Quelle groebner.gd Sprache: unbekannt

#############################################################################
##
## This file is part of GAP, a system for computational discrete algebra.
## This file's authors include Alexander Hulpke.
##
## Copyright of GAP belongs to its developers, whose names are too numerous
## to list here. Please refer to the COPYRIGHT file for details.
##
## SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
##
## This file contains the declarations for monomial orderings and Groebner
## bases.

#############################################################################
##
#P IsPolynomialRingIdeal()
##
## <ManSection>
## <Prop Name="IsPolynomialRingIdeal" Arg='I'/>
##
## <Description>
## A polynomial ring ideal is a (two sided) ideal in a (commutative)
## polynomial ring.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
##
DeclareSynonym("IsPolynomialRingIdeal",
 IsRing and IsRationalFunctionCollection and HasLeftActingRingOfIdeal
 and HasRightActingRingOfIdeal);

#############################################################################
##
#V InfoGroebner
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="InfoGroebner">
## <ManSection>
## <InfoClass Name="InfoGroebner"/>
##
## <Description>
## This info class gives information about Groebner basis calculations.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareInfoClass("InfoGroebner");

#############################################################################
##
#C IsMonomialOrdering(<obj>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="IsMonomialOrdering">
## <ManSection>
## <Filt Name="IsMonomialOrdering" Arg='obj' Type='Category'/>
##
## <Description>
## A monomial ordering is an object representing a monomial ordering.
## Its attributes <Ref Attr="MonomialComparisonFunction"/> and
## <Ref Attr="MonomialExtrepComparisonFun"/> are actual comparison functions.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareCategory("IsMonomialOrdering",IsObject);

#############################################################################
##
#R IsMonomialOrderingDefaultRep
##
## <ManSection>
## <Filt Name="IsMonomialOrderingDefaultRep" Arg='obj' Type='Representation'/>
##
## <Description>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
##
DeclareRepresentation("IsMonomialOrderingDefaultRep",
 IsAttributeStoringRep and IsMonomialOrdering,[]);

BindGlobal("MonomialOrderingsFamily",
 NewFamily("MonomialOrderingsFamily",IsMonomialOrdering,IsMonomialOrdering));

#############################################################################
##
#A MonomialComparisonFunction(<O>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="MonomialComparisonFunction">
## <ManSection>
## <Attr Name="MonomialComparisonFunction" Arg='O'/>
##
## <Description>
## If <A>O</A> is an object representing a monomial ordering, this attribute
## returns a <E>function</E> that can be used to compare or sort monomials (and
## polynomials which will be compared by their monomials in decreasing
## order) in this order.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> MonomialComparisonFunction(lexord);
## function( a, b ) ... end
## gap> l:=[f,Derivative(f,x),Derivative(f,y),Derivative(f,z)];;
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(lexord));l;
## [ -12*z+4, 21*y^2+3, 10*x+2, 7*y^3+5*x^2-6*z^2+2*x+3*y+4*z ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute("MonomialComparisonFunction",IsMonomialOrdering);

#############################################################################
##
#A MonomialExtrepComparisonFun(<O>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="MonomialExtrepComparisonFun">
## <ManSection>
## <Attr Name="MonomialExtrepComparisonFun" Arg='O'/>
##
## <Description>
## If <A>O</A> is an object representing a monomial ordering, this attribute
## returns a <E>function</E> that can be used to compare or sort monomials <E>in
## their external representation</E> (as lists). This comparison variant is
## used inside algorithms that manipulate the external representation.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute("MonomialExtrepComparisonFun",IsObject);

#############################################################################
##
#A OccuringVariableIndices(<O>)
#A OccuringVariableIndices()
##
## <ManSection>
## <Attr Name="OccuringVariableIndices" Arg='O'/>
## <Attr Name="OccuringVariableIndices" Arg='P'/>
##
## <Description>
## If <A>O</A> is an object representing a monomial ordering, this attribute
## returns either a list of variable indices for which this ordering is
## defined, or <K>true</K> in case it is defined for all variables.
## 
## If <A>P</A> is a polynomial, it returns the indices of all variables occurring
## in it.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
##
DeclareAttribute("OccuringVariableIndices",IsMonomialOrdering);

