/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* heapam . h
* POSTGRES heap access method definitions .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* src / include / access / heapam . h
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#ifndef HEAPAM_H
#define HEAPAM_H
#include "access/heapam_xlog.h"
#include "access/relation.h" /* for backward compatibility */
#include "access/relscan.h"
#include "access/sdir.h"
#include "access/skey.h"
#include "access/table.h" /* for backward compatibility */
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "nodes/lockoptions.h"
#include "nodes/primnodes.h"
#include "storage/bufpage.h"
#include "storage/dsm.h"
#include "storage/lockdefs.h"
#include "storage/read_stream.h"
#include "storage/shm_toc.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#include "utils/snapshot.h"
/* "options" flag bits for heap_insert */
#define HEAP_INSERT_SKIP_FSM TABLE_INSERT_SKIP_FSM
#define HEAP_INSERT_FROZEN TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN
#define HEAP_INSERT_NO_LOGICAL TABLE_INSERT_NO_LOGICAL
#define HEAP_INSERT_SPECULATIVE 0 x0010
/* "options" flag bits for heap_page_prune_and_freeze */
#define HEAP_PAGE_PRUNE_MARK_UNUSED_NOW (1 << 0 )
#define HEAP_PAGE_PRUNE_FREEZE (1 << 1 )
typedef struct BulkInsertStateData *BulkInsertState;
struct TupleTableSlot;
struct VacuumCutoffs;
#define MaxLockTupleMode LockTupleExclusive
/*
* Descriptor for heap table scans .
*/
typedef struct HeapScanDescData
{
TableScanDescData rs_base; /* AM independent part of the descriptor */
/* state set up at initscan time */
BlockNumber rs_nblocks; /* total number of blocks in rel */
BlockNumber rs_startblock; /* block # to start at */
BlockNumber rs_numblocks; /* max number of blocks to scan */
/* rs_numblocks is usually InvalidBlockNumber, meaning "scan whole rel" */
/* scan current state */
bool rs_inited; /* false = scan not init'd yet */
OffsetNumber rs_coffset; /* current offset # in non-page-at-a-time mode */
BlockNumber rs_cblock; /* current block # in scan, if any */
Buffer rs_cbuf; /* current buffer in scan, if any */
/* NB: if rs_cbuf is not InvalidBuffer, we hold a pin on that buffer */
BufferAccessStrategy rs_strategy; /* access strategy for reads */
HeapTupleData rs_ctup; /* current tuple in scan, if any */
/* For scans that stream reads */
ReadStream *rs_read_stream;
/*
* For sequential scans and TID range scans to stream reads . The read
* stream is allocated at the beginning of the scan and reset on rescan or
* when the scan direction changes . The scan direction is saved each time
* a new page is requested . If the scan direction changes from one page to
* the next , the read stream releases all previously pinned buffers and
* resets the prefetch block .
*/
ScanDirection rs_dir;
BlockNumber rs_prefetch_block;
/*
* For parallel scans to store page allocation data . NULL when not
* performing a parallel scan .
*/
ParallelBlockTableScanWorkerData *rs_parallelworkerdata;
/* these fields only used in page-at-a-time mode and for bitmap scans */
uint32 rs_cindex; /* current tuple's index in vistuples */
uint32 rs_ntuples; /* number of visible tuples on page */
OffsetNumber rs_vistuples[MaxHeapTuplesPerPage]; /* their offsets */
} HeapScanDescData;
typedef struct HeapScanDescData *HeapScanDesc;
typedef struct BitmapHeapScanDescData
{
HeapScanDescData rs_heap_base;
/* Holds no data */
} BitmapHeapScanDescData;
typedef struct BitmapHeapScanDescData *BitmapHeapScanDesc;
/*
* Descriptor for fetches from heap via an index .
*/
typedef struct IndexFetchHeapData
{
IndexFetchTableData xs_base; /* AM independent part of the descriptor */
Buffer xs_cbuf; /* current heap buffer in scan, if any */
/* NB: if xs_cbuf is not InvalidBuffer, we hold a pin on that buffer */
} IndexFetchHeapData;
/* Result codes for HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum */
typedef enum
{
HEAPTUPLE_DEAD, /* tuple is dead and deletable */
HEAPTUPLE_LIVE, /* tuple is live (committed, no deleter) */
HEAPTUPLE_RECENTLY_DEAD, /* tuple is dead, but not deletable yet */
HEAPTUPLE_INSERT_IN_PROGRESS, /* inserting xact is still in progress */
HEAPTUPLE_DELETE_IN_PROGRESS, /* deleting xact is still in progress */
} HTSV_Result;
/*
* heap_prepare_freeze_tuple may request that heap_freeze_execute_prepared
* check any tuple ' s to - be - frozen xmin and / or xmax status using pg_xact
*/
#define HEAP_FREEZE_CHECK_XMIN_COMMITTED 0 x01
#define HEAP_FREEZE_CHECK_XMAX_ABORTED 0 x02
/* heap_prepare_freeze_tuple state describing how to freeze a tuple */
typedef struct HeapTupleFreeze
{
/* Fields describing how to process tuple */
TransactionId xmax;
uint16 t_infomask2;
uint16 t_infomask;
uint8 frzflags;
/* xmin/xmax check flags */
uint8 checkflags;
/* Page offset number for tuple */
OffsetNumber offset;
} HeapTupleFreeze;
/*
* State used by VACUUM to track the details of freezing all eligible tuples
* on a given heap page .
