
tuplesort_puttuple_common(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *tuple,
bool useAbbrev, Size tuplen)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
Assert(!LEADER(state));
/* account for the memory used for this tuple */
USEMEM(state, tuplen);
state->tupleMem += tuplen;
if (!useAbbrev)
{
/*
* Leave ordinary Datum representation , or NULL value . If there is a
* converter it won ' t expect NULL values , and cost model is not
* required to account for NULL , so in that case we avoid calling
* converter and just set datum1 to zeroed representation ( to be
* consistent , and to support cheap inequality tests for NULL
* abbreviated keys ) .
*/
}
else if (!consider_abort_common(state))
{
/* Store abbreviated key representation */
tuple->datum1 = state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_converter(tuple->datum1,
state->base.sortKeys);
}
else
{
/*
* Set state to be consistent with never trying abbreviation .
*
* Alter datum1 representation in already - copied tuples , so as to
* ensure a consistent representation ( current tuple was just
* handled ) . It does not matter if some dumped tuples are already
* sorted on tape , since serialized tuples lack abbreviated keys
* ( TSS_BUILDRUNS state prevents control reaching here in any case ) .
*/
REMOVEABBREV(state, state->memtuples, state->memtupcount);
}
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_INITIAL:
/*
* Save the tuple into the unsorted array . First , grow the array
* as needed . Note that we try to grow the array when there is
* still one free slot remaining - - - if we fail , there ' ll still be
* room to store the incoming tuple , and then we ' ll switch to
* tape - based operation .
*/
if (state->memtupcount >= state->memtupsize - 1 )
{
(void ) grow_memtuples(state);
Assert(state->memtupcount < state->memtupsize);
}
state->memtuples[state->memtupcount++] = *tuple;
/*
* Check if it ' s time to switch over to a bounded heapsort . We do
* so if the input tuple count exceeds twice the desired tuple
* count ( this is a heuristic for where heapsort becomes cheaper
* than a quicksort ) , or if we ' ve just filled workMem and have
* enough tuples to meet the bound .
*
* Note that once we enter TSS_BOUNDED state we will always try to
* complete the sort that way . In the worst case , if later input
* tuples are larger than earlier ones , this might cause us to
* exceed workMem significantly .
*/
if (state->bounded &&
(state->memtupcount > state->bound * 2 ||
(state->memtupcount > state->bound && LACKMEM(state))))
{
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "switching to bounded heapsort at %d tuples: %s" ,
state->memtupcount,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
make_bounded_heap(state);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return ;
}
/*
* Done if we still fit in available memory and have array slots .
*/
if (state->memtupcount < state->memtupsize && !LACKMEM(state))
{
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return ;
}
/*
* Nope ; time to switch to tape - based operation .
*/
inittapes(state, true );
/*
* Dump all tuples .
*/
dumptuples(state, false );
break ;
case TSS_BOUNDED:
/*
* We don ' t want to grow the array here , so check whether the new
* tuple can be discarded before putting it in . This should be a
* good speed optimization , too , since when there are many more
* input tuples than the bound , most input tuples can be discarded
* with just this one comparison . Note that because we currently
* have the sort direction reversed , we must check for < = not > = .
*/
if (COMPARETUP(state, tuple, &state->memtuples[0 ]) <= 0 )
{
/* new tuple <= top of the heap, so we can discard it */
free_sort_tuple(state, tuple);
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
}
else
{
/* discard top of heap, replacing it with the new tuple */
free_sort_tuple(state, &state->memtuples[0 ]);
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(state, tuple);
}
break ;
case TSS_BUILDRUNS:
/*
* Save the tuple into the unsorted array ( there must be space )
*/
state->memtuples[state->memtupcount++] = *tuple;
/*
* If we are over the memory limit , dump all tuples .
*/
dumptuples(state, false );
break ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
break ;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
static bool
consider_abort_common(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Assert(state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_converter != NULL);
Assert(state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_abort != NULL);
Assert(state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_full_comparator != NULL);
/*
* Check effectiveness of abbreviation optimization . Consider aborting
* when still within memory limit .
*/
if (state->status == TSS_INITIAL &&
state->memtupcount >= state->abbrevNext)
{
state->abbrevNext *= 2 ;
/*
* Check opclass - supplied abbreviation abort routine . It may indicate
* that abbreviation should not proceed .
*/
if (!state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_abort(state->memtupcount,
state->base.sortKeys))
return false ;
/*
* Finally , restore authoritative comparator , and indicate that
* abbreviation is not in play by setting abbrev_converter to NULL
*/
state->base.sortKeys[0 ].comparator = state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_full_comparator;
state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_converter = NULL;
/* Not strictly necessary, but be tidy */
state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_abort = NULL;
state->base.sortKeys[0 ].abbrev_full_comparator = NULL;
/* Give up - expect original pass-by-value representation */
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* All tuples have been provided ; finish the sort .
*/
void
tuplesort_performsort(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "performsort of worker %d starting: %s" ,
state->worker, pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_INITIAL:
/*
* We were able to accumulate all the tuples within the allowed
* amount of memory , or leader to take over worker tapes
*/
if (SERIAL(state))
{
/* Just qsort 'em and we're done */
tuplesort_sort_memtuples(state);
state->status = TSS_SORTEDINMEM;
}
else if (WORKER(state))
{
/*
* Parallel workers must still dump out tuples to tape . No
* merge is required to produce single output run , though .
*/
inittapes(state, false );
dumptuples(state, true );
worker_nomergeruns(state);
state->status = TSS_SORTEDONTAPE;
}
else
{
/*
* Leader will take over worker tapes and merge worker runs .
* Note that mergeruns sets the correct state - > status .
*/
leader_takeover_tapes(state);
mergeruns(state);
}
state->current = 0 ;
state->eof_reached = false ;
state->markpos_block = 0 L;
state->markpos_offset = 0 ;
state->markpos_eof = false ;
break ;
case TSS_BOUNDED:
/*
* We were able to accumulate all the tuples required for output
* in memory , using a heap to eliminate excess tuples . Now we
* have to transform the heap to a properly - sorted array . Note
* that sort_bounded_heap sets the correct state - > status .
*/
sort_bounded_heap(state);
state->current = 0 ;
state->eof_reached = false ;
state->markpos_offset = 0 ;
state->markpos_eof = false ;
break ;
case TSS_BUILDRUNS:
/*
* Finish tape - based sort . First , flush all tuples remaining in
* memory out to tape ; then merge until we have a single remaining
* run ( or , if ! randomAccess and ! WORKER ( ) , one run per tape ) .