#############################################################################
##
#F LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial(<pol>,<ord>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial">
## <ManSection>
## <Oper Name="LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial" Arg='pol,ord'/>
##
## <Description>
## returns the leading monomial (with respect to the ordering <A>ord</A>)
## of the polynomial <A>pol</A>.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> x:=Indeterminate(Rationals,"x");;
## gap> y:=Indeterminate(Rationals,"y");;
## gap> z:=Indeterminate(Rationals,"z");;
## gap> lexord:=MonomialLexOrdering();grlexord:=MonomialGrlexOrdering();
## MonomialLexOrdering()
## MonomialGrlexOrdering()
## gap> f:=2*x+3*y+4*z+5*x^2-6*z^2+7*y^3;
## 7*y^3+5*x^2-6*z^2+2*x+3*y+4*z
## gap> LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial(f,lexord);
## x^2
## gap> LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial(f,grlexord);
## y^3
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation("LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial",
 [IsPolynomialFunction,IsMonomialOrdering]);

#############################################################################
##
#O LeadingCoefficientOfPolynomial( <pol>,<ord> )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="LeadingCoefficientOfPolynomial">
## <ManSection>
## <Oper Name="LeadingCoefficientOfPolynomial" Arg='pol,ord'/>
##
## <Description>
## returns the leading coefficient (that is the coefficient of the leading
## monomial, see <Ref Oper="LeadingMonomialOfPolynomial"/>) of the polynomial <A>pol</A>.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> LeadingTermOfPolynomial(f,lexord);
## 5*x^2
## gap> LeadingTermOfPolynomial(f,grlexord);
## 7*y^3
## gap> LeadingCoefficientOfPolynomial(f,lexord);
## 5
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation("LeadingCoefficientOfPolynomial",
 [IsPolynomialFunction,IsMonomialOrdering]);

#############################################################################
##
#F LeadingTermOfPolynomial(<pol>,<ord>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="LeadingTermOfPolynomial">
## <ManSection>
## <Oper Name="LeadingTermOfPolynomial" Arg='pol,ord'/>
##
## <Description>
## returns the leading term (with respect to the ordering <A>ord</A>)
## of the polynomial <A>pol</A>, i.e. the product of leading coefficient and
## leading monomial.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation("LeadingTermOfPolynomial",
 [IsPolynomialFunction,IsMonomialOrdering]);

#############################################################################
##
#F MonomialLexOrdering( [<vari>] )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="MonomialLexOrdering">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="MonomialLexOrdering" Arg='[vari]'/>
##
## <Description>
## This function creates a lexicographic ordering for monomials.
## Monomials are compared first by the exponents of the largest variable,
## then the exponents of the second largest variable and so on.
## 
## The variables are ordered according to their (internal) index, i.e.,
## <M>x_1</M> is larger than <M>x_2</M> and so on.
## If <A>vari</A> is given, and is a list of variables or variable indices,
## instead this arrangement of variables (in descending order; i.e. the
## first variable is larger than the second) is
## used as the underlying order of variables.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> l:=List(Tuples([1..3],3),i->x^(i[1]-1)*y^(i[2]-1)*z^(i[3]-1));
## [ 1, z, z^2, y, y*z, y*z^2, y^2, y^2*z, y^2*z^2, x, x*z, x*z^2, x*y,
## x*y*z, x*y*z^2, x*y^2, x*y^2*z, x*y^2*z^2, x^2, x^2*z, x^2*z^2,
## x^2*y, x^2*y*z, x^2*y*z^2, x^2*y^2, x^2*y^2*z, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialLexOrdering()));l;
## [ 1, z, z^2, y, y*z, y*z^2, y^2, y^2*z, y^2*z^2, x, x*z, x*z^2, x*y,
## x*y*z, x*y*z^2, x*y^2, x*y^2*z, x*y^2*z^2, x^2, x^2*z, x^2*z^2,
## x^2*y, x^2*y*z, x^2*y*z^2, x^2*y^2, x^2*y^2*z, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialLexOrdering([y,z,x])));l;
## [ 1, x, x^2, z, x*z, x^2*z, z^2, x*z^2, x^2*z^2, y, x*y, x^2*y, y*z,
## x*y*z, x^2*y*z, y*z^2, x*y*z^2, x^2*y*z^2, y^2, x*y^2, x^2*y^2,
## y^2*z, x*y^2*z, x^2*y^2*z, y^2*z^2, x*y^2*z^2, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialLexOrdering([z,x,y])));l;
## [ 1, y, y^2, x, x*y, x*y^2, x^2, x^2*y, x^2*y^2, z, y*z, y^2*z, x*z,
## x*y*z, x*y^2*z, x^2*z, x^2*y*z, x^2*y^2*z, z^2, y*z^2, y^2*z^2,
## x*z^2, x*y*z^2, x*y^2*z^2, x^2*z^2, x^2*y*z^2, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("MonomialLexOrdering");