*
* VACUUM prepares freeze plans for each page via heap_prepare_freeze_tuple
* calls ( every tuple with storage gets its own call ) . This page - level freeze
* state is updated across each call , which ultimately determines whether or
* not freezing the page is required .
*
* Aside from the basic question of whether or not freezing will go ahead , the
* state also tracks the oldest extant XID / MXID in the table as a whole , for
* the purposes of advancing relfrozenxid / relminmxid values in pg_class later
* on . Each heap_prepare_freeze_tuple call pushes NewRelfrozenXid and / or
* NewRelminMxid back as required to avoid unsafe final pg_class values . Any
* and all unfrozen XIDs or MXIDs that remain after VACUUM finishes _ must_
* have values > = the final relfrozenxid / relminmxid values in pg_class . This
* includes XIDs that remain as MultiXact members from any tuple ' s xmax .
*
* When ' freeze_required ' flag isn ' t set after all tuples are examined , the
* final choice on freezing is made by vacuumlazy . c . It can decide to trigger
* freezing based on whatever criteria it deems appropriate . However , it is
* recommended that vacuumlazy . c avoid early freezing when freezing does not
* enable setting the target page all - frozen in the visibility map afterwards .
*/
typedef struct HeapPageFreeze
{
/* Is heap_prepare_freeze_tuple caller required to freeze page? */
bool freeze_required;
/*
* " Freeze " NewRelfrozenXid / NewRelminMxid trackers .
*
* Trackers used when heap_freeze_execute_prepared freezes , or when there
* are zero freeze plans for a page . It is always valid for vacuumlazy . c
* to freeze any page , by definition . This even includes pages that have
* no tuples with storage to consider in the first place . That way the
* ' totally_frozen ' results from heap_prepare_freeze_tuple can always be
* used in the same way , even when no freeze plans need to be executed to
* " freeze the page " . Only the " freeze " path needs to consider the need
* to set pages all - frozen in the visibility map under this scheme .
*
* When we freeze a page , we generally freeze all XIDs < OldestXmin , only
* leaving behind XIDs that are ineligible for freezing , if any . And so
* you might wonder why these trackers are necessary at all ; why should
* _ any_ page that VACUUM freezes _ ever_ be left with XIDs / MXIDs that
* ratchet back the top - level NewRelfrozenXid / NewRelminMxid trackers ?
*
* It is useful to use a definition of " freeze the page " that does not
* overspecify how MultiXacts are affected . heap_prepare_freeze_tuple
* generally prefers to remove Multis eagerly , but lazy processing is used
* in cases where laziness allows VACUUM to avoid allocating a new Multi .
* The " freeze the page " trackers enable this flexibility .
*/
TransactionId FreezePageRelfrozenXid;
MultiXactId FreezePageRelminMxid;
/*
* " No freeze " NewRelfrozenXid / NewRelminMxid trackers .
*
* These trackers are maintained in the same way as the trackers used when
* VACUUM scans a page that isn ' t cleanup locked . Both code paths are
* based on the same general idea ( do less work for this page during the
* ongoing VACUUM , at the cost of having to accept older final values ) .
*/
TransactionId NoFreezePageRelfrozenXid;
MultiXactId NoFreezePageRelminMxid;
} HeapPageFreeze;
/*
* Per - page state returned by heap_page_prune_and_freeze ( )
*/
typedef struct PruneFreezeResult
{
int ndeleted; /* Number of tuples deleted from the page */
int nnewlpdead; /* Number of newly LP_DEAD items */
int nfrozen; /* Number of tuples we froze */
/* Number of live and recently dead tuples on the page, after pruning */
int live_tuples;
int recently_dead_tuples;
/*
* all_visible and all_frozen indicate if the all - visible and all - frozen
* bits in the visibility map can be set for this page , after pruning .
*
* vm_conflict_horizon is the newest xmin of live tuples on the page . The
* caller can use it as the conflict horizon when setting the VM bits . It
* is only valid if we froze some tuples ( nfrozen > 0 ) , and all_frozen is
* true .
