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<td
style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"><big><span
style="font-weight: bold;">About HAP: On a relationship between
group homology and Lie algebra homology <br>
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<td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><a
href="aboutLieCovers.html"><small style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">next</small></a><br>
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<td
style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;">The
lower central series of a group G is defined by setting G<sub>1</sub>=G
and G<sub>n+1</sub>=[G<sub>n</sub>,G] . Each quotient L<sub>n</sub>(G)=G<sub>n</sub>/G<sub>n+1</sub>
is an abelian group. We can form the direct sum L(G) = L<sub>1</sub>(G)
+ L<sub>2</sub>(G) + ... of all the quotients L<sub>n</sub>(G).
Commutation in G induces bilinear functions L<sub>m</sub>(G)×L<sub>n</sub>(G)
8594; L<sub>m+n</sub>(G) which provide L(G) with a bilinear bracket
operation [ , ]:L(G)×L(G) 8594; L(G). This operation satisfies the
Jacobi identity, and L(G) can thus be considered as a Lie algebra. If
each quotient L<sub>n</sub>(G) is free abelian then we take the ground
ring of L(G) to be the ring of integers. If each quotient L<sub>n</sub>(G)
is an elementary abelian p-group then we take the ground ring of L(G)
to be the field of p-elements. We shall not consider groups for which
L(G) is neither free nor elementary abelian.<br>
<br>
The following command creates L(G) for G equal to the free nilpotent
group of class 2 on four generators.<br>
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style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204); vertical-align: top;">gap>
F:=FreeGroup(4);; G:=NilpotentQuotient(F,2);;<br>
gap> LG:=LowerCentralSeriesLieAlgebra(G);<br>
<Lie algebra of dimension 10 over Integers><br>
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<td
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); vertical-align: top;">The
following additional commands calculate the integral group homology H<sub>4</sub>(G,Z)
and the integral Lie homology H<sub>4</sub>(L(G),Z) .<br>
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<td
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204); vertical-align: top;">gap>
GroupHomology(G,4);<br>
[ 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]<br>
<br>
gap> LieAlgebraHomology(LG,4);<br>
[ 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]<br>
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<td
style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); vertical-align: top;">We
see that the group homology and Lie homology are equal. This
illustrates the following theorem in [Yu. V. Kuz'min and Yu. S.
Semenov, "On the homology of a free nilpotent group of class 2", Mat.
Sb. 189, no. 4 (1998), 49-82].<br>
<br>
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<td
style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Theorem</span><br style="font-weight: bold;">
<br>
Let G be the free nilpotent group of class 2 on a finite number of
generators. Then the integral group homology H<sub>i</sub>(G,Z) is
isomorphic to the integral Lie algebra homology H<sub>i</sub>(L(G),Z)
in each dimension i.<br>
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<br>
The following commands exhibit a torsion free nilpotent group G of
class 2 for which each quotient L<sub>n</sub>(G) is free abelian and
for which H<sub>3</sub>(G,Z) is not isomorphic to H<sub>3</sub>(L(G),Z).
This suggests that the "free nilpotent" hypothesis in the theorem can
not be weakened.<br>
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style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204);">gap>
G:=HeisenbergPcpGroup(3);; LG:=LowerCentralSeriesLieAlgebra(G);;<br>
<br>
gap> GroupHomology(G,3);<br>
[ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]<br>
<br>
gap> LieAlgebraHomology(LG,3);<br>
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]<br>
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<td
style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">However,
extensive experimentation on free nilpotent groups of class >2
suggest that it might be possible to drop the "class 2" hypothesis of
the theorem. For example: <br>
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<td
style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204);">gap>
F:=FreeGroup(3);; G:=NilpotentQuotient(F,3);;<br>
gap> LG:=LowerCentralSeriesLieAlgebra(G);<br>
gap> GroupHomology(G,4); #This command takes <a
href="aboutExtensions.html#time">several hours</a>!!<br>
[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0 ]<br>
<br>
gap> LieAlgebraHomology(LG,4);<br>
[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0,<br>
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0 ]<br>
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