#############################################################################
##
#F MonomialGrlexOrdering( [<vari>] )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="MonomialGrlexOrdering">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="MonomialGrlexOrdering" Arg='[vari]'/>
##
## <Description>
## This function creates a degree/lexicographic ordering.
## In this ordering monomials are compared first by their total degree,
## then lexicographically (see <Ref Func="MonomialLexOrdering"/>).
## 
## The variables are ordered according to their (internal) index, i.e.,
## <M>x_1</M> is larger than <M>x_2</M> and so on.
## If <A>vari</A> is given, and is a list of variables or variable indices,
## instead this arrangement of variables (in descending order; i.e. the
## first variable is larger than the second) is
## used as the underlying order of variables.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("MonomialGrlexOrdering");

#############################################################################
##
#F MonomialGrevlexOrdering( [<vari>] )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="MonomialGrevlexOrdering">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="MonomialGrevlexOrdering" Arg='[vari]'/>
##
## <Description>
## This function creates a <Q>grevlex</Q> ordering.
## In this ordering monomials are compared first by total degree and then
## backwards lexicographically.
## (This is different than <Q>grlex</Q> ordering with variables reversed.)
## 
## The variables are ordered according to their (internal) index, i.e.,
## <M>x_1</M> is larger than <M>x_2</M> and so on.
## If <A>vari</A> is given, and is a list of variables or variable indices,
## instead this arrangement of variables (in descending order; i.e. the
## first variable is larger than the second) is
## used as the underlying order of variables.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialGrlexOrdering()));l;
## [ 1, z, y, x, z^2, y*z, y^2, x*z, x*y, x^2, y*z^2, y^2*z, x*z^2,
## x*y*z, x*y^2, x^2*z, x^2*y, y^2*z^2, x*y*z^2, x*y^2*z, x^2*z^2,
## x^2*y*z, x^2*y^2, x*y^2*z^2, x^2*y*z^2, x^2*y^2*z, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialGrevlexOrdering()));l;
## [ 1, z, y, x, z^2, y*z, x*z, y^2, x*y, x^2, y*z^2, x*z^2, y^2*z,
## x*y*z, x^2*z, x*y^2, x^2*y, y^2*z^2, x*y*z^2, x^2*z^2, x*y^2*z,
## x^2*y*z, x^2*y^2, x*y^2*z^2, x^2*y*z^2, x^2*y^2*z, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## gap> Sort(l,MonomialComparisonFunction(MonomialGrlexOrdering([z,y,x])));l;
## [ 1, x, y, z, x^2, x*y, y^2, x*z, y*z, z^2, x^2*y, x*y^2, x^2*z,
## x*y*z, y^2*z, x*z^2, y*z^2, x^2*y^2, x^2*y*z, x*y^2*z, x^2*z^2,
## x*y*z^2, y^2*z^2, x^2*y^2*z, x^2*y*z^2, x*y^2*z^2, x^2*y^2*z^2 ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("MonomialGrevlexOrdering");