* Note that mergeruns sets the correct state - > status .
*/
dumptuples(state, true );
mergeruns(state);
state->eof_reached = false ;
state->markpos_block = 0 L;
state->markpos_offset = 0 ;
state->markpos_eof = false ;
break ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
break ;
}
if (trace_sort)
{
if (state->status == TSS_FINALMERGE)
elog(LOG, "performsort of worker %d done (except %d-way final merge): %s" ,
state->worker, state->nInputTapes,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
else
elog(LOG, "performsort of worker %d done: %s" ,
state->worker, pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/*
* Internal routine to fetch the next tuple in either forward or back
* direction into * stup . Returns false if no more tuples .
* Returned tuple belongs to tuplesort memory context , and must not be freed
* by caller . Note that fetched tuple is stored in memory that may be
* recycled by any future fetch .
*/
bool
tuplesort_gettuple_common(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward,
SortTuple *stup)
{
unsigned int tuplen;
size_t nmoved;
Assert(!WORKER(state));
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
Assert(forward || state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS);
Assert(!state->slabAllocatorUsed);
if (forward)
{
if (state->current < state->memtupcount)
{
*stup = state->memtuples[state->current++];
return true ;
}
state->eof_reached = true ;
/*
* Complain if caller tries to retrieve more tuples than
* originally asked for in a bounded sort . This is because
* returning EOF here might be the wrong thing .
*/
if (state->bounded && state->current >= state->bound)
elog(ERROR, "retrieved too many tuples in a bounded sort" );
return false ;
}
else
{
if (state->current <= 0 )
return false ;
/*
* if all tuples are fetched already then we return last
* tuple , else - tuple before last returned .
*/
if (state->eof_reached)
state->eof_reached = false ;
else
{
state->current--; /* last returned tuple */
if (state->current <= 0 )
return false ;
}
*stup = state->memtuples[state->current - 1 ];
return true ;
}
break ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
Assert(forward || state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS);
Assert(state->slabAllocatorUsed);
/*
* The slot that held the tuple that we returned in previous
* gettuple call can now be reused .
*/
if (state->lastReturnedTuple)
{
RELEASE_SLAB_SLOT(state, state->lastReturnedTuple);
state->lastReturnedTuple = NULL;
}
if (forward)
{
if (state->eof_reached)
return false ;
if ((tuplen = getlen(state->result_tape, true )) != 0 )
{
READTUP(state, stup, state->result_tape, tuplen);
/*
* Remember the tuple we return , so that we can recycle
* its memory on next call . ( This can be NULL , in the
* ! state - > tuples case ) .
*/
state->lastReturnedTuple = stup->tuple;
return true ;
}
else
{
state->eof_reached = true ;
return false ;
}
}
/*
* Backward .
*
* if all tuples are fetched already then we return last tuple ,
* else - tuple before last returned .
*/
if (state->eof_reached)
{
/*
* Seek position is pointing just past the zero tuplen at the
* end of file ; back up to fetch last tuple ' s ending length
* word . If seek fails we must have a completely empty file .
*/
nmoved = LogicalTapeBackspace(state->result_tape,
2 * sizeof (unsigned int ));
if (nmoved == 0 )
return false ;
else if (nmoved != 2 * sizeof (unsigned int ))
elog(ERROR, "unexpected tape position" );
state->eof_reached = false ;
}
else
{
/*
* Back up and fetch previously - returned tuple ' s ending length
* word . If seek fails , assume we are at start of file .
*/
nmoved = LogicalTapeBackspace(state->result_tape,
sizeof (unsigned int ));
if (nmoved == 0 )
return false ;
else if (nmoved != sizeof (unsigned int ))
elog(ERROR, "unexpected tape position" );
tuplen = getlen(state->result_tape, false );
/*
* Back up to get ending length word of tuple before it .
*/
nmoved = LogicalTapeBackspace(state->result_tape,
tuplen + 2 * sizeof (unsigned int ));
if (nmoved == tuplen + sizeof (unsigned int ))
{
/*
* We backed up over the previous tuple , but there was no
* ending length word before it . That means that the prev
* tuple is the first tuple in the file . It is now the
* next to read in forward direction ( not obviously right ,
* but that is what in - memory case does ) .
*/
return false ;
}
else if (nmoved != tuplen + 2 * sizeof (unsigned int ))
elog(ERROR, "bogus tuple length in backward scan" );
}
tuplen = getlen(state->result_tape, false );
/*
* Now we have the length of the prior tuple , back up and read it .
* Note : READTUP expects we are positioned after the initial
* length word of the tuple , so back up to that point .
*/
nmoved = LogicalTapeBackspace(state->result_tape,
tuplen);
if (nmoved != tuplen)
elog(ERROR, "bogus tuple length in backward scan" );
READTUP(state, stup, state->result_tape, tuplen);
/*
* Remember the tuple we return , so that we can recycle its memory
* on next call . ( This can be NULL , in the Datum case ) .
*/
state->lastReturnedTuple = stup->tuple;
return true ;
case TSS_FINALMERGE:
Assert(forward);
/* We are managing memory ourselves, with the slab allocator. */
Assert(state->slabAllocatorUsed);
/*
* The slab slot holding the tuple that we returned in previous
* gettuple call can now be reused .
*/
if (state->lastReturnedTuple)
{
RELEASE_SLAB_SLOT(state, state->lastReturnedTuple);
state->lastReturnedTuple = NULL;
}
/*
* This code should match the inner loop of mergeonerun ( ) .
*/
if (state->memtupcount > 0 )
{
int srcTapeIndex = state->memtuples[0 ].srctape;
LogicalTape *srcTape = state->inputTapes[srcTapeIndex];
SortTuple newtup;
*stup = state->memtuples[0 ];
/*
* Remember the tuple we return , so that we can recycle its
* memory on next call . ( This can be NULL , in the Datum case ) .
*/
state->lastReturnedTuple = stup->tuple;
/*
* Pull next tuple from tape , and replace the returned tuple
* at top of the heap with it .
*/
if (!mergereadnext(state, srcTape, &newtup))
{
/*
* If no more data , we ' ve reached end of run on this tape .
* Remove the top node from the heap .
*/
tuplesort_heap_delete_top(state);
state->nInputRuns--;
/*
* Close the tape . It ' d go away at the end of the sort
* anyway , but better to release the memory early .
