/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* pg_test_fsync - - - tests all supported fsync ( ) methods
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
*
* src / bin / pg_test_fsync / pg_test_fsync . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres_fe.h"
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include "common/logging.h"
#include "common/pg_prng.h"
#include "getopt_long.h"
/*
* put the temp files in the local directory
* unless the user specifies otherwise
*/
#define FSYNC_FILENAME "./pg_test_fsync.out"
#define XLOG_BLCKSZ_K (XLOG_BLCKSZ / 1024 )
#define LABEL_FORMAT " %-30s"
#define NA_FORMAT "%21s\n"
/* translator: maintain alignment with NA_FORMAT */
#define OPS_FORMAT gettext_noop("%13.3f ops/sec %6.0f usecs/op\n" )
#define USECS_SEC 1000000
/* These are macros to avoid timing the function call overhead. */
#ifndef WIN32
#define START_TIMER \
do { \
alarm_triggered = false ; \
alarm(secs_per_test); \
gettimeofday(&start_t, NULL); \
} while (0 )
#else
/* WIN32 doesn't support alarm, so we create a thread and sleep there */
#define START_TIMER \
do { \
alarm_triggered = false ; \
if (CreateThread(NULL, 0 , process_alarm, NULL, 0 , NULL) == \
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) \
pg_fatal("could not create thread for alarm" ); \
gettimeofday(&start_t, NULL); \
} while (0 )
#endif
#define STOP_TIMER \
do { \
gettimeofday(&stop_t, NULL); \
print_elapse(start_t, stop_t, ops); \
} while (0 )
static const char *progname;
static unsigned int secs_per_test = 5 ;
static int needs_unlink = 0 ;
static char full_buf[DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE],
*buf,
*filename = FSYNC_FILENAME;
static struct timeval start_t,
stop_t;
static sig_atomic_t alarm_triggered = false ;
static void handle_args(int argc, char *argv[]);
static void prepare_buf(void );
static void test_open(void );
static void test_non_sync(void );
static void test_sync(int writes_per_op);
static void test_open_syncs(void );
static void test_open_sync(const char *msg, int writes_size);
static void test_file_descriptor_sync(void );
#ifndef WIN32
static void process_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS);
#else
static DWORD WINAPI process_alarm(LPVOID param);
#endif
static void signal_cleanup(SIGNAL_ARGS);
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH
static int pg_fsync_writethrough(int fd);
#endif
static void print_elapse(struct timeval start_t, struct timeval stop_t, int ops);
#define die(msg) pg_fatal("%s: %m" , _(msg))
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pg_logging_init(argv[0 ]);
set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0 ], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pg_test_fsync" ));
progname = get_progname(argv[0 ]);
handle_args(argc, argv);
/* Prevent leaving behind the test file */
pqsignal(SIGINT, signal_cleanup);
pqsignal(SIGTERM, signal_cleanup);
/* the following are not valid on Windows */
#ifndef WIN32
pqsignal(SIGALRM, process_alarm);
pqsignal(SIGHUP, signal_cleanup);
#endif
pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, (uint64) time(NULL));
prepare_buf();
test_open();
/* Test using 1 XLOG_BLCKSZ write */
test_sync(1 );
/* Test using 2 XLOG_BLCKSZ writes */
test_sync(2 );
test_open_syncs();
test_file_descriptor_sync();
test_non_sync();
unlink(filename);
return 0 ;
}
static void
handle_args(int argc, char *argv[])
{
static struct option long_options[] = {
{"filename" , required_argument, NULL, 'f' },
{"secs-per-test" , required_argument, NULL, 's' },
{NULL, 0 , NULL, 0 }
};
int option; /* Command line option */
int optindex = 0 ; /* used by getopt_long */
unsigned long optval; /* used for option parsing */
char *endptr;
if (argc > 1 )
{
if (strcmp(argv[1 ], "--help" ) == 0 || strcmp(argv[1 ], "-?" ) == 0 )
{
printf(_("Usage: %s [-f FILENAME] [-s SECS-PER-TEST]\n" ), progname);
exit (0 );
}
if (strcmp(argv[1 ], "--version" ) == 0 || strcmp(argv[1 ], "-V" ) == 0 )
{
puts("pg_test_fsync (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
exit (0 );
}
}
while ((option = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:s:" ,
long_options, &optindex)) != -1 )
{
switch (option)
{
case 'f' :
filename = pg_strdup(optarg);
break ;
case 's' :
errno = 0 ;
optval = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 10 );
if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' ||
errno != 0 || optval != (unsigned int ) optval)
{
pg_log_error("invalid argument for option %s" , "--secs-per-test" );
pg_log_error_hint("Try \" %s --help\" for more information." , progname);
exit (1 );
}
secs_per_test = (unsigned int ) optval;
if (secs_per_test == 0 )
pg_fatal("%s must be in range %u..%u" ,
"--secs-per-test" , 1 , UINT_MAX);
break ;
default :
/* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
