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<div class="chlinktop">Goto Chapter: <a href="chap0.html">Top</a> <a href="chap1.html">1</a> <a href="chap2.html">2</a> <a href="chap3.html">3</a> <a href="chap4.html">4</a> <a href="chap5.html">5</a> <a href="chap6.html">6</a> <a href="chap7.html">7</a> <a href="chap8.html">8</a> <a href="chap9.html">9</a> <a href="chap10.html">10</a> <a href="chap11.html">11</a> <a href="chapBib.html">Bib</a> <a href="chapInd.html">Ind</a> </div>

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<a href="chap8_mj.html">[MathJax on]</a>
<a id="X7A7EEBE9858333E1" name="X7A7EEBE9858333E1"></a>
<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap8.html#X7A7EEBE9858333E1">8 Permutation Characters in GAP</a>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X86A1325B82E5AECD">8.1 Some Computations with M_24</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X79C9051F805851DB">8.2 All Possible Permutation Characters of M_11</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X81A5FC968782CFC3">8.3 The Action of U_6(2) on the Cosets of M_22</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7EE1811C8496C428">8.4 Degree 20736 Permutation Characters of U_6(2)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7DC6A6E785A347C8">8.5 Degree 57572775 Permutation Characters of O_8^+(3)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X792D2C2380591D8D">8.6 The Action of O_7(3).2 on the Cosets of 2^7.S_7</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X875B361C8512939F">8.7 The Action of O_8^+(3).2_1 on the Cosets of 2^7.A_8</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7B1DFAF98182CFF4">8.8 The Action of S_4(4).4 on the Cosets of 5^2.[2^5]</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7F04F0C684AA8B30">8.9 The Action of Co_1 on the Cosets of Involution Centralizers</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X8230719D8538384B">8.10 The Multiplicity Free Permutation Characters of G_2(3)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7E3E326C7CB0E2CD">8.11 Degree 11200 Permutation Characters of O_8^+(2)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X7D8572E68194CBB9">8.12 A Proof of Nonexistence of a Certain Subgroup</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X8068E9DA7CD03BF2">8.13 A Permutation Character of the Lyons group</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X87D6C1A67CC7EE0A">8.14 Identifying two subgroups of Aut(U_3(5)) (October 2001)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X793669787CF73A55">8.15 A Permutation Character of Aut(O_8^+(2)) (October 2001)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X8337F3C682B6BE63">8.16 Four Primitive Permutation Characters of the Monster Group</a>

<div class="ContSSBlock">
 <a href="chap8.html#X78A8A1248336DD26">8.16-1 The Subgroup 2^2.2^11.2^22.(S_3 × M_24)
(June 2009)</a>

 <a href="chap8.html#X79E9247182B20474">8.16-2 The Subgroup 2^3.2^6.2^12.2^18.(L_3(2) × 3.S_6)
(September 2009)</a>

 <a href="chap8.html#X7BC36C597E542DEE">8.16-3 The Subgroup 2^5.2^10.2^20.(S_3 × L_5(2))
(October 2009)</a>

 <a href="chap8.html#X7F2ABD3E7AFF5F6E">8.16-4 The Subgroup 2^{10+16}.O_10^+(2) (November 2009)</a>

</div></div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X87D11B097D95D027">8.17 A permutation character of the Baby Monster (June 2012)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X86827FA97D27F3A2">8.18 A permutation character of 2.B (October 2017)</a>

</div>
<div class="ContSect"> <a href="chap8.html#X849F0EA6807C9B19">8.19 Generation of sporadic simple groups by π- and π'-subgroups (December 2021)</a>

<div class="ContSSBlock">
 <a href="chap8.html#X839272078243F4DB">8.19-1 Special Arguments for the Monster Group that are no longer needed</a>

</div></div>
</div>

<h3>8 Permutation Characters in GAP</h3>

Date: April 17th, 1999

This is a loose collection of examples of computations with permutation characters and possible permutation characters in the GAP system <a href="chapBib.html#biBGAP">[GAP24]</a>. We mainly use the GAP implementation of the algorithms to compute possible permutation characters that are described in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98]</a>, and information from the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85]</a>. A possible permutation character of a finite group G is a character satisfying the conditions listed in Section <q>Possible Permutation Characters</q> of the GAP Reference Manual.

<ul>
<li>Sections <a href="chap8.html#X87D6C1A67CC7EE0A">8.14</a> and <a href="chap8.html#X793669787CF73A55">8.15</a> were added in October 2001.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X78A8A1248336DD26">8.16-1</a> was added in June 2009.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X79E9247182B20474">8.16-2</a> was added in September 2009.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X7BC36C597E542DEE">8.16-3</a> was added in October 2009.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X7F2ABD3E7AFF5F6E">8.16-4</a> was added in November 2009.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X87D11B097D95D027">8.17</a> was added in June 2012.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X86827FA97D27F3A2">8.18</a> was added in October 2017.

</li>
<li>Section <a href="chap8.html#X849F0EA6807C9B19">8.19</a> was added in December 2021.

</li>
</ul>
In the following, the GAP Character Table Library <a href="chapBib.html#biBCTblLib">[Bre25]</a> will be used frequently.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> LoadPackage( "ctbllib", "1.2", false );
true
</pre></div>

<a id="X86A1325B82E5AECD" name="X86A1325B82E5AECD"></a>

<h4>8.1 Some Computations with M_24</h4>

We start with the sporadic simple Mathieu group G = M_24 in its natural action on 24 points.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> g:= MathieuGroup( 24 );;
gap> SetName( g, "m24" );
gap> Size( g ); IsSimple( g ); NrMovedPoints( g );
244823040
true
24
</pre></div>

The conjugacy classes that are computed for a group can be ordered differently in different GAP sessions. In order to make the output shown in the following examples stable, we first sort the conjugacy classes of G for our purposes.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ccl:= AttributeValueNotSet( ConjugacyClasses, g );;
gap> HasConjugacyClasses( g );
false
gap> invariants:= List( ccl, c -> [ Order( Representative( c ) ),
> Size( c ), Size( ConjugacyClass( g, Representative( c )^2 ) ) ] );;
gap> SortParallel( invariants, ccl );
gap> SetConjugacyClasses( g, ccl );
</pre></div>

The permutation character <code class="code">pi</code> of G corresponding to the action on the moved points is constructed. This action is 5-transitive.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> NrConjugacyClasses( g );
26
gap> pi:= NaturalCharacter( g );
Character( CharacterTable( m24 ),
[ 24, 8, 0, 6, 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 2, 0, 3, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
gap> IsTransitive( pi ); Transitivity( pi );
true
5
gap> SetIdentifier( CharacterTable( g ), "M24table" );
gap> Display( pi );
M24table

 2 10 10 9 3 3 7 7 5 2 3 3 1 1 4 2 . 2 2 1
 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 .
 5 1 . 1 1 . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 . . . .
 7 1 1 . . 1 . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . 1
 11 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . .
 23 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 1a 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 4c 5a 6a 6b 7a 7b 8a 10a 11a 12a 12b 14a

Y.1 24 8 . 6 . . 4 . 4 2 . 3 3 2 . 2 . . 1

 2 1 . . . . . .
 3 . 1 1 1 1 . .
 5 . 1 1 . . . .
 7 1 . . 1 1 . .
 11 . . . . . . .
 23 . . . . . 1 1

 14b 15a 15b 21a 21b 23a 23b

Y.1 1 1 1 . . 1 1
</pre></div>

(We have set the <code class="func">Identifier</code> (<a href="../doc/chap3.html#X860F49407882658F">CTblLib: IdentifierOfMainTable</a>) value of the character table because otherwise some default identifier would be chosen, which depends on the GAP session.)

<code class="code">pi</code> determines the permutation characters of the G-actions on related sets, for example <code class="code">piop</code> on the set of ordered and <code class="code">piup</code> on the set of unordered pairs of points.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> piop:= pi * pi;
Character( CharacterTable( m24 ),
[ 576, 64, 0, 36, 0, 0, 16, 0, 16, 4, 0, 9, 9, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 1, 1,
 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
gap> IsTransitive( piop );
false
gap> piup:= SymmetricParts( UnderlyingCharacterTable(pi), [ pi ], 2 )[1];
Character( CharacterTable( m24 ),
[ 300, 44, 12, 21, 0, 4, 12, 0, 10, 5, 0, 6, 6, 4, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 2,
 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
gap> IsTransitive( piup );
false
</pre></div>

Clearly the action on unordered pairs is not transitive, since the pairs [ i, i ] form an orbit of their own. There are exactly two G-orbits on the unordered pairs, hence the G-action on 2-sets of points is transitive.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ScalarProduct( piup, TrivialCharacter( g ) );
2
gap> comb:= Combinations( [ 1 .. 24 ], 2 );;
gap> hom:= ActionHomomorphism( g, comb, OnSets );;
gap> pihom:= NaturalCharacter( hom );
Character( CharacterTable( m24 ),
[ 276, 36, 12, 15, 0, 4, 8, 0, 6, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
gap> Transitivity( pihom );
1
</pre></div>

In terms of characters, the permutation character <code class="code">pihom</code> is the difference of <code class="code">piup</code> and <code class="code">pi</code> . Note that GAP does not know that this difference is in fact a character; in general this question is not easy to decide without knowing the irreducible characters of G, and up to now GAP has not computed the irreducibles.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pi2s:= piup - pi;
VirtualCharacter( CharacterTable( m24 ),
[ 276, 36, 12, 15, 0, 4, 8, 0, 6, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
gap> pi2s = pihom;
true
gap> HasIrr( g ); HasIrr( CharacterTable( g ) );
false
false
</pre></div>

The point stabilizer in the action on 2-sets is in fact a maximal subgroup of G, which is isomorphic to the automorphism group M_22:2 of the Mathieu group M_22. Thus this permutation action is primitive. But we cannot apply <code class="func">IsPrimitive</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap41.html#X84C19AD68247B760">Reference: IsPrimitive</a>) to the character <code class="code">pihom</code> for getting this answer because primitivity of characters is defined in a different way, cf. <code class="func">IsPrimitiveCharacter</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap75.html#X7BC72ECE822D4245">Reference: IsPrimitiveCharacter</a>).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> IsPrimitive( g, comb, OnSets );
true
</pre></div>

We could also have computed the transitive permutation character of degree 276 using the GAP Character Table Library instead of the group G, since the character tables of G and all its maximal subgroups are available, together with the class fusions of the maximal subgroups into G.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "M24" );
CharacterTable( "M24" )
gap> maxes:= Maxes( tbl );
[ "M23", "M22.2", "2^4:a8", "M12.2", "2^6:3.s6", "L3(4).3.2_2",
 "2^6:(psl(3,2)xs3)", "L2(23)", "L3(2)" ]
gap> s:= CharacterTable( maxes[2] );
CharacterTable( "M22.2" )
gap> TrivialCharacter( s )^tbl;
Character( CharacterTable( "M24" ),
[ 276, 36, 12, 15, 0, 4, 8, 0, 6, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

Note that the sequence of conjugacy classes in the library table of G does in general not agree with the succession computed for the group.

<a id="X79C9051F805851DB" name="X79C9051F805851DB"></a>

<h4>8.2 All Possible Permutation Characters of M_11</h4>

We compute all possible permutation characters of the Mathieu group M_11, using the three different strategies available in GAP. First we try the algorithm that enumerates all candidates via solving a system of inequalities, which is described in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 3.2]</a>.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m11:= CharacterTable( "M11" );;
gap> SetName( m11, "m11" );
gap> perms:= PermChars( m11 );
[ Character( m11, [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 11, 3, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 12, 4, 3, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 22, 6, 4, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 55, 7, 1, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 66, 10, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 110, 6, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 110, 6, 2, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 110, 14, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 132, 12, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 144, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 165, 13, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 220, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 220, 12, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 220, 20, 4, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 330, 2, 6, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 330, 18, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 396, 12, 0, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 440, 8, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 440, 24, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 495, 15, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 660, 4, 3, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 660, 12, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 660, 12, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 660, 28, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 720, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 5 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 792, 24, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 880, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 990, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 990, 6, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 990, 30, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 1320, 8, 6, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 1320, 24, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 1584, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 1980, 12, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 1980, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 2640, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 3960, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( m11,
 [ 7920, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> Length( perms );
39
</pre></div>

Next we try the improved combinatorial approach that is sketched at the end of Section 3.2 in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98]</a>. We get the same characters, except that they may be ordered in a different way; thus we compare the ordered lists.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> degrees:= DivisorsInt( Size( m11 ) );;
gap> perms2:= [];;
gap> for d in degrees do
> Append( perms2, PermChars( m11, d ) );
> od;
gap> Set( perms ) = Set( perms2 );
true
</pre></div>

Finally, we try the algorithm that is based on Gaussian elimination and that is described in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 3.3]</a>.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> perms3:= [];;
gap> for d in degrees do
> Append( perms3, PermChars( m11, rec( torso:= [ d ] ) ) );
> od;
gap> Set( perms ) = Set( perms3 );
true
</pre></div>

GAP provides two more functions to test properties of permutation characters. The first one yields no new information in our case, but the second excludes one possible permutation character; note that <code class="code">TestPerm5</code> needs a p-modular Brauer table, and the GAP character table library contains all Brauer tables of M_11.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> newperms:= TestPerm4( m11, perms );;
gap> newperms = perms;
true
gap> newperms:= TestPerm5( m11, perms, m11 mod 11 );;
gap> newperms = perms;
false
gap> Difference( perms, newperms );
[ Character( m11, [ 220, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

GAP knows the table of marks of M_11, from which the permutation characters can be extracted. It turns out that M_11 has 39 conjugacy classes of subgroups but only 36 different permutation characters, so three candidates computed above are in fact not permutation characters.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tom:= TableOfMarks( "M11" );
TableOfMarks( "M11" )
gap> trueperms:= PermCharsTom( m11, tom );;
gap> Length( trueperms ); Length( Set( trueperms ) );
39
36
gap> Difference( perms, trueperms );
[ Character( m11, [ 220, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( m11, [ 660, 4, 3, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( m11, [ 660, 12, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X81A5FC968782CFC3" name="X81A5FC968782CFC3"></a>

<h4>8.3 The Action of U_6(2) on the Cosets of M_22</h4>

We are interested in the permutation character of U_6(2) (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 115]</a>) that corresponds to the action on the cosets of a M_22 subgroup (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 39]</a>). The character tables of both the group and the point stabilizer are available in the GAP character table library, so we can compute class fusion and permutation character directly; note that if the class fusion is not stored on the table of the subgroup, in general one will not get a unique fusion but only a list of candidates for the fusion.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> u62:= CharacterTable( "U6(2)" );;
gap> m22:= CharacterTable( "M22" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( m22, u62 );
[ [ 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 26, 33, 34 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 26, 34, 33 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 27, 33, 34 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 27, 34, 33 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 28, 33, 34 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 28, 34, 33 ] ]
gap> RepresentativesFusions( m22, fus, u62 );
[ [ 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 22, 24, 24, 26, 33, 34 ] ]
</pre></div>

We see that there are six possible class fusions that are equivalent under table automorphisms of U_6(2) and M22.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= Set( fus,
> x -> Induced( m22, u62, [ TrivialCharacter( m22 ) ], x )[1] );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, 0, 48, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( u62, cand ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+22a+252a+616a+1155c+1386a+8064a+9240c",
 "1a+22a+252a+616a+1155b+1386a+8064a+9240b",
 "1a+22a+252a+616a+1155a+1386a+8064a+9240a" ]
gap> aut:= AutomorphismsOfTable( u62 );; Size( aut );
24
gap> elms:= Filtered( Elements( aut ), x -> Order( x ) = 3 );
[ (10,11,12)(26,27,28)(40,41,42), (10,12,11)(26,28,27)(40,42,41) ]
gap> Position( cand, Permuted( cand[1], elms[1] ) );
3
gap> Position( cand, Permuted( cand[3], elms[1] ) );
2
</pre></div>

The six fusions induce three different characters, they are conjugate under the action of the unique subgroup of order 3 in the group of table automorphisms of U_6(2). The table automorphisms of order 3 are induced by group automorphisms of U_6(2) (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 120]</a>). As can be seen from the list of maximal subgroups of U_6(2) in <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 115]</a>, the three induced characters are in fact permutation characters which belong to the three classes of maximal subgroups of type M_22 in U_6(2), which are permuted by an outer automorphism of order 3. Now we want to compute the extension of the above permutation character to the group U_6(2).2, which corresponds to the action of this group on the cosets of a M_22.2 subgroup.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> u622:= CharacterTable( "U6(2).2" );;
gap> m222:= CharacterTable( "M22.2" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( m222, u622 );
[ [ 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 20, 22, 22, 24, 29, 38, 39, 42, 41, 46, 50,
 53, 58, 59, 59 ] ]
gap> cand:= Induced( m222, u622, [ TrivialCharacter( m222 ) ], fus[1] );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2).2" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 6, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1080, 72,
 0, 48, 8, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( u622, cand ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+22a+252a+616a+1155a+1386a+8064a+9240a" ]
</pre></div>

We see that for the embedding of M_22.2 into U_6(2).2, the class fusion is unique, so we get a unique extension of one of the above permutation characters. This implies that exactly one class of maximal subgroups of type M_22 extends to M_22.2 in a given group U_6(2).2.