*/
LogicalTapeClose(srcTape);
return true ;
}
newtup.srctape = srcTapeIndex;
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(state, &newtup);
return true ;
}
return false ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
return false ; /* keep compiler quiet */
}
}
/*
* Advance over N tuples in either forward or back direction ,
* without returning any data . N = = 0 is a no - op .
* Returns true if successful , false if ran out of tuples .
*/
bool
tuplesort_skiptuples(Tuplesortstate *state, int64 ntuples, bool forward)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext;
/*
* We don ' t actually support backwards skip yet , because no callers need
* it . The API is designed to allow for that later , though .
*/
Assert(forward);
Assert(ntuples >= 0 );
Assert(!WORKER(state));
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
if (state->memtupcount - state->current >= ntuples)
{
state->current += ntuples;
return true ;
}
state->current = state->memtupcount;
state->eof_reached = true ;
/*
* Complain if caller tries to retrieve more tuples than
* originally asked for in a bounded sort . This is because
* returning EOF here might be the wrong thing .
*/
if (state->bounded && state->current >= state->bound)
elog(ERROR, "retrieved too many tuples in a bounded sort" );
return false ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
case TSS_FINALMERGE:
/*
* We could probably optimize these cases better , but for now it ' s
* not worth the trouble .
*/
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
while (ntuples-- > 0 )
{
SortTuple stup;
if (!tuplesort_gettuple_common(state, forward, &stup))
{
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return false ;
}
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
return true ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
return false ; /* keep compiler quiet */
}
}
/*
* tuplesort_merge_order - report merge order we ' ll use for given memory
* ( note : " merge order " just means the number of input tapes in the merge ) .
*
* This is exported for use by the planner . allowedMem is in bytes .
*/
int
tuplesort_merge_order(int64 allowedMem)
{
int mOrder;
/*----------
* In the merge phase , we need buffer space for each input and output tape .
* Each pass in the balanced merge algorithm reads from M input tapes , and
* writes to N output tapes . Each tape consumes TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD bytes
* of memory . In addition to that , we want MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE workspace per
* input tape .
*
* totalMem = M * ( TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD + MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE ) +
* N * TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD
*
* Except for the last and next - to - last merge passes , where there can be
* fewer tapes left to process , M = N . We choose M so that we have the
* desired amount of memory available for the input buffers
* ( TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD + MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE ) , given the total memory
* available for the tape buffers ( allowedMem ) .
*
* Note : you might be thinking we need to account for the memtuples [ ]
* array in this calculation , but we effectively treat that as part of the
* MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE workspace .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
mOrder = allowedMem /
(2 * TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD + MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE);
/*
* Even in minimum memory , use at least a MINORDER merge . On the other
* hand , even when we have lots of memory , do not use more than a MAXORDER
* merge . Tapes are pretty cheap , but they ' re not entirely free . Each
* additional tape reduces the amount of memory available to build runs ,
* which in turn can cause the same sort to need more runs , which makes
* merging slower even if it can still be done in a single pass . Also ,
* high order merges are quite slow due to CPU cache effects ; it can be
* faster to pay the I / O cost of a multi - pass merge than to perform a
* single merge pass across many hundreds of tapes .
*/
mOrder = Max(mOrder, MINORDER);
mOrder = Min(mOrder, MAXORDER);
return mOrder;
}
/*
* Helper function to calculate how much memory to allocate for the read buffer
* of each input tape in a merge pass .
*
* ' avail_mem ' is the amount of memory available for the buffers of all the
* tapes , both input and output .
* ' nInputTapes ' and ' nInputRuns ' are the number of input tapes and runs .
* ' maxOutputTapes ' is the max . number of output tapes we should produce .
*/
static int64
merge_read_buffer_size(int64 avail_mem, int nInputTapes, int nInputRuns,
int maxOutputTapes)
{
int nOutputRuns;
int nOutputTapes;
/*
* How many output tapes will we produce in this pass ?
*
* This is nInputRuns / nInputTapes , rounded up .
*/
nOutputRuns = (nInputRuns + nInputTapes - 1 ) / nInputTapes;
nOutputTapes = Min(nOutputRuns, maxOutputTapes);
/*
* Each output tape consumes TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD bytes of memory . All
* remaining memory is divided evenly between the input tapes .
*
* This also follows from the formula in tuplesort_merge_order , but here
* we derive the input buffer size from the amount of memory available ,
* and M and N .
*/
return Max((avail_mem - TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD * nOutputTapes) / nInputTapes, 0 );
}
/*
* inittapes - initialize for tape sorting .
*
* This is called only if we have found we won ' t sort in memory .
*/
static void
inittapes(Tuplesortstate *state, bool mergeruns)
{
Assert(!LEADER(state));
if (mergeruns)
{
/* Compute number of input tapes to use when merging */
state->maxTapes = tuplesort_merge_order(state->allowedMem);
}
else
{
/* Workers can sometimes produce single run, output without merge */
Assert(WORKER(state));
state->maxTapes = MINORDER;
}
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "worker %d switching to external sort with %d tapes: %s" ,
state->worker, state->maxTapes, pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
/* Create the tape set */
inittapestate(state, state->maxTapes);
state->tapeset =
LogicalTapeSetCreate(false ,
state->shared ? &state->shared->fileset : NULL,
state->worker);
state->currentRun = 0 ;
/*
* Initialize logical tape arrays .
*/
state->inputTapes = NULL;
state->nInputTapes = 0 ;
state->nInputRuns = 0 ;
state->outputTapes = palloc0(state->maxTapes * sizeof (LogicalTape *));
state->nOutputTapes = 0 ;
state->nOutputRuns = 0 ;
state->status = TSS_BUILDRUNS;
selectnewtape(state);
}
/*
* inittapestate - initialize generic tape management state
*/
static void
inittapestate(Tuplesortstate *state, int maxTapes)
{
int64 tapeSpace;
/*
* Decrease availMem to reflect the space needed for tape buffers ; but
* don ' t decrease it to the point that we have no room for tuples . ( That
* case is only likely to occur if sorting pass - by - value Datums ; in all
* other scenarios the memtuples [ ] array is unlikely to occupy more than
* half of allowedMem . In the pass - by - value case it ' s not important to
* account for tuple space , so we don ' t care if LACKMEM becomes
* inaccurate . )
*/
tapeSpace = (int64) maxTapes * TAPE_BUFFER_OVERHEAD;
if (tapeSpace + GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples) < state->allowedMem)
USEMEM(state, tapeSpace);
/*
* Make sure that the temp file ( s ) underlying the tape set are created in
* suitable temp tablespaces . For parallel sorts , this should have been
* called already , but it doesn ' t matter if it is called a second time .
