<Chapter Label="subgeometries">
<Heading>Subgeometries of projective spaces</Heading>
Let <M>S=(P,L,I)</M> be a point-line incidence geometry. In case <M>S</M> is a projective
space over a finite field, it is clear that every line (and every subspace as well) can
be identified with the set of points incident with it. Furthermore, the incidence
relation <M>I</M> is then symmetrised containment. To define a subgeometry
mathematically, we follow <Cite Key="Dembowski68"/>. Let <M>P' \subset P</M> and let
<M>L'</M> be a set of subsets of <M>P'</M>, such that every <M>l' \in L'</M>
is a subset of exactly one line <M>l \in L</M>. If <M>S'=(P',L',I)</M> is a projective space
again, then we call <M>S'</M> a <E>subgeometry</E> of <M>S</M>. Note that in general the subspaces of <M>S'</M> will be subsets of subspaces of <M>S</M>.
<P/>
A typical example of a subgeometry is a Baer subplane of a projective plane. In this example,
with <M>S'</M> the Baer subplane of the projective plane <M>S</M>, one could say that
a point of <M>S'</M> is indeed a point of <M>S</M>, but
a line of <M>S'</M>, is not a line of <M>S</M>.
If one considers a line of <M>S'</M> as a set of
points of <M>S'</M>, then a line of <M>S'</M> is a subset of the set
of points on a line of <M>S</M>.
Another example is the subgeometry of a projective space induced by a subspace <M>\pi</M>.
In this example, clearly, the set of elements of the induced subgeometry can, mathematically,
be considered as a subset of the set of elements of <M>S</M>.
<P/>The same considerations apply
for classical polar spaces. These consideration have implications for the behaviour of
certain operations in <Package>FinInG</Package>, e.g. when computing the span and meet of different elements.
<P/>Using geometry morphisms, and more particular a
function like <F>NaturalEmbeddingBySubField</F>, one can deal in an indirect way with subgeometries.
However, using <F>NaturalEmbeddingBySubField</F> is not flexible, and typical problems such as
considering a subgeometry determined by a user chosen frame and a subfield, cannot be handled
easily. Therefore <Package>FinInG</Package> provides
some functions to naturally construct subgeometries of projective spaces.
<P/>
A subgeometry in a projective space is completely determined by a frame of the projective space
and a subfield of the base field of the projective space. The <E>standard frame</E> in an
<M>n</M>-dimensional projective space <M>PG(n,q)</M> is the set of <M>n+2</M> points represented by
<M>(1,0,\ldots,0),(0,1,\ldots,0),\ldots,(0,0,\ldots,1),(1,1,\ldots,1)</M>. The subgeometry
determined by the standard frame will be called <E>canonical</E>. Note that different
frames may determine the same subgeometry (over a fixed subfield).
<P/>
For a given subfield <M>GF(q') \subset GF(q)</M>,
the canonical subgeometry determined by the standard frame in <M>PG(n,q)</M> is mathematically spoken
the image of the <Package>FinInG</Package> geometry morphism <F>NaturalEmbeddingBySubField</F> of the
projective space <M>PG(n,q')</M>. The coordinates of the points of the subgeometry will be exclusively
over the subfield <M>GF(q')</M>, as are the coordinates of the vectors after normalizing defining
any subspace of the subgeometry. Clearly, the Frobenius automorphism which maps <M>x</M> to <M>x^{q'}</M> fixes all elements
of the subgeometry.
<P/>
For an arbitrary frame of <M>PG(n,q)</M> and a subfield <M>GF(q')</M>, there exists a natural collineation
of <M>PG(n,q)</M> which fixes the subgeometry pointwise. This collineation is the conjugation
of the Frobenius automorphism by the unique collineation mapping the defining frame of the subgeometry
to the standard frame of <M>PG(n,q)</M>, i.e. the frame defining the canonical subgeometry over <M>GF(q')</M>. Upon construction of a subgeometry, both collineations will
be computed, and are of use when dealing with the full collineation group of a subgeometry. As for
any incidence geometry in <Package>FinInG</Package>, operations to compute this collineation group
as well as particular action functions for subgeometries are provided.
<P/>
Subgeometries of projective spaces are constructed in a subcategory of <C>IsProjectiveSpace</C>, as such,
all operations applicable to projective spaces, are naturally applicable to subgeometries. Subspaces
of subgeometries are constructed in a subcategory of <C>IsSubspaceOfProjectiveSpace</C>. Hence, operations
applicable to subspaces of projective spaces, are naturally applicable to subspaces of subgeometries.
<ManSection>
<Filt Name="IsSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace"Type="Category"/>
<Description>
This category is a subcategory of <C>IsProjectiveSpace</C>, and contains all subgeometries of
projective spaces. Note that mathematically, a subspace of a projective space is also a subgeometry.