<a id="X7EE1811C8496C428" name="X7EE1811C8496C428"></a>

<h4>8.4 Degree 20736 Permutation Characters of U_6(2)</h4>

Now we show an alternative way to compute the characters dealt with in the previous example. This works also if the character table of the point stabilizer is not available. In this situation we can compute all those characters that have certain properties of permutation characters. Of course this may take much longer than the above computations, which needed only a few seconds. (The following calculations may need several hours, depending on the computer used.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= PermChars( u62, rec( torso := [ 20736 ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, 0, 48, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ), Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2)" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

For the next step, that is, the computation of the extension of the permutation character to U_6(2).2, we may use the above information, since the values on the inner classes are prescribed. The question which of the three candidates for U_6(2) extends to U_6(2).2 depends on the choice of the class fusion of U_6(2) into U_6(2).2. With respect to the class fusion that is stored on the GAP library table, the third candidate extends, as can be seen from the fact that this one is invariant under the permutation of conjugacy classes of U_6(2) that is induced by the action of the chosen supergroup U_6(2).2.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> u622:= CharacterTable( "U6(2).2" );;
gap> inv:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( u62, u622 ) );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, [ 11, 12 ], 13, 14, 15, [ 16, 17 ],
 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, [ 27, 28 ], [ 29, 30 ], 31, 32,
 [ 33, 34 ], [ 35, 36 ], 37, [ 38, 39 ], 40, [ 41, 42 ], 43, 44,
 [ 45, 46 ] ]
gap> ext:= List( cand, x -> CompositionMaps( x, inv ) );
[ [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, [ 0, 48 ], 0, 16, 6, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, [ 0, 4 ], 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ],
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, [ 0, 48 ], 0, 16, 6, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, [ 0, 4 ], 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ],
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 6, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ]
gap> cand:= PermChars( u622, rec( torso:= ext[3] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U6(2).2" ),
 [ 20736, 0, 384, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 16, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 6, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1080,
 72, 0, 48, 8, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2,
 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X7DC6A6E785A347C8" name="X7DC6A6E785A347C8"></a>

<h4>8.5 Degree 57572775 Permutation Characters of O_8^+(3)</h4>

The group O_8^+(3) (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 140]</a>) contains a subgroup of type 2^{3+6}.L_3(2), which extends to a maximal subgroup U in O_8^+(3).3. For the computation of the permutation character, we cannot use explicit induction since the table of U is not available in the GAP table library. Since U ∩ O_8^+(3) is contained in a O_8^+(2) subgroup of O_8^+(3), we can try to find the permutation character of O_8^+(2) corresponding to the action on the cosets of U ∩ O_8^+(3), and then induce this character to O_8^+(3). This kind of computations becomes more difficult with increasing degree, so we try to reduce the problem further. In fact, the 2^{3+6}.L_3(2) group is contained in a 2^6:A_8 subgroup of O_8^+(2), in which the index is only 15; the unique possible permutation character of this degree can be read off immediately. Induction to O_8^+(3) through the chain of subgroups is possible provided the class fusions are available. There are 24 possible fusions from O_8^+(2) into O_8^+(3), which are all equivalent w.r.t. table automorphisms of O_8^+(3). If we later want to consider the extension of the permutation character in question to O_8^+(3).3 then we have to choose a fusion of an O_8^+(2) subgroup that does not extend to O_8^+(2).3. But if for example our question is just whether the resulting permutation character is multiplicity-free then this can be decided already from the permutation character of O_8^+(3).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o8p3:= CharacterTable("O8+(3)");;
gap> Size( o8p3 ) / (2^9*168);
57572775
gap> o8p2:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( o8p2, o8p3 );;
gap> Length( fus );
24
gap> rep:= RepresentativesFusions( o8p2, fus, o8p3 );
[ [ 1, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
 25, 26, 37, 38, 42, 31, 32, 36, 49, 52, 51, 50, 43, 44, 45, 53,
 55, 56, 57, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 83, 88, 89, 90, 94,
 100, 101, 105 ] ]
gap> fus:= rep[1];;
gap> Size( o8p2 ) / (2^9*168);
2025
gap> sub:= CharacterTable( "2^6:A8" );;
gap> subfus:= GetFusionMap( sub, o8p2 );
[ 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, 7, 21, 24, 11, 30, 29,
 31, 13, 17, 15, 16, 14, 17, 36, 37, 18, 41, 24, 44, 48, 28, 33, 32,
 34, 35, 35, 51, 51 ]
gap> fus:= CompositionMaps( fus, subfus );
[ 1, 2, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 23, 2, 5, 19, 23, 20, 7, 37, 31, 17, 50, 51,
 43, 23, 23, 21, 22, 20, 23, 56, 57, 24, 72, 31, 78, 89, 52, 45, 44,
 53, 55, 55, 100, 100 ]
gap> Size( sub ) / (2^9*168);
15
gap> List( Irr( sub ), Degree );
[ 1, 7, 14, 20, 21, 21, 21, 28, 35, 45, 45, 56, 64, 70, 28, 28, 35,
 35, 35, 35, 70, 70, 70, 70, 140, 140, 140, 140, 140, 210, 210, 252,
 252, 280, 280, 315, 315, 315, 315, 420, 448 ]
gap> cand:= PermChars( sub, 15 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "2^6:A8" ),
 [ 15, 15, 15, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> ind:= Induced( sub, o8p3, cand, fus );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(3)" ),
 [ 57572775, 59535, 59535, 59535, 3591, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 2187, 0, 27, 135, 135, 135, 243, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 27, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27,
 27, 27, 27, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> o8p33:= CharacterTable( "O8+(3).3" );;
gap> inv:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( o8p3, o8p33 ) );
[ 1, [ 2, 3, 4 ], 5, 6, [ 7, 8, 9 ], [ 10, 11, 12 ], 13,
 [ 14, 15, 16 ], 17, 18, 19, [ 20, 21, 22 ], 23, [ 24, 25, 26 ],
 [ 27, 28, 29 ], 30, [ 31, 32, 33 ], [ 34, 35, 36 ], [ 37, 38, 39 ],
 [ 40, 41, 42 ], [ 43, 44, 45 ], 46, [ 47, 48, 49 ], 50,
 [ 51, 52, 53 ], 54, 55, 56, 57, [ 58, 59, 60 ], [ 61, 62, 63 ], 64,
 [ 65, 66, 67 ], 68, [ 69, 70, 71 ], [ 72, 73, 74 ], [ 75, 76, 77 ],
 [ 78, 79, 80 ], [ 81, 82, 83 ], 84, 85, [ 86, 87, 88 ],
 [ 89, 90, 91 ], [ 92, 93, 94 ], 95, 96, [ 97, 98, 99 ],
 [ 100, 101, 102 ], [ 103, 104, 105 ], [ 106, 107, 108 ],
 [ 109, 110, 111 ], [ 112, 113, 114 ] ]
gap> ext:= CompositionMaps( ind[1], inv );
[ 57572775, 59535, 3591, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2187, 0, 27, 135, 243, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 27, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
gap> perms:= PermChars( o8p33, rec( torso:= ext ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(3).3" ),
 [ 57572775, 59535, 3591, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2187, 0, 27, 135, 243, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 27, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3159,
 3159, 243, 243, 39, 39, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3,
 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( o8p33, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+780aabb+2457a+2808abc+9450aaabbcc+18200abcdddef+24192a+54600a^{5\
}b+70200aabb+87360ab+139776a^{5}+147420a^{4}b^{4}+163800ab+184275aabc+\
199017aa+218700a+245700a+291200aef+332800a^{4}b^{5}c^{5}+491400aaabcd+\
531441a^{5}b^{4}c^{4}+552825a^{4}+568620aabb+698880a^{4}b^{4}+716800aa\
abbccdddeeff+786240aabb+873600aa+998400aa+1257984a^{6}+1397760aa" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X792D2C2380591D8D" name="X792D2C2380591D8D"></a>

<h4>8.6 The Action of O_7(3).2 on the Cosets of 2^7.S_7</h4>

We want to know whether the permutation character of O_7(3).2 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 108]</a>) on the cosets of its maximal subgroup U of type 2^7.S_7 is multiplicity-free. As in the previous examples, first we try to compute the permutation character of the simple group O_7(3). It turns out that the direct computation of all candidates from the degree is very time consuming. But we can use for example the additional information provided by the fact that U contains an A_7 subgroup. We compute the possible class fusions.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o73:= CharacterTable( "O7(3)" );;
gap> a7:= CharacterTable( "A7" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( a7, o73 );
[ [ 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 16, 24, 33, 33 ],
 [ 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 16, 22, 33, 33 ] ]
</pre></div>

We cannot decide easily which fusion is the right one, but already the fact that no other fusions are possible gives us some information about impossible constituents of the permutation character we want to compute.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ind:= List( fus,
> x -> Induced( a7, o73, [ TrivialCharacter( a7 ) ], x )[1] );;
gap> mat:= MatScalarProducts( o73, Irr( o73 ), ind );;
gap> sum:= Sum( mat );
[ 2, 6, 2, 0, 8, 6, 2, 4, 4, 8, 3, 0, 4, 4, 9, 3, 5, 0, 0, 9, 0, 10,
 5, 6, 15, 1, 12, 1, 15, 7, 2, 4, 14, 16, 0, 12, 12, 7, 8, 8, 14,
 12, 12, 14, 6, 6, 20, 16, 12, 12, 12, 10, 10, 12, 12, 8, 12, 6 ]
gap> const:= Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( sum ) ], x -> sum[x] <> 0 );
[ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24,
 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 ]
gap> Length( const );
52
gap> const:= Irr( o73 ){ const };;
gap> rat:= RationalizedMat( const );;
</pre></div>

But much more can be deduced from the fact that certain zeros of the permutation character can be predicted.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> names:= ClassNames( o73 );
[ "1a", "2a", "2b", "2c", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3e", "3f", "3g",
 "4a", "4b", "4c", "4d", "5a", "6a", "6b", "6c", "6d", "6e", "6f",
 "6g", "6h", "6i", "6j", "6k", "6l", "6m", "6n", "6o", "6p", "7a",
 "8a", "8b", "9a", "9b", "9c", "9d", "10a", "10b", "12a", "12b",
 "12c", "12d", "12e", "12f", "12g", "12h", "13a", "13b", "14a",
 "15a", "18a", "18b", "18c", "18d", "20a" ]
gap> List( fus, x -> names{ x } );
[ [ "1a", "2b", "3b", "3f", "4d", "5a", "6h", "7a", "7a" ],
 [ "1a", "2b", "3c", "3f", "4d", "5a", "6f", "7a", "7a" ] ]
gap> torso:= [ 28431 ];;
gap> zeros:= [ 5, 8, 9, 11, 17, 20, 23, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38,
> 43, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 ];;
gap> names{ zeros };
[ "3a", "3d", "3e", "3g", "6a", "6d", "6g", "6l", "6m", "6p", "9a",
 "9b", "9c", "12b", "12e", "12f", "12g", "15a", "18a", "18b", "18c",
 "18d", "20a" ]
</pre></div>

Every order 3 element of U lies in an A_7 subgroup of U, so among the classes of element order 3, at most the classes <code class="code">3B</code>, <code class="code">3C</code>, and <code class="code">3F</code> can have nonzero permutation character values. The excluded classes of element order 6 are the square roots of the excluded order 3 elements, likewise the given classes of element orders 9, 12, and 18 are excluded. The character value on <code class="code">20A</code> must be zero because U does not contain elements of this order. So we enter the additional information about these zeros.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> for i in zeros do
> torso[i]:= 0;
> od;
gap> torso;
[ 28431,,,, 0,,, 0, 0,, 0,,,,,, 0,,, 0,,, 0,,,,, 0, 0,,, 0,,,, 0, 0,
 0,,,,, 0,,, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
gap> perms:= PermChars( o73, rec( torso:= torso, chars:= rat ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O7(3)" ),
 [ 28431, 567, 567, 111, 0, 0, 243, 0, 0, 81, 0, 15, 3, 27, 15, 6,
 0, 0, 27, 0, 3, 27, 0, 0, 0, 3, 9, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 4, 1, 1, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( o73, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+78a+168a+182a+260ab+1092a+2457a+2730a+4095b+5460a+11648a" ]
</pre></div>

We see that this character is already multiplicity free, so this holds also for its extension to O_7(3).2, and we need not compute this extension. (Of course we could compute it in the same way as in the examples above.)

<a id="X875B361C8512939F" name="X875B361C8512939F"></a>

<h4>8.7 The Action of O_8^+(3).2_1 on the Cosets of 2^7.A_8</h4>

We are interested in the permutation character of O_8^+(3).2_1 that corresponds to the action on the cosets of a subgroup of type 2^7.A_8. The intersection of the point stabilizer with the simple group O_8^+(3) is of type 2^6.A_8. First we compute the class fusion of these groups, modulo problems with ambiguities due to table automorphisms.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o8p3:= CharacterTable( "O8+(3)" );;
gap> o8p2:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( o8p2, o8p3 );;
gap> NamesOfFusionSources( o8p2 );
[ "A9", "2^8:O8+(2)", "(D10xD10).2^2", "(3x3^3:S3):2",
 "(3x3^(1+2)+:2A4).2", "2^(3+3+3).L3(2)", "NRS(O8+(2),2^(3+3+3)_a)",
 "NRS(O8+(2),2^(3+3+3)_b)", "O8+(2)N2", "O8+(2)M2", "O8+(2)M3",
 "O8+(2)M5", "O8+(2)M6", "O8+(2)M8", "O8+(2)M9", "(3xU4(2)):2",
 "O8+(2)M11", "O8+(2)M12", "2^(1+8)_+:(S3xS3xS3)", "3^4:2^3.S4(a)",
 "(A5xA5):2^2", "O8+(2)M16", "O8+(2)M17", "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)", "7:6",
 "(A5xD10).2", "(D10xA5).2", "O8+(2)N5C", "2^6:A8", "2.O8+(2)",
 "2^2.O8+(2)", "S6(2)" ]
gap> sub:= CharacterTable( "2^6:A8" );;
gap> subfus:= GetFusionMap( sub, o8p2 );
[ 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, 7, 21, 24, 11, 30, 29,
 31, 13, 17, 15, 16, 14, 17, 36, 37, 18, 41, 24, 44, 48, 28, 33, 32,
 34, 35, 35, 51, 51 ]
gap> fus:= List( fus, x -> CompositionMaps( x, subfus ) );;
gap> fus:= Set( fus );;
gap> Length( fus );
24
</pre></div>

The ambiguities due to Galois automorphisms disappear when we are looking for the permutation characters induced by the fusions.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ind:= List( fus, x -> Induced( sub, o8p3,
> [ TrivialCharacter( sub ) ], x )[1] );;
gap> ind:= Set( ind );;
gap> Length( ind );
6
</pre></div>

Now we try to extend the candidates to O_8^+(3).2_1; the choice of the fusion of O_8^+(3) into O_8^+(3).2_1 determines which of the candidates may extend.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o8p32:= CharacterTable( "O8+(3).2_1" );;
gap> fus:= GetFusionMap( o8p3, o8p32 );;
gap> ext:= List( ind, x -> CompositionMaps( x, InverseMap( fus ) ) );;
gap> ext:= Filtered( ext, x -> ForAll( x, IsInt ) );
[ [ 3838185, 17577, 8505, 8505, 873, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6561, 0, 0, 729, 0,
 9, 105, 45, 45, 105, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 189, 0, 0,
 0, 9, 9, 27, 27, 0, 0, 27, 9, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],
 [ 3838185, 17577, 8505, 8505, 873, 0, 6561, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 729, 0,
 9, 105, 45, 45, 105, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 189, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0,
 0, 0, 9, 27, 27, 0, 0, 9, 27, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ]
</pre></div>

We compute the extensions of the first candidate; the other belongs to another class of subgroups, which is the image under an outer automorphism.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> perms:= PermChars( o8p32, rec( torso:= ext[1] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(3).2_1" ),
 [ 3838185, 17577, 8505, 8505, 873, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6561, 0, 0, 729, 0,
 9, 105, 45, 45, 105, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 189, 0, 0,
 0, 9, 9, 27, 27, 0, 0, 27, 9, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3159, 1575, 567, 63, 87,
 15, 0, 0, 45, 0, 81, 9, 27, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0, 4,
 0, 0, 27, 0, 9, 0, 0, 15, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( o8p32, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+260abc+520ab+819a+2808b+9450aab+18200a+23400ac+29120b+36400aab+4\
6592abce+49140d+66339a+98280ab+163800a+189540d+232960d+332800ab+368550\
a+419328a+531441ab" ]
</pre></div>

Now we repeat the calculations for O_8^+(3).2_2 instead of O_8^+(3).2_1.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o8p32:= CharacterTable( "O8+(3).2_2" );;
gap> fus:= GetFusionMap( o8p3, o8p32 );;
gap> ext:= List( ind, x -> CompositionMaps( x, InverseMap( fus ) ) );;
gap> ext:= Filtered( ext, x -> ForAll( x, IsInt ) );;
gap> perms:= PermChars( o8p32, rec( torso:= ext[1] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(3).2_2" ),
 [ 3838185, 17577, 8505, 873, 0, 0, 0, 6561, 0, 0, 0, 0, 729, 0, 9,
 105, 45, 105, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 189, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 9, 27,
 0, 0, 0, 27, 27, 9, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 199017, 2025, 297, 441, 73, 9, 0,
 1215, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 81, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 27, 0, 1, 9, 12, 0, 0,
 45, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( o8p32, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+260aac+520ab+819a+2808a+9450aaa+18200accee+23400ac+29120a+36400a\
+46592aa+49140c+66339a+93184a+98280ab+163800a+184275ac+189540c+232960c\
+332800aa+419328a+531441aa" ]
</pre></div>

We might be interested in the extension to O_8^+(3).(2^2)_122. It is clear that this cannot be multiplicity free because of the multiplicity <code class="code">9450aaa</code> in the character induced from O_8^+(3).2_2. We could put the extensions to the index two subgroups together, but it is simpler (and not expensive) to run the same program as above.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> o8p322:= CharacterTable( "O8+(3).(2^2)_{122}" );;
gap> fus:= GetFusionMap( o8p32, o8p322 );;
gap> ext:= List( perms, x -> CompositionMaps( x, InverseMap( fus ) ) );;
gap> ext:= Filtered( ext, x -> ForAll( x, IsInt ) );;
gap> perms:= PermChars( o8p322, rec( torso:= ext[1] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(3).(2^2)_{122}" ),
 [ 3838185, 17577, 8505, 873, 0, 0, 0, 6561, 0, 0, 729, 0, 9, 105,
 45, 105, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 189, 0, 0, 9, 9, 27, 0, 0, 27,
 9, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3159, 1575,
 567, 63, 87, 15, 0, 0, 45, 0, 81, 9, 27, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 5, 0,
 0, 4, 0, 0, 27, 0, 9, 0, 0, 15, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 199017, 2025, 297, 441, 73, 9, 0,
 1215, 0, 0, 0, 0, 81, 0, 0, 0, 27, 27, 0, 1, 9, 12, 0, 0, 45,
 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 28431, 1647, 135, 63, 87, 39, 0, 0, 243, 27, 0, 0, 81, 63,
 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 3, 3, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( o8p322, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+260ace+819a+1040a+2808c+9450aac+18200a+23400ae+29120c+36400aac+4\
6592ac+49140g+66339a+93184a+163800b+189540g+196560a+232960g+332800ac+3\
68550a+419328a+531441ac" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X7B1DFAF98182CFF4" name="X7B1DFAF98182CFF4"></a>

<h4>8.8 The Action of S_4(4).4 on the Cosets of 5^2.[2^5]</h4>

We want to know whether the permutation character corresponding to the action of S_4(4).4 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 44]</a>) on the cosets of its maximal subgroup of type 5^2:[2^5] is multiplicity free. The library names of subgroups for which the class fusions are stored are listed as value of the attribute <code class="func">NamesOfFusionSources</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap73.html#X7F6569D5786A9D49">Reference: NamesOfFusionSources</a>), and for groups whose isomorphism type is not determined by the name this is the recommended way to find out whether the table of the subgroup is contained in the GAP library and known to belong to this group. (It might be that a table with such a name is contained in the library but belongs to another group, and it may also be that the table of the group is contained in the library --with any name-- but it is not known that this group is isomorphic to a subgroup of S_4(4).4.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> s444:= CharacterTable( "S4(4).4" );;
gap> NamesOfFusionSources( s444 );
[ "(L3(2)xS4(4):2).2", "S4(4)", "S4(4).2" ]
</pre></div>

So we cannot simply fetch the table of the subgroup. As in the previous examples, we compute the possible permutation characters.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> perms:= PermChars( s444,
> rec( torso:= [ Size( s444 ) / ( 5^2*2^5 ) ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "S4(4).4" ),
 [ 4896, 384, 96, 0, 16, 32, 36, 16, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "S4(4).4" ),
 [ 4896, 192, 32, 0, 0, 8, 6, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 36, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 1,
 0, 6, 6, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "S4(4).4" ),
 [ 4896, 240, 64, 0, 8, 8, 36, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 8, 0, 4, 4, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

So there are three candidates. None of them is multiplicity free, so we need not decide which of the candidates actually belongs to the group 5^2:[2^5] we have in mind.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> PermCharInfo( s444, perms ).ATLAS;
[ "1abcd+50abcd+153abcd+170a^{4}b^{4}+680aabb",
 "1a+50ac+153a+170aab+256a+680abb+816a+1020a",
 "1ac+50ac+68a+153abcd+170aabbb+204a+680abb+1020a" ]
</pre></div>

(If we would be interested which candidate is the right one, we could for example look at the intersection with S_4(4), and hope for a contradiction to the fact that the group must lie in a (A_5 × A_5):2 subgroup.)

