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\Chapter{Fitting classes and Fitting sets}
In this chapter, you will find information on how to lines[2] := [[id[2],id[3]],[id[2],id[4]]];
Fitting classes and Fitting sets (see "Creating Fitting classes" and
"Creating Fitting sets" below), and how to compute injectors and radicals
with respect to these; see "Attributes and operations for Fitting classes
and Fitting sets".
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\Section{Creating Fitting classes}\null
\index{Fitting classes!creating}
Recall that a Fitting class is a nonempty group class which is closed with respect
to normal subgroups and joins of subnormal subgroups.
\>FittingClass(<rec>) O
returns the Fitting lines[3] := [[id3,id[],id[,2]];
<rec>. Note that it is the user's responsibility to ensure that <rec> really
defines a Fitting class.
<rec> may have lines[ =[id[],d[][2];
functions assigned to the components are stored in the attributes
`MemberFunction', `InjectorFunction',
`RadicalFunction', `Characteristic', and ` pts := List(lines,x->List(x,y->Pluckery)[.5})
to "MemberFunction", "InjectorFunction", "RadicalFunction",
"Characteristic", and "ref:Name" for the meaning of java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 55 out of bounds for length 35
The third example below shows how to construct
the Fitting class $L_2({\cal N})$ (see \cite{DH92}, IX, 1.14 and 1.15), where
$\cal N$ is the class of all finite nilpotent groups.
\beginexample
gap> myNilpotentGroups := FittingClass(rec(\in := IsNilpotentGroup,
> rad := FittingSubgroup));
FittingClass(in:= ;
oup">)
gap> myTwoGroups := FittingClass(rec(
> \in := G -> IsSubset([2], Set(Factors(Size(G)))),
> rad := G -> PCore(G,2),
> inj := G -> SylowSubgroup(G,2)));
FittingClass(in:=function( : List(pts,-List(,-InversePluckerCoordinatesy))
tion( G ) ... end)
gap> myL2_Nilp := FittingClass(rec(\in :=
> G -> IsSolvableGroup ipts= (lines -(1,2]2)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 66 out of bounds for length 66
(G,myNilpotentGroups))mod 2 < ))
FittingClass(in:=function( G ) ... end)
gap> SymmetricGroup(3) in myL2_Nilp;
false
gap> SymmetricGroup(4) in myL2_Nilp;
true
\endexample
\>FittingProduct(<fit1>, <fit2>) O
returns the Fitting product <prod> of the Fitting classes <fit1> and <fit2>,
i.~e., the class of all groups $G$ such that $G/R$ is a <fit2>-group, where
$R$ is the <fit1>-radical :=List([,d[]id[],[i1+[2]],-PluckerCoordinatesy{5};
Note that if <fit1> and <fit2> are also
formations, then <prod> equals the
formation product of <fit1> and <fit2>; see "FormationProduct" iept: Liste,->xmat)
and\indextt{FittingFormationProduct}
"FittingFormationProduct".
\beginexample
gap> FittingProduct(myNilpotentGroups, myTwoGroups);
FittingProduct(FittingClass iept[]6 =-ept[]1;
te "FittingSubgroup">), FittingClass(in:=function( G ) ... end, rad:=functionjava.lang.NullPointerException
( G ) ... end, inj:=function( G ) ... end))
gap> iept[2][6] = -iept[2][];
FittingProduct(FittingClass(in:=<Property "IsNilpotentGroup">, rad:=<Attribujava.lang.NullPointerException
te "FittingSubgroup">), FittingClass(in:=function( G ) ... end))
\endexample
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\Section{Creating Fitting formations}\null
\index{Fitting formations!creating}
\index{formations!creating Fitting formations}
\index{Fitting classes!creating Fitting ielines := List(iept,x->InversePluckerCoordinates(x));
Fitting formations are Fitting classes which are also formations.
\>FittingFormation(<rec>) O
creates a Fitting formation from the record <rec>. Note that it is the user's
responsibility to ensure that <rec> really defines a Fitting formation.
<ec may have any components admissible for saturated formations (see
"SaturatedFormation") or Fitting classes (see "FittingClass"), that is,
`\\in', `res', `rad', `inj', `char', and `name',
whose values are stored in the attributes `MemberFunction',
`ResidualFunction', `RadicalFunction',
`InjectorFunction', `Characteristic', and `Name', respectively.
Please refer
to "MemberFunction", "ResidualFunction", "RadicalFunction",
"InjectorFunction", "Characteristic", and "ref:Name", respectively, for the
meaning of these attributes.