However, in <Package>FinInG</Package>, subspaces of a projective space are constructed in a category that
is not a subcategory of <C>IsProjectiveSpace</C>. Since <C>IsSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace</C> is a subcategory
of <C>IsProjectiveSpace</C>, all operations applicable to projective spaces, are naturally applicable to
subgeometries of projective spaces.
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Heading>Categories for elements and collections of elements</Heading>
<Filt Name="IsSubspaceOfSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace"Type="Category"/>
<Filt Name="IsSubspacesOfSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace"Type="Category"/>
<Description>
A subspace of a subgeometry belongs to the category <C>IsSubspaceOfSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace</C>.
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>Subgeometries of projective spaces</Heading>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="CanonicalSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace" Arg="pg, subfield"/>
<Oper Name="CanonicalSubgeometryOfProjectiveSpace" Arg="pg, q"/>
<Returns>a subgeometry of <A>pg</A></Returns>
<Description>This operation returns the subgeometry of <A>pg</A> induced by the standard frame
over the subfield <A>subfield</A>. Alternatively, a prime power <A>q</A> can be used as the order of the
subfield. It is checked whether the user specified subfield is indeed a subfield of the base field of
<A>pg</A>. If the subfield equals the base field of <A>pg</A>, the projective space <A>pg</A> is returned.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_canonical.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="RandomFrameOfProjectiveSpace" Arg="pg"/>
<Returns>a set of points of <A>pg</A>, being a frame. Note that the returned object is also a
set in the GAP sense, i.e. an ordered list without duplicates.</Returns>
<Description>
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_randomframe.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="IsFrameOfProjectiveSpace" Arg="list"/>
<Returns>true or false</Returns>
<Description>
When <A>list</A> is a list of points of a projective space, this operation returns true if and only
if <A>list</A> constitutes a frame of the projective space. It is checked as well whether all points
in <A>list</A> belong to the same projective space.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_isframe.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="SubgeometryOfProjectiveSpaceByFrame" Arg="pg, list, field"/>
<Oper Name="SubgeometryOfProjectiveSpaceByFrame" Arg="pg, list, q"/>
<Returns>a subgeometry of <A>pg</A></Returns>
<Description>
The argument <A>pg</A> is a projective space which is not a subgeometry itself, the argument
<A>list</A> is a list of points of <A>pg</A> defining a frame of <A>pg</A>, and finally the
argument <A>field</A> is a subfield of the base field of <A>pg</A>. Alternatively, the
argument <A>q</A> is the order of a subfield of the base field of <A>pg</A>.
This method returns the subgeometry defined by the frame in <A>list</A> and the subfield <A>field</A>
of the subfield <M>GF(<A>q</A>)</M>. This method checks whether the subfield <A>field</A> or the field <M>GF(<A>q</A>)</M>
is really a subfield of the base field of <A>pg</A> and whether the list of points in <A>list</A> is a
frame of <A>pg</A>. Note also that it is currently not possible to construct subgeometries recursively,
so <A>pg</A> may not be a subgeometry itself. If the specified subfield equals the base field of
<A>pg</A>, then the projective space <A>pg</A> itself is returned.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_byframe.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>Basic operations</Heading>
<ManSection>
<Heading>Underlying vector space and ambient projective space</Heading>
<Oper Name="UnderlyingVectorSpace" Arg="sub"/>
<Oper Name="AmbientSpace" Arg="sub"/>
<Description>
Let <M>P</M> be a projective space over the field <M>F</M>. Let <A>sub</A> be a subgeometry
of <M>P</M> over the subfield <M>F'</M>. The underlying vector space of <A>sub</A>
is defined as the underlying vector space of <M>P</M> (which is a vector space over the field <M>F</M>).
The ambient space of a subgeometry <A>sub</A> is the projective space <M>P</M>.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_ambientspace.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Attr Name="DefiningFrameOfSubgeometry" Arg="sub"/>
<Returns>a set of projective points</Returns>
<Description>
This attribute returns a frame of the ambient space of <A>sub</A> defining it. Note that different frames
might define the same subgeometry, but the frame used to constructed <A>sub</A> is stored at construction,
and it is exactly this stored object that is returned by this attribute. The returned object is a set
of points, and it is also a set in the GAP sense, i.e. an ordered list without duplicates.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_definingframe.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Heading>Projective dimension and rank</Heading>
<Oper Name="ProjectiveDimension" Arg="sub"/>
<Oper Name="Dimension" Arg="sub"/>
<Oper Name="Rank" Arg="sub"/>
<Returns>an integer</Returns>
<Description>
If <A>sub</A> is a subgeometry of a projective space, then it is a projective space
itself. Therefore, these three operations return the projective dimension of <A>sub</A>,
see also <Ref Sect="proj:dimension"/>.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_dimension.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Heading>Underlying algebraic structures</Heading>
<Oper Name="UnderlyingVectorSpace" Arg="sub"/>
<Oper Name="BaseField" Arg="sub"/>
<Oper Name="SubfieldOfSubgeometry" Arg="sub"/>
<Returns>the first operation returns a vector space, the second and third operations return a finite field</Returns>
<Description>
The operations <F>UnderlyingVectorSpace</F> and <F>BaseField</F> are defined for
projective spaces, see <Ref Sect="proj:underlyingvs"/> and <Ref Sect="proj:basefield"/>.