#############################################################################
##
#F EliminationOrdering( <elim>[, <rest>] )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="EliminationOrdering">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="EliminationOrdering" Arg='elim[, rest]'/>
##
## <Description>
## This function creates an elimination ordering for eliminating the
## variables in <A>elim</A>.
## Two monomials are compared first by the exponent vectors for the
## variables listed in <A>elim</A> (a lexicographic comparison with respect
## to the ordering indicated in <A>elim</A>).
## If these submonomial are equal, the submonomials given by the other
## variables are compared by a graded lexicographic ordering
## (with respect to the variable order given in <A>rest</A>,
## if called with two parameters).
## 
## Both <A>elim</A> and <A>rest</A> may be a list of variables or a list of
## variable indices.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("EliminationOrdering");

#############################################################################
##
#F PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm(<poly>,<gens>,<order>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm" Arg='poly,gens,order'/>
##
## <Description>
## This function implements the division algorithm for multivariate
## polynomials as given in
## <Cite Key="coxlittleoshea" Where="Theorem 3 in Chapter 2"/>.
## (It might be slower than <Ref Func="PolynomialReduction"/> but the
## remainders are guaranteed to agree with the textbook.)
## 
## The operation returns a list of length two, the first entry is the
## remainder after the reduction. The second entry is a list of quotients
## corresponding to <A>gens</A>.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> bas:=[x^3*y*z,x*y^2*z,z*y*z^3+x];;
## gap> pol:=x^7*z*bas[1]+y^5*bas[3]+x*z;;
## gap> PolynomialReduction(pol,bas,MonomialLexOrdering());
## [ -y*z^5, [ x^7*z, 0, y^5+z ] ]
## gap> PolynomialReducedRemainder(pol,bas,MonomialLexOrdering());
## -y*z^5
## gap> PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm(pol,bas,MonomialLexOrdering());
## [ -y*z^5, [ x^7*z, 0, y^5+z ] ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm");

#############################################################################
##
#F PolynomialReduction(<poly>,<gens>,<order>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="PolynomialReduction">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="PolynomialReduction" Arg='poly,gens,order'/>
##
## <Description>
## reduces the polynomial <A>poly</A> by the ideal generated by the polynomials
## in <A>gens</A>, using the order <A>order</A> of monomials. Unless <A>gens</A> is a
## Gröbner basis the result is not guaranteed to be unique.
## 
## The operation returns a list of length two, the first entry is the
## remainder after the reduction. The second entry is a list of quotients
## corresponding to <A>gens</A>.
## 
## Note that the strategy used by <Ref Func="PolynomialReduction"/> differs from the
## standard textbook reduction algorithm, which is provided by
## <Ref Func="PolynomialDivisionAlgorithm"/>.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("PolynomialReduction");

#############################################################################
##
#F PolynomialReducedRemainder(<poly>,<gens>,<order>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="PolynomialReducedRemainder">
## <ManSection>
## <Func Name="PolynomialReducedRemainder" Arg='poly,gens,order'/>
##
## <Description>
## this operation does the same way as
## <Ref Func="PolynomialReduction"/> but does not keep track of the actual quotients
## and returns only the remainder (it is therefore slightly faster).
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareGlobalFunction("PolynomialReducedRemainder");

#############################################################################
##
#O GroebnerBasis(<L>,<O>)
#O GroebnerBasis(,<O>)
#O GroebnerBasisNC(<L>,<O>)
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="GroebnerBasis">
## <ManSection>
## <Heading>GroebnerBasis</Heading>
## <Oper Name="GroebnerBasis" Arg='L, O'
## Label="for a list and a monomial ordering"/>
## <Oper Name="GroebnerBasis" Arg='I, O'
## Label="for an ideal and a monomial ordering"/>
## <Func Name="GroebnerBasisNC" Arg='L, O'/>
##
## <Description>
## Let <A>O</A> be a monomial ordering and <A>L</A> be a list of polynomials
## that generate an ideal <A>I</A>.
## This operation returns a Groebner basis of <A>I</A> with respect to the
## ordering <A>O</A>.
## 
## <Ref Func="GroebnerBasisNC"/> works like
## <Ref Oper="GroebnerBasis" Label="for a list and a monomial ordering"/>
## with the only distinction that the first argument has to be a list of
## polynomials and that no test is performed to check whether the ordering
## is defined for all occurring variables.
## 
## Note that &GAP; at the moment only includes
## a naïve implementation of Buchberger's algorithm (which is mainly
## intended as a teaching tool).
## It might not be sufficient for serious problems.
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> l:=[x^2+y^2+z^2-1,x^2+z^2-y,x-y];;
## gap> GroebnerBasis(l,MonomialLexOrdering());
## [ x^2+y^2+z^2-1, x^2+z^2-y, x-y, -y^2-y+1, -z^2+2*y-1,
## 1/2*z^4+2*z^2-1/2 ]
## gap> GroebnerBasis(l,MonomialLexOrdering([z,x,y]));
## [ x^2+y^2+z^2-1, x^2+z^2-y, x-y, -y^2-y+1 ]
## gap> GroebnerBasis(l,MonomialGrlexOrdering());
## [ x^2+y^2+z^2-1, x^2+z^2-y, x-y, -y^2-y+1, -z^2+2*y-1 ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation("GroebnerBasis",
 [IsHomogeneousList and IsRationalFunctionCollection,IsMonomialOrdering]);
DeclareOperation("GroebnerBasis",[IsPolynomialRingIdeal,IsMonomialOrdering]);
DeclareGlobalFunction("GroebnerBasisNC");