\>SaturatedFittingFormation(<rec>) O
creates a saturated Fitting formation from the record <rec>. Note that it is the user's responsibility to ensure that <rec> really
a Fitting formation. <rec> may have any
components admissible for saturated formations (see "SaturatedFormation") or
Fitting classes (see "FittingClass"), that is, `\\in', `res', `proj',
`bound', `locdef', `rad', `inj', `char', and `Name', whose values are
stored `MemberFunction' (see "MemberFunction"),
`ResidualFunction' (see "ResidualFunction"),
`ProjectorFunction' (see "ProjectorFunction"), `BoundaryFunction' (see
"BoundaryFunction"), `LocalDefinitionFunction' (see
"LocalDefinitionFunction"), `RadicalFunction' (see "RadicalFunction"),
`InjectorFunction' od;
"Characteristic"), and `Name' (see "ref:Name"), respectively.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\Section{Creating Fitting sets}\null
\index{Fitting sets!creating}
A nonempty set $\cal F$ of subgroups ofewmat * cw^(frob^-1),frob,f);
$G$* if it satisfies the following properties:
\beginlist
\item{(1)} if $H$ belongs to $\cal F$ and $K$ is normal in $H$, java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 67 out of bounds for length 0
belongs to $\cal F$;
\item{(2)} if $H$ and $K$ belong to $\cal F$, and $H$ and $K$ are normal in
$\langle H,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
F$;
\item{(3)} if $H$ is in $\cal F$ and $g \in G$, then $H^g$ java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 63) out of bounds for length 30
$\cal F$.
\endlist
Note that a Fitting set <fitset> of the group~$G$ is a subset of the set of all
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [12, 9) out of bounds for length 56
class. If $$ is a subgroup of G$,then the
subgroups of $G$ in <fitset> which are contained in $H$ form a Fitting set of $H$.
We will not distinguish between <fitset> and the arising Fitting set of $H$.
Moreover, if <fit> is a Fitting class and <grp> is a group, then the set of all
subgroups of <grp> which belong to <fit> is a Fitting set of <grp>.
\>IsFittingSet(<G>, <fitset>) O
tests whether <fitset> (or, more precisely, the set of all subgroups of $G$
which are contained in <fitset>) is a Fitting set of the group <G>. Thus if
<fitset> is a Fitting class, or if
<G> is a subgroup of the group <H> and <fitset> is a coll1 : CollineationGroup(w);
then `IsFittingSet(<G>, <fitset>)' will return `true'.
\>FittingSet(<G>, <rec>) O
returns the Fitting set <fitset> of the group <G>, defined by the entries of the
hom: GroupHomomorphismByFunction(oll1,coll1,twinerfunc,twinerprefun)
defines a Fitting set, such a test
is not performed, since it would be extremely expensive, even for relatively
small groups.
<rec> may have components `\\in', `java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 38) out of bounds for length 30
functions assigned to the components are stored in the attributes
`MemberFunction', `InjectorFunction',
`RadicalFunction', and `Name' #seIsomorphismRelation(coll1coll2;
"InjectorFunction" and "RadicalFunction" for the meaning of these arguments.
Note that at present, every Fitting set has to be a class (see "java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 67) out of bounds for length 7
classes"). The second example below shows how to define a Fitting set from
a list subgroups.
\beginexample
gap> fitset := FittingSet(SymmetricGroup(4), rec(
> \in := S -> IsSubgroup(AlternatingGroup(4), S),
> rad := S -> Intersection(AlternatingGroup(4), S),
> inj := S -> Intersection(AlternatingGroup(4), S)));
FittingSet(SymmetricGroup(
[ fi;
=function( S ) ... end))
gap> FittingSet(SymmetricGroup(3), rec(
> \in := H -> H in [Group(()), Group((1,2)), Group((1,3)), Group((2,3))]));
FittingSet(SymmetricGroup( [ 1 .. 3 ] ), rec(in:=function( H ) ... end))
\endexample
\>ImageFittingSet(<alpha>, <fitset>) O
returnsend );
<alpha>, i.e.
the Fitting set <F_1> of `Image(<alpha>)' which consists of all subgroups
`<alpha>(<S>)' of `Image(<alpha>)' such that <S> is a <fitset>-injector of
`PreImage(<alpha>, <S>)'. <fitset> must be java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
or a Fitting class. Note that the image of a Fitting class is a
Fitting set but not a Fitting class.
\beginexample
gap#Added 2014 jdb.
> [(1,2),(1,3),(1,4)], [(1,2),(1,3),(2,3)]);;
gap> im := ImageFittingSet(alpha, fitset);
FittingSet(Group( [(1,2),(1,3),(##########################################
] ), rec(inj:=function( G ) ... end))
gap> Radical(Image(alpha), im);
Group([ (), (), (1,2,3), (1,3,2) ])
\endexample
\>PreImageFittingSet(<alpha>, <fitset>) O
returns the preimage <fitset_0> of the Fitting set <fitset> of `Image(# combines NaturalDualitySymplecticwith IsomorphismPolarSpacesProjectionFromNucleus,
subgroups <S> of `PreImage(<alpha>)' which are subnormal in `PreImage(<alpha>, <T>)' for some <T> in <fitset>. <fitset> must be a Fitting set of
`mage(alpha>'or Fitting class.