*/
PrepareTempTablespaces();
}
/*
* selectnewtape - - select next tape to output to .
*
* This is called after finishing a run when we know another run
* must be started . This is used both when building the initial
* runs , and during merge passes .
*/
static void
selectnewtape(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
/*
* At the beginning of each merge pass , nOutputTapes and nOutputRuns are
* both zero . On each call , we create a new output tape to hold the next
* run , until maxTapes is reached . After that , we assign new runs to the
* existing tapes in a round robin fashion .
*/
if (state->nOutputTapes < state->maxTapes)
{
/* Create a new tape to hold the next run */
Assert(state->outputTapes[state->nOutputRuns] == NULL);
Assert(state->nOutputRuns == state->nOutputTapes);
state->destTape = LogicalTapeCreate(state->tapeset);
state->outputTapes[state->nOutputTapes] = state->destTape;
state->nOutputTapes++;
state->nOutputRuns++;
}
else
{
/*
* We have reached the max number of tapes . Append to an existing
* tape .
*/
state->destTape = state->outputTapes[state->nOutputRuns % state->nOutputTapes];
state->nOutputRuns++;
}
}
/*
* Initialize the slab allocation arena , for the given number of slots .
*/
static void
init_slab_allocator(Tuplesortstate *state, int numSlots)
{
if (numSlots > 0 )
{
char *p;
int i;
state->slabMemoryBegin = palloc(numSlots * SLAB_SLOT_SIZE);
state->slabMemoryEnd = state->slabMemoryBegin +
numSlots * SLAB_SLOT_SIZE;
state->slabFreeHead = (SlabSlot *) state->slabMemoryBegin;
USEMEM(state, numSlots * SLAB_SLOT_SIZE);
p = state->slabMemoryBegin;
for (i = 0 ; i < numSlots - 1 ; i++)
{
((SlabSlot *) p)->nextfree = (SlabSlot *) (p + SLAB_SLOT_SIZE);
p += SLAB_SLOT_SIZE;
}
((SlabSlot *) p)->nextfree = NULL;
}
else
{
state->slabMemoryBegin = state->slabMemoryEnd = NULL;
state->slabFreeHead = NULL;
}
state->slabAllocatorUsed = true ;
}
/*
* mergeruns - - merge all the completed initial runs .
*
* This implements the Balanced k - Way Merge Algorithm . All input data has
* already been written to initial runs on tape ( see dumptuples ) .
*/
static void
mergeruns(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int tapenum;
Assert(state->status == TSS_BUILDRUNS);
Assert(state->memtupcount == 0 );
if (state->base.sortKeys != NULL && state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_converter != NULL)
{
/*
* If there are multiple runs to be merged , when we go to read back
* tuples from disk , abbreviated keys will not have been stored , and
* we don ' t care to regenerate them . Disable abbreviation from this
* point on .
*/
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_converter = NULL;
state->base.sortKeys->comparator = state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_full_comparator;
/* Not strictly necessary, but be tidy */
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_abort = NULL;
state->base.sortKeys->abbrev_full_comparator = NULL;
}
/*
* Reset tuple memory . We ' ve freed all the tuples that we previously
* allocated . We will use the slab allocator from now on .
*/
MemoryContextResetOnly(state->base.tuplecontext);
/*
* We no longer need a large memtuples array . ( We will allocate a smaller
* one for the heap later . )
*/
FREEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples));
pfree(state->memtuples);
state->memtuples = NULL;
/*
* Initialize the slab allocator . We need one slab slot per input tape ,
* for the tuples in the heap , plus one to hold the tuple last returned
* from tuplesort_gettuple . ( If we ' re sorting pass - by - val Datums ,
* however , we don ' t need to do allocate anything . )
*
* In a multi - pass merge , we could shrink this allocation for the last
* merge pass , if it has fewer tapes than previous passes , but we don ' t
* bother .
*
* From this point on , we no longer use the USEMEM ( ) / LACKMEM ( ) mechanism
* to track memory usage of individual tuples .
*/
if (state->base.tuples)
init_slab_allocator(state, state->nOutputTapes + 1 );
else
init_slab_allocator(state, 0 );
/*
* Allocate a new ' memtuples ' array , for the heap . It will hold one tuple
* from each input tape .
*
* We could shrink this , too , between passes in a multi - pass merge , but we
* don ' t bother . ( The initial input tapes are still in outputTapes . The
* number of input tapes will not increase between passes . )
*/
state->memtupsize = state->nOutputTapes;
state->memtuples = (SortTuple *) MemoryContextAlloc(state->base.maincontext,
state->nOutputTapes * sizeof (SortTuple));
USEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(state->memtuples));
/*
* Use all the remaining memory we have available for tape buffers among
* all the input tapes . At the beginning of each merge pass , we will
* divide this memory between the input and output tapes in the pass .
*/
state->tape_buffer_mem = state->availMem;
USEMEM(state, state->tape_buffer_mem);
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "worker %d using %zu KB of memory for tape buffers" ,
state->worker, state->tape_buffer_mem / 1024 );
for (;;)
{
/*
* On the first iteration , or if we have read all the runs from the
* input tapes in a multi - pass merge , it ' s time to start a new pass .
* Rewind all the output tapes , and make them inputs for the next
* pass .
*/
if (state->nInputRuns == 0 )
{
int64 input_buffer_size;
/* Close the old, emptied, input tapes */
if (state->nInputTapes > 0 )
{
for (tapenum = 0 ; tapenum < state->nInputTapes; tapenum++)
LogicalTapeClose(state->inputTapes[tapenum]);
pfree(state->inputTapes);
}
/* Previous pass's outputs become next pass's inputs. */
state->inputTapes = state->outputTapes;
state->nInputTapes = state->nOutputTapes;
state->nInputRuns = state->nOutputRuns;
/*
* Reset output tape variables . The actual LogicalTapes will be
* created as needed , here we only allocate the array to hold
* them .
*/
state->outputTapes = palloc0(state->nInputTapes * sizeof (LogicalTape *));
state->nOutputTapes = 0 ;
state->nOutputRuns = 0 ;
/*
* Redistribute the memory allocated for tape buffers , among the
* new input and output tapes .