pg_log_error_hint("Try \" %s --help\" for more information." , progname);
exit (1 );
}
}
if (argc > optind)
{
pg_log_error("too many command-line arguments (first is \" %s\")" ,
argv[optind]);
pg_log_error_hint("Try \" %s --help\" for more information." , progname);
exit (1 );
}
printf(ngettext("%u second per test\n" ,
"%u seconds per test\n" ,
secs_per_test),
secs_per_test);
#if defined (O_DIRECT)
printf(_("O_DIRECT supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.\n" ));
#elif defined (F_NOCACHE)
printf(_("F_NOCACHE supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.\n" ));
#else
printf(_("Direct I/O is not supported on this platform.\n" ));
#endif
}
static void
prepare_buf(void )
{
int ops;
/* write random data into buffer */
for (ops = 0 ; ops < DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE; ops++)
full_buf[ops] = (char ) pg_prng_int32(&pg_global_prng_state);
buf = (char *) TYPEALIGN(XLOG_BLCKSZ, full_buf);
}
static void
test_open(void )
{
int tmpfile;
/*
* test if we can open the target file
*/
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | PG_BINARY, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
needs_unlink = 1 ;
if (write(tmpfile, full_buf, DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE) !=
DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE)
die("write failed" );
/* fsync now so that dirty buffers don't skew later tests */
if (fsync(tmpfile) != 0 )
die("fsync failed" );
close(tmpfile);
}
static int
open_direct(const char *path, int flags, mode_t mode)
{
int fd;
#ifdef O_DIRECT
flags |= O_DIRECT;
#endif
fd = open(path, flags, mode);
#if !defined (O_DIRECT) && defined (F_NOCACHE)
if (fd >= 0 && fcntl(fd, F_NOCACHE, 1 ) < 0 )
{
int save_errno = errno;
close(fd);
errno = save_errno;
return -1 ;
}
#endif
return fd;
}
static void
test_sync(int writes_per_op)
{
int tmpfile,
ops,
writes;
bool fs_warning = false ;
if (writes_per_op == 1 )
printf(_("\nCompare file sync methods using one %dkB write:\n" ), XLOG_BLCKSZ_K);
else
printf(_("\nCompare file sync methods using two %dkB writes:\n" ), XLOG_BLCKSZ_K);
printf(_("(in \" wal_sync_method\" preference order, except fdatasync is Linux's default)\n" ));
/*
* Test open_datasync if available
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "open_datasync" );
fflush(stdout);
#ifdef O_DSYNC
if ((tmpfile = open_direct(filename, O_RDWR | O_DSYNC | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
{
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a*" ));
fs_warning = true ;
}
else
{
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < writes_per_op; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
XLOG_BLCKSZ,
writes * XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
}
#else
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a" ));
#endif
/*
* Test fdatasync if available
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "fdatasync" );
fflush(stdout);
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < writes_per_op; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
XLOG_BLCKSZ,
writes * XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
fdatasync(tmpfile);
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
/*
* Test fsync
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "fsync" );
fflush(stdout);
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < writes_per_op; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
XLOG_BLCKSZ,
writes * XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
if (fsync(tmpfile) != 0 )
die("fsync failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
/*
* If fsync_writethrough is available , test as well
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "fsync_writethrough" );
fflush(stdout);
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < writes_per_op; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
XLOG_BLCKSZ,
writes * XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
if (pg_fsync_writethrough(tmpfile) != 0 )
die("fsync failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
#else
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a" ));
#endif
/*
* Test open_sync if available
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "open_sync" );
fflush(stdout);
#ifdef O_SYNC
if ((tmpfile = open_direct(filename, O_RDWR | O_SYNC | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
{
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a*" ));
fs_warning = true ;
}
else
{
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < writes_per_op; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
XLOG_BLCKSZ,
writes * XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
/*
* This can generate write failures if the filesystem has
* a large block size , e . g . 4 k , and there is no support
* for O_DIRECT writes smaller than the file system block
* size , e . g . XFS .