<a id="X7F04F0C684AA8B30" name="X7F04F0C684AA8B30"></a>

<h4>8.9 The Action of Co_1 on the Cosets of Involution Centralizers</h4>

We compute the permutation characters of the sporadic simple Conway group Co_1 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 180]</a>) corresponding to the actions on the cosets of involution centralizers. Equivalently, we are interested in the action of Co_1 on conjugacy classes of involutions. These characters can be computed as follows. First we take the table of Co_1.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "Co1" );
CharacterTable( "Co1" )
</pre></div>

The centralizer of each <code class="code">2A</code> element is a maximal subgroup of Co_1. This group is also contained in the table library. So we can compute the permutation character by explicit induction, and the decomposition in irreducibles is computed with the command <code class="func">PermCharInfo</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X8477004C7A31D28C">Reference: PermCharInfo</a>).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> s:= CharacterTable( Maxes( t )[5] );
CharacterTable( "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)" )
gap> ind:= Induced( s, t, [ TrivialCharacter( s ) ] );;
gap> PermCharInfo( t, ind ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+299a+17250a+27300a+80730a+313950a+644644a+2816856a+5494125a+1243\
2420a+24794000a" ]
</pre></div>

The centralizer of a <code class="code">2B</code> element is not maximal. First we compute which maximal subgroup can contain it. The character tables of all maximal subgroups of Co_1 are contained in the GAP's table library, so we may take these tables and look at the group orders.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> centorder:= SizesCentralizers( t )[3];;
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( t ), CharacterTable );;
gap> cand:= Filtered( maxes, x -> Size( x ) mod centorder = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "(A4xG2(4)):2" ) ]
gap> u:= cand[1];;
gap> index:= Size( u ) / centorder;
3
</pre></div>

So there is a unique class of maximal subgroups containing the centralizer of a <code class="code">2B</code> element, as a subgroup of index 3. We compute the unique permutation character of degree 3 of this group, and induce this character to G.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> subperm:= PermChars( u, rec( degree := index, bounds := false ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "(A4xG2(4)):2" ),
 [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3,
 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ) ]
gap> subperm = PermChars( u, rec( torso := [ 3 ] ) );
true
gap> ind:= Induced( u, t, subperm );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "Co1" ),
 [ 2065694400, 181440, 119408, 38016, 2779920, 0, 0, 378, 30240,
 864, 0, 720, 316, 80, 2520, 30, 0, 6480, 1508, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 38, 18, 105, 0, 600, 120, 56, 24, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 120, 48, 18,
 0, 0, 6, 0, 360, 144, 108, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 3, 9,
 0, 0, 15, 3, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 12, 8, 0, 6, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3,
 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( t, ind ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+1771a+8855a+27300aa+313950a+345345a+644644aa+871884aaa+1771000a+\
2055625a+4100096a+7628985a+9669660a+12432420aa+21528000aa+23244375a+24\
174150aa+24794000a+31574400aa+40370176a+60435375a+85250880aa+100725625\
a+106142400a+150732800a+184184000a+185912496a+207491625a+299710125a+30\
2176875a" ]
</pre></div>

Finally, we try the same for the centralizer of a <code class="code">2C</code> element.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> centorder:= SizesCentralizers( t )[4];;
gap> cand:= Filtered( maxes, x -> Size( x ) mod centorder = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "Co2" ), CharacterTable( "2^11:M24" ) ]
</pre></div>

The group order excludes all except two classes of maximal subgroups. But the <code class="code">2C</code> centralizer cannot lie in Co_2 because the involution centralizers in Co_2 are too small.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> u:= cand[1];;
gap> GetFusionMap( u, t );
[ 1, 2, 2, 4, 7, 6, 9, 11, 11, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 16, 21, 23, 20,
 22, 22, 24, 28, 30, 33, 31, 32, 33, 33, 37, 42, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52,
 49, 53, 55, 53, 52, 54, 60, 60, 60, 64, 65, 65, 67, 66, 70, 73, 72,
 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 92, 93, 93 ]
gap> centorder;
389283840
gap> SizesCentralizers( u )[4];
1474560
</pre></div>

So we try the second candidate.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> u:= cand[2];
CharacterTable( "2^11:M24" )
gap> index:= Size( u ) / centorder;
1288
gap> subperm:= PermChars( u, rec( torso := [ index ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "2^11:M24" ),
 [ 1288, 1288, 1288, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 56, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 10,
 10, 10, 10, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2,
 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> subperm = PermChars( u, rec( degree:= index, bounds := false ) );
true
gap> ind:= Induced( u, t, subperm );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "Co1" ),
 [ 10680579000, 1988280, 196560, 94744, 0, 17010, 0, 945, 7560,
 3432, 2280, 1728, 252, 308, 0, 225, 0, 0, 0, 270, 0, 306, 0,
 46, 45, 25, 0, 0, 120, 32, 12, 52, 36, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45,
 15, 0, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 30, 0, 6, 18, 0, 3, 5, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 6, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( t, ind ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+17250aa+27300a+80730aa+644644aaa+871884a+1821600a+2055625aaa+281\
6856a+5494125a^{4}+12432420aa+16347825aa+23244375a+24174150aa+24667500\
aa+24794000aaa+31574400a+40370176a+55255200a+66602250a^{4}+83720000aa+\
85250880aaa+91547820aa+106142400a+150732800a+184184000aaa+185912496aaa\
+185955000aaa+207491625aaa+215547904aa+241741500aaa+247235625a+2578576\
00aa+259008750a+280280000a+302176875a+326956500a+387317700a+402902500a\
+464257024a+469945476b+502078500a+503513010a+504627200a+522161640a" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X8230719D8538384B" name="X8230719D8538384B"></a>

<h4>8.10 The Multiplicity Free Permutation Characters of G_2(3)</h4>

We compute the multiplicity free possible permutation characters of G_2(3) (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 60]</a>). For each divisor d of the group order, we compute all those possible permutation characters of degree d of G for which each irreducible constituent occurs with multiplicity at most 1; this is done by prescribing the <code class="code">maxmult</code> component of the second argument of <code class="func">PermChars</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X7D02541482C196A6">Reference: PermChars</a>) to be the list with 1 at each position.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "G2(3)" );
CharacterTable( "G2(3)" )
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "G2(3)" );;
gap> n:= Length( RationalizedMat( Irr( t ) ) );;
gap> maxmult:= List( [ 1 .. n ], i -> 1 );;
gap> perms:= [];;
gap> divs:= DivisorsInt( Size( t ) );;
gap> for d in divs do
> Append( perms,
> PermChars( t, rec( bounds := false,
> degree := d,
> maxmult := maxmult ) ) );
> od;
gap> Length( perms );
42
gap> List( perms, Degree );
[ 1, 351, 351, 364, 364, 378, 378, 546, 546, 546, 546, 546, 702, 702,
 728, 728, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1092, 1456,
 1456, 1638, 1638, 2184, 2184, 2457, 2457, 2457, 2457, 3159, 3276,
 3276, 3276, 3276, 4368, 6552, 6552 ]
</pre></div>

For finding out which of these candidates are really permutation characters, we could inspect them piece by piece, using the information in <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85]</a>. For example, the candidates of degrees 351, 364, and 378 are induced from the trivial characters of maximal subgroups of G, whereas the candidates of degree 546 are not permutation characters.

Since the table of marks of G is available in GAP, we can extract all permutation characters from the table of marks, and then filter out the multiplicity free ones.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tom:= TableOfMarks( "G2(3)" );
TableOfMarks( "G2(3)" )
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "G2(3)" );
CharacterTable( "G2(3)" )
gap> permstom:= PermCharsTom( tbl, tom );;
gap> Length( permstom );
433
gap> multfree:= Intersection( perms, permstom );;
gap> Length( multfree );
15
gap> List( multfree, Degree );
[ 1, 351, 351, 364, 364, 378, 378, 702, 702, 728, 728, 1092, 1092,
 2184, 2184 ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X7E3E326C7CB0E2CD" name="X7E3E326C7CB0E2CD"></a>

<h4>8.11 Degree 11200 Permutation Characters of O_8^+(2)</h4>

We compute the primitive permutation characters of degree 11200 of O_8^+(2) and O_8^+(2).2 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 85]</a>). The character table of the maximal subgroup of type 3^4:2^3.S_4 in O_8^+(2) is not available in the GAP table library. But the group extends to a wreath product of S_3 and S_4 in the group O_8^+(2).2, and the table of this wreath product can be constructed easily.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tbl2:= CharacterTable("O8+(2).2");;
gap> s3:= CharacterTable( "Symmetric", 3 );;
gap> s:= CharacterTableWreathSymmetric( s3, 4 );
CharacterTable( "Sym(3)wrS4" )
</pre></div>

The permutation character <code class="code">pi</code> of O_8^+(2).2 can thus be computed by explicit induction, and the character of O_8^+(2) is obtained by restriction of <code class="code">pi</code>.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( s, tbl2 );
[ [ 1, 41, 6, 3, 48, 9, 42, 19, 51, 8, 5, 50, 24, 49, 7, 2, 44, 22,
 42, 12, 53, 17, 58, 21, 5, 47, 26, 50, 37, 52, 23, 60, 18, 4,
 46, 25, 14, 61, 20, 9, 53, 30, 51, 26, 64, 8, 52, 31, 13, 56,
 38 ] ]
gap> pi:= Induced( s, tbl2, [ TrivialCharacter( s ) ], fus[1] )[1];
Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(2).2" ),
[ 11200, 256, 160, 160, 80, 40, 40, 76, 13, 0, 0, 8, 8, 4, 0, 0, 16,
 16, 4, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0,
 0, 1120, 96, 0, 16, 0, 16, 8, 10, 4, 6, 7, 12, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0,
 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 ] )
gap> PermCharInfo( tbl2, pi ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+84a+168a+175a+300a+700c+972a+1400a+3200a+4200b" ]
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );
CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" )
gap> rest:= RestrictedClassFunction( pi, tbl );
Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" ),
[ 11200, 256, 160, 160, 160, 80, 40, 40, 40, 76, 13, 0, 0, 8, 8, 8,
 4, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0,
 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 ] )
gap> PermCharInfo( tbl, rest ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+84abc+175a+300a+700bcd+972a+3200a+4200a" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X7D8572E68194CBB9" name="X7D8572E68194CBB9"></a>

<h4>8.12 A Proof of Nonexistence of a Certain Subgroup</h4>

We prove that the sporadic simple Mathieu group G = M_22 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 39]</a>) has no subgroup of index 56. In <a href="chapBib.html#biBIsa76">[Isa76]</a>, remark after Theorem 5.18, this is stated as an example of the case that a character may be a possible permutation character but not a permutation character. Let us consider the possible permutation character of degree 56 of G.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "M22" );
CharacterTable( "M22" )
gap> perms:= PermChars( tbl, rec( torso:= [ 56 ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M22" ),
 [ 56, 8, 2, 4, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1 ] ) ]
gap> pi:= perms[1];;
gap> Norm( pi );
2
gap> Display( tbl, rec( chars:= perms ) );
M22

 2 7 7 2 5 4 . 2 . . 3 . .
 3 2 1 2 . . . 1 . . . . .
 5 1 . . . . 1 . . . . . .
 7 1 . . . . . . 1 1 . . .
 11 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 1

 1a 2a 3a 4a 4b 5a 6a 7a 7b 8a 11a 11b
 2P 1a 1a 3a 2a 2a 5a 3a 7a 7b 4a 11b 11a
 3P 1a 2a 1a 4a 4b 5a 2a 7b 7a 8a 11a 11b
 5P 1a 2a 3a 4a 4b 1a 6a 7b 7a 8a 11a 11b
 7P 1a 2a 3a 4a 4b 5a 6a 1a 1a 8a 11b 11a
 11P 1a 2a 3a 4a 4b 5a 6a 7a 7b 8a 1a 1a

Y.1 56 8 2 4 . 1 2 . . 2 1 1
</pre></div>

Suppose that <code class="code">pi</code> is a permutation character of G. Since G is 2-transitive on the 56 cosets of the point stabilizer S, this stabilizer is transitive on 55 points, and thus G has a subgroup U of index 56 ⋅ 55 = 3080. We compute the possible permutation character of this degree.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> perms:= PermChars( tbl, rec( torso:= [ 56 * 55 ] ) );;
gap> Length( perms );
16
</pre></div>

U is contained in S, so only those candidates must be considered that vanish on all classes where <code class="code">pi</code> vanishes. Furthermore, the index of U in S is odd, so the Sylow 2 subgroups of U and S are isomorphic; S contains elements of order 8, hence also U does.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11 ]
gap> perms:= Filtered( perms, x -> x[5] = 0 and x[10] <> 0 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M22" ),
 [ 3080, 56, 2, 12, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "M22" ),
 [ 3080, 8, 2, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "M22" ),
 [ 3080, 24, 11, 4, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "M22" ),
 [ 3080, 24, 20, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

For getting an overview of the distribution of the elements of U to the conjugacy classes of G, we use the output of <code class="func">PermCharInfo</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X8477004C7A31D28C">Reference: PermCharInfo</a>).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> infoperms:= PermCharInfo( tbl, perms );;
gap> Display( tbl, infoperms.display );
M22

 2 7 7 2 5 2 3
 3 2 1 2 . 1 .
 5 1 . . . . .
 7 1 . . . . .
 11 1 . . . . .

 1a 2a 3a 4a 6a 8a
 2P 1a 1a 3a 2a 3a 4a
 3P 1a 2a 1a 4a 2a 8a
 5P 1a 2a 3a 4a 6a 8a
 7P 1a 2a 3a 4a 6a 8a
 11P 1a 2a 3a 4a 6a 8a

I.1 3080 56 2 12 2 2
I.2 1 21 8 54 24 36
I.3 1 3 4 9 12 18
I.4 3080 8 2 8 2 4
I.5 1 3 8 36 24 72
I.6 1 3 4 9 12 18
I.7 3080 24 11 4 3 2
I.8 1 9 44 18 36 36
I.9 1 3 4 9 12 18
I.10 3080 24 20 4 . 2
I.11 1 9 80 18 . 36
I.12 1 3 4 9 12 18
</pre></div>

We have four candidates. For each the above list shows first the character values, then the cardinality of the intersection of U with the classes, and then lower bounds for the lengths of U-conjugacy classes of these elements. Only those classes of G are shown that contain elements of U for at least one of the characters.

If the first two candidates are permutation characters corresponding to U then U contains exactly 8 elements of order 3 and thus U has a normal Sylow 3 subgroup P. But the order of N_G(P) is bounded by 72, which can be shown as follows. The only elements in G with centralizer order divisible by 9 are of order 1 or 3, so P is self-centralizing in G. The factor N_G(P)/C_G(P) is isomorphic with a subgroup of Aut(G) ≅ GL(2,3) which has order divisible by 16, hence the order of N_G(P) divides 144. Now note that [ G : N_G(P) ] ≡ 1 mod 3 by Sylow's Theorem, and |G|/144 = 3080 ≡ -1 mod 3. Thus the first two candidates are not permutation characters.

If the last two candidates are permutation characters corresponding to U then U has self-normalizing Sylow subgroups. This is because the index of a Sylow 2 normalizer in G is odd and divides 9, and if it is smaller than 9 then U contains at most 3 ⋅ 15 + 1 elements of 2 power order; the index of a Sylow 3 normalizer in G is congruent to 1 modulo 3 and divides 16, and if it is smaller than 16 then U contains at most 4 ⋅ 8 elements of order 3.

But since U is solvable and not a p-group, not all its Sylow subgroups can be self-normalizing; note that U has a proper normal subgroup N containing a Sylow p subgroup P of U for a prime divisor p of |U|, and U = N ⋅ N_U(P) holds by the Frattini argument (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBHup67">[Hup67, Satz I.7.8]</a>).

<a id="X8068E9DA7CD03BF2" name="X8068E9DA7CD03BF2"></a>

<h4>8.13 A Permutation Character of the Lyons group</h4>

Let G be a maximal subgroup with structure 3^{2+4}:2A_5.D_8 in the sporadic simple Lyons group Ly. We want to compute the permutation character 1_G^Ly. (This construction has been explained in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 4.2]</a>, without showing explicit GAP code.)

In the representation of Ly as automorphism group of the rank 5 graph <code class="code">B</code> with 9606125 points (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 174]</a>), G is the stabilizer of an edge. A group S with structure 3.McL.2 is the point stabilizer. So the two point stabilizer U = S ∩ G is a subgroup of index 2 in G. The index of U in S is 15400, and according to the list of maximal subgroups of McL.2 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 100]</a>), the group U is isomorphic to the preimage in 3.McL.2 of a subgroup H of McL.2 with structure 3_+^{1+4}:4S_5.