For a subgeometry of a projective space <A>sub</A> with ambient space <A>ps</A>,
these operations return <F>UnderlyingVectorSpace(ps)</F>, <F>BaseField(ps)</F> respectively.
The operation <F>SubfieldOfSubgeometry</F> returns the subfield over which <A>sub</A> is defined.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_underlyingstructures.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Attr Name="CollineationFixingSubgeometry" Arg="sub"/>
<Returns>a collineation of the ambient space of <A>sub</A></Returns>
<Description>
Let <M>GF(q)</M> be the field over which <A>sub</A> is defined, this is a
subfield of <M>GF(q^t)</M> over which the ambient projective space <M>P</M>
is defined. It is well known that there exists a collineation of <M>P</M> of
order <M>t</M>, fixing all elements of <A>sub</A>, which is returned by this operation.
This collineation is the collineation induced by the Frobenius map <M>x\mapsto x^q</M>,
conjugated by the collineation of <M>P</M> mapping
the subgeometry <A>sub</A> to the canonical subgeometry of <M>P</M> over <M>GF(q)</M>. In case of a quadratic field extension (i.e. <M>t=2</M>),
this collineation is known in the literature as the Baer involution of the subgeometry.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_collineationfixingsubgeometry.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>Constructing elements of a subgeometry</Heading>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="VectorSpaceToElement" Arg="sub, v"/>
<Returns>a subspace of a subgeometry</Returns>
<Description>
<A>sub</A> is a subgeometry of a projective space, and <A>v</A> is either a row vector
(for points) or a matrix (for higher dimensional subspaces). In the case that <A>v</A> is a matrix, the rows represent generators
for the subspace. An exceptional case is when <A>v</A> is the zero-vector, in which case the trivial
subspace is returned. This method checks whether <A>v</A> determines an element of <A>sub</A>. <Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_vectorspacetoelement.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="ExtendElementOfSubgeometry" Arg="el"/>
<Returns>a subspace of a projective space</Returns>
<Description>
The argument <A>el</A> is an element of a subgeometry <M>P'</M> with ambient projective space <M>P</M>.
The projective space is defined over a field <M>F</M>, the subgeometry <M>P'</M> is defined over
a subfield <M>F'</M> of <M>F</M>. The underlying vector space of <A>el</A> is a vector space over <M>F'</M>
generated by a set <M>S</M> of vectors. This operation returns the element of <M>P</M>, corresponding to the vector space over <M>F</M> generated by the vectors in <M>S</M>.
Note that the set <M>S</M> can be obtained using <F>UnderlyingObject</F>, see <Ref Sect="underlyingobject1"/>.
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/subgeometries_extendelement.include">
</Example>
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Oper Name="AmbientGeometry" Arg="el"/>
<Returns>an incidence geometry</Returns>
<Description>
For <A>el</A> an element of a subgeometry <M>P</M>, which is also a projective space, this operation
returns <M>P</M>.
</Description>
</ManSection>
<ManSection>
<Heading>Flags</Heading>
<Oper Name="FlagOfIncidenceStructure" Arg="sub, els"/>
<Oper Name="IsEmptyFlag" Arg="flag"/>
<Oper Name="IsChamberOfIncidenceStructure" Arg="flag"/>
<Returns>true or false</Returns>
<Description>
These operations are defined for projective spaces and so they are also applicable to subgeometries.
</Description>
</ManSection>
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>Groups and actions</Heading>
Let <M>P'</M> be a subgeometry of <M>P</M>. Although one could argue that any semilinear map inducing a collineation preserving <M>P'</M> can be called a collineation of <M>P'</M>, this would cause problems with the nice monomorphism functionality, since such a collineation does not necessarily have a faithful action on the subgeometry. For this reason, we decided to define the collineation group of
the subgeometry <M>P'</M> as the collineation group of the projective space isomorphic to <M>P'</M> conjugated
by the collineation of <M>P</M> mapping <M>P'</M> on the canonical subgeometry of <M>P</M> over the same field as
<M>P'</M>. Similarly, the projectivity group, respectively the special projectivity group, of <M>P'</M>
is defined as the conjugate of the projectivity group, respectively special projectivity group, of
the projective space isomorphic to <M>P'</M>.
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