*/
input_buffer_size = merge_read_buffer_size(state->tape_buffer_mem,
state->nInputTapes,
state->nInputRuns,
state->maxTapes);
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "starting merge pass of %d input runs on %d tapes, " INT64_FORMAT " KB of memory for each input tape: %s" ,
state->nInputRuns, state->nInputTapes, input_buffer_size / 1024 ,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
/* Prepare the new input tapes for merge pass. */
for (tapenum = 0 ; tapenum < state->nInputTapes; tapenum++)
LogicalTapeRewindForRead(state->inputTapes[tapenum], input_buffer_size);
/*
* If there ' s just one run left on each input tape , then only one
* merge pass remains . If we don ' t have to produce a materialized
* sorted tape , we can stop at this point and do the final merge
* on - the - fly .
*/
if ((state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS) == 0
&& state->nInputRuns <= state->nInputTapes
&& !WORKER(state))
{
/* Tell logtape.c we won't be writing anymore */
LogicalTapeSetForgetFreeSpace(state->tapeset);
/* Initialize for the final merge pass */
beginmerge(state);
state->status = TSS_FINALMERGE;
return ;
}
}
/* Select an output tape */
selectnewtape(state);
/* Merge one run from each input tape. */
mergeonerun(state);
/*
* If the input tapes are empty , and we output only one output run ,
* we ' re done . The current output tape contains the final result .
*/
if (state->nInputRuns == 0 && state->nOutputRuns <= 1 )
break ;
}
/*
* Done . The result is on a single run on a single tape .
*/
state->result_tape = state->outputTapes[0 ];
if (!WORKER(state))
LogicalTapeFreeze(state->result_tape, NULL);
else
worker_freeze_result_tape(state);
state->status = TSS_SORTEDONTAPE;
/* Close all the now-empty input tapes, to release their read buffers. */
for (tapenum = 0 ; tapenum < state->nInputTapes; tapenum++)
LogicalTapeClose(state->inputTapes[tapenum]);
}
/*
* Merge one run from each input tape .
*/
static void
mergeonerun(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int srcTapeIndex;
LogicalTape *srcTape;
/*
* Start the merge by loading one tuple from each active source tape into
* the heap .
*/
beginmerge(state);
Assert(state->slabAllocatorUsed);
/*
* Execute merge by repeatedly extracting lowest tuple in heap , writing it
* out , and replacing it with next tuple from same tape ( if there is
* another one ) .
*/
while (state->memtupcount > 0 )
{
SortTuple stup;
/* write the tuple to destTape */
srcTapeIndex = state->memtuples[0 ].srctape;
srcTape = state->inputTapes[srcTapeIndex];
WRITETUP(state, state->destTape, &state->memtuples[0 ]);
/* recycle the slot of the tuple we just wrote out, for the next read */
if (state->memtuples[0 ].tuple)
RELEASE_SLAB_SLOT(state, state->memtuples[0 ].tuple);
/*
* pull next tuple from the tape , and replace the written - out tuple in
* the heap with it .
*/
if (mergereadnext(state, srcTape, &stup))
{
stup.srctape = srcTapeIndex;
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(state, &stup);
}
else
{
tuplesort_heap_delete_top(state);
state->nInputRuns--;
}
}
/*
* When the heap empties , we ' re done . Write an end - of - run marker on the
* output tape .
*/
markrunend(state->destTape);
}
/*
* beginmerge - initialize for a merge pass
*
* Fill the merge heap with the first tuple from each input tape .
*/
static void
beginmerge(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int activeTapes;
int srcTapeIndex;
/* Heap should be empty here */
Assert(state->memtupcount == 0 );
activeTapes = Min(state->nInputTapes, state->nInputRuns);
for (srcTapeIndex = 0 ; srcTapeIndex < activeTapes; srcTapeIndex++)
{
SortTuple tup;
if (mergereadnext(state, state->inputTapes[srcTapeIndex], &tup))
{
tup.srctape = srcTapeIndex;
tuplesort_heap_insert(state, &tup);
}
}
}
/*
* mergereadnext - read next tuple from one merge input tape
*
* Returns false on EOF .
*/
static bool
mergereadnext(Tuplesortstate *state, LogicalTape *srcTape, SortTuple *stup)
{
unsigned int tuplen;
/* read next tuple, if any */
if ((tuplen = getlen(srcTape, true )) == 0 )
return false ;
READTUP(state, stup, srcTape, tuplen);
return true ;
}
/*
* dumptuples - remove tuples from memtuples and write initial run to tape
*
* When alltuples = true , dump everything currently in memory . ( This case is
* only used at end of input data . )
*/
static void
dumptuples(Tuplesortstate *state, bool alltuples)
{
int memtupwrite;
int i;
/*
* Nothing to do if we still fit in available memory and have array slots ,
* unless this is the final call during initial run generation .
*/
if (state->memtupcount < state->memtupsize && !LACKMEM(state) &&
!alltuples)
return ;
/*
* Final call might require no sorting , in rare cases where we just so
* happen to have previously LACKMEM ( ) ' d at the point where exactly all
* remaining tuples are loaded into memory , just before input was
* exhausted . In general , short final runs are quite possible , but avoid
* creating a completely empty run . In a worker , though , we must produce
* at least one tape , even if it ' s empty .
*/
if (state->memtupcount == 0 && state->currentRun > 0 )
return ;
Assert(state->status == TSS_BUILDRUNS);
/*
* It seems unlikely that this limit will ever be exceeded , but take no
* chances
*/
if (state->currentRun == INT_MAX)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
errmsg("cannot have more than %d runs for an external sort" ,
INT_MAX)));
if (state->currentRun > 0 )
selectnewtape(state);
state->currentRun++;
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "worker %d starting quicksort of run %d: %s" ,
state->worker, state->currentRun,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
/*
* Sort all tuples accumulated within the allowed amount of memory for
* this run using quicksort
*/
tuplesort_sort_memtuples(state);
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "worker %d finished quicksort of run %d: %s" ,
state->worker, state->currentRun,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
memtupwrite = state->memtupcount;
for (i = 0 ; i < memtupwrite; i++)
{
SortTuple *stup = &state->memtuples[i];
WRITETUP(state, state->destTape, stup);
}
state->memtupcount = 0 ;
/*
* Reset tuple memory . We ' ve freed all of the tuples that we previously
* allocated . It ' s important to avoid fragmentation when there is a stark
* change in the sizes of incoming tuples . In bounded sorts ,
* fragmentation due to AllocSetFree ' s bucketing by size class might be
* particularly bad if this step wasn ' t taken .
*/
MemoryContextReset(state->base.tuplecontext);
/*
* Now update the memory accounting to subtract the memory used by the
* tuple .