Using the improved combinatorial method described in <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 3.2]</a>, all possible permutation characters of degree 15400 for the group McL are computed. (The method of <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 3.3]</a> is slower but also needs only a few seconds.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ly:= CharacterTable( "Ly" );;
gap> mcl:= CharacterTable( "McL" );;
gap> mcl2:= CharacterTable( "McL.2" );;
gap> 3mcl2:= CharacterTable( "3.McL.2" );;
gap> perms:= PermChars( mcl, rec( degree:= 15400 ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "McL" ),
 [ 15400, 56, 91, 10, 12, 25, 0, 11, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3,
 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), Character( CharacterTable( "McL" ),
 [ 15400, 280, 10, 37, 20, 0, 5, 10, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

We get two characters, corresponding to the two classes of maximal subgroups of index 15400 in McL. The permutation character π = 1_{H ∩ McL}^McL is the one with nonzero value on the class <code class="code">10A</code>, since the subgroup of structure 2S_5 in H ∩ McL contains elements of order 10.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ord10:= Filtered( [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( mcl ) ],
> i -> OrdersClassRepresentatives( mcl )[i] = 10 );
[ 15 ]
gap> List( perms, pi -> pi[ ord10[1] ] );
[ 1, 0 ]
gap> pi:= perms[1];
Character( CharacterTable( "McL" ),
[ 15400, 56, 91, 10, 12, 25, 0, 11, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0,
 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )
</pre></div>

The character 1_H^McL.2 is an extension of π, so we can use the method of <a href="chapBib.html#biBBP98copy">[BP98, Section 3.3]</a> to compute all possible permutation characters for the group McL.2 that have the values of π on the classes of McL. We find that the extension of π to a permutation character of McL.2 is unique. Regarded as a character of 3.McL.2, this character is equal to 1_U^S.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> map:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( mcl, mcl2 ) );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, [ 10, 11 ], 12, [ 13, 14 ], 15, 16, 17,
 18, [ 19, 20 ], [ 21, 22 ], [ 23, 24 ] ]
gap> torso:= CompositionMaps( pi, map );
[ 15400, 56, 91, 10, 12, 25, 0, 11, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 1 ]
gap> perms:= PermChars( mcl2, rec( torso:= torso ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "McL.2" ),
 [ 15400, 56, 91, 10, 12, 25, 0, 11, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1,
 1, 110, 26, 2, 4, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] ) ]
gap> pi:= Inflated( perms[1], 3mcl2 );
Character( CharacterTable( "3.McL.2" ),
[ 15400, 15400, 56, 56, 91, 91, 10, 12, 12, 25, 25, 0, 0, 11, 11, 2,
 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 1, 1, 110, 26, 2, 4, 0, 0, 5, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
</pre></div>

The fusion of conjugacy classes of S in Ly can be computed from the character tables of S and Ly given in <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85]</a>, it is unique up to Galois automorphisms of the table of Ly.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( 3mcl2, ly );; Length( fus );
4
gap> g:= AutomorphismsOfTable( ly );;
gap> OrbitLengths( g, fus, OnTuples ); 
[ 4 ]
</pre></div>

Now we can induce 1_U^S to Ly, which yields (1_U^S)^Ly = 1_U^Ly.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pi:= Induced( 3mcl2, ly, [ pi ], fus[1] )[1];
Character( CharacterTable( "Ly" ),
[ 147934325000, 286440, 1416800, 1082, 784, 12500, 0, 672, 42, 24,
 0, 40, 0, 2, 20, 0, 0, 0, 64, 10, 0, 50, 2, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

All elements of odd order in G are contained in U, for such an element g we have

1_G^Ly(g) = |C_Ly(g)| / |G| ⋅ |G ∩ Cl_Ly(g)| = |C_Ly(g)| / (2 ⋅ |U|) ⋅ |U ∩ Cl_Ly(g)| = 1/2 ⋅ 1_U^Ly(g) ,

so we can prescribe the values of 1_G^Ly on all classes of odd element order. For elements g of even order we have the weaker condition U∩ Cl_Ly(g) ⊆ G ∩ Cl_Ly(g) and thus 1_G^Ly(g) ≥ 1/2 ⋅ 1_U^Ly(g), which gives lower bounds for the value of 1_G^Ly on the remaining classes.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> orders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( ly );
[ 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12,
 14, 15, 15, 15, 18, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 28, 30, 30,
 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 33, 33, 37, 37, 40, 40, 42, 42, 67, 67, 67 ]
gap> torso:= [];; 
gap> for i in [ 1 .. Length( orders ) ] do
> if orders[i] mod 2 = 1 then
> torso[i]:= pi[i]/2;
> fi;
> od;
gap> torso;
[ 73967162500,, 708400, 541,, 6250, 0,,,, 0,,, 1,,, 0, 0,,,, 25, 1, 0,
 ,, 0, 0,,,,,, 0,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0 ]
</pre></div>

Exactly one possible permutation character of Ly satisfies these conditions.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> perms:= PermChars( ly, rec( torso:= torso ) );;
gap> Length( perms );
43
gap> perms:= Filtered( perms, cand -> ForAll( [ 1 .. Length( orders ) ],
> i -> cand[i] >= pi[i] / 2 ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "Ly" ),
 [ 73967162500, 204820, 708400, 541, 392, 6250, 0, 1456, 61, 25, 0,
 22, 10, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, 32, 5, 0, 25, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

(The permutation character 1_G^Ly was used in the proof that the character χ_37 of Ly (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 175]</a>) occurs with multiplicity at least 2 in each character of Ly that is induced from a proper subgroup of Ly.)

<a id="X87D6C1A67CC7EE0A" name="X87D6C1A67CC7EE0A"></a>

<h4>8.14 Identifying two subgroups of Aut(U_3(5)) (October 2001)</h4>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 34]</a>, the group Aut(U_3(5)) has two classes of maximal subgroups of order 2^4 ⋅ 3^3, which have the structures 3^2 : 2S_4 and 6^2 : D_12, respectively.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "U3(5).3.2" );
CharacterTable( "U3(5).3.2" )
gap> deg:= Size( tbl ) / ( 2^4*3^3 );
1750
gap> pi:= PermChars( tbl, rec( torso:= [ deg ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U3(5).3.2" ),
 [ 1750, 70, 13, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 10, 7, 10, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 30, 10, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "U3(5).3.2" ),
 [ 1750, 30, 4, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 7, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 20, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

Now the question is which character belongs to which subgroup. We see that the first character vanishes on the classes of element order 8 and the second does not, so only the first one can be the permutation character induced from 6^2 : D_12.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ord8:= Filtered( [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( tbl ) ],
> i -> OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl )[i] = 8 );
[ 9, 25 ]
gap> List( pi, x -> x{ ord8 } );
[ [ 0, 0 ], [ 0, 2 ] ]
</pre></div>

Thus the question is whether the second candidate is really a permutation character. Since none of the two candidates vanishes on any outer coset of U_3(5) in Aut(U_3(5)), the point stabilizers are extensions of groups of order 2^3 ⋅ 3^2 in U_3(5). The restrictions of the candidates to U_3(5) are different, so we can try to answer the question using information about this group.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> subtbl:= CharacterTable( "U3(5)" );
CharacterTable( "U3(5)" )
gap> rest:= RestrictedClassFunctions( pi, subtbl );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "U3(5)" ),
 [ 1750, 70, 13, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "U3(5)" ),
 [ 1750, 30, 4, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

The intersection of the 3^2 : 2S_4 subgroup with U_3(5) lies inside the maximal subgroup of type M_10, which does not contain elements of order6. Only the second character has this property.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> ord6:= Filtered( [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( subtbl ) ],
> i -> OrdersClassRepresentatives( subtbl )[i] = 6 );
[ 9 ]
gap> List( rest, x -> x{ ord6 } );
[ [ 1 ], [ 0 ] ]
</pre></div>

In order to establish the two characters as permutation characters, we could also compute the permutation characters of the degree in question directly from the table of marks of U_3(5), which is contained in the GAP library of tables of marks.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> tom:= TableOfMarks( "U3(5)" );
TableOfMarks( "U3(5)" )
gap> perms:= PermCharsTom( subtbl, tom );;
gap> Set( Filtered( perms, x -> x[1] = deg ) ) = Set( rest );
true
</pre></div>

We were mainly interested in the multiplicities of irreducible characters in these characters. The action of Aut(U_3(5) on the cosets of 3^2 : 2S_4 turns out to be multiplicity-free whereas that on the cosets of 6^2 : D_12 is not.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> PermCharInfo( tbl, pi ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+21a+42a+84aac+105a+125a+126a+250a+252a+288bc",
 "1a+42a+84ac+105ab+125a+126a+250a+252b+288bc" ]
</pre></div>

It should be noted that the restrictions of the multiplicity-free character to the subgroups U_3(5).2 and U_3(5).3 of Aut(U_3(5) are not multiplicity-free.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> subtbl2:= CharacterTable( "U3(5).2" );;
gap> rest2:= RestrictedClassFunctions( pi, subtbl2 );;
gap> PermCharInfo( subtbl2, rest2 ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+21aab+28aa+56aa+84a+105a+125aab+126aab+288aa",
 "1a+21ab+28a+56a+84a+105ab+125aab+126a+252a+288aa" ]
gap> subtbl3:= CharacterTable( "U3(5).3" );;
gap> rest3:= RestrictedClassFunctions( pi, subtbl3 );;
gap> PermCharInfo( subtbl3, rest3 ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+21abc+84aab+105a+125abc+126abc+144bcef",
 "1a+21bc+84ab+105aa+125abc+126adg+144bcef" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X793669787CF73A55" name="X793669787CF73A55"></a>

<h4>8.15 A Permutation Character of Aut(O_8^+(2)) (October 2001)</h4>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 85]</a>, the group G = Aut(O_8^+(2)) has a class of maximal subgroups of order 2^13 ⋅ 3^2, thus the index of these subgroups in G is 3^4 ⋅ 5^2 ⋅ 7. The intersection of these subgroups with H = O_8^+(2) lie inside maximal subgroups of type 2^6 : A_8. We want to show that the permutation character of the action of G on the cosets of these subgroups is not multiplicity-free.

Since the table of marks for H is available in GAP, but not that for G, we first compute the H-permutation characters of the intersections with H of index 3^4 ⋅ 5^2 ⋅ 7 = 14175 subgroups in G.

(Note that these intersections have order 2^12 ⋅ 3 because subgroups of order 2^12 ⋅ 3^2 are contained in O_8^+(2).2 and hence are not maximal in G.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2).3.2" );;
gap> s:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );;
gap> tom:= TableOfMarks( s );;
gap> perms:= PermCharsTom( s, tom );;
gap> deg:= 3^4*5^2*7;
14175
gap> perms:= Filtered( perms, x -> x[1] = deg );;
gap> Length( perms );
4
gap> Length( Set( perms ) );
1
</pre></div>

We see that there are four classes of subgroups S in H that may belong to maximal subgroups of the desired index in G, and that the permutation characters are equal. They lead to such groups if they extend to G, so we compute the possible permutation characters of G that extend these characters.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( s, t );
[ [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12,
 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 19,
 20, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 25, 26, 26, 26, 27,
 27, 27 ] ]
gap> fus:= fus[1];;
gap> inv:= InverseMap( fus );;
gap> comp:= CompositionMaps( perms[1], inv );
[ 14175, 1215, 375, 79, 0, 0, 27, 27, 99, 15, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 3, 1,
 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
gap> ext:= PermChars( t, rec( torso:= comp ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "O8+(2).3.2" ),
 [ 14175, 1215, 375, 79, 0, 0, 27, 27, 99, 15, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 3,
 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 63, 9, 15, 7, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3, 1,
 0, 0, 1, 1, 945, 129, 45, 69, 21, 25, 13, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 3, 3,
 7, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> PermCharInfo( t, ext[1] ).ATLAS;
[ "1a+50b+100a+252bb+300b+700b+972bb+1400a+1944a+3200b+4032b" ]
</pre></div>

Thus we get one permutation character of G which is not multiplicity-free.

<a id="X8337F3C682B6BE63" name="X8337F3C682B6BE63"></a>

<h4>8.16 Four Primitive Permutation Characters of the Monster Group</h4>

In this section, we compute four primitive permutation characters 1_H^M of the sporadic simple Monster group M, using the following strategy.

Let E be an elementary abelian 2-subgroup of M, and H = N_M(E). For an involution z ∈ E, let G = C_M(z) and U = G ∩ H = C_H(z) and V = C_H(E), a normal subgroup of H. According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 234]</a>, G has the structure 2.B if z is in the class <code class="code">2A</code> of M, and G has the structure 2^{1+24}_+.Co_1 if z is in the class <code class="code">2B</code> of M. In the latter case, let N denote the extraspecial normal subgroup of order 2^25 in G. It will turn out that in our situation, U contains N.

We want to compute many values of 1_H^M from the knowledge of permutation characters 1_X^M, for suitable subgroups X with the property V ≤ X ≤ U, and then use the GAP function <code class="func">PermChars</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X7D02541482C196A6">Reference: PermChars</a>) for computing all those possible permutation characters of M that take the known values; if there is a unique solution then this is the desired character 1_H^M.

(In the year 2023, the character tables of three of the four maximal subgroups H in question became available, and the character table of the last one became available in 2025. Since then one can compute the permutation characters directly by first computing the possible class fusions to M and then inducing the trivial character of H to M. We get the same results this way, see below.)

<center> <img src="ctblpope01.png" alt="setup: some subgroups of G"/> </center>

Why does this approach have a chance to be successful? Currently we do not have representations for the subgroups H in question, but the character tables of the involution centralizers G in M are available, and also either the character tables of X/V for the interesting subgroups X are known or we have enough information to compute the characters 1_X^G.

And how do we compute certain values of 1_H^M? Suppose that C is a union of classes of M and I is an index set such that (1_H)_{C ∩ H} = (∑_{i ∈ I} c_i 1_{X_i}^H)_{C ∩ H} holds for suitable rational numbers c_i.

The right hand side of this equality lives in H/V, provided that C <q>behaves well</q> w.r.t. factoring out the normal subgroup V of H, i. e., if there is a set of classes in H/V whose preimages in H form the set H ∩ C. For example, C may be the set of all those elements in M whose order is not divisible by a particular prime p that divides |H| but not |U|.

Under these conditions, we have (1_H^M)_C = ((∑_{i ∈ I} c_i 1_{X_i}^G)^M)_C, and we interpret the right hand side as follows: If X_i contains N then 1_{X_i}^G can be identified with 1_{X_i/N}^{G/N}. If X_i contains at least Z then 1_{X_i}^G can be identified with 1_{X_i/Z}^{G/Z}. As mentioned above, we have good chances to compute these characters. So the main task in each of the following sections is to find, for a suitable set C of classes, a linear combination of permutation characters of H/V whose restriction to (C ∩ H) / V is constant and nonzero.

<a id="X78A8A1248336DD26" name="X78A8A1248336DD26"></a>

<h5>8.16-1 The Subgroup 2^2.2^11.2^22.(S_3 × M_24)
(June 2009)</h5>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 234]</a>, the Monster group M has a class of maximal subgroups H of the type 2^2.2^11.2^22.(S_3 × M_24). Currently the character table of H and the class fusion into M are not available in GAP. We are interested in the permutation character 1_H^G, and we will compute it without this information.

The subgroup H normalizes a Klein four group E whose involutions lie in the class <code class="code">2B</code>. We fix an involution z in E, and set G = C_M(z), U = C_H(z), and V = C_H(E). Further, let N be the extraspecial normal subgroup of order 2^25 in G.

So G has the structure 2^{1+24}_+.Co_1, and U has index three in H. The order of N U / N is a multiple of 2^{2+11+22-25} ⋅ 2 ⋅ |M_24|, and N U / N occurs as a subgroup of G / N ≅ Co_1.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> co1:= CharacterTable( "Co1" );;
gap> order:= 2^(2+11+22-25) * 2 * Size( CharacterTable( "M24" ) );
501397585920
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( co1 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> filt:= Filtered( maxes, t -> Size( t ) mod order = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^11:M24" ) ]
gap> List( filt, t -> Size( t ) / order );
[ 1 ]
gap> k:= filt[1];;
</pre></div>

The list of maximal subgroups of Co_1 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 183]</a>) tells us that NU / N is a maximal subgroup K of Co_1 and has the structure 2^11:M_24. In particular, U contains N and thus U/N ≅ K.

Let C = { g ∈ M; 3 ∤ |g| or 1_V^M(g^3) = 0 }.

Then (1_H)_{C ∩ H} = (1_U^H - 1/3 1_V^H)_{C ∩ H} holds, as we can see from computations with H/V ≅ S_3, as follows.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> f:= CharacterTable( "Symmetric", 3 );
CharacterTable( "Sym(3)" )
gap> OrdersClassRepresentatives( f );
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
gap> deg3:= PermChars( f, 3 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "Sym(3)" ), [ 3, 1, 0 ] ) ]
gap> deg6:= PermChars( f, 6 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "Sym(3)" ), [ 6, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> deg3[1] - 1/3 * deg6[1];
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "Sym(3)" ), [ 1, 1, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

The character table of G is available in GAP, so we can compute the permutation character π = 1_U^G by computing the primitive permutation character 1_K^{Co_1}, identifying it with 1_{U/N}^{G/N}, and then inflating this character to G.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m:= CharacterTable( "M" );
CharacterTable( "M" )
gap> g:= CharacterTable( "MC2B" );
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1" )
gap> pi:= RestrictedClassFunction( TrivialCharacter( k )^co1, g );;
</pre></div>

Next we consider the permutation character ϕ = 1_V^G. The group V does not contain N because K is perfect. But V contains Z because otherwise U would be a direct product of V and Z, which would imply that N would be a direct product of V ∩ N and Z. So we can regard ϕ as the inflation of 1_{V/Z}^{G/Z} from G/Z to G, i. e., we can perform the computations with the character table of the factor group G/Z.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> zclasses:= ClassPositionsOfCentre( g );;
gap> gmodz:= g / zclasses;
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1/[ 1, 2 ]" )
gap> invmap:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( g, gmodz ) );;
gap> pibar:= CompositionMaps( pi, invmap );;
</pre></div>

Since ϕ(g) = [G:V] ⋅ |g^G ∩ V| / |g^G| holds for g ∈ G, and since g^G ∩ V ⊆ g^G ∩ VN, with equality if g has odd order, we get ϕ(g) = 2 ⋅ π(g) if g has odd order, and ϕ(g) = 0 if π(g) = 0.