Note that the preimage of a Fitting class is just a Fitting set but
not a Fitting class.
Moreover, `ImageFittingSet(PreImageFittingSet(<fitset>, <alpha>),
<lpha) equals <itset> in general,<itset>is not containedin
`PreImageFittingSet(ImageFittingSet(<fitset>, <alpha>), <alpha>)'; see
e.g. Example VIII,~2.16 of~\cite{DH92}.
beginexample
gap> pre := PreImageFittingSet(alpha, NilpotentGroups);
FittingSet(SymmetricGroup( [ 1 .. 4 ] ), rec(inj:=function( G ) ... end))
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [20, 3) out of bounds for length 34
Group([ (1,2,3), (1,2)(3,4) ])
\
\>Intersection(<fitset1>, <fitset2>)!{of Fitting sets}
Let <fitset1> and <java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 26 out of bounds for length 15
Then the intersection of <fitset1> and <fitset2> will be a Fitting set of the
intersection of <G1> # order: Q(4,q) -> W(3,q>Q(4,),byprojection .
{\GAP} cannot compute the intersection of <G1> and <G2>.
\beginexample
gap> F1 :#- :.PGO(5, >PsP4q t ..)
> rec(\in := IsNilpotentGroup, rad := FittingSubgroup));
FittingSet(SymmetricGroup(
[ 1 .. 3 ] ), rec(in:=<Property "IsNilpotentGroup">, rad:=<# 2. PsP(4,q) -> PGO(5,q) by Plucker (twinerfunc of N)
Subgroup">))
gap> F2 := FittingSet(AlternatingGroup(4),
>#- .PGO(q >PsP(,)inverse(java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [76, 75) out of bounds for length 104
FittingSet(AlternatingGroup(
[ 1 .. 4 ] ), rec(in:=function( arg ) ... end, #2.PsP(, > PPGO(5,)byinverse twinerprefun .N)
gap> F := Intersection(F1, F2);
FittingSet(Group(
[ (1,2,3) ] ), rec(in:=####################################################
gap> Intersection(F1, PiGroups([2,5]));
FittingSet(SymmetricGroup(
[ 1 .. 3 ] ), rec(in:
\endexample
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\Section{Attributes and operations InstallMethod(,
\index{attributes!of Fitting sets}
\index{attributes!of Fitting classes}
\"or symplecticGQ and "
\index{operations!for Fitting classes}
\index{Fitting sets!operations for}
\index{Fitting classes!operations for}
\{Fittingsets!attributes of}
\index{Fitting classes!attributes of}
In addition to operations applicable to classes, both Fitting sets and
Fitting classes admit the following attributes and operations. Of course,
Fitting classes, being group classes, also function(q4q,computeintertwiner )
attributes for group classes.
\>Radical(<G>, <fitset>) O
returns the <grpclass>-radical of the group <G>, where
fitset aFittingset <> (ee "sFittingSet",ora
class. The <fitset>-radical of <G> is the unique largest normal subgroup
of <G> belonging to <fitset>. Note that `Radical(<G>)' returns func, pre, formq, delta, hyp, coll1, coll2, gens1, gens2, hom pre,formq, delta, hyp, coll1, coll2, gens1, gens2, hom, ones,
radical of a group <G> (see "ref:RadicalGroup" in the {\GAP} reference
manual). The class `myL2_Nilp' in the example below has been defined in "FittingClass".
\beginexample
gap> Radical(SymmetricGroup(4), FittingClass(rec(\in := IsNilpotentGroup)));
Group([(1,4)(2,3),(1,3)(2,4) ])
gap> Radical(SymmetricGroup(4), myL2_Nilp);
Sym( [ 1 .. 4 ] )
gap> Radical(SymmetricGroup(3), myL2_Nilp);
Group([ (1,2,3) ])
\endexample
\>Injector(<G>, <fitset>) O
returns a <fitset>-java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 27 out of bounds for length 24
Fitting set of <G> (or a group containing <G>), or a Fitting class. A
subgroup $H$ of $G$ is a <fitset>-injector of <G> if $S \cap H$ is
<fitset>-maximal in $S$ for every subnormal subgroup $S$ of $G$. Note that by
\cite{DH92}, VIII,~2.9, all <fitset>-injectors of <G> are conjugate in $G$,
java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [18, 3) out of bounds for length 75
if and only if fitset>is a Fitting of <>.Inparticular, if <fitset>
is a group class, then every finite
soluble group has <fitset>-injectors if and only if <fitset> is a Fitting
class; see \cite{DH92}, IX,~1.4.