DeclareSynonym("GrobnerBasis",GroebnerBasis);

#############################################################################
##
#O ReducedGroebnerBasis( <L>, <O> )
#O ReducedGroebnerBasis( , <O> )
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="ReducedGroebnerBasis">
## <ManSection>
## <Heading>ReducedGroebnerBasis</Heading>
## <Oper Name="ReducedGroebnerBasis" Arg='L, O'
## Label="for a list and a monomial ordering"/>
## <Oper Name="ReducedGroebnerBasis" Arg='I, O'
## Label="for an ideal and a monomial ordering"/>
##
## <Description>
## a Groebner basis <M>B</M>
## (see <Ref Oper="GroebnerBasis" Label="for a list and a monomial ordering"/>)
## is <E>reduced</E> if no monomial in a polynomial in <A>B</A> is divisible
## by the leading monomial of another polynomial in <M>B</M>.
## This operation computes a Groebner basis with respect
## to the monomial ordering <A>O</A> and then reduces it.
## 
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> ReducedGroebnerBasis(l,MonomialGrlexOrdering());
## [ x-y, z^2-2*y+1, y^2+y-1 ]
## gap> ReducedGroebnerBasis(l,MonomialLexOrdering());
## [ z^4+4*z^2-1, -1/2*z^2+y-1/2, -1/2*z^2+x-1/2 ]
## gap> ReducedGroebnerBasis(l,MonomialLexOrdering([y,z,x]));
## [ x^2+x-1, z^2-2*x+1, -x+y ]
## ]]></Example>
## 
## For performance reasons it can be advantageous to define
## monomial orderings once and then to reuse them:
## 
## <Example><![CDATA[
## gap> ord:=MonomialGrlexOrdering();;
## gap> GroebnerBasis(l,ord);
## [ x^2+y^2+z^2-1, x^2+z^2-y, x-y, -y^2-y+1, -z^2+2*y-1 ]
## gap> ReducedGroebnerBasis(l,ord);
## [ x-y, z^2-2*y+1, y^2+y-1 ]
## ]]></Example>
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareOperation("ReducedGroebnerBasis",
 [IsHomogeneousList and IsRationalFunctionCollection,IsMonomialOrdering]);
DeclareOperation("ReducedGroebnerBasis",
 [IsPolynomialRingIdeal,IsMonomialOrdering]);
DeclareSynonym("ReducedGrobnerBasis",ReducedGroebnerBasis);

#############################################################################
##
#A StoredGroebnerBasis()
##
## <#GAPDoc Label="StoredGroebnerBasis">
## <ManSection>
## <Attr Name="StoredGroebnerBasis" Arg='I'/>
##
## <Description>
## For an ideal <A>I</A> in a polynomial ring, this attribute holds a list
## <M>[ B, O ]</M> where <M>B</M> is a Groebner basis for the monomial
## ordering <M>O</M>.
## this can be used to test membership or canonical coset representatives.
## </Description>
## </ManSection>
## <#/GAPDoc>
##
DeclareAttribute("StoredGroebnerBasis",IsPolynomialRingIdeal);

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