We want to compute the possible permutation characters with these values.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> factorders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( gmodz );;
gap> phibar:= [];;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( gmodz ) ] do
> if factorders[i] mod 2 = 1 then
> phibar[i]:= 2 * pibar[i];
> elif pibar[i] = 0 then
> phibar[i]:= 0;
> fi;
> od;
gap> cand:= PermChars( gmodz, rec( torso:= phibar ) );;
gap> Length( cand );
1
</pre></div>

Now we know π^M = 1_U^M and ϕ^M = 1_V^M, so we can write down (1_H^M)_C.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> phi:= RestrictedClassFunction( cand[1], g )^m;;
gap> pi:= pi^m;;
gap> cand:= ShallowCopy( pi - 1/3 * phi );;
gap> morders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( m );;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. Length( morders ) ] do
> if morders[i] mod 3 = 0 and phi[ PowerMap( m, 3 )[i] ] <> 0 then
> Unbind( cand[i] );
> fi;
> od;
</pre></div>

We claim that 1_H^M(g) ≥ π^M(g) - 1/3 ψ^M(g) for all g ∈ M. In order to see this, let H' denote the index two subgroup of H, and let g ∈ M. Since H is the disjoint union of V, H' ∖ V, and three H-conjugates of U ∖ V, we get

<div class="pcenter"><table> <tr> <td class="tdright">1_H^M(g)</td> <td class="tdcenter">=</td> <td class="tdleft">[M:H] ⋅ |g^M ∩ H| / |g^M|</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdcenter"> </td> <td class="tdcenter">=</td> <td class="tdcenter">[M:H] ⋅ ( |g^M ∩ V| + 3 |g^M ∩ U \ V| + |g^M ∩ H' \ V| ) / |g^M|</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdcenter"> </td> <td class="tdcenter">=</td> <td class="tdcenter">[M:H] ⋅ ( 3 |g^M ∩ U| - 2 |g^M ∩ V| + |g^M ∩ H' \ V| ) / |g^M|</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdcenter"> </td> <td class="tdcenter">=</td> <td class="tdcenter">1_U^M(g) - 1/3 ⋅ 1_V^G(g) + [M:H] ⋅ |g^M ∩ H' \ V| / |g^M| .</td> </tr> </table> </div>

Possible constituents of 1_H^M are those rational irreducible characters of M that are constituents of π^M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> constit:= Filtered( RationalizedMat( Irr( m ) ),
> chi -> ScalarProduct( m, chi, pi ) <> 0 );;
</pre></div>

Now we compute the possible permutation characters that have the prescribed values, are compatible with the given lower bounds for values, and have only constituents in the given list.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= PermChars( m,
> rec( torso:= cand, chars:= constit,
> lower:= ShallowCopy( pi - 1/3 * phi ),
> normalsubgroup:= [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( m ) ],
> nonfaithful:= TrivialCharacter( m ) ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M" ),
 [ 16009115629875684006343550944921875, 7774182899642733721875,
 120168544413337875, 4436049512692980, 215448838605,
 131873639625, 760550656275, 110042727795, 943894035, 568854195,
 1851609375, 0, 4680311220, 405405, 78624756, 14467005, 178605,
 248265, 874650, 0, 76995, 591163, 224055, 34955, 29539, 20727,
 0, 0, 375375, 15775, 0, 0, 0, 495, 116532, 3645, 62316, 1017,
 11268, 357, 1701, 45, 117, 705, 0, 0, 4410, 1498, 0, 3780, 810,
 0, 0, 83, 135, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 195, 0, 215, 0, 0,
 210, 0, 42, 0, 35, 15, 1, 1, 160, 48, 9, 92, 25, 9, 9, 5, 1,
 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 74, 42, 0, 0, 0, 120, 76, 10, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 3, 0,
 0, 0, 18, 0, 10, 0, 3, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 12, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

There is only one candidate, so we have found the permutation character.

The character table of H is available since 2023. We can compute the permutation character directly from this table.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> h:= CharacterTable( "2^(2+11+22).(M24xS3)" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( h, m );;
gap> cand = Set( fus, map -> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( h, m,
> [ TrivialCharacter( h ) ], map )[1] );
true
</pre></div>

<a id="X79E9247182B20474" name="X79E9247182B20474"></a>

<h5>8.16-2 The Subgroup 2^3.2^6.2^12.2^18.(L_3(2) × 3.S_6)
(September 2009)</h5>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 234]</a>, the Monster group M has a class of maximal subgroups H of the type 2^3.2^6.2^12.2^18.(L_3(2) × 3.S_6). Currently the character table of H and the class fusion into M are not available in GAP. We are interested in the permutation character 1_H^G, and we will compute it without this information.

The subgroup H normalizes an elementary abelian group E of order eight whose involutions lie in the class <code class="code">2B</code>. We fix an involution z in E, and set G = C_M(z), U = C_H(z), and V = C_H(E). Further, let N be the extraspecial normal subgroup of order 2^25 in G.

So G has the structure 2^{1+24}_+.Co_1, and U has index seven in H. The order of N U / N is a multiple of 2^{3+6+12+18-25} ⋅ |L_3(2)| ⋅ |3.S_6| / 7, and N U / N occurs as a subgroup of G / N ≅ Co_1.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> co1:= CharacterTable( "Co1" );;
gap> order:= 2^(3+6+12+18-25) * 168 * 3 * Factorial( 6 ) / 7;
849346560
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( co1 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> filt:= Filtered( maxes, t -> Size( t ) mod order = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)" ),
 CharacterTable( "2^(4+12).(S3x3S6)" ) ]
gap> List( filt, t -> Size( t ) / order );
[ 105, 1 ]
gap> o8p2:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );;
gap> PermChars( o8p2, rec( torso:= [ 105 ] ) );
[ ]
gap> k:= filt[2];;
</pre></div>

The list of maximal subgroups of Co_1 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 183]</a>) tells us that NU / N is a maximal subgroup K of Co_1 and has the structure 2^{4+12}.(S_3 × 3.S_6). (Note that the group O_8^+(2) has no proper subgroup of index 105.) In particular, U contains N and thus U/N ≅ K.

Let C be the set of elements in M whose order is not divisible by 7. Then (1_H)_{C ∩ H} = (1_U^H - 1/3 1_VN^H + 1/21 1_V^H)_{C ∩ H} holds, as we can see from computations with H/V ≅ L_3(2), as follows.

So S4, V4, 1 suffice! -->

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> f:= CharacterTable( "L3(2)" );
CharacterTable( "L3(2)" )
gap> OrdersClassRepresentatives( f );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 7 ]
gap> deg7:= PermChars( f, 7 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "L3(2)" ), [ 7, 3, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> deg42:= PermChars( f, 42 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "L3(2)" ), [ 42, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] ),
 Character( CharacterTable( "L3(2)" ), [ 42, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> deg168:= PermChars( f, 168 );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "L3(2)" ), [ 168, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> deg7[1] - 1/3 * deg42[2] + 1/21 * deg168[1];
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "L3(2)" ), [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

(Note that VN/V is a Klein four group, and there is only one transitive permutation character of L_3(2) that is induced from such subgroups.)

The character table of G is available in GAP, so we can compute the permutation character π = 1_U^G by computing the primitive permutation character 1_K^{Co_1}, identifying it with 1_{U/N}^{G/N}, and then inflating this character to G.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m:= CharacterTable( "M" );
CharacterTable( "M" )
gap> g:= CharacterTable( "MC2B" );
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1" )
gap> pi:= RestrictedClassFunction( TrivialCharacter( k )^co1, g );;
</pre></div>

The permutation character ψ = 1_VN^G can be computed as the inflation of 1_{VN/N}^{G/N} = (1_{VN/N}^{U/N})^{G/N}, where 1_{VN/N}^{U/N} is a character of K that can be identified with the regular permutation character of U/VN ≅ S_3.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> nsg:= ClassPositionsOfNormalSubgroups( k );;
gap> nsgsizes:= List( nsg, x -> Sum( SizesConjugacyClasses( k ){ x } ) );;
gap> nn:= nsg[ Position( nsgsizes, Size( k ) / 6 ) ];;
gap> psi:= 0 * [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( k ) ];;
gap> for i in nn do
> psi[i]:= 6;
> od;
gap> psi:= InducedClassFunction( k, psi, co1 );;
gap> psi:= RestrictedClassFunction( psi, g );;
</pre></div>

Next we consider the permutation character ϕ = 1_V^G. The group V does not contain N because K does not have a factor group of the type S_4. But V contains Z because U/V is centerless. So we can regard ϕ as the inflation of 1_{V/Z}^{G/Z} from G/Z to G, i. e., we can perform the computations with the character table of the factor group G/Z.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> zclasses:= ClassPositionsOfCentre( g );;
gap> gmodz:= g / zclasses;
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1/[ 1, 2 ]" )
gap> invmap:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( g, gmodz ) );;
gap> psibar:= CompositionMaps( psi, invmap );;
</pre></div>

Since ϕ(g) = [G:V] ⋅ |g^G ∩ V| / |g^G| holds for g ∈ G, and since g^G ∩ V ⊆ g^G ∩ VN, with equality if g has odd order, we get ϕ(g) = 4 ⋅ ψ(g) if g has odd order, and ϕ(g) = 0 if ψ(g) = 0.

We want to compute the possible permutation characters with these values. This is easier if we <q>go down</q> from VN to V in two steps.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> factorders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( gmodz );;
gap> phibar:= [];;
gap> upperphibar:= [];;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( gmodz ) ] do
> if factorders[i] mod 2 = 1 then
> phibar[i]:= 2 * psibar[i];
> elif psibar[i] = 0 then
> phibar[i]:= 0;
> fi;
> upperphibar[i]:= 2 * psibar[i];
> od;
gap> cand:= PermChars( gmodz, rec( torso:= phibar,
> upper:= upperphibar,
> normalsubgroup:= [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( gmodz ) ],
> nonfaithful:= TrivialCharacter( gmodz ) ) );;
gap> Length( cand );
3
</pre></div>

One of the candidates computed in this first step is excluded by the fact that it is induced from a subgroup that contains N/Z.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> nn:= First( ClassPositionsOfNormalSubgroups( gmodz ),
> x -> Sum( SizesConjugacyClasses( gmodz ){x} ) = 2^24 );
[ 1 .. 4 ]
gap> cont:= PermCharInfo( gmodz, cand ).contained;;
gap> cand:= cand{ Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( cand ) ],
> i -> Sum( cont[i]{ nn } ) < 2^24 ) };;
gap> Length( cand );
2
</pre></div>

Now we run the second step. After excluding the candidates that cannot be induced from subgroups whose intersection with N/Z has index four in N/Z, we get four solutions.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> poss:= [];;
gap> for v in cand do
> phibar:= [];
> upperphibar:= [];
> for i in [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( gmodz ) ] do
> if factorders[i] mod 2 = 1 then
> phibar[i]:= 2 * v[i];
> elif v[i] = 0 then
> phibar[i]:= 0;
> fi;
> upperphibar[i]:= 2 * v[i];
> od;
> Append( poss, PermChars( gmodz, rec( torso:= phibar,
> upper:= upperphibar,
> normalsubgroup:= [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( gmodz ) ],
> nonfaithful:= TrivialCharacter( gmodz ) ) ) );
> od;
gap> Length( poss );
6
gap> cont:= PermCharInfo( gmodz, poss ).contained;;
gap> poss:= poss{ Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( poss ) ],
> i -> Sum( cont[i]{ nn } ) < 2^23 ) };;
gap> Length( poss );
4
gap> phicand:= RestrictedClassFunctions( poss, g );;
</pre></div>

Since we have several candidates for 1_V^G, we form the linear combinations for all these candidates.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> phicand:= RestrictedClassFunctions( poss, g );;
gap> phicand:= InducedClassFunctions( phicand, m );;
gap> psi:= psi^m;;
gap> pi:= pi^m;;
gap> cand:= List( phicand,
> phi -> ShallowCopy( pi - 1/3 * psi + 1/21 * phi ) );;
gap> morders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( m );;
gap> for x in cand do
> for i in [ 1 .. Length( morders ) ] do
> if morders[i] mod 7 = 0 then
> Unbind( x[i] );
> fi;
> od;
> od;
</pre></div>

Exactly one of the candidates has only integral values.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= Filtered( cand, x -> ForAll( x, IsInt ) );
[ [ 4050306254358548053604918389065234375, 148844831270071996434375,
 2815847622206994375, 14567365753025085, 3447181417680,
 659368198125, 3520153823175, 548464353255, 5706077895,
 3056566695, 264515625, 0, 19572895485, 6486480, 186109245,
 61410960, 758160, 688365,,, 172503, 1264351, 376155, 137935,
 99127, 52731, 0, 0, 119625, 3625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 402813, 29160,
 185301, 2781, 21069, 1932, 4212, 360, 576, 1125, 0, 0,,,, 2160,
 810, 0, 0, 111, 179, 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 185, 105, 0, 65,
 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 337, 105, 36, 157, 37, 18, 18, 16, 4, 21,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 60, 40, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
 0,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,, 0, 0, 0, 6, 8, 0, 0, 2,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,, 0 ] ]
</pre></div>

Possible constituents of 1_H^M are those rational irreducible characters of M that are constituents of π^M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> constit:= Filtered( RationalizedMat( Irr( m ) ),
> chi -> ScalarProduct( m, chi, pi ) <> 0 );;
</pre></div>

Now we compute the possible permutation characters that have the prescribed values and have only constituents in the given list.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= PermChars( m, rec( torso:= cand[1], chars:= constit ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M" ),
 [ 4050306254358548053604918389065234375, 148844831270071996434375,
 2815847622206994375, 14567365753025085, 3447181417680,
 659368198125, 3520153823175, 548464353255, 5706077895,
 3056566695, 264515625, 0, 19572895485, 6486480, 186109245,
 61410960, 758160, 688365, 58310, 0, 172503, 1264351, 376155,
 137935, 99127, 52731, 0, 0, 119625, 3625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 402813,
 29160, 185301, 2781, 21069, 1932, 4212, 360, 576, 1125, 0, 0,
 1302, 294, 0, 2160, 810, 0, 0, 111, 179, 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 185, 105, 0, 65, 0, 0, 224, 0, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 337, 105,
 36, 157, 37, 18, 18, 16, 4, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 70, 38, 14, 0,
 0, 0, 60, 40, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 8, 0, 0, 2,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

There is only one candidate, so we have found the permutation character.

The character table of H is available since 2023. We can compute the permutation character directly from this table. (The class fusion from H to M is unique up to table automorphisms, but its computation is a bit tricky, thus we do not compute this fusion here.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> h:= CharacterTable( "2^[39].(L3(2)x3.S6)" );;
gap> cand[1] = TrivialCharacter( h )^m;
true
</pre></div>

<a id="X7BC36C597E542DEE" name="X7BC36C597E542DEE"></a>

<h5>8.16-3 The Subgroup 2^5.2^10.2^20.(S_3 × L_5(2))
(October 2009)</h5>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 234]</a>, the Monster group M has a class of maximal subgroups H of the type 2^5.2^10.2^20.(S_3 × L_5(2)). Currently the character table of H and the class fusion into M are not available in GAP. We are interested in the permutation character 1_H^G, and we will compute it without this information.

The subgroup H normalizes an elementary abelian group E of order 32 whose involutions lie in the class <code class="code">2B</code>. We fix an involution z in E, and set G = C_M(z), U = C_H(z), and V = C_H(E). Further, let N be the extraspecial normal subgroup of order 2^25 in G.

So G has the structure 2^{1+24}_+.Co_1, and U has index 31 in H. The order of N U / N is a multiple of 2^{5+10+20-25} ⋅ |L_5(2)| ⋅ |S_3| / 31, and N U / N occurs as a subgroup of G / N ≅ Co_1.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> co1:= CharacterTable( "Co1" );;
gap> order:= 2^35*Size( CharacterTable( "L5(2)" ) )*6 / 2^25 / 31;
1981808640
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( co1 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> filt:= Filtered( maxes, t -> Size( t ) mod order = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^11:M24" ), CharacterTable( "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)" ),
 CharacterTable( "2^(2+12):(A8xS3)" ) ]
gap> List( filt, t -> Size( t ) / order );
[ 253, 45, 1 ]
gap> m24:= CharacterTable( "M24" );;
gap> cand:= PermChars( m24, rec( torso:=[ 253 ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M24" ),
 [ 253, 29, 13, 10, 1, 5, 5, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> TestPerm5( m24, cand, m24 mod 11 );
[ ]
gap> PermChars( CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" ), rec( torso:=[ 45 ] ) );
[ ]
gap> k:= filt[3];;
</pre></div>

The list of maximal subgroups of Co_1 (see <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 183]</a>) tells us that NU / N is a maximal subgroup K of Co_1 and has the structure 2^{2+12}.(A_8 × S_3). (Note that the group M_24 has no proper subgroup of index 253, which is shown above using the 11-modular Brauer table of M_24. Furthermore, the group O_8^+(2) has no subgroup of index 45.) In particular, U contains N and thus U/N ≅ K.

Let C be the set of elements in M whose order is not divisible by 31 or 21. We want to find an index set I and subgroups X_i, for i ∈ I, with the property that V ≤ X_i ≤ U and

(1_H)_{C ∩ H} = ( ∑_{i ∈ I} c_i 1_{X_i}^H )_{C ∩ H}

holds for suitable rational integers c_i. Let W be the full preimage of the elementary normal subgroup of order 16 in U/V ≅ 2^4.A_8 under the natural epimorphism from U to U/V, and set I_1 = { i ∈ I; W ≤ X_i } and I_2 = I ∖ I_1.

Using the known table of marks of U/V, we will find a solution such that [W:(W ∩ X_i)] = 2 for all i ∈ I_2. First we compute the permutation characters 1_S^{U/V} for all subgroups S of U/V that contain W/V, and induce them to H/V.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> subtbl:= CharacterTable( "2^4:A8" );;
gap> subtom:= TableOfMarks( subtbl );;
gap> perms:= PermCharsTom( subtbl, subtom );;
gap> nsg:= ClassPositionsOfNormalSubgroups( subtbl );
[ [ 1 ], [ 1, 2 ], [ 1 .. 25 ] ]
gap> above:= Filtered( perms, x -> x[1] = x[2] );;
gap> tbl:= CharacterTable( "L5(2)" );;
gap> above:= Set( Induced( subtbl, tbl, above ) );;
</pre></div>

Next we compute the permutation characters 1_S^{U/V} for all subgroups S of U/V whose intersection with W/V has index two in W/V. Afterwards we exclude certain subgroups that would slow down later computations, and induce also these characters to H/V.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> index2:= Filtered( perms,
> x -> Sum( PermCharInfo( subtbl, [x] ).contained[1]{ [1,2] } ) = 8 );;
gap> index2:= Filtered( index2, x -> not x[1] in [ 630, 840, 1260, 1680 ] );;
gap> index2:= Set( Induced( subtbl, tbl, index2 ) );;
</pre></div>

Now we induce the permutation characters to H/V, and compute the coefficients of a linear combination as desired.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> orders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( tbl );;
gap> goodclasses:= Filtered( [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( tbl ) ],
> i -> not orders[i] in [ 21, 31 ] );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]
gap> matrix:= List( Concatenation( above, index2 ), x -> x{ goodclasses } );;
gap> sol:= SolutionMat( matrix,
> ListWithIdenticalEntries( Length( goodclasses ), 1 ) );
[ 692/651, 57/217, -78/217, -26/217, 0, 74/651, 11/217, 0, 3/217,
 151/651, 0, 22/651, 0, 0, 0, -11/217, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 -115/651, 0, -3/31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -34/93,
 -11/651, 0, 2/21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1/31, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
gap> nonzero:= Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( sol ) ], i -> sol[i] <> 0 );
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 25, 27, 106, 107, 109, 120 ]
gap> sol:= sol{ nonzero };;
</pre></div>

Now we transfer this linear combination to the character tables which are given in our situation.