\beginexample
gap> Injector(SymmetricGroup(4), java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 45 out of bounds for length 22
Group([ (1,4)(2,3), (1,3)(2,4), (3,4) ])
\endexample
\>RadicalFunction(<class>) A
This attribute, if present, mat : IdentityMat(5,f)java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 28 out of bounds for length 28
by the user. It must contain a function which takes one argument, a group
$G$, and returns the <class>-radical of $G$. This function
will be used during subsequent calls to `adical. Therefore
`Radical' (see "Radical"), which is guaranteed to work for
arbitrary Fitting sets <class>, should always be called by the user to
compute <class>-radicals.
\ perm4 : IdentityMat(4,){[,4,3,]}
This attribute constitutes part of the definition of <class> supplied by the
user. If present, it must contain a java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 43 out of bounds for length 43
$G$ as the only argument and returning a <class>-injector of $G$. This
function will then be used by `Injector' (see "Injector"). Since `Injector'
will work for arbitrary Fitting sets, it should always be called by the user
to compute <class>-injectors.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\Section{Low level functions for normal subgroups related to radicals}\null
\index{normal subgroups!with properties inherited by normal subgroups}
\index{invariant normal subgroups!with properties inherited by normal subgroups}
\>OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty(<act>, <grp>, <pretest>, <test>, <data>) O
et<act> be a list group elements act on <rp via the caretoperator,
such that every subgroup of <grp> invariant under <act> is normal in <grp>.
Assume $\cal X$ is a set of subgroups of <grp> such that $\cal X$ contains the trivial : ("4f) we will code the polarity :)
and if $M$ and $N$ are <act>-invariant subgroups with $M \in \cal X$ and $M$ containing $N$,
then also $N \in \cal X$. Then
`OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty' computes an <act>-invariant subgroup $M \in
\cal X$ such that
X$.
For example, every Fitting set $\cal X$ satisfies the above properties, where $<act> = G$. In
case,OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty$cal
X$-radical of <grp>.
The class $\cal X$ is described by two functions, <pretest> and <test>.
<pretest> is a function taking four java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 44 out of bounds for length 44
where <data> is just the argument passed to
`OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty'. $<U>/<V>$ is an <act>-composition factor of
<R>is an<ct-invariant subgroup of <grp> contained in <V> which is known to
belong to
$\cal X$.
<pretest> may return the values `true', `false', or `fail'. If it returns
`true', every <act>-java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 28 out of bounds for length 7
$<N>/<R>$ is
$G$-isomorphic with $<U>/<V>$ must belong to $\cal X$. If it returns `false',
N>maybelong to $\cal X$.
<test> is a function taking three arguments, <S>, <R>, and <data>, where
data has been described above. <R> is an <act>-invariant subgroup of <grp> belonging to
$\cal X$, and $
true if <S> belongs to $\cal X$, and false otherwise.
Note that `test(<>,<R> <ata>) is only called if `pretest(<U>, <V>,
<R>, <data>)' has returned `fail' for a chief factor $<U>/<V>$ which is
<G>-isomorphic with $<S>/<R>$. Therefore <test> need not repeat tests
already performed by <pretest>. In particular local list,plane,vec,proj;
`true' or `false', <test> will not be called at all.
<data> is never used or changed by `OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty', but
exists only as a means for passing additional if el.type = 1 then
the functions <pretest> and <test>.
\>AllInvariantSubgroupsWithNProperty(<act>, <grp>, <pretest>, <test>, <data>) O
returns a list consisting of all <act>-invariant subgroups of < :=[Unpack(el!.obj) *cqinv, nucleus];
to the class $\cal X$ described by <pretest>, <test>, and <data>. See
the documentation of `OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty' (java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 62 out of bounds for length 12
"OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty") for details.
\beginexample
gap> D := DihedralGroup(8);;
gap> AllInvariantSubgroupsWithNProperty(
> D, D,
> ReturnFail,
> function(R, S, data)
> IsAbelian(R)
> end,
> fail);
[ Group([ f3 ]), <pc group with 2 generators>, <pc group with 2 generators>,
Group([f1 ],( )]
\endexample
\>OneNormalSubgroupWithNProperty(<grp>, <pretest>, <test>, <data>) O
\>AllNormalSubgroupsWithNProperty(<grp>, <pretest>, <test>, <data>) O
are the same as `OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty' (see
"OneInvariantSubgroupMaxWrtNProperty")
and `AllInvariantSubgroupsWithNProperty' (see
"AllInvariantSubgroupsWithNProperty"), where $<act> = <grp>$, and thus the
<act>-invariant subgroups of <grp> if el!.ype=2then
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