*/
FREEMEM(state, state->tupleMem);
state->tupleMem = 0 ;
markrunend(state->destTape);
if (trace_sort)
elog(LOG, "worker %d finished writing run %d to tape %d: %s" ,
state->worker, state->currentRun, (state->currentRun - 1 ) % state->nOutputTapes + 1 ,
pg_rusage_show(&state->ru_start));
}
/*
* tuplesort_rescan - rewind and replay the scan
*/
void
tuplesort_rescan(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
Assert(state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS);
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
state->current = 0 ;
state->eof_reached = false ;
state->markpos_offset = 0 ;
state->markpos_eof = false ;
break ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
LogicalTapeRewindForRead(state->result_tape, 0 );
state->eof_reached = false ;
state->markpos_block = 0 L;
state->markpos_offset = 0 ;
state->markpos_eof = false ;
break ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
break ;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_markpos - saves current position in the merged sort file
*/
void
tuplesort_markpos(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
Assert(state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS);
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
state->markpos_offset = state->current;
state->markpos_eof = state->eof_reached;
break ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
LogicalTapeTell(state->result_tape,
&state->markpos_block,
&state->markpos_offset);
state->markpos_eof = state->eof_reached;
break ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
break ;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_restorepos - restores current position in merged sort file to
* last saved position
*/
void
tuplesort_restorepos(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
MemoryContext oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->base.sortcontext);
Assert(state->base.sortopt & TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS);
switch (state->status)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
state->current = state->markpos_offset;
state->eof_reached = state->markpos_eof;
break ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
LogicalTapeSeek(state->result_tape,
state->markpos_block,
state->markpos_offset);
state->eof_reached = state->markpos_eof;
break ;
default :
elog(ERROR, "invalid tuplesort state" );
break ;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/*
* tuplesort_get_stats - extract summary statistics
*
* This can be called after tuplesort_performsort ( ) finishes to obtain
* printable summary information about how the sort was performed .
*/
void
tuplesort_get_stats(Tuplesortstate *state,
TuplesortInstrumentation *stats)
{
/*
* Note : it might seem we should provide both memory and disk usage for a
* disk - based sort . However , the current code doesn ' t track memory space
* accurately once we have begun to return tuples to the caller ( since we
* don ' t account for pfree ' s the caller is expected to do ) , so we cannot
* rely on availMem in a disk sort . This does not seem worth the overhead
* to fix . Is it worth creating an API for the memory context code to
* tell us how much is actually used in sortcontext ?
*/
tuplesort_updatemax(state);
if (state->isMaxSpaceDisk)
stats->spaceType = SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK;
else
stats->spaceType = SORT_SPACE_TYPE_MEMORY;
stats->spaceUsed = (state->maxSpace + 1023 ) / 1024 ;
switch (state->maxSpaceStatus)
{
case TSS_SORTEDINMEM:
if (state->boundUsed)
stats->sortMethod = SORT_TYPE_TOP_N_HEAPSORT;
else
stats->sortMethod = SORT_TYPE_QUICKSORT;
break ;
case TSS_SORTEDONTAPE:
stats->sortMethod = SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SORT;
break ;
case TSS_FINALMERGE:
stats->sortMethod = SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MERGE;
break ;
default :
stats->sortMethod = SORT_TYPE_STILL_IN_PROGRESS;
break ;
}
}
/*
* Convert TuplesortMethod to a string .
*/
const char *
tuplesort_method_name(TuplesortMethod m)
{
switch (m)
{
case SORT_TYPE_STILL_IN_PROGRESS:
return "still in progress" ;
case SORT_TYPE_TOP_N_HEAPSORT:
return "top-N heapsort" ;
case SORT_TYPE_QUICKSORT:
return "quicksort" ;
case SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SORT:
return "external sort" ;
case SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MERGE:
return "external merge" ;
}
return "unknown" ;
}
/*
* Convert TuplesortSpaceType to a string .
*/
const char *
tuplesort_space_type_name(TuplesortSpaceType t)
{
Assert(t == SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK || t == SORT_SPACE_TYPE_MEMORY);
return t == SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK ? "Disk" : "Memory" ;
}
/*
* Heap manipulation routines , per Knuth ' s Algorithm 5 . 2 . 3 H .
*/
/*
* Convert the existing unordered array of SortTuples to a bounded heap ,
* discarding all but the smallest " state - > bound " tuples .
*
* When working with a bounded heap , we want to keep the largest entry
* at the root ( array entry zero ) , instead of the smallest as in the normal
* sort case . This allows us to discard the largest entry cheaply .
* Therefore , we temporarily reverse the sort direction .
*/
static void
make_bounded_heap(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int tupcount = state->memtupcount;
int i;
Assert(state->status == TSS_INITIAL);
Assert(state->bounded);
Assert(tupcount >= state->bound);
Assert(SERIAL(state));
/* Reverse sort direction so largest entry will be at root */
reversedirection(state);
state->memtupcount = 0 ; /* make the heap empty */
for (i = 0 ; i < tupcount; i++)
{
if (state->memtupcount < state->bound)
{
/* Insert next tuple into heap */
/* Must copy source tuple to avoid possible overwrite */
SortTuple stup = state->memtuples[i];
tuplesort_heap_insert(state, &stup);
}
else
{
/*
* The heap is full . Replace the largest entry with the new
* tuple , or just discard it , if it ' s larger than anything already
* in the heap .
*/
if (COMPARETUP(state, &state->memtuples[i], &state->memtuples[0 ]) <= 0 )
{
free_sort_tuple(state, &state->memtuples[i]);
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
}
else
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(state, &state->memtuples[i]);
}
}
Assert(state->memtupcount == state->bound);
state->status = TSS_BOUNDED;
}
/*
* Convert the bounded heap to a properly - sorted array
*/
static void
sort_bounded_heap(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
int tupcount = state->memtupcount;
Assert(state->status == TSS_BOUNDED);
Assert(state->bounded);
Assert(tupcount == state->bound);
Assert(SERIAL(state));
/*
* We can unheapify in place because each delete - top call will remove the
* largest entry , which we can promptly store in the newly freed slot at
* the end . Once we ' re down to a single - entry heap , we ' re done .
*/
while (state->memtupcount > 1 )
{
SortTuple stup = state->memtuples[0 ];
/* this sifts-up the next-largest entry and decreases memtupcount */
tuplesort_heap_delete_top(state);
state->memtuples[state->memtupcount] = stup;
}
state->memtupcount = tupcount;
/*
* Reverse sort direction back to the original state . This is not
* actually necessary but seems like a good idea for tidiness .