Those constituents that are induced from subgroups of H above W can be identified uniquely via their degrees and their values distribution; we compute these characters in the character table of U/W obtained as a factor table of the character table of U/N, lift them back to U/N, induce them to G/N, inflate them to G, and then induce them fo M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> a8degrees:= List( above{ Filtered( nonzero,
> x -> x <= Length( above ) ) },
> x -> x[1] ) / 31;
[ 1, 8, 15, 28, 56, 56, 70, 105, 120, 168, 336, 336 ]
gap> a8tbl:= subtbl / [ 1, 2 ];;
gap> invtoa8:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( subtbl, a8tbl ) );;
gap> nsg:= ClassPositionsOfNormalSubgroups( k );;
gap> nn:= First( nsg, x -> Sum( SizesConjugacyClasses( k ){ x } ) = 6*2^14 );;
gap> a8tbl_other:= k / nn;;
gap> g:= CharacterTable( "MC2B" );
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1" )
gap> constit:= [];;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. Length( a8degrees ) ] do
> cand:= PermChars( a8tbl_other, rec( torso:= [ a8degrees[i] ] ) );
> filt:= Filtered( perms, x -> x^tbl = above[ nonzero[i] ] );
> filt:= List( filt, x -> CompositionMaps( x, invtoa8 ) );
> cand:= Filtered( cand,
> x -> ForAny( filt, y -> Collected( x ) = Collected(y) ) );
> Add( constit, List( Induced( Restricted( Induced(
> Restricted( cand, k ), co1 ), g ), m ), ValuesOfClassFunction ) );
> od;
gap> List( constit, Length );
[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
</pre></div>

Dealing with the remaining constituents is more involved. For a permutation character 1_{X/V}^{U/V}, we compute 1_{WX/V}^{U/V}, a character whose degree is half as large and which can be regarded as a character of U/W. This character can be treated like the ones above: We lift it to U/N, induce it to G/N, and inflate it to G/Z(G); let this character be 1_Y^{G/Z(G)}, for some subgroup Y. Then we compute the possible permutation characters of G/Z(G) that can be induced from a subgroup of index two inside Y, inflate these characters to G and then induce them to M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> downdegrees:= List( index2{ Filtered( nonzero,
> x -> x > Length( above ) )
> - Length( above ) },
> x -> x[1] ) / 31;
[ 30, 210, 210, 1920 ]
gap> f:= g / ClassPositionsOfCentre( g );;
gap> forders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( f );;
gap> inv:= InverseMap( GetFusionMap( g, f ) );;
gap> for j in [ 1 .. Length( downdegrees ) ] do
> chars:= [];
> cand:= PermChars( a8tbl_other, rec( torso:= [ downdegrees[j]/2 ] ) );
> filt:= Filtered( perms, x -> x^tbl = index2[ nonzero[
> j + Length( a8degrees ) ] - Length( above ) ] );
> filt:= Induced( subtbl, a8tbl, filt,
> GetFusionMap( subtbl, a8tbl ));
> cand:= Filtered( cand, x -> ForAny( filt,
> y -> Collected( x ) = Collected( y ) ) );
> cand:= Restricted( Induced( Restricted( cand, k ), co1 ), g );
> for chi in cand do
> cchi:= CompositionMaps( chi, inv );
> upper:= [];
> pphi:= [];
> for i in [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( f ) ] do
> if forders[i] mod 2 = 1 then
> pphi[i]:= 2 * cchi[i];
> elif cchi[i] = 0 then
> pphi[i]:= 0;
> fi;
> upper[i]:= 2* cchi[i];
> od;
> Append( chars, PermChars( f, rec( torso:= ShallowCopy( pphi ),
> upper:= upper,
> normalsubgroup:= [ 1 .. 4 ],
> nonfaithful:= cchi ) ) );
> od;
> Add( constit, List( Induced( Restricted( chars, g ), m ),
> ValuesOfClassFunction ) );
> od;
gap> List( constit, Length );
[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 10, 10, 2 ]
</pre></div>

Now we form the possible linear combinations.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= List( Cartesian( constit ), l -> sol * l );;
gap> m:= CharacterTable( "M" );
CharacterTable( "M" )
gap> morders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( m );;
gap> for x in cand do
> for i in [ 1 .. Length( morders ) ] do
> if morders[i] mod 31 = 0 or morders[i] mod 21 = 0 then
> Unbind( x[i] );
> fi;
> od;
> od;
</pre></div>

Exactly one of the candidates has only integral values.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= Filtered( cand, x -> ForAll( x, IsInt ) );
[ [ 391965121389536908413379198941796875, 23914487292951376996875,
 474163138042468875, 9500455925885925, 646346515815,
 334363486275, 954161764875, 147339103275, 1481392395,
 1313281515, 0, 8203125, 9827885925, 1216215, 91556325, 9388791,
 115911, 587331, 874650, 0, 79515, 581955, 336375, 104371,
 62331, 36855, 0, 0, 0, 0, 28125, 525, 1125, 0, 188325, 16767,
 88965, 2403, 9477, 1155, 891, 207, 351, 627, 0, 0, 4410, 1498,
 0, 0, 0, 30, 150, 91, 151, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 125,
 0, 5, 5,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 141, 45, 27, 61, 27, 9, 9, 7, 3, 15,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 74, 42, 0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 0, 6, 6, 6,,, 1, 1,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,,,,, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,, 0, 0, 0 ] ]
</pre></div>

Now we compute the possible permutation characters that have the prescribed values.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= PermChars( m, rec( torso:= cand[1] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M" ),
 [ 391965121389536908413379198941796875, 23914487292951376996875,
 474163138042468875, 9500455925885925, 646346515815,
 334363486275, 954161764875, 147339103275, 1481392395,
 1313281515, 0, 8203125, 9827885925, 1216215, 91556325, 9388791,
 115911, 587331, 874650, 0, 79515, 581955, 336375, 104371,
 62331, 36855, 0, 0, 0, 0, 28125, 525, 1125, 0, 188325, 16767,
 88965, 2403, 9477, 1155, 891, 207, 351, 627, 0, 0, 4410, 1498,
 0, 0, 0, 30, 150, 91, 151, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 125,
 0, 5, 5, 210, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 141, 45, 27, 61, 27, 9, 9,
 7, 3, 15, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 74, 42, 0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 0, 6, 6,
 6, 3, 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 1, 1, 0, 18, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

There is only one candidate, so we have found the permutation character.

The character table of H is available since 2025. We can compute the permutation character directly from this table.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> h:= CharacterTable( "2^(5+10+20).(S3xL5(2))" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( h, m );;
gap> cand = Set( fus, map -> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( h, m,
> [ TrivialCharacter( h ) ], map )[1] );
true
</pre></div>

<a id="X7F2ABD3E7AFF5F6E" name="X7F2ABD3E7AFF5F6E"></a>

<h5>8.16-4 The Subgroup 2^{10+16}.O_10^+(2) (November 2009)</h5>

According to the Atlas of Finite Groups <a href="chapBib.html#biBCCN85">[CCN+85, p. 234]</a>, the Monster group M has a class of maximal subgroups H of the type 2^{10+16}.O_10^+(2). Currently the character table of H and the class fusion into M are not available in GAP. We are interested in the permutation character 1_H^M, and we will compute it without this information.

The subgroup H normalizes an elementary abelian group E of order 2^10 which contains 496 involutions in the class <code class="code">2A</code> and 527 involutions in the class <code class="code">2B</code>. Let V denote the normal subgroup of order 2^26 in H, and set barH = H/N. Since the smallest two indices of maximal subgroups of barH are 496 and 527, respectively, H acts transitively on both the <code class="code">2A</code> and the <code class="code">2B</code> involutions in E, and the centralizers of these involutions contain V.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> Hbar:= CharacterTable( "O10+(2)" );;
gap> U_Abar:= CharacterTable( "O10+(2)M1" );
CharacterTable( "S8(2)" )
gap> Index( Hbar, U_Abar );
496
gap> U_Bbar:= CharacterTable( "O10+(2)M2" );
CharacterTable( "2^8:O8+(2)" )
gap> Index( Hbar, U_Bbar );
527
</pre></div>

We fix a <code class="code">2A</code> involution z_A in E, and set G_A = C_M(z_A) and U_A = C_H(z_A). So G_A has the structure 2.B and U_A has the structure 2^{10+16}.S_8(2). From the list of maximal subgroups of B we see that the image of G_A under the natural epimorphism from G_A to B is a maximal subgroup of B and has the structure 2^{9+16}.S_8(2).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> b:= CharacterTable( "B" );
CharacterTable( "B" )
gap> Horder:= 2^26 * Size( Hbar );
1577011055923770163200
gap> order:= Horder / ( 2 * 496 );
1589728887019929600
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( b ), CharacterTable );;
gap> filt:= Filtered( maxes, t -> Size( t ) mod order = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^(9+16).S8(2)" ) ]
gap> List( filt, t -> Size( t ) / order );
[ 1 ]
gap> u1:= filt[1];
CharacterTable( "2^(9+16).S8(2)" )
</pre></div>

Analogously, we fix a <code class="code">2B</code> involution z_B in E, and set G_B = C_M(z_B) and U_B = C_H(z_B), Further, let N be the extraspecial normal subgroup of order 2^25 in G_B. So G_B has the structure 2^{1+24}_+.Co_1, and U_B has index 527 in G_B. From the list of maximal subgroups of Co_1 we see that the image of U_B under the natural epimorphism from G_B to Co_1 is a maximal subgroup of Co_1 and has the structure 2^{1+8}_+.O_8^+(2).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> co1:= CharacterTable( "Co1" );;
gap> order:= Horder / ( 2^25 * 527 );
89181388800
gap> maxes:= List( Maxes( co1 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> filt:= Filtered( maxes, t -> Size( t ) mod order = 0 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)" ) ]
gap> List( filt, t -> Size( t ) / order );
[ 1 ]
gap> u2:= filt[1];
CharacterTable( "2^(1+8)+.O8+(2)" )
</pre></div>

First we compute the permutation characters π_A = 1_{U_A}^M and π_B = 1_{U_B}^M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m:= CharacterTable( "M" );
CharacterTable( "M" )
gap> 2b:= CharacterTable( "MC2A" );
CharacterTable( "2.B" )
gap> mm:= CharacterTable( "MC2B" );
CharacterTable( "2^1+24.Co1" )
gap> pi_A:= RestrictedClassFunction( TrivialCharacter( u1 )^b, 2b )^m;;
gap> pi_B:= RestrictedClassFunction( TrivialCharacter( u2 )^co1, mm )^m;;
</pre></div>

The degree of 1_H^M is of course known.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> torso:= [ Size( m ) / Horder ];
[ 512372707698741056749515292734375 ]
</pre></div>

Next we compute some zero values of 1_H^M, using the following conditions.

<ul>
<li>For g ∈ M, if |g| does not divide |H| or if |g| is not the product of an element order in H/V and a 2-power. (In fact we could use that the exponent of V is 4, but this would not improve the result.)

</li>
<li>Let U ≤ H ≤ G, and let p be a prime that does not divide [H:U]. Then U contains a Sylow p subgroup of H, so each element of order p in H is conjugate in H to an element in U. For g ∈ G, g = g_p h, where the order of g_p is a power of p such that 1_U^G(g_p) = 0 holds, we have 1_H^G(g) = 0. We apply this to U ∈ { U_A, U_B }.

</li>
</ul>

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> morders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( m );;
gap> 2parts:= Union( [ 1 ], Filtered( Set( morders ),
> x -> IsPrimePowerInt( x ) and IsEvenInt( x ) ) );
[ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ]
gap> factorders:= Set( OrdersClassRepresentatives( Hbar ) );;
gap> primes_A:= Filtered( PrimeDivisors( Horder ), p -> 496 mod p <> 0 );
[ 3, 5, 7, 17 ]
gap> primes_B:= Filtered( PrimeDivisors( Horder ), p -> 527 mod p <> 0 );
[ 2, 3, 5, 7 ]
gap> primes:= Union( primes_A, primes_B );;
gap> n:= NrConjugacyClasses( m );;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. n ] do
> if Horder mod morders[i] <> 0 then
> torso[i]:= 0;
> elif ForAll( factorders, x -> not morders[i] / x in 2parts ) then
> torso[i]:= 0;
> else
> for p in primes do
> if morders[i] mod p = 0 then
> pprime:= morders[i];
> while pprime mod p = 0 do pprime:= pprime / p; od;
> pos:= PowerMap( m, pprime )[i];
> if p in primes_A and pi_A[ pos ] = 0 then
> torso[i]:= 0;
> elif p in primes_B and pi_B[ pos ] = 0 then
> torso[i]:= 0;
> fi;
> fi;
> od;
> fi;
> od;
gap> torso;
[ 512372707698741056749515292734375,,,,, 0,,,,,,,,,,,, 0,, 0,,,,,,,,,,
 ,,,, 0,,,, 0,,,,,, 0, 0, 0,,, 0,,,, 0,,,,,,,,,, 0,,,,,,,, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,, 0, 0,,,,, 0,,,,,,, 0, 0,
 , 0, 0,,,,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,,, 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 , 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,,,,,, 0,,, 0, 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0,, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ]
</pre></div>

Now we want to compute as many nonzero values of 1_H^M as possible, using the same approach as in the previous sections. For that, we first compute several permutation characters 1_X^M, for subgroups X with the property V < X < U_A or V < X < U_B. Then we find several subsets C of M, each being a union of conjugacy classes of M such that (1_H)_{C ∩ H} is a linear combination of the characters 1_X^H, restricted to C ∩ H. This yields the values of 1_H^M on the classes in C.

The actual computations are performed with the characters 1_{X/V}^{H/V}. So we build two parallel lists <code class="code">cand</code> and <code class="code">candbar</code> of permutation characters of M and of H/V, respectively. For that, we write two small GAP functions:

<ul>
<li>In the function <code class="code">AddSubgroupOfS82</code>, we choose a subgroup Y of S_8(2) ≅ U_A/V, compute 1_Y^{U_A/V}, inflate it to a character of U_A, induce this character to B, inflate the result to G_A, and finally induce this character to M.

</li>
<li>In the function <code class="code">AddSubgroupOfO8p2</code>, we choose a subgroup Y of the factor group F ≅ O_8^+(2) of U_B/N, compute 1_Y^F, inflate it to a character of U_B/N, induce this to a character of G_B/N ≅ Co_1, inflate this to a character of G_B, and finally induce this character to M.

One difficulty in this case is that choosing a subgroup X/V of H/V involves fixing the class fusion into H/V, but it is not clear which is a compatible class fusion of the corresponding subgroup X into M; therefore, each entry of <code class="code">cand</code> is in fact not the permutation character of M in question but a list of possibilities.

</li>
</ul>

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= [ [ pi_A ], [ pi_B ] ];;
gap> candbar:= [ TrivialCharacter( U_Abar )^Hbar,
> TrivialCharacter( U_Bbar )^Hbar ];;
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82:= function( subname )
> local psis82;
> 
> psis82:= TrivialCharacter( CharacterTable( subname ) )^U_Abar;
> Add( cand, [ Restricted( Restricted( psis82, u1 )^b, 2b )^m ] );
> Add( candbar, psis82 ^ Hbar );
> end;;
gap> tt1:= CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" );
CharacterTable( "O8+(2)" )
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2:= function( subname )
> local psi, list, char;
> 
> psi:= TrivialCharacter( CharacterTable( subname ) )^tt1;
> list:= [];
> for char in Orbit( AutomorphismsOfTable( tt1 ), psi, Permuted ) do
> AddSet( list, Restricted( Restricted( char, u2 ) ^ co1, mm ) ^ m );
> od;
> Add( cand, list );
> Add( candbar, Restricted( psi, U_Bbar ) ^ Hbar );
> end;;
</pre></div>

Now we choose the subgroups that will turn out to be sufficient for our computations.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "O8+(2).2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2( "S6(2)" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "O8-(2).2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "A10.2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "S4(4).2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "L2(17)" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2( "A9" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2( "2^6:A8" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2( "(3xU4(2)):2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfO8p2( "(A5xA5):2^2" );
gap> AddSubgroupOfS82( "S8(2)M4" );
</pre></div>

In the case of A_5 < S_8(2), the function <code class="code">AddSubgroupOfS82</code> does not work because there are several class fusions of A_5 into S_8(2). We choose one fusion; the fact that it really describes an embedding of an A_5 type subgroup of S_8(2) can be checked using the function <code class="func">NrPolyhedralSubgroups</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap71.html#X83AE05BF8085B3C8">Reference: NrPolyhedralSubgroups</a>).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> a5:= CharacterTable( "A5" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( a5, U_Abar )[1];;
gap> NrPolyhedralSubgroups( U_Abar, fus[2], fus[3], fus[4] );
rec( number := 548352, type := "A5" )
gap> psis82:= Induced( a5, U_Abar, [ TrivialCharacter( a5 ) ], fus )[1];;
gap> Add( cand, [ Restricted( Restricted( psis82, u1 )^b, 2b )^m ] );
gap> Add( candbar, psis82 ^ Hbar );
gap> List( cand, Length );
[ 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1 ]
</pre></div>

The following function takes a condition on conjugacy classes in terms of their element orders, which gives a set C of elements in M. It forms the corresponding set of elements in H/V and tries to express the restriction of 1_{H/V} as a linear combination of the characters 1_X^{H/V} that are stored in the list <code class="code">candbar</code>. If this works and if the corresponding linear combination of the candidates in <code class="code">cand</code> is unique, the newly found values of 1_H^M are entered into the list <code class="code">torso</code>.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> Hbarorders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( Hbar );;
gap> TryCondition:= function( cond )
> local pos, sol, lincomb, oldknown, i;
> 
> pos:= Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( Hbarorders ) ],
> i -> cond( Hbarorders[i] ) );
> sol:= SolutionMat( candbar{[1..Length(candbar)]}{ pos },
> ListWithIdenticalEntries( Length( pos ), 1 ) );
> if sol = fail then
> return "no solution";
> fi;
> 
> pos:= Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( morders) ], i -> cond( morders[i] ) );
> lincomb:= Filtered( Set( Cartesian( cand ), x -> sol * x ),
> x -> ForAll( pos, i -> IsPosInt( x[i] ) or x[i] = 0 ) );
> if Length( lincomb ) <> 1 then
> return "solution is not unique";
> fi;
> 
> lincomb:= lincomb[1];;
> oldknown:= Number( torso );
> for i in pos do
> if IsBound( torso[i] ) then
> if torso[i] <> lincomb[i] then
> Error( "contradiction of new and known value at position ", i );
> fi;
> elif not IsInt( lincomb[i] ) or lincomb[i] < 0 then
> Error( "new value at position ", i, " is not a nonneg. integer" );
> fi;
> torso[i]:= lincomb[i];
> od;
> return Concatenation( "now ", String( Number( torso ) ), " values (",
> String( Number( torso ) - oldknown ), " new)" );
> end;;
</pre></div>

This procedure makes sense only if the elements of H that satisfy the condition are contained in the full preimage of the classes of H/V that satisfy the condition. Note that this is in fact the case for the conditions used below. This is clear for condition concerning only odd element orders, because V is a 2-group. Also the set of all elements of the orders 9, 18, and 36 is such a <q>closed</q> set, since M has no elements of order 72. Finally, the set of all elements of the orders 1, 2, and 4 in H is admissible because it is contained in the preimage of the set of all elements of these orders in H/V.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> TryCondition( x -> x mod 7 = 0 and x mod 3 <> 0 );
"now 99 values (7 new)"
gap> TryCondition( x -> x mod 17 = 0 and x mod 3 <> 0 );
"now 102 values (3 new)"
gap> TryCondition( x -> x mod 5 = 0 and x mod 3 <> 0 );
"now 119 values (17 new)"
gap> TryCondition( x -> 4 mod x = 0 );
"now 125 values (6 new)"
gap> TryCondition( x -> 9 mod x = 0 );
"now 129 values (4 new)"
gap> TryCondition( x -> x in [ 9, 18, 36 ] );
"now 138 values (9 new)"
</pre></div>

Possible constituents of 1_H^M are those rational irreducible characters of M that are constituents of π^M.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> constit:= Filtered( RationalizedMat( Irr( m ) ),
> x -> ScalarProduct( m, x, pi_A ) <> 0
> and ScalarProduct( m, x, pi_B ) <> 0 );;
</pre></div>

For the missing values, we can provide at least lower bounds, using that U ≤ H ≤ G implies 1_H^G(g) ≥ 1_U^G(g) / [H:U] = [G:H] ⋅ 1_U^G(g) / 1_U^G(1).