*
* These are only set if the HEAP_PRUNE_FREEZE option is set .
*/
bool all_visible;
bool all_frozen;
TransactionId vm_conflict_horizon;
/*
* Whether or not the page makes rel truncation unsafe . This is set to
* ' true ' , even if the page contains LP_DEAD items . VACUUM will remove
* them before attempting to truncate .
*/
bool hastup;
/*
* LP_DEAD items on the page after pruning . Includes existing LP_DEAD
* items .
*/
int lpdead_items;
OffsetNumber deadoffsets[MaxHeapTuplesPerPage];
} PruneFreezeResult;
/* 'reason' codes for heap_page_prune_and_freeze() */
typedef enum
{
PRUNE_ON_ACCESS, /* on-access pruning */
PRUNE_VACUUM_SCAN, /* VACUUM 1st heap pass */
PRUNE_VACUUM_CLEANUP, /* VACUUM 2nd heap pass */
} PruneReason;
/* ----------------
* function prototypes for heap access method
*
* heap_create , heap_create_with_catalog , and heap_drop_with_catalog
* are declared in catalog / heap . h
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
/*
* HeapScanIsValid
* True iff the heap scan is valid .
*/
#define HeapScanIsValid(scan) PointerIsValid(scan)
extern TableScanDesc heap_beginscan(Relation relation, Snapshot snapshot,
int nkeys, ScanKey key,
ParallelTableScanDesc parallel_scan,
uint32 flags);
extern void heap_setscanlimits(TableScanDesc sscan, BlockNumber startBlk,
BlockNumber numBlks);
extern void heap_prepare_pagescan(TableScanDesc sscan);
extern void heap_rescan(TableScanDesc sscan, ScanKey key, bool set_params,
bool allow_strat, bool allow_sync, bool allow_pagemode);
extern void heap_endscan(TableScanDesc sscan);
extern HeapTuple heap_getnext(TableScanDesc sscan, ScanDirection direction);
extern bool heap_getnextslot(TableScanDesc sscan,
ScanDirection direction, struct TupleTableSlot *slot);
extern void heap_set_tidrange(TableScanDesc sscan, ItemPointer mintid,
ItemPointer maxtid);
extern bool heap_getnextslot_tidrange(TableScanDesc sscan,
ScanDirection direction,
TupleTableSlot *slot);
extern bool heap_fetch(Relation relation, Snapshot snapshot,
HeapTuple tuple, Buffer *userbuf, bool keep_buf);
extern bool heap_hot_search_buffer(ItemPointer tid, Relation relation,
Buffer buffer, Snapshot snapshot, HeapTuple heapTuple,
bool *all_dead, bool first_call);
extern void heap_get_latest_tid(TableScanDesc sscan, ItemPointer tid);
extern BulkInsertState GetBulkInsertState(void );
extern void FreeBulkInsertState(BulkInsertState);
extern void ReleaseBulkInsertStatePin(BulkInsertState bistate);
extern void heap_insert(Relation relation, HeapTuple tup, CommandId cid,
int options, BulkInsertState bistate);
extern void heap_multi_insert(Relation relation, struct TupleTableSlot **slots,
int ntuples, CommandId cid, int options,
BulkInsertState bistate);
extern TM_Result heap_delete(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid,
CommandId cid, Snapshot crosscheck, bool wait,
struct TM_FailureData *tmfd, bool changingPart);
extern void heap_finish_speculative(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid);
extern void heap_abort_speculative(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid);
extern TM_Result heap_update(Relation relation, ItemPointer otid,
HeapTuple newtup,
CommandId cid, Snapshot crosscheck, bool wait,
struct TM_FailureData *tmfd, LockTupleMode *lockmode,
TU_UpdateIndexes *update_indexes);
extern TM_Result heap_lock_tuple(Relation relation, HeapTuple tuple,
CommandId cid, LockTupleMode mode, LockWaitPolicy wait_policy,
bool follow_updates,
Buffer *buffer, struct TM_FailureData *tmfd);
extern bool heap_inplace_lock(Relation relation,
HeapTuple oldtup_ptr, Buffer buffer,
void (*release_callback) (void *), void *arg);
extern void heap_inplace_update_and_unlock(Relation relation,
HeapTuple oldtup, HeapTuple tuple,
Buffer buffer);
extern void heap_inplace_unlock(Relation relation,
HeapTuple oldtup, Buffer buffer);
extern bool heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
const struct VacuumCutoffs *cutoffs,
HeapPageFreeze *pagefrz,
HeapTupleFreeze *frz, bool *totally_frozen);
extern void heap_pre_freeze_checks(Buffer buffer,
HeapTupleFreeze *tuples, int ntuples);