*/
reversedirection(state);
state->status = TSS_SORTEDINMEM;
state->boundUsed = true ;
}
/*
* Sort all memtuples using specialized qsort ( ) routines .
*
* Quicksort is used for small in - memory sorts , and external sort runs .
*/
static void
tuplesort_sort_memtuples(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Assert(!LEADER(state));
if (state->memtupcount > 1 )
{
/*
* Do we have the leading column ' s value or abbreviation in datum1 ,
* and is there a specialization for its comparator ?
*/
if (state->base.haveDatum1 && state->base.sortKeys)
{
if (state->base.sortKeys[0 ].comparator == ssup_datum_unsigned_cmp)
{
qsort_tuple_unsigned(state->memtuples,
state->memtupcount,
state);
return ;
}
#if SIZEOF_DATUM >= 8
else if (state->base.sortKeys[0 ].comparator == ssup_datum_signed_cmp)
{
qsort_tuple_signed(state->memtuples,
state->memtupcount,
state);
return ;
}
#endif
else if (state->base.sortKeys[0 ].comparator == ssup_datum_int32_cmp)
{
qsort_tuple_int32(state->memtuples,
state->memtupcount,
state);
return ;
}
}
/* Can we use the single-key sort function? */
if (state->base.onlyKey != NULL)
{
qsort_ssup(state->memtuples, state->memtupcount,
state->base.onlyKey);
}
else
{
qsort_tuple(state->memtuples,
state->memtupcount,
state->base.comparetup,
state);
}
}
}
/*
* Insert a new tuple into an empty or existing heap , maintaining the
* heap invariant . Caller is responsible for ensuring there ' s room .
*
* Note : For some callers , tuple points to a memtuples [ ] entry above the
* end of the heap . This is safe as long as it ' s not immediately adjacent
* to the end of the heap ( ie , in the [ memtupcount ] array entry ) - - - if it
* is , it might get overwritten before being moved into the heap !
*/
static void
tuplesort_heap_insert(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *tuple)
{
SortTuple *memtuples;
int j;
memtuples = state->memtuples;
Assert(state->memtupcount < state->memtupsize);
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Sift - up the new entry , per Knuth 5 . 2 . 3 exercise 16 . Note that Knuth is
* using 1 - based array indexes , not 0 - based .
*/
j = state->memtupcount++;
while (j > 0 )
{
int i = (j - 1 ) >> 1 ;
if (COMPARETUP(state, tuple, &memtuples[i]) >= 0 )
break ;
memtuples[j] = memtuples[i];
j = i;
}
memtuples[j] = *tuple;
}
/*
* Remove the tuple at state - > memtuples [ 0 ] from the heap . Decrement
* memtupcount , and sift up to maintain the heap invariant .
*
* The caller has already free ' d the tuple the top node points to ,
* if necessary .
*/
static void
tuplesort_heap_delete_top(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
SortTuple *memtuples = state->memtuples;
SortTuple *tuple;
if (--state->memtupcount <= 0 )
return ;
/*
* Remove the last tuple in the heap , and re - insert it , by replacing the
* current top node with it .
*/
tuple = &memtuples[state->memtupcount];
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(state, tuple);
}
/*
* Replace the tuple at state - > memtuples [ 0 ] with a new tuple . Sift up to
* maintain the heap invariant .
*
* This corresponds to Knuth ' s " sift - up " algorithm ( Algorithm 5 . 2 . 3 H ,
* Heapsort , steps H3 - H8 ) .
*/
static void
tuplesort_heap_replace_top(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *tuple)
{
SortTuple *memtuples = state->memtuples;
unsigned int i,
n;
Assert(state->memtupcount >= 1 );
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* state - > memtupcount is " int " , but we use " unsigned int " for i , j , n .
* This prevents overflow in the " 2 * i + 1 " calculation , since at the top
* of the loop we must have i < n < = INT_MAX < = UINT_MAX / 2 .
*/
n = state->memtupcount;
i = 0 ; /* i is where the "hole" is */
for (;;)
{
unsigned int j = 2 * i + 1 ;
if (j >= n)
break ;
if (j + 1 < n &&
COMPARETUP(state, &memtuples[j], &memtuples[j + 1 ]) > 0 )
j++;
if (COMPARETUP(state, tuple, &memtuples[j]) <= 0 )
break ;
memtuples[i] = memtuples[j];
i = j;
}
memtuples[i] = *tuple;
}
/*
* Function to reverse the sort direction from its current state
*
* It is not safe to call this when performing hash tuplesorts
*/
static void
reversedirection(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
SortSupport sortKey = state->base.sortKeys;
int nkey;
for (nkey = 0 ; nkey < state->base.nKeys; nkey++, sortKey++)
{
sortKey->ssup_reverse = !sortKey->ssup_reverse;
sortKey->ssup_nulls_first = !sortKey->ssup_nulls_first;
}
}
/*
* Tape interface routines
*/
static unsigned int
getlen(LogicalTape *tape, bool eofOK)
{
unsigned int len;
if (LogicalTapeRead(tape,
&len, sizeof (len)) != sizeof (len))
elog(ERROR, "unexpected end of tape" );
if (len == 0 && !eofOK)
elog(ERROR, "unexpected end of data" );
return len;
}
static void
markrunend(LogicalTape *tape)
{
unsigned int len = 0 ;
LogicalTapeWrite(tape, &len, sizeof (len));
}
/*
* Get memory for tuple from within READTUP ( ) routine .
*
* We use next free slot from the slab allocator , or palloc ( ) if the tuple
* is too large for that .
*/
void *
tuplesort_readtup_alloc(Tuplesortstate *state, Size tuplen)
{
SlabSlot *buf;
/*
* We pre - allocate enough slots in the slab arena that we should never run
* out .
*/
Assert(state->slabFreeHead);
if (tuplen > SLAB_SLOT_SIZE || !state->slabFreeHead)
return MemoryContextAlloc(state->base.sortcontext, tuplen);
else
{
buf = state->slabFreeHead;
/* Reuse this slot */
state->slabFreeHead = buf->nextfree;
return buf;
}
}
/*
* Parallel sort routines
*/
/*
* tuplesort_estimate_shared - estimate required shared memory allocation
*
* nWorkers is an estimate of the number of workers ( it ' s the number that
* will be requested ) .