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> lower:= [];;
gap> Hindex:= Size( m ) / Horder;
512372707698741056749515292734375
gap> for i in [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( m ) ] do
> lower[i]:= Maximum( pi_A[i] / ( pi_A[1] / Hindex ),
> pi_B[i] / ( pi_B[1] / Hindex ) );
> if not IsInt( lower[i] ) then
> lower[i]:= Int( lower[i] + 1 );
> fi;
> od;
</pre></div>

Now we compute the possible permutation characters that have the prescribed values, are compatible with the given lower bounds for values, and have only constituents in the given list.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> cand:= PermChars( m, rec( torso:= torso, chars:= constit,
> lower:= lower, normalsubgroup:= [ 1 .. NrConjugacyClasses( m ) ],
> nonfaithful:= TrivialCharacter( m ) ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "M" ),
 [ 512372707698741056749515292734375, 405589064025344574375,
 29628786742129575, 658201521662685, 215448838605, 0,
 121971774375, 28098354375, 335229607, 108472455, 164587500,
 4921875, 2487507165, 2567565, 26157789, 6593805, 398925, 0,
 437325, 0, 44983, 234399, 90675, 21391, 41111, 12915, 6561,
 6561, 177100, 7660, 6875, 315, 275, 0, 113373, 17901, 57213, 0,
 4957, 1197, 909, 301, 397, 0, 0, 0, 3885, 525, 0, 2835, 90, 45,
 0, 103, 67, 43, 28, 81, 189, 9, 9, 9, 0, 540, 300, 175, 20, 15,
 7, 420, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 165, 61, 37, 37, 0, 9, 9, 13, 5,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 77, 45, 13, 0, 0, 45, 115, 19, 10, 0, 5, 5,
 9, 9, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 9, 9, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1,
 1, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

There is only one candidate, so we have found the permutation character.

The character table of H is available since 2023. We can compute the permutation character directly from this table.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> h:= CharacterTable( "2^(10+16).O10+(2)" );;
gap> fus:= PossibleClassFusions( h, m );;
gap> cand = Set( fus, map -> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( h, m,
> [ TrivialCharacter( h ) ], map )[1] );
true
</pre></div>

<a id="X87D11B097D95D027" name="X87D11B097D95D027"></a>

<h4>8.17 A permutation character of the Baby Monster (June 2012)</h4>

We compute the character of the Baby Monster that is induced from the trivial character of a Sylow 2-subgroup. (Gabriel Navarro had asked me how GAP can compute this character.) We start with the computation of those transitive permutation characters of the symmetric group on five points that have degree 15. Note that the function <code class="func">PermChars</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X7D02541482C196A6">Reference: PermChars</a>) computes in general only candidates, but here we are sure that the result consists of permutation characters because it is unique.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "S5" );
CharacterTable( "A5.2" )
gap> pi:= PermChars( t, rec( torso:= [ 15 ] ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "A5.2" ), [ 15, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0 ] ) ]
</pre></div>

Next, we regard this character as a character of the group 2^5:S_5 that occurs as a maximal subgroup of index 231 in M_22:2.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m222:= CharacterTable( "M22.2" );
CharacterTable( "M22.2" )
gap> mx:= List( Maxes( m222 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> mx:= Filtered( mx, x -> Size( m222 ) / Size( x ) = 231 );
[ CharacterTable( "M22.2M4" ) ]
gap> pi:= pi[1]{ GetFusionMap( mx[1], t ) };
[ 15, 15, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 0, 15, 15, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3,
 1, 1, 0 ]
</pre></div>

We induce this character to M_22:2. (Note that this is the character that is induced from the trivial character of a Sylow 2-subgroup of M_22:2.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pi:= InducedClassFunction( mx[1], pi, m222 );
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "M22.2" ),
[ 3465, 105, 0, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 189, 45, 9, 13, 0, 1, 0, 0,
 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

Next, we regard this character as a character of the group 2^10:M_22:2 that occurs as a maximal subgroup of index 46575 in Co_2.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> co2:= CharacterTable( "Co2" );
CharacterTable( "Co2" )
gap> mx:= List( Maxes( co2 ), CharacterTable );;
gap> mx:= Filtered( mx, x -> Size( co2 ) / Size( x ) = 46575 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^10:m22:2" ) ]
gap> pi:= pi{ GetFusionMap( mx[1], m222 ) };
[ 3465, 3465, 3465, 3465, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 105, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 189, 189, 189, 189, 189, 189, 45, 45, 45, 45,
 9, 9, 9, 9, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
</pre></div>

We induce this character to Co_2.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pi:= InducedClassFunction( mx[1], pi, co2 );
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "Co2" ),
[ 161382375, 626535, 162855, 27495, 0, 0, 6615, 3975, 2727, 855,
 567, 975, 115, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 63, 51, 19, 27, 35, 7, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

Next, we regard this character as a character of the group 2^{1+22}.Co_2 that occurs as a maximal subgroup of index 11707448673375 in the Baby Monster.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> b:= CharacterTable( "B" );
CharacterTable( "B" )
gap> mx:= List( Maxes( b ), CharacterTable );;
gap> mx:= Filtered( mx, x -> Size( b ) / Size( x ) = 11707448673375 );
[ CharacterTable( "2^(1+22).Co2" ) ]
gap> pi:= pi{ GetFusionMap( mx[1], co2 ) };;
gap> pi[1];
161382375
</pre></div>

We induce this character to the Baby Monster.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pi:= InducedClassFunction( mx[1], pi, b );
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "B" ),
[ 1889375872099856765625, 2609385408855225, 62316674429625,
 207818526825, 268788490425, 0, 0, 13052741625, 7537207545,
 128298681, 270580905, 46366425, 74315385, 35633385, 3937689,
 201825, 1233225, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 713097,
 241425, 320625, 88521, 275265, 57705, 19305, 20089, 9441, 6489,
 2577, 1825, 5345, 753, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 273, 417, 105, 97, 185, 33, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

<a id="X86827FA97D27F3A2" name="X86827FA97D27F3A2"></a>

<h4>8.18 A permutation character of 2.B (October 2017)</h4>

We compute the character of the double cover 2.B of the Baby Monster that is induced from the trivial character of a subgroup U of the structure 2^1+22.McL.

This subgroup occurs as the intersection of two conjugates of 2.B inside the Monster group M. More precisely, we consider 2.B as the centralizer of an involution a in M, and we are interested in the permutation action of M on the cosets of 2.B (or, equivalently, on the conjugacy class in M of this involution). The restriction of this action to 2.B has nine orbits. One of them has point stabilizer U.

Background information can be found in <a href="chapBib.html#biBGMS89">[GJMS89]</a>. The decomposition into the nine orbits appears in Definition (3.4.9) on p 587, and our orbit is characterized in Table VII (on p. 582) by the facts that its points c have order 4 and the squares of a c lie in the class <code class="code">2B</code> of M. This implies that a and c do not commute, hence a does not lie in U.

From this description, we know that U is a subgroup of a maximal subgroup of the type 2^2+22.Co_2 in 2.B, and the group ⟨ U, a ⟩ has the type 2^2+22.McL.

Thus we can proceed in two steps. First we induce the trivial character of ⟨ U, a ⟩ to 2.B. Then we use the variant of the GAP function <code class="func">PermChars</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X7D02541482C196A6">Reference: PermChars</a>) that allows us to prescribe the permutation character of the closure with a normal subgroup, which is ⟨ a ⟩ in our case.

The first step can be performed by inducing the trivial character of McL to Co_2, ...

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> mcl:= CharacterTable( "McL" );
CharacterTable( "McL" )
gap> co2:= CharacterTable( "Co2" );
CharacterTable( "Co2" )
gap> ind:= Induced( mcl, co2, [ TrivialCharacter( mcl ) ] )[1];
Character( CharacterTable( "Co2" ),
[ 47104, 0, 1024, 0, 16, 160, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 0, 0, 4, 24, 16, 0, 0,
 0, 16, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 4, 4, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4,
 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ] )
</pre></div>

... regarding this character as a character of 2^1+22.Co_2, ...

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> m:= CharacterTable( "BM2" );
CharacterTable( "2^(1+22).Co2" )
gap> infl:= ind{ GetFusionMap( m, co2 ) };
[ 47104, 47104, 47104, 47104, 47104, 47104, 47104, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024,
 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, 16, 16, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160, 160,
 160, 160, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 64, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 16, 16, 16,
 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16,
 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 8, 8, 8,
 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2,
 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4,
 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2,
 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
</pre></div>

... inducing this character to B, ...

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> b:= CharacterTable( "B" );
CharacterTable( "B" )
gap> ind:= Induced( m, b, [ infl ] )[1];
ClassFunction( CharacterTable( "B" ),
[ 551467662310656000, 186911262720, 272993634304, 0, 634521600,
 194594400, 69984, 8495104, 17465344, 129024, 276480, 2073600,
 16384, 798720, 46080, 0, 5120, 138600, 1000, 110880, 252000,
 112480, 432, 12960, 0, 1312, 8352, 864, 432, 0, 2520, 0, 2880,
 2880, 3072, 2880, 0, 0, 256, 64, 1152, 576, 640, 192, 96, 0, 108,
 2520, 744, 0, 104, 120, 40, 30, 160, 16, 1120, 1024, 0, 0, 96, 288,
 64, 144, 0, 96, 0, 108, 16, 48, 0, 32, 12, 0, 0, 0, 168, 0, 104,
 48, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 16, 8, 8, 0, 24, 12, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24,
 4, 24, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 16, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2,
 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] )
</pre></div>

... and regarding the result as a character of 2.B.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> 2b:= CharacterTable( "2.B" );
CharacterTable( "2.B" )
gap> infl:= ind{ GetFusionMap( 2b, b ) };
[ 551467662310656000, 551467662310656000, 186911262720, 272993634304,
 272993634304, 0, 634521600, 194594400, 194594400, 69984, 69984,
 8495104, 17465344, 129024, 276480, 2073600, 2073600, 16384, 798720,
 46080, 0, 5120, 138600, 138600, 1000, 1000, 110880, 252000, 112480,
 112480, 432, 12960, 0, 1312, 1312, 8352, 864, 864, 432, 0, 2520,
 2520, 0, 2880, 2880, 3072, 2880, 0, 0, 256, 64, 1152, 576, 576,
 640, 192, 96, 0, 0, 108, 108, 2520, 744, 744, 0, 104, 104, 120, 40,
 40, 30, 30, 160, 16, 1120, 1024, 0, 0, 0, 96, 288, 64, 144, 144, 0,
 96, 0, 108, 108, 16, 48, 0, 32, 12, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 168, 0, 104,
 104, 48, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 16, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 24, 12, 4,
 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 4, 24, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6,
 6, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 16, 8, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 2, 2,
 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
</pre></div>

Now we have the character ψ that represents the <q>nonfaithful half</q> of the desired permutation character. We have to <q>fill it up</q> with faithful characters of 2.B of total degree ψ(1) such that the sum with ψ can be a permutation character of 2.B.

The GAP function <code class="func">PermChars</code> (<a href="../../../doc/ref/chap72.html#X7D02541482C196A6">Reference: PermChars</a>) is designed for this situation. We specify the normal subgroup N = ⟨ a ⟩ by listing the positions of its conjugacy classes in the character table of 2.B, we enter the known permutation character 1_{UN}^{2.B}, and of course we specify the degree of the possible permutation characters.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> centre:= ClassPositionsOfCentre( 2b );
[ 1, 2 ]
gap> pi:= PermChars( 2b, rec( torso:= [ 2 * infl[1], 0 ],
> normalsubgroup:= centre,
> nonfaithful:= infl ) );
[ Character( CharacterTable( "2.B" ),
 [ 1102935324621312000, 0, 186911262720, 541790208000, 4197060608,
 0, 634521600, 389188800, 0, 139968, 0, 8495104, 17465344,
 129024, 276480, 4026240, 120960, 16384, 798720, 46080, 0, 5120,
 277200, 0, 2000, 0, 110880, 252000, 190080, 34880, 432, 12960,
 0, 2592, 32, 8352, 1728, 0, 432, 0, 5040, 0, 0, 2880, 2880,
 3072, 2880, 0, 0, 256, 64, 1152, 1008, 144, 640, 192, 96, 0, 0,
 216, 0, 2520, 960, 528, 0, 200, 8, 120, 80, 0, 60, 0, 160, 16,
 1120, 1024, 0, 0, 0, 96, 288, 64, 216, 72, 0, 96, 0, 216, 0,
 16, 48, 0, 32, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 168, 0, 160, 48, 48, 0, 0, 8,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 16, 8, 12, 4, 0, 0, 24, 12, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 24, 4, 24, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 6, 8, 4,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 16, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 2, 2, 2,
 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ) ]
gap> MatScalarProducts( 2b, Irr( 2b ), pi );
[ [ 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, 2, 0, 0, 1, 4, 1, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0,
 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 3, 1, 5, 0, 4, 3, 2, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 6, 4, 0, 1,
 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 5, 0, 5, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 1,
 0, 2, 0, 4, 2, 4, 4, 3, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 2, 5, 0, 1,
 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1, 4, 5, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 2,
 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 0, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3,
 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 1, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0,
 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,
 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 0,
 0, 2, 2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 1, 7, 7, 0, 0, 0, 1, 6, 4, 5, 0, 0, 3, 0,
 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 1, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 5, 0, 1 ] ]
</pre></div>

We are lucky: There is a unique solution, and its computation is quite fast.

<a id="X849F0EA6807C9B19" name="X849F0EA6807C9B19"></a>

<h4>8.19 Generation of sporadic simple groups by π- and π'-subgroups (December 2021)</h4>

This section shows the computations that are needed in order to show the following statements from <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG]</a>.

At the time when this paper was written, a special treatment of the Monster group was necessary because the classification of its maximal subgroups was not yet complete, and also not all character tables of the known maximal subgroups were available. The now unnecessary computations for the Monster group are shown in Section <a href="chap8.html#X839272078243F4DB">8.19-1</a>.

Proposition 2.2: Let S be a sporadic simple group and let P be a Sylow 2-subgroup of S. If 1 ≠ x ∈ S, then S = ⟨ P, x^g ⟩ for some g ∈ S.

Theorem 7.1: Let S be a sporadic simple group and let p ≤ q be primes each dividing |S|. Then S can be generated by a Sylow p-subgroup and a Sylow q-subgroup.

A stronger version of Theorem 7.1: Let S be a sporadic simple group, p be a prime dividing |S|, and P be a Sylow p-subgroup of S. If 1 ≠ x ∈ S, then S = ⟨ P, x^g ⟩ for some g ∈ S.

First we show <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG, Proposition 2.2]</a>. Let S be a sporadic simple group, fix a Sylow 2-subgroup P of S, and let x be a nonidentity element in S. We use known information about maximal subgroups of S to show that x^S is not a subset of the union of those maximal subgroups in S that contain P.

Let M be a maximal subgroup of S with the property P ≤ M. The number of S-conjugates of M that contain P is equal to |N_S(P)|/|N_M(P)| ≤ [N_S(P):P], thus these subgroups can contain at most [N_S(P):P] |x^S ∩ M| elements from the class x^S.

Thus the number of elements in x^S that generate a proper subgroup of S together with P is bounded from above by [N_S(P):P] ∑_M |x^S ∩ M|, where the sum is taken over representatives M of conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of odd index in S.

Let 1_M^S denote the permutation character of the action of S on the cosets of M. We have |x^S ∩ M| = |x^S| 1_M^S(x) / 1_M^S(1). Hence we are done when we show that

[N_S(P):P] ∑_M 1_M^S(x) / 1_M^S(1) < 1

holds.

The numbers [N_S(P):P] can be read off from <a href="chapBib.html#biBWil98">[Wil98, Table I]</a>. Here we use the fact that the character table of the Sylow 2-normalizer of S is available except if S is one of Co_1, J_4, F_3+, B, or M, and that the Sylow 2-subgroup if self-normalizing in these cases.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> names:= AllCharacterTableNames( IsSporadicSimple, true,
> IsDuplicateTable, false : OrderedBy:= Size );
[ "M11", "M12", "J1", "M22", "J2", "M23", "HS", "J3", "M24", "McL",
 "He", "Ru", "Suz", "ON", "Co3", "Co2", "Fi22", "HN", "Ly", "Th",
 "Fi23", "Co1", "J4", "F3+", "B", "M" ]
gap> normindices:= rec( Co1:= 1, J4:= 1, F3\+:= 1, B:= 1, M:= 1 );;
gap> for name in names do
> n:= CharacterTable( Concatenation( name, "N2" ) );
> if n = fail then
> Print( name, "\n" );
> else
> 2part:= 2^Length( Positions( Factors( Size( n ) ), 2 ) );
> normindices.( name ):= Size( n ) / 2part;
> fi;
> od;
Co1
J4
F3+
B
M
</pre></div>

For all sporadic simple groups S, the primitive permutation characters 1_M^S can be computed from the data about maximal subgroups contained in GAP's library of character tables.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> maxbound:= [];;
gap> for name in names do
> t:= CharacterTable( name );
> mx:= List( Maxes( t ), CharacterTable );
> odd:= Filtered( mx, s -> ( Size( t ) / Size( s ) ) mod 2 <> 0 );
> primperm:= List( odd, s -> TrivialCharacter( s )^t );
> sum:= normindices.( name ) * Sum( primperm, pi -> pi / pi[1] );
> Add( maxbound,
> [ name, Maximum( sum{ [ 2 .. Length( sum ) ] } ) ] );
> od;
gap> SortBy( maxbound, x -> - x[2] );
gap> maxbound[1];
[ "J2", 3/5 ]
</pre></div>

We see that the left hand side of the above inequality is always less than or equal to 3/5, in particular it is less than 1.