extern void heap_freeze_prepared_tuples(Buffer buffer,
HeapTupleFreeze *tuples, int ntuples);
extern bool heap_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
TransactionId relfrozenxid, TransactionId relminmxid,
TransactionId FreezeLimit, TransactionId MultiXactCutoff);
extern bool heap_tuple_should_freeze(HeapTupleHeader tuple,
const struct VacuumCutoffs *cutoffs,
TransactionId *NoFreezePageRelfrozenXid,
MultiXactId *NoFreezePageRelminMxid);
extern bool heap_tuple_needs_eventual_freeze(HeapTupleHeader tuple);
extern void simple_heap_insert(Relation relation, HeapTuple tup);
extern void simple_heap_delete(Relation relation, ItemPointer tid);
extern void simple_heap_update(Relation relation, ItemPointer otid,
HeapTuple tup, TU_UpdateIndexes *update_indexes);
extern TransactionId heap_index_delete_tuples(Relation rel,
TM_IndexDeleteOp *delstate);
/* in heap/pruneheap.c */
struct GlobalVisState;
extern void heap_page_prune_opt(Relation relation, Buffer buffer);
extern void heap_page_prune_and_freeze(Relation relation, Buffer buffer,
struct GlobalVisState *vistest,
int options,
struct VacuumCutoffs *cutoffs,
PruneFreezeResult *presult,
PruneReason reason,
OffsetNumber *off_loc,
TransactionId *new_relfrozen_xid,
MultiXactId *new_relmin_mxid);
extern void heap_page_prune_execute(Buffer buffer, bool lp_truncate_only,
OffsetNumber *redirected, int nredirected,
OffsetNumber *nowdead, int ndead,
OffsetNumber *nowunused, int nunused);
extern void heap_get_root_tuples(Page page, OffsetNumber *root_offsets);
extern void log_heap_prune_and_freeze(Relation relation, Buffer buffer,
TransactionId conflict_xid,
bool cleanup_lock,
PruneReason reason,
HeapTupleFreeze *frozen, int nfrozen,
OffsetNumber *redirected, int nredirected,
OffsetNumber *dead, int ndead,
OffsetNumber *unused, int nunused);
/* in heap/vacuumlazy.c */
struct VacuumParams;
extern void heap_vacuum_rel(Relation rel,
struct VacuumParams *params, BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy);
/* in heap/heapam_visibility.c */
extern bool HeapTupleSatisfiesVisibility(HeapTuple htup, Snapshot snapshot,
Buffer buffer);
extern TM_Result HeapTupleSatisfiesUpdate(HeapTuple htup, CommandId curcid,
Buffer buffer);
extern HTSV_Result HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum(HeapTuple htup, TransactionId OldestXmin,
Buffer buffer);
extern HTSV_Result HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuumHorizon(HeapTuple htup, Buffer buffer,
TransactionId *dead_after);
extern void HeapTupleSetHintBits(HeapTupleHeader tuple, Buffer buffer,
uint16 infomask, TransactionId xid);
extern bool HeapTupleHeaderIsOnlyLocked(HeapTupleHeader tuple);
extern bool HeapTupleIsSurelyDead(HeapTuple htup,
struct GlobalVisState *vistest);
/*
* To avoid leaking too much knowledge about reorderbuffer implementation
* details this is implemented in reorderbuffer . c not heapam_visibility . c
*/
struct HTAB;
extern bool ResolveCminCmaxDuringDecoding(struct HTAB *tuplecid_data,
Snapshot snapshot,
HeapTuple htup,
Buffer buffer,
CommandId *cmin, CommandId *cmax);
extern void HeapCheckForSerializableConflictOut(bool visible, Relation relation, HeapTuple tuple,
Buffer buffer, Snapshot snapshot);
/*
* heap_execute_freeze_tuple
* Execute the prepared freezing of a tuple with caller ' s freeze plan .
*
* Caller is responsible for ensuring that no other backend can access the
* storage underlying this tuple , either by holding an exclusive lock on the
* buffer containing it ( which is what lazy VACUUM does ) , or by having it be
* in private storage ( which is what CLUSTER and friends do ) .
*/
static inline void
heap_execute_freeze_tuple(HeapTupleHeader tuple, HeapTupleFreeze *frz)
{
HeapTupleHeaderSetXmax(tuple, frz->xmax);
if (frz->frzflags & XLH_FREEZE_XVAC)
HeapTupleHeaderSetXvac(tuple, FrozenTransactionId);
if (frz->frzflags & XLH_INVALID_XVAC)
HeapTupleHeaderSetXvac(tuple, InvalidTransactionId);
tuple->t_infomask = frz->t_infomask;
tuple->t_infomask2 = frz->t_infomask2;
}
#endif /* HEAPAM_H */
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