*/
die("write failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
}
#else
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a" ));
#endif
if (fs_warning)
{
printf(_("* This file system and its mount options do not support direct\n"
" I/O, e.g. ext4 in journaled mode.\n" ));
}
}
static void
test_open_syncs(void )
{
printf(_("\nCompare open_sync with different write sizes:\n" ));
printf(_("(This is designed to compare the cost of writing 16kB in different write\n"
"open_sync sizes.)\n" ));
test_open_sync(_(" 1 * 16kB open_sync write" ), 16 );
test_open_sync(_(" 2 * 8kB open_sync writes" ), 8 );
test_open_sync(_(" 4 * 4kB open_sync writes" ), 4 );
test_open_sync(_(" 8 * 2kB open_sync writes" ), 2 );
test_open_sync(_("16 * 1kB open_sync writes" ), 1 );
}
/*
* Test open_sync with different size files
*/
static void
test_open_sync(const char *msg, int writes_size)
{
#ifdef O_SYNC
int tmpfile,
ops,
writes;
#endif
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, msg);
fflush(stdout);
#ifdef O_SYNC
if ((tmpfile = open_direct(filename, O_RDWR | O_SYNC | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a*" ));
else
{
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
for (writes = 0 ; writes < 16 / writes_size; writes++)
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile,
buf,
writes_size * 1024 ,
writes * writes_size * 1024 ) !=
writes_size * 1024 )
die("write failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
}
#else
printf(NA_FORMAT, _("n/a" ));
#endif
}
static void
test_file_descriptor_sync(void )
{
int tmpfile,
ops;
/*
* Test whether fsync can sync data written on a different descriptor for
* the same file . This checks the efficiency of multi - process fsyncs
* against the same file . Possibly this should be done with writethrough
* on platforms which support it .
*/
printf(_("\nTest if fsync on non-write file descriptor is honored:\n" ));
printf(_("(If the times are similar, fsync() can sync data written on a different\n"
"descriptor.)\n" ));
/*
* first write , fsync and close , which is the normal behavior without
* multiple descriptors
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "write, fsync, close" );
fflush(stdout);
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
if (write(tmpfile, buf, XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
if (fsync(tmpfile) != 0 )
die("fsync failed" );
close(tmpfile);
/*
* open and close the file again to be consistent with the following
* test
*/
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
close(tmpfile);
}
STOP_TIMER;
/*
* Now open , write , close , open again and fsync This simulates processes
* fsyncing each other ' s writes .
*/
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "write, close, fsync" );
fflush(stdout);
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
if (write(tmpfile, buf, XLOG_BLCKSZ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
close(tmpfile);
/* reopen file */
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
if (fsync(tmpfile) != 0 )
die("fsync failed" );
close(tmpfile);
}
STOP_TIMER;
}
static void
test_non_sync(void )
{
int tmpfile,
ops;
/*
* Test a simple write without fsync
*/
printf(_("\nNon-sync'ed %dkB writes:\n" ), XLOG_BLCKSZ_K);
printf(LABEL_FORMAT, "write" );
fflush(stdout);
if ((tmpfile = open(filename, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY, 0 )) == -1 )
die("could not open output file" );
START_TIMER;
for (ops = 0 ; alarm_triggered == false ; ops++)
{
if (pg_pwrite(tmpfile, buf, XLOG_BLCKSZ, 0 ) != XLOG_BLCKSZ)
die("write failed" );
}
STOP_TIMER;
close(tmpfile);
}
static void
signal_cleanup(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
int rc;
/* Delete the file if it exists. Ignore errors */
if (needs_unlink)
unlink(filename);
/* Finish incomplete line on stdout */
rc = write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\n" , 1 );
(void ) rc; /* silence compiler warnings */
_exit (1 );
}
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH
static int
pg_fsync_writethrough(int fd)
{
#if defined (F_FULLFSYNC)
return (fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC, 0 ) == -1 ) ? -1 : 0 ;
#else
errno = ENOSYS;
return -1 ;
#endif
}
#endif
/*
* print out the writes per second for tests
*/
static void
print_elapse(struct timeval start_t, struct timeval stop_t, int ops)
{
double total_time = (stop_t.tv_sec - start_t.tv_sec) +
(stop_t.tv_usec - start_t.tv_usec) * 0 .000001 ;
double per_second = ops / total_time;
double avg_op_time_us = (total_time / ops) * USECS_SEC;
printf(_(OPS_FORMAT), per_second, avg_op_time_us);
}
#ifndef WIN32
static void
process_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
alarm_triggered = true ;
}
#else
static DWORD WINAPI
process_alarm(LPVOID param)
{
/* WIN32 doesn't support alarm, so we create a thread and sleep here */
Sleep(secs_per_test * 1000 );
alarm_triggered = true ;
ExitThread(0 );
}
#endif
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