Next we show <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG, Theorem 7.1]</a> and its stronger version stated above.

As a first step, we generalize the approach from the above computations in order to check for which prime divisors p of |S| and for which nontrivial conjugacy classes x^S of S the group S is generated by a Sylow p-subgroup P together with a conjugate of x.

The upper bound [N_S(P):P] for |N_S(P)|/|N_M(P)|, for a maximal subgroup M of S that contains P, is not good enough in some of the cases considered here. Instead of it, we compute the upper bound u(S, M, p) which is defined as follows; we assume that we know |N_S(P)|.

<ul>
<li>If P is cyclic then we can compute |N_M(P)| from the character table of M, and set u(S, M, p) = |N_S(P)| / |N_M(P)|.

</li>
<li>Otherwise, if P is normal in M, we set u(S, M, p) = |N_S(P)| / |M|.

</li>
<li>Otherwise, if we know a subgroup U of M such that P is a proper normal subgroup of U, we set u(S, M, p) = |N_S(P)| / |U|.

</li>
<li>Otherwise, we set u(S, M, p) = |N_S(P)| / |P|.

</li>
</ul>

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> upper_bound:= function( tblS, tblM, p )
> local ppart, ppartposS, ppartposM, n, N_S, f, subname, u;
> 
> ppart:= Product( Filtered( Factors( Size( tblS ) ), x -> x = p ), 1 );
> ppartposS:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( tblS ), ppart );
> if 0 < Length( ppartposS ) then
> # P is cyclic.
> if tblM = fail then
> return ( SizesCentralizers( tblS )[ ppartposS[1] ] * Phi( ppart )
> / Length( ppartposS ) ) / ppart;
> else
> ppartposM:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( tblM ), ppart );
> return ( SizesCentralizers( tblS )[ ppartposS[1] ] * Phi( ppart )
> / Length( ppartposS ) ) /
> ( SizesCentralizers( tblM )[ ppartposM[1] ] * Phi( ppart )
> / Length( ppartposM ) );
> fi;
> fi;
> 
> # Compute |N_S(P)|.
> n:= CharacterTable( Concatenation( Identifier( tblS ), "N",
> String( p ) ) );
> if n <> fail then
> N_S:= Size( n );
> elif p = 2 then
> N_S:= ppart * normindices.( Identifier( tblS ) );
> elif Identifier( tblS ) = "M" and p = 3 then
> # The Sylow 3-normalizer is contained in 3^(3+2+6+6):(L3(3)xSD16)
> N_S:= ppart * 2^6;
> elif Identifier( tblS ) = "F3+" and p = 3 then
> N_S:= ppart * 8;
> else
> Error( "cannot compute |N_S(P)|" );
> fi;
> 
> if tblM = fail then
> return N_S / ppart;
> elif Sum( SizesConjugacyClasses( tblM ){
> ClassPositionsOfPCore( tblM, p ) } ) = ppart then
> # P is normal in M.
> return N_S / Size( tblM );
> fi;
> 
> # Inspect known character tables of subgroups of M.
> f:= N_S / ppart;
> for subname in NamesOfFusionSources( tblM ) do
> u:= CharacterTable( subname );
> if ClassPositionsOfKernel( GetFusionMap( u, tblM ) ) = [ 1 ] and
> Sum( SizesConjugacyClasses( u ){
> ClassPositionsOfPCore( u, p ) } ) = ppart then
> f:= Minimum( f, N_S / Size( u ) );
> fi;
> od;
> 
> return f;
> end;;
</pre></div>

We run over the sporadic simple groups and collect in the list <code class="code">badcases_strong</code> those <q>bad</q> prime divisors p of |S| and conjugacy class representatives x of nonidentity elements in S for which

∑_M u(S, M, p) 1_M^S(x) / 1_M^S(1) ≥ 1

holds, where the sum is taken over representatives M of conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of S whose index in S is coprime to p. In these cases, we have to find other arguments.

For the proof of <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG, Theorem 7.1]</a>, we can discard all those entries from the list of <q>bad</q> p and x where x is not a q-element, for some prime q, or where another nonidentity q-element exists that does not occur in the list. This is done by collecting a second list <code class="code">badcases_thm</code> of the remaining <q>bad</q> cases.

For the proof of the stronger version, we will later explicitly compute group elements from the classes in question that generate S together with a Sylow p-subgroup. (The only technical complication is that the class fusion of maximal subgroups of the type (2^2 × F_4(2)):2 of the Baby Monster is currently not known, thus we cannot simply induce the trivial character in this case. However, the permutation character is uniquely determined by the two character tables.)

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> badcases_thm:= [];;
gap> badcases_strong:= [];;
gap> good:= "dummy";; # Avoid a message about an unbound variable ...
gap> for name in Filtered( names, x -> x <> "M" ) do
> t:= CharacterTable( name );
> orders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( t );
> n:= NrConjugacyClasses( t );
> mx:= List( Maxes( t ), CharacterTable );
> for p in PrimeDivisors( Size( t ) ) do
> good:= Filtered( mx, s -> ( Size( t ) / Size( s ) ) mod p <> 0 );
> primperm:= [];
> for s in good do
> if GetFusionMap( s, t ) <> fail then
> Add( primperm, TrivialCharacter( s )^t );
> else
> ind:= Set( PossibleClassFusions( s, t ),
> map -> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( s, t,
> [ TrivialCharacter( s ) ], map )[1] );
> if Length( ind ) <> 1 then
> Error( "permutation character not uniquely determined" );
> fi;
> Add( primperm, ind[1] );
> fi;
> od;
> sum:= Sum( [ 1 .. Length( good ) ],
> i -> upper_bound( t, good[i], p )
> * primperm[i] / primperm[i][1] );
> badpos:= Filtered( [ 2 .. Length( sum ) ], i -> sum[i] >= 1 );
> if badpos <> [] then
> Add( badcases_strong, [ name, p, ShallowCopy( badpos ) ] );
> for i in ShallowCopy( badpos ) do
> q:= SmallestRootInt( orders[i] );
> if IsPrimeInt( q ) then
> if ForAny( [ 2 .. n ],
> j -> SmallestRootInt( orders[j] ) = q
> and not j in badpos ) then
> RemoveSet( badpos, i );
> fi;
> fi;
> od;
> if not IsEmpty( badpos ) then
> Add( badcases_thm, [ name, p, badpos ] );
> fi;
> fi;
> od;
> od;
gap> badcases_thm;
[ [ "M23", 3, [ 3 ] ], [ "HS", 3, [ 4, 11 ] ] ]
gap> badcases_strong;
[ [ "M11", 5, [ 2 ] ], [ "M12", 5, [ 3, 4 ] ], [ "M22", 3, [ 2 ] ],
 [ "M22", 5, [ 2 ] ], [ "J2", 3, [ 2 ] ], [ "M23", 3, [ 2, 3 ] ],
 [ "M23", 5, [ 2 ] ], [ "M23", 7, [ 2 ] ],
 [ "HS", 3, [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 ] ], [ "HS", 5, [ 2, 3, 5 ] ],
 [ "M24", 5, [ 2, 4 ] ], [ "M24", 7, [ 2, 4 ] ], [ "He", 5, [ 2 ] ],
 [ "Co2", 3, [ 2, 3 ] ], [ "Fi22", 5, [ 2 ] ], [ "Fi22", 7, [ 2 ] ],
 [ "Fi23", 5, [ 2, 3, 5 ] ], [ "Fi23", 7, [ 2 ] ], [ "B", 7, [ 2 ] ]
]
</pre></div>

Most of these open cases can be ruled out by constructing the group S and a Sylow p-subgroup P in question and then finding explicit elements x such that S is generated by P and x. For that, we use the data from the Atlas of Group Representations <a href="chapBib.html#biBAGRv3">[WWT+]</a>.

The following function tries to find random elements from all conjugacy classes of nonidentity elements that have the desired property. It returns <code class="keyw">fail</code> if no straight line program is available for computing class representatives, and returns P and the list of class representatives that generate together with P if such elements were found. Thus the function will not return if the generation property does not hold.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> prove_generation:= function( name, p )
> local S, prg, P, reps, good, x, g, U;
> 
> prg:= AtlasProgram( name, "classes" );
> if prg = fail then
> return fail;
> fi;
> 
> S:= AtlasGroup( name );
> P:= SylowSubgroup( S, p );
> reps:= ResultOfStraightLineProgram( prg.program, GeneratorsOfGroup( S ) );
> good:= [];
> for x in Filtered( reps, x -> Order( x ) <> 1 ) do
> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
> Add( good, x^g );
> od;
> 
> return [ P, good ];
> end;;
gap> for entry in badcases_strong do
> res:= prove_generation( entry[1], entry[2] );
> if res = fail then
> Print( "no classes script for ", entry, "\n" );
> fi;
> od;
no classes script for [ "He", 5, [ 2 ] ]
no classes script for [ "Fi22", 5, [ 2 ] ]
no classes script for [ "Fi22", 7, [ 2 ] ]
no classes script for [ "Fi23", 5, [ 2, 3, 5 ] ]
no classes script for [ "Fi23", 7, [ 2 ] ]
no classes script for [ "B", 7, [ 2 ] ]
</pre></div>

In the remaining cases, we show only the generation property for the class representatives in the list. These are involutions from the class <code class="code">2A</code>, and for the group Fi_23 and p = 5 additionally elements from the classes <code class="code">2B</code> and <code class="code">3A</code>.

A <code class="code">2A</code> element in the group He can be found as the fifth power of any element of order 10.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> S:= AtlasGroup( "He" );;
gap> repeat
> x:= Random( S );
> until Order( x ) = 10;
gap> x:= x^5;;
gap> P5:= SylowSubgroup( S, 5 );;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P5, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
</pre></div>

A <code class="code">2A</code> element in the group Fi_22 can be found as the 15-th power of any element of order 30.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> S:= AtlasGroup( "Fi22" );;
gap> repeat
> x:= Random( S );
> until Order( x ) = 30;
gap> x:= x^15;;
gap> P5:= SylowSubgroup( S, 5 );;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P5, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
gap> P7:= SylowSubgroup( S, 7 );;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P7, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
</pre></div>

A <code class="code">2A</code> element in the group Fi_23 can be found as the 21-st power of any element of order 42.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> S:= AtlasGroup( "Fi23" );;
gap> repeat
> x:= Random( S );
> until Order( x ) = 42;
gap> x:= x^21;;
gap> P5:= SylowSubgroup( S, 5 );;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P5, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
gap> P7:= SylowSubgroup( S, 7 );;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P7, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
</pre></div>

A <code class="code">2B</code> element in the group Fi_23 can be found as the 30-th power of any element of order 60.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> repeat
> x:= Random( S );
> until Order( x ) = 60;
gap> x:= x^30;;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P5, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
</pre></div>

A <code class="code">3A</code> element in the group Fi_23 can be found as the 20-th power of any element of order 60.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> repeat
> x:= Random( S );
> until Order( x ) = 60;
gap> x:= x^20;;
gap> repeat
> g:= Random( S );
> U:= ClosureGroup( P5, x^g );
> until Size( U ) = Size( S );
</pre></div>

In the open case for the Baby Monster, we have to show that the group is generated by a <code class="code">2A</code> element and an element of order 7. This can be done character-theoretically, for example as follows. There are such elements x and y whose product x y has order 47, and the only proper subgroups of the Baby Monster that contain elements of order 47 are contained in maximal subgroups of the type 47:23. Thus x and y generate the Baby Monster.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "B" );;
gap> 7pos:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( t ), 7 );
[ 31 ]
gap> 47pos:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( t ), 47 );
[ 172, 173 ]
gap> ClassMultiplicationCoefficient( t, 2, 7pos[1], 47pos[1] );
7332
gap> Filtered( Maxes( t ),
> x -> Size( CharacterTable( x ) ) mod 47 = 0 );
[ "47:23" ]
</pre></div>

<a id="X839272078243F4DB" name="X839272078243F4DB"></a>

<h5>8.19-1 Special Arguments for the Monster Group that are no longer needed</h5>

The following computations were needed to prove the statements in question before the complete list of conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of the Monster group was known, due to <a href="chapBib.html#biBDLP25">[DLP25]</a>, and before the character tables of all maximal subgroups of the Monster were available.

First we show <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG, Proposition 2.2]</a>.

The Monster group is known to contain exactly five classes of maximal subgroups of odd index, of the structures 2^1+24.Co_1 (the normalizer of a <code class="code">2B</code> element in the Monster), 2^10+16.O_10^+(2), 2^2+11+22.(M_24 × S_3), 2^5+10+20.(S_3 × L_5(2)), [2^39].(L_3(2) × 3S_6). The corresponding permutation characters are known, see Section <a href="chap8.html#X8337F3C682B6BE63">8.16</a>. First we read the information about the known primitive permutation characters of the Monster into the GAP session, and extract the primitive permutation characters of odd degree.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> dir:= DirectoriesPackageLibrary( "ctbllib", "data" );;
gap> filename:= Filename( dir, "prim_perm_M.json" );;
gap> Monster_prim_data:= EvalString( StringFile( filename ) )[2];;
gap> Length( Monster_prim_data );
46
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "M" );;
gap> monstermaxindices:= [];;
gap> monstermaxtables:= [];;
gap> for entry in Monster_prim_data do
> if Length( entry ) = 1 then
> s:= CharacterTable( entry[1] );
> Add( monstermaxtables, s );
> Add( monstermaxindices, Size( t ) / Size( s ) );
> else
> Add( monstermaxtables, fail );
> Add( monstermaxindices, entry[2][1] );
> fi;
> od;
gap> odd_prim:= [];;
gap> for i in [ 1 .. Length( Monster_prim_data ) ] do
> if monstermaxindices[i] mod 2 <> 0 then
> if monstermaxtables[i] <> fail then
> Add( odd_prim, TrivialCharacter( monstermaxtables[i] )^t );
> else
> Add( odd_prim, Monster_prim_data[i][2] );
> fi;
> fi;
> od;
gap> Length( odd_prim );
5
</pre></div>

Now we can use the same approach as for the other sporadic simple groups.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> sum:= normindices.M * Sum( odd_prim, pi -> pi / pi[1] );;
gap> max:= Maximum( sum{ [ 2 .. Length( sum ) ] } );
12784979/103007903752128375
gap> max < 10^-9;
true
</pre></div>

Next we show <a href="chapBib.html#biBBG21">[BG, Theorem 7.1]</a> and its stronger version stated above.

From <a href="chapBib.html#biBNW12">[NW13]</a> and <a href="chapBib.html#biBMmaxes">[Wil]</a> we know 44 classes of maximal subgroups, and that each possible additional maximal subgroup is almost simple and has socle L_2(13), U_3(4), U_3(8), or Sz(8). This implies that we know all those maximal subgroups that contain a Sylow p-subgroup of S except in the case p = 19, where maximal subgroups with socle U_3(8) may arise.

Thus let us first consider that at least one of p, r is different from 19. In this situation, we use the same approach as for the other sporadic simple groups. The only complication is that not all permutation characters 1_M^S, for the relevant maximal subgroups M of S, are known; however, if this happens then the character table of M is known, and we can compute the possible permutation characters, and take the common upper bounds for these characters. In each case, we get that the claimed property holds.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> t:= CharacterTable( "M" );;
gap> orders:= OrdersClassRepresentatives( t );;
gap> for p in Difference( PrimeDivisors( Size( t ) ), [ 19 ] ) do
> goodpos:= Filtered( [ 1 .. Length( Monster_prim_data ) ],
> i -> monstermaxindices[i] mod p <> 0 );
> sum:= ListWithIdenticalEntries( NrConjugacyClasses( t ), 0 );
> for i in goodpos do
> if Length( Monster_prim_data[i] ) = 2 then
> # We know the permutation character but not the subgroup table.
> sum:= sum + upper_bound( t, fail, p )
> * Monster_prim_data[i][2] / monstermaxindices[i];
> else
> s:= monstermaxtables[i];
> if GetFusionMap( s, t ) <> fail then
> # We can compute the permutation character.
> sum:= sum + upper_bound( t, s, p )
> * TrivialCharacter( s )^t / monstermaxindices[i];
> else
> # We get only candidates for the permutation character.
> cand:= Set( PossibleClassFusions( s, t ),
> map -> InducedClassFunctionsByFusionMap( s, t,
> [ TrivialCharacter( s ) ], map )[1] );
> # For each class, take the maximum of the possible values.
> sum:= sum + upper_bound( t, s, p )
> * List( TransposedMat( cand ), Maximum )
> / monstermaxindices[i];
> fi;
> fi;
> od;
> badpos:= Filtered( [ 2 .. Length( sum ) ], i -> sum[i] >= 1 );
> if badpos <> [] then
> Error( "check open cases in ", badpos, "\n" );
> fi;
> od;
</pre></div>

Finally, let p = r = 19. The group S has exactly one class of elements of order 19. Let x be such an element. From the character table of S, we compute that there exist conjugates y of x such that x y has order 71. Since ⟨ x, y ⟩ = ⟨ x, x y ⟩ holds and no maximal subgroup of S has order divisible by 19 ⋅ 71, we have ⟨ x, y ⟩ = S.

<div class="example"><pre>
gap> pos19:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( t ), 19 );
[ 63 ]
gap> pos71:= Positions( OrdersClassRepresentatives( t ), 71 );
[ 169, 170 ]
gap> ClassMultiplicationCoefficient( t, pos19[1], pos19[1], pos71[1] );
621743152370566020417806353602387433415016198936
gap> ForAny( monstermaxindices,
> x -> ( Size( t ) / x ) mod ( 19 * 71 ) = 0 );
false
gap> ForAny( [ "L2(13)", "U3(4)", "U3(8)", "Sz(8)" ],
> x -> Size( CharacterTable( x ) ) mod 71 = 0 );
false
</pre></div>

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