*/
Size
tuplesort_estimate_shared(int nWorkers)
{
Size tapesSize;
Assert(nWorkers > 0 );
/* Make sure that BufFile shared state is MAXALIGN'd */
tapesSize = mul_size(sizeof (TapeShare), nWorkers);
tapesSize = MAXALIGN(add_size(tapesSize, offsetof(Sharedsort, tapes)));
return tapesSize;
}
/*
* tuplesort_initialize_shared - initialize shared tuplesort state
*
* Must be called from leader process before workers are launched , to
* establish state needed up - front for worker tuplesortstates . nWorkers
* should match the argument passed to tuplesort_estimate_shared ( ) .
*/
void
tuplesort_initialize_shared(Sharedsort *shared, int nWorkers, dsm_segment *seg)
{
int i;
Assert(nWorkers > 0 );
SpinLockInit(&shared->mutex);
shared->currentWorker = 0 ;
shared->workersFinished = 0 ;
SharedFileSetInit(&shared->fileset, seg);
shared->nTapes = nWorkers;
for (i = 0 ; i < nWorkers; i++)
{
shared->tapes[i].firstblocknumber = 0 L;
}
}
/*
* tuplesort_attach_shared - attach to shared tuplesort state
*
* Must be called by all worker processes .
*/
void
tuplesort_attach_shared(Sharedsort *shared, dsm_segment *seg)
{
/* Attach to SharedFileSet */
SharedFileSetAttach(&shared->fileset, seg);
}
/*
* worker_get_identifier - Assign and return ordinal identifier for worker
*
* The order in which these are assigned is not well defined , and should not
* matter ; worker numbers across parallel sort participants need only be
* distinct and gapless . logtape . c requires this .
*
* Note that the identifiers assigned from here have no relation to
* ParallelWorkerNumber number , to avoid making any assumption about
* caller ' s requirements . However , we do follow the ParallelWorkerNumber
* convention of representing a non - worker with worker number - 1 . This
* includes the leader , as well as serial Tuplesort processes .
*/
static int
worker_get_identifier(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Sharedsort *shared = state->shared;
int worker;
Assert(WORKER(state));
SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
worker = shared->currentWorker++;
SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
return worker;
}
/*
* worker_freeze_result_tape - freeze worker ' s result tape for leader
*
* This is called by workers just after the result tape has been determined ,
* instead of calling LogicalTapeFreeze ( ) directly . They do so because
* workers require a few additional steps over similar serial
* TSS_SORTEDONTAPE external sort cases , which also happen here . The extra
* steps are around freeing now unneeded resources , and representing to
* leader that worker ' s input run is available for its merge .
*
* There should only be one final output run for each worker , which consists
* of all tuples that were originally input into worker .
*/
static void
worker_freeze_result_tape(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Sharedsort *shared = state->shared;
TapeShare output;
Assert(WORKER(state));
Assert(state->result_tape != NULL);
Assert(state->memtupcount == 0 );
/*
* Free most remaining memory , in case caller is sensitive to our holding
* on to it . memtuples may not be a tiny merge heap at this point .
*/
pfree(state->memtuples);
/* Be tidy */
state->memtuples = NULL;
state->memtupsize = 0 ;
/*
* Parallel worker requires result tape metadata , which is to be stored in
* shared memory for leader
*/
LogicalTapeFreeze(state->result_tape, &output);
/* Store properties of output tape, and update finished worker count */
SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
shared->tapes[state->worker] = output;
shared->workersFinished++;
SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
}
/*
* worker_nomergeruns - dump memtuples in worker , without merging
*
* This called as an alternative to mergeruns ( ) with a worker when no
* merging is required .
*/
static void
worker_nomergeruns(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Assert(WORKER(state));
Assert(state->result_tape == NULL);
Assert(state->nOutputRuns == 1 );
state->result_tape = state->destTape;
worker_freeze_result_tape(state);
}
/*
* leader_takeover_tapes - create tapeset for leader from worker tapes
*
* So far , leader Tuplesortstate has performed no actual sorting . By now , all
* sorting has occurred in workers , all of which must have already returned
* from tuplesort_performsort ( ) .
*
* When this returns , leader process is left in a state that is virtually
* indistinguishable from it having generated runs as a serial external sort
* might have .
*/
static void
leader_takeover_tapes(Tuplesortstate *state)
{
Sharedsort *shared = state->shared;
int nParticipants = state->nParticipants;
int workersFinished;
int j;
Assert(LEADER(state));
Assert(nParticipants >= 1 );
SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
workersFinished = shared->workersFinished;
SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
if (nParticipants != workersFinished)
elog(ERROR, "cannot take over tapes before all workers finish" );
/*
* Create the tapeset from worker tapes , including a leader - owned tape at
* the end . Parallel workers are far more expensive than logical tapes ,
* so the number of tapes allocated here should never be excessive .
*/
inittapestate(state, nParticipants);
state->tapeset = LogicalTapeSetCreate(false , &shared->fileset, -1 );
/*
* Set currentRun to reflect the number of runs we will merge ( it ' s not
* used for anything , this is just pro forma )
*/
state->currentRun = nParticipants;
/*
* Initialize the state to look the same as after building the initial
* runs .
*
* There will always be exactly 1 run per worker , and exactly one input
* tape per run , because workers always output exactly 1 run , even when
* there were no input tuples for workers to sort .
*/
state->inputTapes = NULL;
state->nInputTapes = 0 ;
state->nInputRuns = 0 ;
state->outputTapes = palloc0(nParticipants * sizeof (LogicalTape *));
state->nOutputTapes = nParticipants;
state->nOutputRuns = nParticipants;
for (j = 0 ; j < nParticipants; j++)
{
state->outputTapes[j] = LogicalTapeImport(state->tapeset, j, &shared->tapes[j]);
}
state->status = TSS_BUILDRUNS;
}
/*
* Convenience routine to free a tuple previously loaded into sort memory
*/
static void
free_sort_tuple(Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *stup)
{
if (stup->tuple)
{
FREEMEM(state, GetMemoryChunkSpace(stup->tuple));
pfree(stup->tuple);
stup->tuple = NULL;
}
}
int
ssup_datum_unsigned_cmp(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
if (x < y)
return -1 ;
else if (x > y)
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
#if SIZEOF_DATUM >= 8
int
ssup_datum_signed_cmp(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
int64 xx = DatumGetInt64(x);
int64 yy = DatumGetInt64(y);
if (xx < yy)
return -1 ;
else if (xx > yy)
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
#endif
int
ssup_datum_int32_cmp(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
int32 xx = DatumGetInt32(x);
int32 yy = DatumGetInt32(y);
if (xx < yy)
return -1 ;
else if (xx > yy)
return 1 ;
else
return 0 ;
}
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